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Lemenkova, Polina. "Seismicity in the Afar Depression and Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 78, no. 1 (2022): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.1.29963.
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Integrated mapping is essential in geological studies to assess risks of earthquake hazards. Cartographic techniques have become a commonplace approach to visualizing data in the continuous geologic and geophysical fields. However, traditional GIS mapping is a manual process with a time-consuming workflow that can lead to mistakes and misinterpretation of data. This study applied two mapping approaches to address this problem: Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) used for automated cartographic workflow employing scripts and QGIS used for traditional geologic mapping. The study area includes Ethiopia, notable for its complex geologic setting. The study aimed to analyse the relationships between the geophysical, geological, topographic and seismic setting of the country by presenting six new thematic maps:1 topography based on the GEBCO/SRTM15+ high-resolution grid;2 geological units with consistent lithology and age from the USGS database;3 geological provinces with major Amhara Plateau and Somali Province using USGS data;4 geoid based on the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008) grid;5 free-air gravity anomaly model using satellite-based remote sensing data;6 seismicity showing earthquakes and volcanos from 05/03/1990 to 27/11/2020.The comparison of the topography, seismicity, geophysics and surface geology of the Afar Depression and the Great Rift Valley was based partly on extant literature on the geologic setting of Ethiopia which primarily focuses upon discussing tectonic processes that took place in the East African Rift System in the past. The current study contributes to the previous research and increases cartographic data on the geology and geophysics of Ethiopia. The outcomes can be implemented in similar regional projects in Ethiopia for geophysical and geological monitoring.
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Mwaniki, M. W., M. S. Moeller, and G. Schellmann. "A comparison of Landsat 8 (OLI) and Landsat 7 (ETM+) in mapping geology and visualising lineaments: A case study of central region Kenya." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-897-2015.
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Availability of multispectral remote sensing data cheaply and its higher spectral resolution compared to remote sensing data with higher spatial resolution has proved valuable for geological mapping exploitation and mineral mapping. This has benefited applications such as landslide quantification, fault pattern mapping, rock and lineament mapping especially with advanced remote sensing techniques and the use of short wave infrared bands. While Landsat and Aster data have been used to map geology in arid areas and band ratios suiting the application established, mapping in geology in highland regions has been challenging due to vegetation land cover. The aim of this study was to map geology and investigate bands suited for geological applications in a study area containing semi arid and highland characteristics. Therefore, Landsat 7 (ETM+, 2000) and Landsat 8 (OLI, 2014) were compared in determining suitable bands suited for geological mapping in the study area. The methodology consist performing principal component and factor loading analysis, IHS transformation and decorrelation stretch of the FCC with the highest contrast, band rationing and examining FCC with highest contrast, and then performing knowledge base classification. PCA factor loading analysis with emphasis on geological information showed band combination (5, 7, 3) for Landsat 7 and (6, 7, 4) for Landsat 8 had the highest contrast and more contrast was enhanced by performing decorrelation stretch. Band ratio combination (3/2, 5/1, 7/3) for Landsat 7 and (4/3, 6/2, 7/4) for Landsat 8 had more contrast on geologic information and formed the input data in knowledge base classification. Lineament visualisazion was achieved by performing IHS transformation of FCC with highest contrast and its saturation band combined as follows: Landsat 7 (IC1, PC2, saturation band), Landsat 8 (IC1, PC4, saturation band). The results were compared against existing geology maps and were superior and could be used to update the existing maps.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Geophysical Mapping of Ghana Using Advanced Cartographic Tool GMT." Kartografija i geoinformacije 20, no. 36 (2022): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.20.36.2.
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Ghana is a country exceptionally rich in geologic mineral resources with contrasting topographic relief and varied geophysical setting. This paper evaluated the geological and geophysical setting of Ghana with a special focus on the impact of the geologic setting and topography on gravity. Specifically, it assessed how variations in geology, topography, landscapes and the environment control the geophysical parameters and how these vary among the major regions of the country – the Volta Basin, Northern Plains, Ashanti-Kwahu (Kumasi) and Coastal Plains in the Accra surroundings. Previous studies utilizing traditional Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches have documented the geologic evolution of Ghana evolved as a part of the West African Craton. As a contribution to the existing research, this paper presents a regional analysis of Ghana by integrated mapping of geology, geophysics and topography of the country. The technical approach of this research focuses on utilizing the console-based scripting cartographic toolset Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) integrated with QGIS for processing and mapping the datasets: General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008), gravity grids. The theoretical background is based on the geologic research of West Africa supported by high-resolution data. The paper defines a conceptual cartographic framework for integrated geologic and geophysical visualization in a regional-scale mapping project on Ghana.
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Jarna, A., A. Bang-Kittilsen, C. Haase, et al. "3-DIMENSIONAL GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND MODELING ACTIVITIES AT THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W4 (October 19, 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w4-11-2015.
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Geology and all geological structures are three-dimensional in space. Geology can be easily shown as four-dimensional when time is considered. Therefore GIS, databases, and 3D visualization software are common tools used by geoscientists to view, analyse, create models, interpret and communicate geological data. The NGU (Geological Survey of Norway) is the national institution for the study of bedrock, mineral resources, surficial deposits and groundwater and marine geology. The interest in 3D mapping and modelling has been reflected by the increase of number of groups and researches dealing with 3D in geology within NGU. This paper highlights 3D geological modelling techniques and the usage of these tools in bedrock, geophysics, urban and groundwater studies at NGU, same as visualisation of 3D online. The examples show use of a wide range of data, methods, software and an increased focus on interpretation and communication of geology in 3D. The goal is to gradually expand the geospatial data infrastructure to include 3D data at the same level as 2D.
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MASTER, SHARAD. "MAPPING BASUTOLAND: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN GEOLOGISTS GORDON MURRAY STOCKLEY AND ALEXANDER LOGIE DU TOIT (1938–1946)." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 2 (2022): 363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.2.363.
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ABSTRACT Basutoland is a former British Protectorate (now the Kingdom of Lesotho) nestled in the Maluti and Drakensberg mountains, surrounded by South Africa. Geological knowledge about Basutoland started with the activities of French missionaries in the 1830s and continued to accumulate throughout the nineteenth century. Systematic geological mapping began in 1902–1904 with the work of Ernest Schwarz and Alexander du Toit, who, while working for the Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope, extended their mapping activities into Basutoland. In 1905 Samuel Dornan from Morija started studying the geology of that region of Basutoland. In the 1930s rumours about the finds of diamonds prompted the British Government to map the country geologically. Gordon Stockley, a geologist experienced in mapping for the Geological Survey of Tanganyika, was seconded to Basutoland in late 1938. Stockley mapped the whole country in 11 months in 1939, and then returned to Tanganyika. His geological map, at a scale of 1:380,160 was published in 1946, and the report appeared in 1947. At the start of his mapping, Stockley wrote to du Toit asking his advice on various matters related to the geology, geomorphology and palaeontology of Basutoland. Their correspondence lasted until 1946. Stockley’s map and report on Basutoland geology laid the foundation for all future exploration and led to the discovery of several diamondiferous kimberlite pipes in the 1960s, and to the establishment of several diamond mines that contribute significantly to the economy of modern Lesotho.
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Van Gorsel, J. T. (Han), and Bernhard Gunzenhauser. "August Tobler, the Swiss Pioneer of South Sumatra Geological Mapping, 1900-1912." Berita Sedimentologi 47, no. 1 (2021): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51835/bsed.2021.47.1.54.
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Dr. August Tobler was a well-known Swiss geologist, who, as one of the very first petroleum field geologists in the Netherlands Indies, did more than ten years of geological mapping in the tiger-infested jungles of South Sumatra. He first worked for the Koninklijke/Royal Dutch and Moeara Enim oil companies in South Sumatra from 1900 to 1904. This was followed by six more years of geological mapping in the Jambi basin, as the first non-Dutch geoscientist at the Dienst van het Mijnwezen (Geological Survey). His thoroughly documented monographs and geologic maps of his geological fieldwork in the Palembang and Jambi basins of South Sumatra, as well as the adjacent Barisan Mountains, set new standards for quality and detail.Much of the personal information on Dr. Tobler is from papers by Kugler (1930, 1963), Oppenoorth (1930), Stehlin (1931) and Hottinger (2013). This paper is one of the chapters from a new book that is being prepared by the first author, entitled Pioneers and Milestones of Indonesian Geology (~1820-1960).
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Battaglini, L., S. D′Angelo, and A. Fiorentino. "Mapping geological events in submerged areas." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 54, no. 1 (2020): qjegh2020–031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-031.
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EMODnet Geology Project work package 6 collects information regarding ‘Geological events and probabilities’, including submarine landslides, earthquakes, volcanic centres, tsunamis, fluid emissions and tectonics. The elaboration of guidelines to compile GIS layers was aimed at identifying parameters to be used to thoroughly characterize each event. Particular attention has been devoted to the definition of the ‘Attribute tables’ in order to achieve the best degree of harmonization and standardization complying with the European INSPIRE Directive. Due to the different geological settings of European seas it was necessary to elaborate a comprehensive and detailed pattern of attributes for the different features, in order to represent each occurrence at different scales. The huge amount of data received has been processed, validated and standardized, thus obtaining homogeneous data layers at a European level. Metadata and available information collated during the project are displayed on the EMODnet Geology Portal (http://www.emodnet-geology.eu/). By combining all these data it may be possible to elaborate additional thematic maps which could support further research as well as land planning and management. The Geological Survey of Italy is testing one of these potential applications, which addresses the production of a structural model for submerged areas in Italy.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mapping the Geology and Topography of the European Seas (EMODnet) collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/EMODnet
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CLARY, RENEE M. "RECORDING THE FACTS: HENRY DE LA BECHE’S MAPS AS DATA REPOSITORIES." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 2 (2022): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.2.245.
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ABSTRACT As a young man, Henry Thomas De la Beche (1796–1855) participated in geology within elite gentlemanly societies. On field excursions—within England and beyond—he examined the natural landscape and recorded his observations in both narratives and illustrations. The origin of De la Beche’s geologic maps can be traced to 1821, when he mapped coastal France from St. Vaast to Fecamp; in 1822 he mapped south Pembrokeshire, Wales, using the recently published Ordnance maps (1:63,360). Of utmost importance to De la Beche was an accurate recording of factual observations in graphic form so that the maps would represent useful data in the future. De la Beche continued mapping in Jamaica (1824) and Devon’s Tor and Babbacombe bays (1827). In 1832, while mapping Devonshire, De la Beche’s personal finances worsened. He successfully petitioned the government to continue his mapping projects, proposing that his completed maps would be of national practical utility. Following the completed Devonshire maps, De la Beche leveraged the project to continue mapping other parts of the country. He became the first director of what would eventually develop into the British Geological Survey. In this position, De la Beche influenced mapping techniques while insisting upon consistency of results. Several men learned geological surveying under De la Beche and brought his methods to other countries. Since De la Beche selectively documented the geology he deemed important to observe, his geological maps serve as graphic data repositories of observations recorded during their construction. His surveying techniques also have enduring influence.
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Wang, Chengbin, Xinqing Wang, and Jianguo Chen. "Digital Geological Mapping to Facilitate Field Data Collection, Integration, and Map Production in Zhoukoudian, China." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 5041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115041.
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The development of innovative information technologies has improved the geological mapping process through the use of smart and portable equipment to collect field data, build a geological database and produce geological maps. This revolution has also brought great influence and challenges to practical training in field geology. In this paper, we present our workflow and application of the Digital Geological Survey System (DGSS) during field geology training for undergraduates in Zhoukoudian. The DGSS employs a Point-Routing-Boundary (PRB) model to reform the methods of geological section survey and geological mapping in terms of data collection and map-making and provides a pipelined solution from field data collection to map-making. The experiences of data collection, geological mapping, cross-section survey, and production of stratigraphic histograms and cross-section maps prove that DGSS can save time and reduce labor intensity for undergraduates during learning field geology. Based on the field practice of undergraduates in Zhoukoudian, the influence of the DGSS in promoting field geological teaching and the students’ feedbacks to DGSS are discussed. Overall, the DGM system is more popular than the conventional notebook and toolbox. The experience in Zhoukoudian proves that digital devices are efficient and useful for geological practical training of field geology for undergraduates.
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Doornkamp, J. C., D. Brunsden, R. U. Cooke, D. K. C. Jones, and J. S. Griffiths. "Environmental geology mapping: An international review." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.27.
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AbstractInterest in environmental geological maps (EGMs) has increased in Britain since the publication in 1982 of the IGS Report 82/15 Environmental Geology of the Glenrothes District, Fife Region. Over the past decade or so similar interests have been developing elsewhere, particularly in the USA and in Europe. This review examines the style and purpose of EGMs in both the USA and Europe, and recognises distinct, yet different, characteristics in each. The review provides a reference against which British experience, when it is published, can be assessed.The US work, though very variable in style and scale of mapping, is consistently concerned to provide earth- science information to planners, engineers and politicians concerned with development, urban growth and redevelopment. The weakest of these studies provide raw geological data, the best make an effort to translate these data into terms that can be understood by the potential user.The European approach to EGMs has been different in that it tends to appear under the title ‘engineering geological maps’, and in some cases, such as under the ZERMOS scheme in France, has a direct relevance to the concept of Le Code de L’Urbanisme et de l’habitation (article R 128.18, 1970). In fact variations in style and purpose exist across Europe, with varying degrees of influence upon regulations or legislation in terms of planning and development.
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Griffiths, J. S. "Engineering geological mapping." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 18, no. 1 (2001): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.2001.018.01.06.
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SMITH, MICHAEL S., and ANNE CARTER WITT. "THE FIRST NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL MAPS: DENISON OLMSTED AND ELISHA MITCHELL, 1821–1842." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 2 (2022): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.2.229.
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ABSTRACT The first state-sponsored geological maps for North Carolina were produced by Denison Olmsted and Elisha Mitchell and reflect the development of geologic thought, as well as the practical applications to which geology was being applied, at the beginning of the 19th century in the eastern United States. Despite Merrill’s (1964) dismissal of their mapping and descriptions as too general and of a reconnaissance approach, all studies of nature must have a starting point. Prior to the underfunded geological survey of North Carolina, the evaluation and location of natural resources in the eastern United States was spotty and often never reported. Although only the Mitchell (1829a) county-scale geological map of the gold regions of the North Carolina Piedmont garnered widespread dissemination as a result of the publicity surrounding the gold ‘boom’ in the region, the publication of the Olmsted (1825a, 1827) and Mitchell (1828a, 1829b) geological survey reports provided publicly available details and descriptions. Mitchell continued as a behind-the-scenes advocate for geological investigations in North Carolina even after the closing of the North Carolina geological survey in 1827. His travels, investigations, and observations culminated in his 1842 textbook and its accompanying geological map. Although this geological map still continued to use modified Wernerian stratigraphic terminology, the descriptive text on the units and their interrelationships indicated a continuing evolution of thought on the geological history of the state. The 1842 map continued to be used until at least 1877, when W. C. Kerr (1827–1885) and the 3rd North Carolina Geological Survey undertook a more detailed and comprehensive investigation (and mapping) of the geological framework of North Carolina (Holmes 1887). Thus, two men from very different backgrounds (both Yale, AB, 1813) and interests, and mainly self-taught in the geological sciences, provided the first steps in the description and mapping of North Carolina’s natural resources. Compared to the accomplishments of the later geological surveys, their work was limited in scope and detail. But, for North Carolina geology, and that of the southeastern United States, they were the forerunners in the field.
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Gray, David. "The mapping of geological structures." Journal of Structural Geology 11, no. 3 (1989): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90080-1.
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Aalto, K. "Clarence King's Geology." Earth Sciences History 23, no. 1 (2004): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.23.1.rx018782662jv071.
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Clarence King (1842-1901) studied geology at Yale, served as a volunteer on Josiah Dwight Whitney's (1819-1896) Geological Survey of California, and directed the Fortieth Parallel Survey (1867-1872) from the Sierra Nevada across the Rocky Mountains, topo-graphically and geologically mapping some 100,000 square miles. He established a framework for orogenic history of the American Cordillera that has remained unchanged. Within this framework he recognized what we know today as the Sonoma, Sevier, and Laramide orogenies. He noted that folding of Paleozoic strata in the Great Basin recorded east-west crustal shortening, he delineated trends of Laramide folds, he determined that extensional Tertiary faulting that accompanied rhyolitic volcanism resulted in dislocation of old folds, and that ranges were broken into irregular blocks with considerable vertical displacement. King rejected strict Lyellian uniformitarianism and related Darwinian evolution to episodes of enhanced selection pressure engendered by natural catastrophes. His refinement to 24 Ma (million years) of Kelvin's earth age estimate from terrestrial refrigeration reinforced his conception that inadequate time existed to explain the Fortieth-Parallel geologic record by uniformitarianism, and that accelerated geologic processes best accounted for episodes of uplift/subsidence, faulting, volcanism, and landscape degradation. King thus stands out as an early actualist, quite modern in his approach to event stratigraphy.
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Ghisler, M. "Review of the Survey's activities in 1986." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 135 (December 31, 1987): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v135.7990.
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The Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) continued in 1986 the systematic investigation of the geology of Greenland. The work comprises geological mapping and basic research as well as applied geology and geophysics (fig. 1). The long term purpose is to establish the necessary geological background for evaluation of the potential of the non-living resources. The scientific and technical staff of 112 based in Copenhagen and 87 participating in the field work in Greenland carried out programmes of geological mapping and investigation, glaciological investigations, and mineral and oil assessments which included geochemical and geophysical methods. In April 1986 GGU celebrated its 40th anniversary. A special publication dedicated to GGU's former director, K. Ellitsgaard-Rasmussen, was issued which covers different aspects of the Survey's work in the developments in Greenland geology over the past ten years.
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Fulton, R. J. "Surficial geology mapping at the Geological Survey of Canada: its evolution to meet Canada's changing needs." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 2 (1993): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-020.
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The Geological Survey of Canada has been making surficial geology observations since it was founded in 1842. In addition to geological interest, early surficial geology information was gathered to aid in agriculture, forestry, hydrogeology, and engineering. The first regional surficial geology map was published in 1863, and since the early 1880's systematic surficial geology mapping has been a facet of the Survey's work.The first surficial geology specialist, R. Chalmers, worked for the Geological Survey during the last two decades of the nineteenth century. From then until 1930, when an official surficial geology unit was established, the Survey always had at least one surficial geologist on staff. From 1930 until 1960 groundwater-related studies were a major focus of surficial geology work. From 1950 to 1970 surficial geology mapping efforts were expanded to meet the demands generated by a booming economy. Since 1970 in addition to traditional uses, surficial geology information has been adapted to locating orebodies and evaluating environmental impacts.Early map legends presented surficial materials as stratigraphic units, or in terms of genesis and texture with little description or explanation. By the 1930's, the legend had evolved into a brief descriptive paragraph similar to that used on many Geological Survey of Canada maps today. With demands of the 1970's and 1980's for detailed descriptive information, especially to aid in assessing environmental impacts, new parameter legends were developed and extensive descriptive tables attached to maps. The current challenge is to adapt surficial geology mapping to the world of the geographic information system.
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Kalkan, Erol, Chris J. Wills, and David M. Branum. "Seismic Hazard Mapping of California considering Site Effects." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 4 (2010): 1039–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3478312.
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In this paper, we have combined the U.S. Geological Survey's National Seismic Hazard Maps model with the California geologic map showing 17 generalized geologic units that can be defined by their VS30. We regrouped these units into seven VS30 values and calculated a probabilistic seismic hazard map for the entire state for each VS30 value. By merging seismic hazard maps based on the seven different VS30 values, a suite of seismic hazard maps was computed for 0.2 and 1.0 s spectral ordinates at 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 years. The improved hazards maps explicitly incorporate the site effects and their spatial variability on ground motion estimates. The spectral acceleration (SA) at 1.0 s map of seismic shaking potential for California has now been published as California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Gobi Altai, Khangai and Khentii Mountains mapped by a mixed-method cartographic approach for comparative geophysical analysis." Mongolian Geoscientist 26, no. 52 (2021): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v26i52.1512.
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Geologic and geophysical mapping has been so far limited to the traditional single-method GIS-based mapping. A new approach combining integrated analysis of data on geology, gravity, topography and geomorphology is presented for regional characterization of the geophysical setting in Mongolia: the Gobi Altai Mountains, the Khangai Mountains and Khentii Mountains with surrounding areas. Nine new maps have been produced from the high-resolution datasets: GEBCO, gravity raster, USGS geological data and SRTM-90 DEM geomorphological grid. Methodology includes three tools for cartographic data visualization: i) Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), ii) R programming language (‘raster’ and ‘tmap’ libraries); iii) QGIS. The results demonstrated strong agreement between the estimated values in gravity and topography grids, distribution of geological units and provinces over the country and geomorphological landforms with respect to the mountain ranges: Altai, Khangai and Khentii Mountains. The highest values in the gravity anomalies correspond to the mountain ranges in the Altai Mountains and Khangai Mountains (<80 mGal); high values correspond to the Khentii Mountains (20–60 mGal). Contrariwise, the basins of the Uvs Nuur and Khyargas Nuur show negative values (<-80 mGal). The NE- to NNE-oriented faulting and rift basins are clearly visible in the geophysical grids and geologic maps. The geomorphometric analysis performed based on the SRTM-90 DEM using R scripting demonstrated (1) slope, (2) aspect, (3) hillshade and (4) elevation models of Mongolia supported by histograms of data distribution and frequency. The study contributed to the cartographic methods and regional geological studies of Mongolia.
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Henriksen, N. "Regional geology and 1:500 000 mapping in North-East Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 148 (January 1, 1990): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v148.8110.
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A three-year field mapping programme was initiated in 1988 aiming at regional geological studies and geological mapping in North-East Greenland between latitudes 75° and 78°N. This region encompasses relatively little known parts of the Caledonian fold belt and the overlying post-Caledonian sequences, which lie north of the better known regions of central East Greenland (Henriksen, 1989). Major aims of the programme include compilation a 1:500 000 geological map, and an understanding of the general geology of the region.
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van Reed, E., S. Maclnnes, and M. Smith. "Case histories and modelling interpretation in CSAMT." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989121.
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Two CSAMT case history studies are presented in which modelling has been applied to data in order to produce geo-electric depth sections. These sections then assist in developing an idealized geologic model used as part of a geological exploration programme. At the geological planning level, one can define certain key geologic features which need to be identified as part of an exploration programme. Modelling may give some indication as to the success of a particular planned geophysical programme.At the interpretation level, modelling can be used to confirm or disprove geologic ideas previously developed, and aid in quantifying features that survive the test. In addition, modelling may give new insights on how to get more information from the geophysical data and give rise to new ideas.The case history information comes from the Golden Cross mine development programme near Waihi, New Zealand, and from the Togi exploration programme conducted near Kanazawa on the island of Honshu, Japan. While the distance separating the two survey sites is great, they are both epithermal gold prospects. CSAMT was used to obtain high resolution structural mapping both for near-surface geology and geology at depth, which are two important tasks.Modelling of the CSAMT data obtained at Golden Cross and Togi is provided by three different computer programmes: CSINV is a one-dimensional general EM field approach using a finite number of layers where the survey geometry is specified; a variation of CSINV uses an infinite number of one-dimensional layers; and EM2D is a two-dimensional approach using a finite number of bodies/layers based on plane-wave EM theory. All three modelling approaches provide resistivity values varying as a function of depth, however useful results with EM2D are limited to modelling frequencies where data satisfies plane-wave criteria.Modelling at Golden Cross provides cross-sectional geoelectric information which extends known drill-hole geology. This provides broader detail to known information, and suggests additional potentially interesting features. Modelling at Togi was directed at providing plan view coverage of certain geologic structures. Here one survey objective of the CSAMT survey was to provide structurally related control to be used with interpretation of geochemical data.Even though targets are geologically similar, planning and interpretational goals differed. CSAMT modelling optimized the interpretational use of CSAMT data in each case history.
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de Mulder, E. F. J., and R. Hillen. "Recent developments in engineering Quaternary geology in the Geological Survey of The Netherlands." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.50.
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AbstractThe Geological Survey of The Netherlands is involved in a number of Quaternary engineering geological projects. Traditionally, a “top-down” approach is followed, that is, at a client’s request, thematic maps derived mainly from the basic data of the geological mapping Programme are produced. More recently, projects have been started that require a “bottom-up” approach: for each such project, criteria are formulated that are to be met throughout all phases of the project, that is, from data aquisition to the presentation of the results. Both approaches are needed to maintain the vitality of the geological advisory work as well as of the regular geological mapping programme.
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Matyszkiewicz, Jacek, Maciej Kotarba, Mariusz Krzak, and Marek Wendorff. "Department of Environmental Analyses, Geological Mapping and Economic Geology." Geology, Geophysics & Environment 42, no. 2 (2016): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2016.42.2.226.
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Reichenbacher, Renee, Roy Van Arsdale, Randel Cox, and Chris Cramer. "Geomorphology, Three-Dimensional Geology, and Seismologic Hazards of the New Madrid Seismic Zone in Dyer County, Tennessee." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 28, no. 2 (2022): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-d-21-00005.
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ABSTRACT Geomorphic and three-dimensional geologic mapping reveals two major fault systems of the seismically active Reelfoot rift pass beneath Dyer County in northwestern Tennessee, the Reelfoot South fault, and the east-bounding faults of the Reelfoot rift. The Dyer County mapping also indicates that the two principal Reelfoot South fault hanging wall structures, the Lake County uplift and Tiptonville dome, pass beneath the county. Quaternary displacement was identified on southeastern Reelfoot rift margin faults in Dyer County, thus indicating that this rift margin has been active during the Quaternary from adjacent Obion County through Dyer County to Lauderdale County, Tennessee, for a distance of at least 60 km. The three-dimensional geologic mapping also provides stratigraphic thicknesses of surface sediment and underlying Paleogene and Cretaceous strata that significantly contribute to the estimation of ground motion in the event of a future large New Madrid seismic zone earthquake. The new ground motion maps using the three-dimensional geology of Dyer County are compared to the current U.S. Geological Survey earthquake hazard maps. This comparison reveals generally lower acceleration for buildings less than four stories high and greater acceleration for buildings greater than 10 stories high in the event of a large New Madrid seismic zone earthquake.
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Vikhot, Yuriy, Solomiia Kril, and Ihor Bubniak. "DIGITAL GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND GEODATA ANALYSIS USING TOOLS AND PLUGINS OF QGIS." SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF DONNTU Series: “The Mining and Geology”, no. 1(27)-2(28)2022 (2022): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2073-9575-2022-1(27)-2(28)-122-135.
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Purpose. The article aims is to demonstrate the possibilities, methods and advantages of using Quantum GIS (QGIS) plugins and mobile applications for digital geological mapping, input and primary analysis of field geodata in Earth Sciences – Structural Geology, Engineering Geology, Hydrogeology, Ecology, Geophysics, etc. Methodology. The most important tools and plugins of QGIS, an open source GIS program, that works on the most widespread platforms – Windows, MacOS X, Linux and applications on Android, iOS for digital mapping, structural geodata analysis, and visualization are used. Results. The most important tools and plugins of QGIS (Georeferencer GDAL, GarminCustomMap, Profile Tool, VoGIS-ProfilTool, qProf, qgSurf, Stereonet, qgis2web, and QField mobile application) are analyzed. Their using for digital geological mapping, input and analysis of structural and other geodata, construction of 2D topographic profiles, visualization of geodata in web browsers are briefly described. Scientific novelty. Tools and plugins of QGIS, which are necessary for certain purposes for working with various types of data on geological maps, their analysis, and construction of geological and geophysical profiles are defined. QGIS software applications allow to add new plugins, create your own notations for digital mapping that can be used to solve specific geological tasks and analyze geospatial and geological data, or add ready-made specialized geological notations according to geological standards. Practical significance. Complex using of basic, additional external plugins of QGIS and specialized geological markings contributes to effective field digital mapping, modern visualization of various types of geological maps with spatial reference, creation of new digital electronic and complex demonstration maps for printing and visualization in web browsers, construction topographic and geological 2D profiles, GIS analysis of structural geodata, slope analysis, etc. Data obtained in QGIS can be imported into such specialized programs as Petrel Exploration & Production Software Platform (Shlumberger), MOVE Software (Midland Valley), etc. Keywords: Quantum GIS or QGIS, QGIS tools and plugins, digital geological mapping, QField, GIS analysis of structural geodata, slope analysis.
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Al-Nahmi, F., O. Saddiqi, A. Hilali, et al. "APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING, CASE STUDY Al MAGHRABAH AREA – HAJJAH REGION, YEMEN." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W4 (November 13, 2017): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w4-63-2017.
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Remote sensing technology plays an important role today in the geological survey, mapping, analysis and interpretation, which provides a unique opportunity to investigate the geological characteristics of the remote areas of the earth's surface without the need to gain access to an area on the ground. The aim of this study is achievement a geological map of the study area. The data utilizes is Sentinel-2 imagery, the processes used in this study, the OIF Optimum Index Factor is a statistic value that can be used to select the optimum combination of three bands in a satellite image. It’s based on the total variance within bands and correlation coefficient between bands, ICA Independent component analysis (3, 4, 6) is a statistical and computational technique for revealing hidden factors that underlie sets of random variables, measurements, or signals, MNF Minimum Noise Fraction (1, 2, 3) is used to determine the inherent dimensionality of image data to segregate noise in the data and to reduce the computational requirements for subsequent processing, Optimum Index Factor is a good method for choosing the best band for lithological mapping. ICA, MNF, also a practical way to extract the structural geology maps. The results in this paper indicate that, the studied area can be divided into four main geological units: Basement rocks (Meta volcanic, Meta sediments), Sedimentary rocks, Intrusive rocks, volcanic rocks. The method used in this study offers great potential for lithological mapping, by using Sentinel-2 imagery, the results were compared with existing geologic maps and were superior and could be used to update the existing maps.
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KROCHAK, Maryna. "МEMORIES ON THE FIELD COURSE IN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING". Ukrainian Geologist, № 1-2(44-45) (30 червня 2021): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53087/ug.2021.1-2(44-45).238970.
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This article is a memory of the field course in geological mapping. It was a part of studying process of the author while her education at the Geology & Geophysics Department, Novosibirsk University. The practice took place in the 80s of the last century in the steppe region of the Khakassia Autonomous Region (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia) at the university’s geological training camp. The article features a technique of creating a geological map of the site. Geological strata were distinguished by lithological features. However, the instructors did not indicate the real geological age of the deposits to the students because it was believed that such information is unnecessary for them. The main task of students was to master the methods of geological mapping of an unknown territory. Students covered the site with routes along the cross of the strike of sediments. Students had to recognize these sediments, determine the area of their distribution, divide them into stratigraphic horizons and give them their own names. Then students marked the boundaries of the rock layers at outcrops and the elements of their occurrence on the topographic base. This original teaching method gave a positive result. Students have developed a geological map of the training site where certain stratigraphic horizons were shown with real bedding elements. This approach contributed to the independent creative work of students. Students felt themselves like pioneer geologists who came to this territory for the first time, conducted geological mapping and gave names to geological strata that are exposed. In addition, this method excluded the possibility of cheating and copying the existing real geological map. The article presents memories of the young nineteen-year-old student’s perception of the features of field geology, expeditionary life and collective work. With a certain degree of self-irony the author brings his thoughts, feelings and impressions of nature. The experience gained during this field practice has become the basis of the author’s professional skills and now helps us in educational process.
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Doveton, J. H., and T. Chang. "Latent Facies Mapping from Binary Geological Data." Journal of Geology 99, no. 2 (1991): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629490.
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Ratri, Diyaning, and I. Gde Budi Indrawan. "Engineering Geology of Sidosari Area, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia." Journal of Applied Geology 2, no. 1 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.30254.
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Development of settlement area in Sidosari area and the surroundings requires complete understanding of the engineering geological conditions, including susceptibility to landslides, to prevent damaged properties and loss of lives. Surface engineering geological mapping at a 1:25000 scale was conducted to develop a detailed landslide susceptibility map for spatial planning and to identify most controlling factor of landslides in the research area based on conditions of geomorphology, rock and soil, geological structure, groundwater seepage, and land use. The engineering geological mapping showed that landslides commonly occurred in the moderate slopes of the denudational hill landform having slope inclination ranging from 9 to 17°, in the areas covered by residual soils of the vitric tuff 2 unit, in the areas of no groundwater seepage, and in the settlement areas, including in Kranjang Lor area where soil creeping occurred. The high susceptibility zone covered 55.5 % of the research area and was characterized by having slope inclinations ranging from 9 to 35°, engineering geological units of vitric tuff 2 and tuff breccia, and land uses of rice and dry fields and settlement. The low cohesion and very high swelling potential of the residual soils of the vitric tuff 2 unit were considered to be the main controlling factor of landslides in the research area.
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Bessen, Ryan, Jennifer Gifford, Zack Ledbetter, Sean McGuire, Kyle True, and David Malone. "Geologic Map of the Park Reservoir Quadrangle, Sheridan County, Wyoming." Mountain Geologist 57, no. 4 (2020): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.57.4.375.
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This project involved the construction of a detailed geologic map of the Park Reservoir, Wyoming 7.5-Minute Quadrangle (Scale 1:24,000). The Quadrangle occurs entirely in the Bighorn National Forest, which is a popular recreation site for thousands of people each year. This research advances the scientific understanding of the geology of the Bighorn Mountains and the Archean geology of the Wyoming Province. Traditional geologic mapping techniques were used in concert with isotopic age determinations. Our goal was to further subdivide the various phases of the 2.8–3.0 Ga Archean rocks based on their rock types, age, and structural features. This research supports the broader efforts of the Wyoming State Geological Survey to complete 1:24,000 scale geologic maps of the state. The northern part of the Bighorn Mountains is composed of the Bighorn batholith, a composite complex of intrusive bodies that were emplaced between 2.96–2.87 Ga. Our mapping of the Park Reservoir Quadrangle has revealed the presence of five different Archean quartzofeldspathic units, two sets of amphibolite and diabase dikes, a small occurrence of the Cambrian Flathead Sandstone, two Quaternary tills, and Quaternary alluvium. The Archean rock units range in age from ca. 2.96–2.75 Ga, the oldest of which are the most ancient rocks yet reported in the Bighorn batholith. All the Archean rocks have subtle but apparent planar fabric elements, which are variable in orientation and are interpreted to represent magmatic flow during emplacement. The Granite Ridge tear fault, which is the northern boundary of the Piney Creek thrust block, is mapped into the Archean core as a mylonite zone. This relationship indicates that the bounding faults of the Piney Creek thrust block were controlled by weak zones within the Precambrian basement rocks.
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Hollis, Julie A., Dirk Frei, Jeroen A. M. Van Gool, Adam A. Garde, and Mac Persson. "Using zircon geochronology to resolve the Archaean geology of southern West Greenland." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 10 (November 29, 2006): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v10.4908.
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Until recently, in situ U-Pb zircon geochronology could be carried out only using ion microprobes, requiring lengthy analysis times of c. 20 minutes. However, new developments in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer technologies have resulted in zircon geochronology techniques that are much faster, simpler, cheaper, and more precise than before (e.g. Frei et al. 2006, this volume). Analyses approaching the precision obtained via ion microprobe can now be undertaken in 2–4 minutes using instruments such as the 213 nm laser ablation (LA) system coupled with Element2 sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (SF-ICP-MS) housed at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). The up to tenfold decrease in analytical time means that zircon geochronology can now be used in a much wider range of studies. The Godthåbsfjord region, southern West Greenland, contains some of the oldest rocks exposed on the Earth’s surface reflecting a very complex Archaean geological evolution (Figs 1, 2). Over recent years GEUS has undertaken a range of mapping projects at various scales within the Godthåbsfjord region (see also below). These include the mapping of the 1:100 000 scale Kapisillit geological map sheet (Fig. 1), and regional and local investigations of the environments of formation and geological evolution of supracrustal belts, hosting potentially economic mineral occurrences. Zircon geochronology is an important tool for investigating a range of geological problems in this region. By breaking down the complex geology into a series of simple problems that can be addressed using this tool, the geological evolution can be unlocked in a stepwise manner. Three examples are presented below: (1) the mapping of regional structures; (2) characterising and correlating supracrustal belts; and (3) dating metamorphism and mineralisation. Although focus is on the application of zircon geochronology to these problems, it is important to note that the resulting data must always be viewed within a wider context incorporating geological mapping and structural, geochemical and petrographic investigations.
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Honarmand, Mehdi, and Hadi Shahriari. "Geological Mapping Using Drone-Based Photogrammetry: An Application for Exploration of Vein-Type Cu Mineralization." Minerals 11, no. 6 (2021): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060585.
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In this research, drone-based photogrammetry was utilized for mapping geology with the objective of mineral exploration in the Shahzadeh Abbas Cu deposit, Kerman province, Iran. Cu mineralization is of vein-type and follows geological structures. A low-cost drone was used to collect geological data. A spatial resolution of 3.26 cm was achieved by considering a flight altitude of 70 m. To reach the accuracy of less than 5 cm, 70% lateral and 80% front image overlaps were applied and 220 temporary ground control points (TGCPs) were used in an area of 2.02 km2. TGCPs were accurately positioned using DGPS-RTK measurements. Agisoft PhotoScan software was used for photogrammetric processing. The orthophoto product was performed for outlining geological units through visual interpretation. The digital elevation model (DEM) was converted to a hill-shade model in ArcGIS software to extract the geological structures such as faults and dikes. A draft geology map was prepared using orthophoto and hill-shade images to minimize the time and cost of the subsequent field work. Rock sampling was carried out and Cu-bearing veins were specified through field investigations. The geology map was finalized based on field work data and petrology studies. The geological survey indicated that diabase dikes with a northwest–southeast strike often host Cu mineralization in the study area. The position of Cu-bearing dikes was delineated for the next stage of the exploration program. This research demonstrated the time- and cost-effectiveness of using drone-based photogrammetry for preparing base geology maps for the exploration of vein-type mineralization in far districts with rough topography.
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Zervopoulou, A., and S. Pavlides. "GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN URBAN AREAS. A CASE STUDY FROM THE INNER CITY OF THESSALONIKI, GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 2 (2017): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11807.
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The methodology of geological mapping in urban areas differs from the ordinary field research. An urban area has no outcrops, has a smooth surface, diverted water lines and covered geology. The data types commonly collected in urban areas are from few outcrops (if there are some), borehole records, geophysical prospecting data, geological maps, digital elevation models (DEM), shallow excavations, palaeoseismological trenches and publication archives. This research at subsurface of the city produces new thematic maps for the initial surface under the building area, the water network, the geology and finally the fault system. This paper demonstrates a methodology and provides a way to solve engineering geology problems in urban areas.
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Dueholm, K. S., and A. A. Garde. "Geological photogrammetry using standard colour slides." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 130 (December 31, 1986): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v130.7945.
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Photogrammctric mapping methods (Dueholm, 1979; Jepsen & Dueholm, 1978; Pedersen, 1981) are widely used by the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU). However, until now it has only been possible to use vertical aerial photographs taken with large frame photogrammetric cameras. As a major part af the geology in Greenland is exposed on steep mountain sides. there are many afcas that e(]llllot be rnappcd from vertical aerial pl1otographs. In 1983 a research projccl was set up to invcstigate phologrammetric mapping using commerci ally available oblique aeria! photographs, as well as terrestriaJ photographs taken by geologists with ordinary 24/36 mm cameras (fig. 1). A new type of photogrammetric instrument, the Kern DSR11/GP1 AnalyticaI Plotter, was procured for this and other projects. Here we present results and experience from the first successful mapping in Greenland with an ordinary 24/36 mm camera.
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Pachauri, A. K., and Manoj Pant. "Landslide hazard mapping based on geological attributes." Engineering Geology 32, no. 1-2 (1992): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(92)90020-y.
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Lessing, Peter. "Early Geological Maps of West Virginia." Earth Sciences History 8, no. 1 (1989): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.8.1.e71w4vn547206n48.
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Since Guettard presented his geological map of North America in 1752, over 100 geological maps were produced that cover all or parts of West Virginia up to 1897, when the State Geological Survey was formed. Their quality, accuracy, scale, and general content vary widely, but each contributed to our growing understanding of West Virginia and Appalachian geology. This annotated, chronologic list of maps illustrates this wide diversity and steady improvement of early geological mapping.
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Gusev, Evgeny. "Results and prospects of geological mapping of the Arctic shelf of Russia." Записки Горного института 255 (July 26, 2022): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2022.50.
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The results of compiling the sets of the State Geological Map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 for the Arctic continental shelf of Russia are analyzed. Results are summed up, and the main problems of geological mapping are outlined. The results of geological and geophysical studies of the Arctic Ocean are of great importance for deciphering the geological evolution. The Arctic shelf is the widest shelf in the world, while the spreading ocean basin is one of the narrowest and is characterized by anomalous structural features. The main problems of geological mapping include identification the sedimentary cover/folded basement boundary, interpretation the geodynamic evolution of the shelf and adjacent ocean, determining the rates of sedimentation and stratigraphic subdivision of the sedimentary cover due to a small number of key boreholes. It is promising to further study problem areas with unclear features of geological structure as well as small-scale mapping in areas of industrial development on the Arctic continental shelf.
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O., Ademila, Akingboye A. S., and Ojamomi A. I. "Radiometric survey in geological mapping of basement complex area of parts of Southwestern Nigeria." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (2018): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12619.
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Radiometric methods were used to investigate the radioactive properties of rocks in parts of southwestern Nigeria with a view to interpreting the geological structure and abundance of natural radioactive elements in the main type rocks. The airborne radiometric dataset of Ikole Sheet and ground radiometric data recorded from eight traverses in Akoko axis of the study area were processed. Results presented as maps and profiles displayed variations of high and low radioactive concentrations across the area. These maps showed moderate to very high concentrations and very low to low concentrations of the radioelements; uranium (4.5-13.0 ppm); (LLD-low limit of detection -3.0 ppm), Th (25.0-70.0 ppm); (8.5-16.0 ppm) and K (2.0-4.0 %); but the most often observed values are in the range 2.5-7.0 ppm, 22.0-30.0 ppm and 3.0-4.0% for U, Th, and K respectively. High concentrations imply that the rocks are crystalline, undeformed and are rich in feldspar and U-Th bearing minerals. While low radioactivity is attributed to varying geologic framework compositions; weathered materials or fluids formed as a result of intense metamorphism. The radiometric datasets proved valuable in delineating different rock types and serve as a complementary tool in identifying geochemical zoning of rocks in the area.ReferencesAjibade A.C. and Fitches W.R., 1988. The Nigerian Precambrian and the Pan-African Orogeny, Precambrian Geology of Nigeria, 45-53.Ajibade A.C., Woakes M. and Rahaman M.A., 1987.Proterozoic crustal development in Pan-African regime of Nigeria: In A. Croner (ed.) Proterozoic Lithospheric Evolution Geodynamics, 17, 259-231.Appleton J.D., Miles J.C.H., Green B.M.R, Larmour R., 2008. Pilot study of the application of Tellus airborne radiometric and soil geochemical data for radon mapping. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99, 1687-1697.Arisekola T.M. and Ajenipa R.A., 2013. Geophysical data results preliminary application to uranium and thorium exploration. IAEA-CYTED-UNECE Workshop on UNFC-2009 at Santiago, Chile 9-12, July, 12.Bayowa O.G., Olorunfemi O.M., Akinluyi O.F. and Ademilua O.L., 2014.A Preliminary Approach to Groundwater Potential Appraisal of Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology (IJST), 4(3), 48-58.Bierwirth P.N., 1997. The use of airborne gamma-emission data for detecting soil properties.Proceedings of the Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition.Copenhagen, Denmark.Grasty R.L. and Multala J., 1991. A correlation technique for separating natural and man-made airborne gamma-ray spectra. In: Current Research, Part D, Geological Survey of Canada, 111-116.Grasty R.L., Minty B.R.S., 1995a. A guide to the technical specifications for airborne gamma ray surveys. Australian Geological Survey Organization, Record.Grasty R.L., Minty B.R.S., 1995b. The standardization of airborne gamma-ray surveys in Australia. Exploration Geophysics, 26, 276-283.IAEA, 1991. Airborne gamma ray spectrometer surveying, International Atomic Energy Agency, Technical Report Series, 323.IAEA, 2007.International Atomic Energy Agency. Safety Glossary, Terminology used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection-2007 Edition.Jones H.A. and Hockey, 1964.The Geology of part of’ Southwestern Nigeria.Geological Survey, Nigeria bulletin, 31.Kearey P., Brooks M. and Hill I., 2002. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration.3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 262.Milsom J., 2003. Field Geophysics: The geological field guide series, John Milsom University College, London. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Third edition, 51-70.MontajTM Tutorial, 2004. Two - Dimensional frequency domain processing of potential field data.Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), 2009. Geological map of Nigeria prepared by Nigeria Geological Survey Agency, 31, ShetimaMangono Crescent Utako District, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.Omosanya K.O., Ariyo S.O., Kaigama U., Mosuro G.O., and Laniyan T.A., 2015. An outcrop evidence for polycyclic orogenies in the basement complex of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 7(3), 24-34.Oyawoye, M.O., 1972. The Basement Complex of Nigeria.In African Geology. T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A.J. Whiteman (Eds) Ibadan University Press, 67-99.Oyinloye A.O., 2011. Geology and Geotectonic Setting of the Basement Complex Rocks in Southwestern Nigeria: Implications on Provenance and Evolution. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 98-117. ISBN: 978-953-307-468-9.Rahaman M.A., 1981. Recent Advances in the Study of the Basement Complex of Nigeria.First Symposium on the Precambrian Geology of Nigeria, Summary.Rahaman M.A., Emofureta W.O. and Vachette M., 1983. The potassic-grades of the Igbeti area: Further evaluation of the polycyclic evolution of the Pan-African Belt in South-western Nigeria. Precambrian Resources, 22, 75-92.Woakes M., Rahaman M.A., Ajibade A.C., 1987. Some Metallogenetic Features of the Nigerian Basement. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 6(5), 655-664.
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KOWALSKI, Aleksander. "LANDSLIDES AND THE INCORRECT INTERPRETATION OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE – EXAMPLES FROM THE SUDETY MOUNTAINS." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 473, no. 473 (2018): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7708.
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Despite the relatively large number of individual landslides recognized and described over the last several years from the Sudety (Sudetes) Mountains (Lower Silesia, SW Poland), most of the papers focused on the geomorphological characterisation of these forms. This paper presents the results of geological and geomorphological mapping of individual landslides, recognized within three geological units: the Wleń Graben (Northsudetic Synclinorium), the Łączna Elevation (Intrasudetic Synclinorium) and the Glinno Graben (Sowie Mountains Block). Particular attention has been paid to the role of the geological structure in the initiation and development of mass movements as well as the degree of transformation of the planar, structural elements (bedding planes, joints, faults) of the landslide bedrock. The results of geological mapping and geomorphometric analysis with a basis in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) show that the structural measurements carried out in the past within previously unrecognized landslides were probably the main reason for incorrect interpretations of the geology of the areas investigated.
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Quick, J. Daniel, та John P. Hogan. "Practical remote sensing data analysis for efficient geological field mapping: An example from the southwest portion of the Three Peaks 7.5ʹ quadrangle, southwest Utah". Rocky Mountain Geology 57, № 2 (2022): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24872/rmgjournal.57.2.117.
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ABSTRACT We present the results of remote sensing analysis of U.S. Geological Survey digital elevation models, Landsat spectral data, and National Agriculture Imagery Program orthophotos to generate a preliminary geologic map that significantly aided our boots-on-the-ground geologic mapping of the southwest portion of the Three Peaks 7.5ʹ quadrangle in southwest Utah. Sedimentary rocks, intrusive rocks, and a variety of geologic contacts, including unconformities and faults, as well as unconsolidated alluvium are recognized in the study area. We constructed a series of geologic maps using remote sensing data and analysis techniques that are readily available to geoscientists. These techniques include band-ratioing, random forest analysis, and these analyses. Resolution of the resulting geologic maps generated by random forest analysis and principal component analysis were greatly improved by incorporating both the high resolution orthophoto and the 1/3 arc second digital elevation model into the principal component analysis. Our final remotely sensed geologic map integrated results from each technique. We used this remotely sensed geologic map to develop our preliminary plan for the field campaign. We preselected high priority targets (e.g., previously unrecognized units and faults) for in-person field analysis. We also identified highly accessible areas that allowed for efficient use of in-person field time needed for evaluation of large areas covered by relatively homogeneous units. The authors spent 25 days in the field over a seven-week field season, mapping the same area. Here, we compare the remote-sensed geologic maps with the final in-person field checked geologic map and discuss the utility of remote sensing data for detailed geologic field investigations. Preparing a remote sensing geologic map prior to field work has several advantages, including identification of mappable units, recognition of geologic contacts, and selection of priority target areas for direct evaluation of hypothesized field relationships, thereby promoting more efficient geologic mapping.
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Henriksen, N. "Geology of North-East Greenland (75°-78°N) – the 1988–90 mapping project." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 162 (January 1, 1994): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v162.8245.
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The geological background for the 1988–90 mapping project in North-East Greenland is outlined. The principal geological units represented in the region between Grandjean Fjord and Jökelbugten include rocks of pre-Caledonian, Caledonian and post-Caledonian age. Particular reference is made to the articles resulting from the project which make up this Survey report.
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Moses, C. A., and H. Vallius. "Mapping the Geology and Topography of the European Seas (European Marine Observation and Data Network, EMODnet)." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 54, no. 1 (2020): qjegh2020–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-131.
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Marine engineering geology requires good seabed maps and access to metadata. In 2009 the European Commission established the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) programme, which is now in its fourth phase (2019–21). The programme is designed to assemble existing, but fragmented and partly inaccessible, marine data and to create contiguous and publicly available information layers which are interoperable and free of restrictions on use, and which encompass whole marine basins. This collection highlights the use of EMODnet Geology data for better understanding seafloor geology, coastal behaviour and geological events and probabilities. The papers illustrate methodological approaches to harmonizing and representing geological and geohazards information, resultant maps and datasets and their uses, alongside national datasets, for marine spatial planning.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mapping the Geology and Topography of the European Seas (EMODnet) collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/EMODnet
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Henriksen, N. "Eastern North Greenland 1994, the 1:500 000 mapping project." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 165 (January 1, 1995): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v165.8278.
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The second field season of the Geological Survey of Greenland's (GGU) mapping project in eastern North Greenland (1993–95) was carried out according to plan and with full accomplishment of all geoscientific goals. The programme aims at producing a general overview of the onshore geology of the Jokelbugten to Kronprins Christian Land region (78–81 °N) in eastern North Greenland (Fig. 1) to be compiled as sheet no. 9 in GGU's 1:500 000 geological map sheet series; this is the last remaining incomplete map sheet at this scale in North and North-East Greenland. The field work was initiated in 1993 with limited reconnaissance work (Henriksen, 1994a), and in 1994 the first of two more intensive field campaigns was carried out. In addition to establishing a general overview of the regional geology the work aims at obtaining an evaluation of the economic geological potential of the region, in respect of both minerals and hydrocarbons. Two glaciological programmes were fully integrated with the project: one was carried out by the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWi), Bremerhaven, Germany, while the other was partly based on a special grant from the Nordic Council of Ministers.
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Malvić, Tomislav, Marija Bošnjak, Josipa Velić, et al. "Recent Advances in Geomathematics in Croatia: Examples from Subsurface Geological Mapping and Biostatistics." Geosciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10050188.
Full textAbstract:
Geomathematics is extremely important in geosciences, particularly in the geology. The key for any geomathematical analysis is the definition of a typical model to be applied for further prognosis, either through deterministic or stochastic approaches. The selection of the appropriate procedure is presented in this paper. Two different geomathematical subfield datasets were used in subsurface geological mapping and palaeontology and different biostatistics applications, representing important geomathematical subfields in the Croatian geology. The different subsurface interpolation methods tested, validated and recommended for application were used to obtain the best possible outcome in reservoir modelling, in the cases with small datasets. Cross-validation may be chosen as the main selection criteria, applied to the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System (CPBS). Recent advances in biostatistics applied in palaeontology and case studies from Croatia are also presented, where biometric studies are of significant importance in fossil biota. Data, methods and problems in geosciences are vast subjects, and address a wide spectrum of fundamental science. Because geology includes subsurface and surface geology, and very different datasets regarding variable and number of data, we have chosen here two representative case study groups with original samples from Northern Croatia. Subsurface mapping has been presented on limited petrophysical datasets from the Northern Croatian, Miocene, hydrocarbon reservoirs. Biostatistics have been presented on very different samples, allowing us to achieve paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the size of relevant fossils, such as dinosaurs or other species and their paleoenvironments. All examples highlight examples of the valuable application of geomathematical tools in geology. The results, cautiously validated and correlated with other, non-numerical (indicator, categorical) geological knowledge, are of enormous assistance in creating better geological models.
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Chen, Lei, Fengkai Zhang, Yuxiao Ren, Xinji Xu, Zhichao Yang, and Ming Li. "Tunnel Prospecting Based on Integrated Interpretation of Geophysical Data: Xiangyun Tunnel, Yunnan Province, China." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 24, no. 1 (2019): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg24.1.63.
Full textAbstract:
With China's expanding economy, many tunnels are being designed and constructed. However, tunneling in hazardous geologic terrain, with faults, fractures, water-bearing openings, and other adverse geological conditions, construction safety is seriously endangered. To ensure the safety of tunnel construction, a tunnel geological prospecting method was proposed and applied at the Xiangyun Tunnel in Yunnan Province, China. In the investigation stage, the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions were analyzed to recognize high-risk sections. In the construction stage, the “tunnel ahead” prospecting scheme was optimized based on the macroscopic geological conditions. Geological mapping of the tunnel, seismic ahead prospecting and transient electromagnetic soundings were employed as well as resistivity models to image potential adverse conditions. Horizontal drilling and tunnel excavation records verified the geophysical predictions and interpretations.
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Ilahude, Delyuzar. "MAGNETIC ANOMALY PATTERNS USING TREND SURFACE ANALYSIS APPLICATION (TSA) ON MARINE GEOLOGY MAPPING IN THE BALIKPAPAN WATERS." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 27, no. 1 (2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.27.1.2012.42.
Full textAbstract:
The application of Trend Surface Analysis (TSA) method an geological and geophysical research in map sheets 1813-1814, Balikpapan Waters and its surrounding, shows the significant value of residual anomaly. The magnetic disseverance of regional and total anomaly value obtained the negative anomaly between -50 nT and -350 nT and positive anomaly between +50 nT and +400 nT. The contour of total and regional anomaly shows the magnetic properties of rocks which characterizes the geological arrangements of the research areas. Residual anomaly yielded from the 2nd order value of regional anomaly might be correlated with the formation of basin structures in the central and northern parts of research area, which is interpreted as a part of Kutai Basin. 
 
 Keywords : TSA method, magnetic anomaly, geology and geophisics, Balikpapan Waters. 
 
 
 Penerapan metode TSA dalam penelitian geologi dan geofisika di Lembar Peta 1813-1814, Perairan Balikpapan dan sekitarnya menunjukkan nilai anomali sisa yang cukup signifikan. Hasil pemisahan nilai anomali magnet regional dan anomaly total diperoleh nilai anomali yaitu antara -50 nT dan –350 nT dan anomali positif antara +50 nT dan +400 nT. Kontur anomali total dan anomali regional memperlihatkan sifat kemagnitan batuan yang mencirikan tatanan geologi daerah penelitian. Anomali sisa dihasilkan dari nilai anomali regional orde ke 2, kemungkinan berkaitan dengan pembentukan struktur cekungan di bagian tengah dan utara daerah penelitian yang ditafsirkan sebagai bagian dari Cekungan Kutai. 
 
 Kata kunci : metode TSA, anomali magnet, geologi dan geofisika, Perairan Balikpapan.
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Mahan, Kevin H., Michael G. Frothingham, and Ellen Alexander. "Virtual mapping and analytical data integration: a teaching module using Precambrian crystalline basement in Colorado's Front Range (USA)." Geoscience Communication 4, no. 3 (2021): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-421-2021.
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Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic hindered the ability to conduct field geology courses in a hands-on and boots-on traditional manner. In response, we designed a multi-part virtual field module that encompasses many of the basic requirements of an advanced field exercise, including designing a mapping strategy, collecting and processing field observations, synthesizing data from field-based and laboratory analyses, and communicating the results to a broad audience. For the mapping exercise, which is set in deformed Proterozoic crystalline basement exposed in the Front Range of Colorado (USA), student groups make daily navigational decisions and choose stations based on topographic maps, Google Earth satellite imagery, and iterative geological reasoning. For each station, students receive outcrop descriptions, measurements, and photographs from which they input field data and create geologic maps using StraboSpot. Building on the mapping exercise, student groups then choose from six supplements, including advanced field structure, microstructure, metamorphic petrology, and several geochronological datasets. Because scientific projects rarely end when the mapping is complete, the students are challenged to see how samples and analytical data may commonly be collected and integrated with field observations to produce a more holistic understanding of the geological history of the field area. While a virtual course cannot replace the actual field experience, modules like the one shared here can successfully address, or even improve on, some of the key learning objectives that are common to field-based capstone experiences while also fostering a more accessible and inclusive learning environment for all students.
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ROBERTS, MICHAEL B. "I coloured a map: Darwin's attempts at geological mapping in 1831." Archives of Natural History 27, no. 1 (2000): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2000.27.1.69.
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In his autobiography describing his geology of 1831 Darwin wrote, “on my return to Shropshire I coloured a map of parts around Shrewsbury.” There are four extant maps in the Cambridge University Library, which fit this description. Two, at a scale of ⅞ inch to 1 mile, are of Anglesey and Llanymynech and are hand-drawn copies of Evan's map of North Wales, and are without geological annotation. The other two of Shrewsbury and Kinnerley have a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile and are copied from Baugh's Map of Shropshire (1808). These contain orange shading to the west of Shrewsbury indicating New Red Sandstone, but make no allowance for drift. The Shrewsbury map includes some attempted stratigraphic boundaries and marks four sites; A, B, C and D. These maps demonstrate Darwin's grasp of geology before his Welsh tour with Sedgwick in August 1831. They show his realisation of the need of a topographic base map, an acquaintance of the conventions of geological mapping in shading and the marking of boundaries. These maps form an early part of Darwin's considerable geological activity in the summer of 1831.
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Watson, N. D., T. A. Macklin, M. T. C. Leys, and D. F. Robson. "A New Era! – Collaborative Geological and Geophysical Mapping." Exploration Geophysics 28, no. 1-2 (1997): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg997156.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "A Script-Driven Approach to Mapping Satellite-Derived Topography and Gravity Data Over the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran." Artificial Satellites 57, no. 2 (2022): 110–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2022-0006.
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Abstract Integrated geophysical mapping benefits from visualizing multi-source datasets including gravity and satellite altimetry data using 2D and 3D techniques. Applying scripting cartographic approach by R language and GMT supported by traditional mapping in QGIS is presented in this paper with a case study of Iranian geomorphology and a special focus on Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, a unique landform of the country affected by complex geodynamic structure. Several modules of GMT and ’tmap’ and ’raster’ packages of R language were shown to illustrate the efficiency of the console-based mapping by scripts. Data sources included high-resolution raster grids of GEBCO/SRTM, EGM-2008, SRTM DEM and vector geologic layers of USGS. The cartographic objective was to visualize thematic maps of Iran: topography, geology, satellite-derived gravity anomalies, geoid undulations and geomorphology. Various cartographic techniques were applied to plot the geophysical and topographic field gradients and categorical variations in geological structures and relief along the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. The structures of Elburz, Zagros, Kopet Dag and Makran slopes, Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut and Great Salt Desert were visualized using 3D-and 2D techniques. The geomorphometric properties (slope, aspect, hillshade, elevations) were modelled by R. The study presented a series of 11 new maps made using a combination of scripting techniques and GIS for comparative geological-geophysical analysis. Listings of R and GMT scripting are provided for repeatability.
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Stocklin, Jovan. "Developments in the geological exploration of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 38 (November 2, 2008): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v38i0.32642.
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Prior to 1950, only sporadic geological observations by a few visitors were made in Nepal. With the opening of the country to foreigners in 1950, Nepal soon came into the focus of interest in Himalayan geology. It was the time of the classical "descriptive geology" with mapping as the primary objective. Several excellent monographs and the first geological maps of different parts of the Nepal Himalaya were produced. The best results were obtained in the richly fossiliferous "Tibetan" sedimentary zone in the north, whereas descriptions of the Central Crystalline zone and of the thick, unfossiliferous metasediments of the Lesser Himalaya reflected mainly the widely differing interpretations and conflicting views of the investigators; nappe structure vs. block tectonics was the main issue. ..
 With the advent of plate tectonics in the late 1960s, the Himalaya became the "collided range". Microstructural, mineralogical and geochemical studies in the search for stress and heat effects of subduction and collision on structure, metamorphism and magmatism became dominant and in Nepal concentrated on the Main Central Thrust, which was treated in terms of post collisional continental subduction. With it went a shift of emphasis from field to laboratory work, from observation to interpretation, from mapping to modelling, from fact to theory.
 The last thirty years were characterised by the strengthening and diversification of geological institutions in Nepal with the creation of a National Seismological Centre, the beginning of petroleum exploration in the southern foreland of the Himalaya, an intensification and modernisation of classical geological surveying and a strong engagement in the application of geology for engineering and natural hazard assessment purposes.