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Journal articles on the topic 'GHz propagation measurement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Bhutani, Akanksha, Sören Marahrens, Marius Kretschmann, et al. "Applications of radar measurement technology using 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar sensors." tm - Technisches Messen 89, no. 2 (2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0034.

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Abstract This paper presents a review of radar applications in high-accuracy distance measurement of a target. The radars included in this review are frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in four different millimeter-wave frequency bands, namely 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz. The radar sensors are used to measure the distance of standard and complex targets in a short range of a few meters, thus indicating that the choice of target and the medium used for radar signal propagation also play a key role in determining the distance measurement accuracy of an FMCW radar. The standard target is a trihedral corner reflector in a laboratory-based free space measurement setup and the complex targets include a piston in an oil-filled hydraulic cylinder and a planar positioning stage used in micromachining. In each of these measurement scenarios, a distance measurement accuracy in micrometer range is achieved due to the use of a sophisticated signal processing algorithm that is based on a combined frequency and phase estimation method. The paper is concluded with a technical comparison of the accuracy achieved by the FMCW radars reviewed in this article with other related works.

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Čoko, Duje, Dinko Begušić, and Zoran Blažević. "UWB Radio Propagation Measurements in a Desktop Environment." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 6, no. 2 (2010): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v6i2.192.

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The ultra-wideband wireless personal area networks are expected to be most commonly employed in desktop environments. This paper presents a measurement campaignconducted on a typical office desk. A pair of omnidirectionalUWB antennas and a vector network analyzer were used tomeasure the impulse responses over a frequency rang spanning from 6 GHz to 8.5 GHz, in accordance with the UWB regulations in Europe. The coherence bandwidth and the rms delay spread are calculated from the measurement results. A significant correlation between these wideband parameters is found, but only at higher correlation thresholds.

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Macedo, Alex, Thiago Costa, Edemir de Matos, et al. "Channel Analysis for 3.5 GHz Frequency in Airport." Journal of Communication and Information Systems 38, no. 1 (2023): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14209/jcis.2023.13.

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This letter presents an analysis of the radio propagation channel based on measurements at the 3.5 GHz frequency. The measurement campaigns were carried out inside the Valde-Cans airport using line-of-sight (LOS) transmissions. First, the channel small-scale dispersion parameters were extracted through channel probing and the results are similar to those obtained by ITU-R P.1238 for the bands below 15 GHz considering commercial indoor environments as well as for those using the 3.5 GHz band in outdoor environments utilizing WiMax OFDM-256 signals. Then, the floating-intercept (FI) and close-in (CI) models are applied and analyzed to evaluate the received signal behavior for co-polarized and cross polarized antennas. The results show that the CI path loss exponent values are close to the free space propagation loss model, while the FI model provides a lower root mean square error (RMSE) to the measured data. The results show that the FI and CI models are suitable for large-scale indoor propagation loss modeling for 5G networks with a frequency of 3.5 GHz.

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Valtr, Pavel, Jan Zeleny, Pavel Pechac, and Martin Grabner. "Clutter Loss Modelling for Low Elevation Link Scenarios." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1478471.

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An analysis of the accuracy of several deterministic and semideterministic propagation models related to calculating clutter loss for low elevation links is presented. Predictions are compared with measurements carried out at 2 GHz over three locations. By comparing prediction and measurement techniques, improved predictive capabilities of deterministic models are demonstrated and quantified in cases where a description of the propagation environment exists and an air-to-ground scenario is considered.

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Rubio, Lorenzo, Vicent M. Rodrigo Peñarrocha, Marta Cabedo-Fabres, et al. "Millimeter-Wave Channel Measurements and Path Loss Characterization in a Typical Indoor Office Environment." Electronics 12, no. 4 (2023): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040844.

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In this paper, a path loss characterization at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies is performed in a typical indoor office environment. Path loss results were derived from propagation channel measurements collected in the 25–40 GHz frequency band, in both line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-LOS (OLOS) propagation conditions. The channel measurements were performed using a frequency-domain channel sounder, which integrates an amplified radio over fiber (RoF) link to avoid the high losses at mmWave. The path loss was analyzed in the 26 GHz, 28 GHz, 33 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands through the close-in free space reference distance (CI) and the floating-intercept (FI) models. These models take into account the distance dependence of the path loss for a single frequency. Nevertheless, to jointly study the distance and frequency dependence of the path loss, multi-frequency models were considered. The parameters of the ABG (A-alpha, B-beta and G-gamma) and the close-in free space reference distance with frequency path loss exponent (CIF) models were derived from the channel measurements in the whole 25–40 GHz band under the minimum mean square error (MMSE) approach. The results show that, in general, there is some relationship between the model parameters and the frequency. Path loss exponent (PLE) values smaller than the theoretical free space propagation were obtained, showing that there are a waveguide effect and a constructive interference of multipath components (MPCs). Since the measurements were obtained in the same environment and with the same configuration and measurement setup, it is possible to establish realistic comparisons between the model parameters and the propagation behavior at the different frequencies considered. The results provided here allow us to have a better knowledge of the propagation at mmWave frequencies and may be of interest to other researchers in the simulation and performance evaluation of future wireless communication systems in indoor hotspot environments.

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Hossain, Ferdous, Tan Geok, Tharek Rahman, Mhd Hindia, Kaharudin Dimyati, and Azlan Abdaziz. "Indoor Millimeter-Wave Propagation Prediction by Measurement and Ray Tracing Simulation at 38 GHz." Symmetry 10, no. 10 (2018): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10100464.

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The Millimeter-Wave (mmW) technology is going to mitigate the global higher bandwidth carriers. It will dominate the future network system by the attractive advantages of the higher frequency band. Higher frequency offers a wider bandwidth spectrum. Therefore, its utilizations are rapidly increasing in the wireless communication system. In this paper, an indoor mmW propagation prediction is presented at 38 GHz based on measurements and the proposed Three-Dimensional (3-D) Ray Tracing (RT) simulation. Moreover, an additional simulation performed using 3-D Shooting Bouncing Ray (SBR) method is presented. Simulation using existing SBR and the proposed RT methods have been performed separately on a specific layout where the measurement campaign is conducted. The RT methods simulations results have been verified by comparing with actual measurement data. There is a significant agreement between the simulation and measurement with respect to path loss and received signal strength indication. The analysis result shows that the proposed RT method output has better agreement with measurement output when compared to the SBR method. According to the result of the propagation prediction analysis, it can be stated that the proposed method’s ray tracing is capable of predicting the mmW propagation based on a raw sketch of the real environment.

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Kim, Minseok, Anirban Ghosh, Riku Takahashi, and Kosuke Shibata. "Indoor Channel Measurement at 300 GHz and Comparison of Signal Propagation With 60 GHz." IEEE Access 11 (2023): 124040–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330653.

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Kanazawa, Ami, and Hiroyo Ogawa. "Propagation measurement of 70-GHz band in a moving train." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science) 89, no. 8 (2006): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjc.20183.

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Nor Raihan Zulkefly, Omar Abd. Aziz, Ibraheem Shayea, and Ahmed Al-Saman. "Path Loss Models for 5G Communications System in Corridors Environment." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 46, no. 1 (2024): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.46.1.8696.

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This paper presents the propagation path loss channel models, developed from real-field measurement in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The purpose of the study is to characterize the channel at 28 GHz for 5G communications system in line-of-sight corridors environment. Measurement campaigns were conducted to measure the wireless signal of received signal strength at three different construction of straight corridors, narrow, wide, and open corridors. The large-scale path loss models are developed using the closed-in reference distance and floating–intercept modeling approaches. Besides contributing path loss models at 28 GHz for different corridors dimension, the result found in this work discovered the breakpoint distance of radio propagation is seen varies differently at those corridors.

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Ahmed, Bazil Taha. "Propagation Loss Measurement of Wireless Body Area Network at 2.4 GHz and 3.35 GHz Bands." Wireless Personal Communications 112, no. 2 (2020): 685–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07068-w.

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Gulfam, Sardar, Syed Nawaz, Konstantinos Baltzis, Abrar Ahmed, and Noor Khan. "Characterization of Fading Statistics of mmWave (28 GHz and 38 GHz) Outdoor and Indoor Radio Propagation Channels." Technologies 7, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010009.

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Extension of usable frequency spectrum from microwave to millimeter-wave (mmWave) is one of the key research directions in addressing the capacity demands of emerging 5th-generation communication networks. This paper presents a thorough analysis on the azimuthal multipath shape factors and second-order fading statistics (SOFS) of outdoor and indoor mmWave radio propagation channels. The well-established analytical relationship of plain angular statistics of a radio propagation channel with the channel’s fading statistics is used to study the channel’s fading characteristics. The plain angle-of-arrival measurement results available in the open literature for four different outdoor radio propagation scenarios at 38 GHz, as well as nine different indoor radio propagation scenarios at 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands, are extracted by using different graphical data interpretation techniques. The considered quantifiers for energy dispersion in angular domain and SOFS are true standard-deviation, angular spread, angular constriction, and direction of maximum fading; and spatial coherence distance, spatial auto-covariance, average fade duration, and level-crossing-rate; respectively. This study focuses on the angular spread analysis only in the azimuth plane. The conducted analysis on angular spread and SOFS is of high significance in designing modulation schemes, equalization schemes, antenna-beams, channel estimation, error-correction techniques, and interleaving algorithms; for mmWave outdoor and indoor radio propagation environments.

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Danacı, Erkan, Aliye Kartal Doğan, Engin Can Çiçek, et al. "UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION USING LAW OF PROPAGATION AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION METHODS WITH THE AUTORFPOWER MEASUREMENT SOFTWARE." Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 3 (2024): 596–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1364464.

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RF power measurement is essential in RF and microwave metrology. For reliable and accurate power measurement, automatic measurement is preferred. A software application in C#, named AutoRFPower, was developed for automatic RF power measurement and uncertainty calculations at this study. According to the GUM document, this application is enhanced for uncertainty calculations by utilizing the Law of Propagation method and the Monte Carlo Simulation method. Trial measurements were performed at different RF power levels and frequencies between 50 MHz and 18 GHz using the AutoRFPower software. Law of Propagation and Monte Carlo Simulation uncertainty calculations were carried out by AutoRFPower based on the trial measurements and by the Oracle Crystal Ball simulation application. All measurements and their uncertainty calculations were compared with each other, and this study validated the uncertainty calculation of AutoRFPower. In addition, it was observed that in the Monte Carlo Simulation, uncertainty calculation results were non-symmetrical normal distribution, contrary to the assumption of symmetrical normal distribution according to the Low of Propagation method. Moreover, it has been observed that the statistical distribution of uncertainty changes depending on the dominant component of the parameters in the model function used for the uncertainty calculation with the Monte Carlo Simulation method.

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Garcia Ariza, Alexis Paolo, Uwe Trautwein, Robert Müller, et al. "60 GHz short-range communications: channel measurements, analysis, and modeling." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 2 (2011): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000092.

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This article presents measurement and analysis results for 60 GHz short-range wideband radio channels. We consider two scenarios, referred to as “very-high-rate extended-range” (VHR-E) and “ultra-high-rate cordless” (UHR-C). The VHR-E measurements aimed at 60 GHz fixed networks for an Airbus A340 cabin both under static and dynamic (shadowing due to passenger movement) channel conditions. We describe the channel sounder used for the VHR-E measurements and present a simple multipath model derived from the measurements. Furthermore, simulations show the feasibility of the ray-tracing approach for this kind of channel. As a typical UHR-C use case, a data kiosk scenario was investigated. Various propagation conditions are analyzed with respect to channel gain, time dispersion, and frequency selectivity.

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Pimienta-del-Valle, Domingo, Luis Mendo, José Manuel Riera, and Pedro Garcia-del-Pino. "Indoor LOS Propagation Measurements and Modeling at 26, 32, and 39 GHz Millimeter-Wave Frequency Bands." Electronics 9, no. 11 (2020): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111867.

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Although the deployment of 5G networks has already started, there are still open questions regarding propagation at millimeter-wave frequency bands. Several propagation campaigns have been carried out at several bands previously identified by regulatory organizations, but due to the wide range of allocated segments of spectrum and the variety of possible propagation scenarios, more measurement campaigns are needed. In this regard, the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) has taken millimeter-wave measurements at 26, 32, and 39 GHz bands in an indoor corridor scenario in line-of-sight (LOS) conditions with two antenna configurations (a horn antenna has been used in transmission whereas horn and omnidirectional antennas have been used in reception), and the main results are presented in this paper. The obtained path loss results have been compared with existing millimeter-wave propagation models.

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Wysocki, Tadeusz A., and Hans-Jurgen Zepernick. "Characterization of the indoor radio propagation channel at 2.4 GHz." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2000): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2000.3-4.23.

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The unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz has gained increased attention recently due to the high data rate communication systems developed to operate in this band. The paper presents measurement results of fading characteristics, multipath parameters and background interference for these frequencies. Some statistical analysis of the measured data is presented. The paper provides information that may be useful in design and deployment of communication systems operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, like those compliant with IEEE 802.11 standard and Bluetooth open wireless standard

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Al-Saman, Ahmed, Michael Cheffena, Olakunle Elijah, Yousef A. Al-Gumaei, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Tawfik Al-Hadhrami. "Survey of Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models in Indoor Environments." Electronics 10, no. 14 (2021): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141653.

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The millimeter-wave (mmWave) is expected to deliver a huge bandwidth to address the future demands for higher data rate transmissions. However, one of the major challenges in the mmWave band is the increase in signal loss as the operating frequency increases. This has attracted several research interests both from academia and the industry for indoor and outdoor mmWave operations. This paper focuses on the works that have been carried out in the study of the mmWave channel measurement in indoor environments. A survey of the measurement techniques, prominent path loss models, analysis of path loss and delay spread for mmWave in different indoor environments is presented. This covers the mmWave frequencies from 28 GHz to 100 GHz that have been considered in the last two decades. In addition, the possible future trends for the mmWave indoor propagation studies and measurements have been discussed. These include the critical indoor environment, the roles of artificial intelligence, channel characterization for indoor devices, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, and mmWave for 6G systems. This survey can help engineers and researchers to plan, design, and optimize reliable 5G wireless indoor networks. It will also motivate the researchers and engineering communities towards finding a better outcome in the future trends of the mmWave indoor wireless network for 6G systems and beyond.

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Al-Samman, Ahmed M., Marwan Hadri Azmi, Y. A. Al-Gumaei, et al. "Millimeter Wave Propagation Measurements and Characteristics for 5G System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010335.

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In future 5G systems, the millimeter wave (mmWave) band will be used to support a large capacity for current mobile broadband. Therefore, the radio access technology (RAT) should be made available for 5G devices to help in distinct situations, for example device-to-device communications (D2D) and multi-hops. This paper presents ultra-wideband channel measurements for millimeter wave bands at 19, 28, and 38 GHz. We used an ultra-wideband channel sounder (1 GHz bandwidth) in an indoor to outdoor (I2O) environment for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. In an NLOS environment, there is no direct path (line of sight), and all of the contributed paths are received from different physical objects by refection propagation phenomena. Hence, in this work, a directional horn antenna (high gain) was used at the transmitter, while an omnidirectional antenna was used at the receiver to collect the radio signals from all directions. The path loss and temporal dispersion were examined based on the acquired measurement data—the 5G propagation characteristics. Two different path loss models were used, namely close-in (CI) free space reference distance and alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) models. The time dispersion parameters were provided based on a mean excess delay, a root mean square (RMS) delay spread, and a maximum excess delay. The path loss exponent for this NLOS specific environment was found to be low for all of the proposed frequencies, and the RMS delay spread values were less than 30 ns for all of the measured frequencies, and the average RMS delay spread values were 19.2, 19.3, and 20.3 ns for 19, 28, and 38 GHz frequencies, respectively. Moreover, the mean excess delay values were found also at 26.1, 25.8, and 27.3 ns for 19, 28, and 38 GHz frequencies, respectively. The propagation signal through the NLOS channel at 19, 28, and 38 GHz was strong with a low delay; it is concluded that these bands are reliable for 5G systems in short-range applications.

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Batalha, Iury S., Andréia V. R. Lopes, Jasmine P. L. Araújo, et al. "Large-Scale Channel Modeling and Measurements for 10 GHz in Indoor Environments." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (January 23, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9454271.

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With the advent of 5G mobile communication and researches into the propagation of large-scale channel modeling for frequencies above 6 GHz, measurement investigation was performed at 10 GHz with horn-type directional antennas in a corridor and a computer room within the Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories’ first floor, at Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil. This paper presents data obtained through experimental work, channel modeling with co-polarization V-V and H-H and cross-polarization V-H in line-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. The large-scale close-in reference is sustained by a comprehensive analysis, considering propagation mechanisms such as reflection and diffraction. Results demonstrate that the established model had inferior standard deviation in relation to measured data, proving itself more significant to propagation in indoor environments.

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Ito, Satoshi, and Takahiro Hayashi. "Measurement and Evaluation of 28 GHz Propagation Characteristics in Specific Environments." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 26242–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157063.

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Taha-Ahmed, Bazil, Jose Luis Masa-Campos, and David Fernandez Campillo. "PROPAGATION LOSS MEASUREMENT DUE TO MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENON AT 5.6 GHZ BAND." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 32 (2012): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc12072304.

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Qian, Jingyuan, Yating Wu, Asad Saleem, and Guoxin Zheng. "Path Loss Model for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz Bands in Cascaded Tunnel Environments." Sensors 22, no. 12 (2022): 4524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124524.

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An important and typical scenario of radio propagation in a railway or subway tunnel environment is the cascaded straight and curved tunnel. In this paper, we propose a joint path loss model for cascaded tunnels at 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz frequency bands. By combining the waveguide mode theory and the method of shooting and bouncing ray (SBR), it is found that the curvature of tunnels introduces an extra loss in the far-field region, which can be modeled as a linear function of the propagation distance of the signal in the curved tunnel. The channel of the cascaded straight and curved tunnel is thus characterized using the extra loss coefficient (ELC). Based on the ray-tracing (RT) method, an empirical formula between ELC and the radius of the curvature is provided for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz, respectively. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed model is verified by measurement and simulation results. It is shown that the proposed model can predict path loss in cascaded tunnels with desirable accuracy and low complexity.

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Adjei-Frimpong, Bernard, and László Csurgai-Horváth. "Using Radio Wave Satellite Propagation Measurements for Rain Intensity Estimation." Infocommunications journal, no. 3 (2018): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2018.3.1.

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The European Space Agency launched a communication satellite called Alphasat in 2013, with two experimental beacons to carry out a scientific experiment by measurement at frequencies of 19.7 GHz and 39.4 GHz respectively. Propagation through the atmosphere at these frequencies is affected by the resence of atmospheric gases and other particles like water vapour, rain and ice drops. Rain attenuation is the most significant parameter which degrades the performance of the links by absorbing and scattering radio waves that can be determined as the measured received signal power’s deviation from the nominal, non-attenuated level. Rainfall statistical data are also measured and recorded by the propagation terminals to provide additional information to apply prediction methods that require minutes of integration time rain intensity.

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Mohd, Nazeri Kamaruddin, Kim Geok Tan, Abdul Aziz Omar, Abd Rahman Tharek, Hossain Ferdous, and Abdul Aziz Azlan. "Adaptive 3D ray tracing approach for indoor radio signal prediction at 3.5 GHz." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 2 (2022): 1617–25. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i2.pp1617-1625.

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This paper explained an adaptive ray tracing technique in modelling indoor radio wave propagation. As compared with conventional ray tracing approach, the presented ray tracing approach offers an optimized method to trace the travelling radio signal by introducing flexibility and adaptive features in ray launching algorithm in modelling the radio wave for indoor scenarios. The simulation result was compared with measurements data for verification. By analyzing the results, the proposed adaptive technique showed a better improvement in simulation time, power level and coverage in modelling the radio wave propagation for indoor scenario and may benefit in the development of signal propagation simulators for future technologies.

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Rubio, Lorenzo, Rafael P. Torres, Vicent M. Rodrigo Peñarrocha, et al. "Contribution to the Channel Path Loss and Time-Dispersion Characterization in an Office Environment at 26 GHz." Electronics 8, no. 11 (2019): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111261.

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In this paper, path loss and time-dispersion results of the propagation channel in a typical office environment are reported. The results were derived from a channel measurement campaign carried out at 26 GHz in line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-LOS (OLOS) conditions. The parameters of both the floating-intercept (FI) and close-in (CI) free space reference distance path loss models were derived using the minimum-mean-squared-error (MMSE). The time-dispersion characteristics of the propagation channel were analyzed through the root-mean-squared (rms) delay-spread and the coherence bandwidth. The results reported here provide better knowledge of the propagation channel features and can be also used to design and evaluate the performance of the next fifth-generation (5G) networks in indoor office environments at the potential 26 GHz frequency band.

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Al-Samman, Ahmed Mohammed, Tharek Abd. Rahman, Tawfik Al-Hadhrami, et al. "Comparative Study of Indoor Propagation Model Below and Above 6 GHz for 5G Wireless Networks." Electronics 8, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010044.

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It has been widely speculated that the performance of the next generation based wireless network should meet a transmission speed on the order of 1000 times more than the current cellular communication systems. The frequency bands above 6 GHz have received significant attention lately as a prospective band for next generation 5G systems. The propagation characteristics for 5G networks need to be fully understood for the 5G system design. This paper presents the channel propagation characteristics for a 5G system in line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. The diffraction loss (DL) and frequency drop (FD) are investigated based on collected measurement data. Indoor measurement results obtained using a high-resolution channel sounder equipped with directional horn antennas at 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz as a comparative study of the two bands below and above 6 GHz. The parameters for path loss using different path loss models of single and multi-frequencies have been estimated. The excess delay, root mean square (RMS) delay spread and the power delay profile of received paths are analyzed. The results of the path loss models show that the path loss exponent (PLE) in this indoor environment is less than the free space path loss exponent for LOS scenario at both frequencies. Moreover, the PLE is not frequency dependent. The 3GPP path loss models for single and multi-frequency in LOS scenarios have good performance in terms of PLE that is as reliable as the physically-based models. Based on the proposed models, the diffraction loss at 28 GHz is approximately twice the diffraction loss at 3.5 GHz. The findings of the power delay profile and RMS delay spread indicate that these parameters are comparable for frequency bands below and above 6 GHz.

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Кузьмин, Л. В., та Е. В. Ефремова. "Эксперимент по определению времени прохождения сверхширокополосных хаотических радиоимпульсов через многолучевой канал". Письма в журнал технической физики 46, № 16 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2020.16.49849.18352.

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Here we describe experimental measurement results on the time of propagation of 3–5 GHz ultra-wideband chaotic radio pulses through multipath wireless channel. The accuracy of measuring the propagation time of ultra-wideband chaotic radio pulses by their envelope is evaluated. The achieved accuracy is sufficient for solving the problem of measuring the distance between objects and their localization in space in the industrial and office environments.

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Al-Bawri, Samir Salem, Md Shabiul Islam, Hin Yong Wong, et al. "Metamaterial Cell-Based Superstrate towards Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of Quad-Band CPW-Fed Antenna for Wireless Applications." Sensors 20, no. 2 (2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020457.

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A multiband coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antenna loaded with metamaterial unit cell for GSM900, WLAN, LTE-A, and 5G Wi-Fi applications is presented in this paper. The proposed metamaterial structure is a combination of various symmetric split-ring resonators (SSRR) and its characteristics were investigated for two major axes directions at (x and y-axis) wave propagation through the material. For x-axis wave propagation, it indicates a wide range of negative refractive index in the frequency span of 2–8.5 GHz. For y-axis wave propagation, it shows more than 2 GHz bandwidth of near-zero refractive index (NZRI) property. Two categories of the proposed metamaterial plane were applied to enhance the bandwidth and gain. The measured reflection coefficient (S11) demonstrated significant bandwidths increase at the upper bands by 4.92–6.49 GHz and 3.251–4.324 GHz, considered as a rise of 71.4% and 168%, respectively, against the proposed antenna without using metamaterial. Besides being high bandwidth achieving, the proposed antenna radiates bi-directionally with 95% as the maximum radiation efficiency. Moreover, the maximum measured gain reaches 6.74 dBi by a 92.57% improvement compared with the antenna without using metamaterial. The simulation and measurement results of the proposed antenna show good agreement.

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Nakajima, Taku, Kazuji Suzuki, Takafumi Kojima, Yoshinori Uzawa, Masayuki Ishino, and Issei Watanabe. "Propagation in Superconducting Niobium Rectangular Waveguide in the 100 GHz band." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2545, no. 1 (2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2545/1/012021.

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Abstract Rectangular waveguides that use superconducting materials for walls are expected to reduce transmission loss compared to normal metal waveguides. However, research on superconducting waveguides has been limited, particularly on the fabrication and measurement of physical models in the mm/sub-mm band. We attempted to fabricate a niobium (Nb) waveguide and measure its propagation. Because Nb is known to be a difficult-to-machine material, we searched for the best cutting tools and machining conditions. Consequently, we fabricated a waveguide with a surface accuracy of 0.3 µm rms using an end mill with a diameter of 1 mm. For the measurement of waveguide propagation, the resonator method was adopted, and the resonance characteristics were measured at room (298 K) and cryogenic (4.8 K) temperatures in the 100 GHz band. The resonance property at 298 K is consistent with the shapes predicted from literature-based conductivity. However, at 4.8 K, that of superconducting Nb is significantly changed. We used electromagnetic analysis to reproduce these properties, and the electrical conductivity and propagation loss were calculated. The conductivity and loss were computed as 1.8×1011 S/m and 0.05 dB/m, respectively. We observed a slight transmission loss and verified the effectiveness of the superconducting waveguides.

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Aoki, Kaisei, and Kazuhiro Honda. "Measurement and Analysis of the Rician K-Factor for Low-Altitude UAV Air-to-Ground Communications at 2.5 GHz." Drones 9, no. 2 (2025): 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9020086.

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The research and development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is progressing rapidly, and they are expected to be used in a wide range of applications. In this paper, we evaluated the propagation characteristics of air-to-ground (A2G) communications used by UAVs. Specifically, we investigated the Rician K-factor, which is one of the indicators representing the impact on communication quality. We carried out radio wave propagation measurements for A2G communications at low altitudes in propagation environments with simple (S environment) and complex (C environment) structures within the measurement area and then performed a detailed evaluation of the effect of the distance from buildings, UAV altitude, and antenna installation on the Rician K-factor and propagation characteristics. The measurement and analytical results reveal that the Rician K-factor in an S environment was observed to be high due to the strong dominance of the direct wave. On the other hand, the Rician K-factor in a C environment decreased because of complex multiple reflected and diffracted waves caused by surrounding buildings. In addition, dummy fading signals generated from the useful path calculated with the ray-tracing method using a simple 3D analytical model showed a high degree of agreement with the experimental results. These outcomes provide key parameters for the optimal design of UAV-based A2G communication systems, contributing to the practical application of UAV operations.

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Md Idris, Ikha Fadzila, Tan Kim Geok, Noor Ziela Abd Rahman, and Mohd Haffizzi Md Idris. "Analysis of 5.8 GHz Network for Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) in Suburban Environment." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 13, no. 6 (2023): 2145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.v13i6.19048.

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This paper presents the findings of radio wave characterization based on the measurement data at 5.8 GHz. The measurement data were collected by a testbed channel, which links with the following scenarios: a single tree, a row of trees, a row of trees and a road, a row of trees, a road, and a building. These experiments were conducted at University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai, Johor to represent the suburban environment. The links consist of pairs of transmitting and receiving antennas that deploy the path of a line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) radio propagation wave networks. Based on the measurement data analysis, the general issue concerning the statistical probability distribution and the characteristics of LOS and NLOS are examined and discussed. Note that 5.8 GHz technology can be used in both LOS and NLOS scenarios, but its performance varies based on the presence of obstacles and signal propagation characteristics. Other prominent experimental analysis methods, such as hypothesis testing and goodness of fit tests, are implemented to consolidate the findings. The analysis found that the empirical probability density function of LOS and NLOS channels follows Gaussian, Rayleigh, and Rician distribution. Predicting specific future technological developments, such as the availability of 5.8 GHz technology, is challenging because it depends on various factors, including research and development efforts, regulatory decisions, market demand, and technological advancements.

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Al-Jumaily, Abdulmajeed H. J., A. Sali, J. S. Mandeep, and Alyani Ismail. "Propagation Measurement on Earth-Sky Signal Effects for High Speed Train Satellite Channel in Tropical Region at Ku-Band." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/270949.

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Recent advances in satellite communication technologies in the tropical regions have led to significant increase in the demand for services and applications that require high channel quality for mobile satellite terminals. Determination and quantification of these requirements are important to optimize service quality, particularly in the Malaysian region. Moreover, the tests on current satellite propagation models were carried out at temperate regions whose environmental characteristics are much different from those in Malaysia. This difference renders these propagation models inapplicable and irrelevant to tropical regions in general. This paper presents the link characteristics observations and performance analysis with propagation measurements done in tropical region to provide an accurate database regarding rain and power arches supply (PAs) attenuations in the tropics for mobile scenarios. Hence, an extension for improving the performance assessment and analysis of satellite/transmission has been achieved. The Malaysia propagation measurement for mobile scenario (Malaysia-PMMS) enables first-hand coarse estimation and attenuation analysis, because the attenuation resulting from rain and PAs becomes easily amenable for measurement. Parallel to that, the measured attenuation has been compared with that of the simulated output at noise floor level. The underlying analytical tool is validated by measurements specific at tropical region, for dynamic model of mobile satellite links operating at higher than 10 GHz.

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Soo, Qi Ping, Soo Yong Lim, Nurhidayah Rusli, et al. "Propagation Measurement of a Pedestrian Tunnel at 24 GHz for 5G Communications." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 149934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3125710.

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Yin, Xuefeng, Yilin Ji, and Hua Yan. "Measurement-Based Characterization of 15 GHz Propagation Channels in a Laboratory Environment." IEEE Access 5 (2017): 1428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2657739.

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Lim, Soo Yong, Zhengqing Yun, and Magdy F. Iskander. "Propagation Measurement and Modeling for Indoor Stairwells at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 62, no. 9 (2014): 4754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2014.2336258.

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Hu, Chufeng, and Nanjing Li. "Calculation of Differential Propagation Constant Determined by Plant Morphology Using Polarimetric Measurement." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/718242.

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The morphology of vegetation greatly impacts propagation of polarized electromagnetic wave. In order to validate this phenomenon, the mathematical relation between the differential propagation constant of forest vegetation and of its polarized echo is quantitatively derived by using backscattering power profile. The fluctuation of differential propagation constant with frequency is analyzed by combining the morphological characteristics of vegetation. The accurate copolarized data of 3–10 GHz frequency-domain of small trees are obtained by indoor wideband polarimetric measurement system. The results show that morphological characteristics of vegetation at different frequencies can be obtained by the differential propagation constant of polarized electromagnetic wave. At low frequencies, the plants with structural features presented oriented distribution. However, the plants show random distribution of the echoes at higher frequencies, which is mainly from the canopy. The research provides important information to choose the coherence models employed in the parameters retrieval of vegetations.

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Lee, Seong-Hun, and Byung-Lok Cho. "Measurement and Analysis of Local Average Power According to Averaging Length Changes of 3, 6, 10, and 17 GHz in an Indoor Corridor Environment." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2023 (January 20, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1485543.

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This study measures and analyzes the local average power for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths according to the averaging length in an indoor corridor environment. The indoor corridor comprises multiple offices, laboratory spaces, and lecture rooms. We selected 3, 6, 10, and 17 GHz measurement frequency bands. The measurement system consists of a signal generator, a low-noise amplifier, transmission and receiving antenna, and spectrum analyzer. To obtain an accurate prediction model of propagation due to the multipath effect, we determined the measurement method based on the measurement interval and number of measurements according to changes in the averaging length. 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 lambdas (λ) were selected for the number of measurements by frequency, and 1.5 cm was set as the measurement interval. We used the close-in (CI) path loss model for the analysis according to changes in the averaging length. The coefficient of determination (R-squared) was applied using a linear regression equation to verify the measurement accuracy. Based on parameter n of the CI path loss model, no large differences were observed in the averaging length at each measurement frequency. However, at 2λ, owing to the multipath effect, R-squared was approximately 0.4–0.7 for the LOS path and 0.6–0.8 for the NLOS path. At 10λ, R-squared was approximately 0.7–0.8 for the LOS path and 0.8–0.9 for the NLOS path. This indicated that as the number of measurements increased by increasing the averaging length, the accuracy of the measurement results improved. The study findings will help determine an optimal averaging length, thus ensuring reliable indoor propagation measurement and contributing to the ITU-R standard.

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Zhong, Zhimeng, Jianyao Zhao, and Chao Li. "Outdoor-to-Indoor Channel Measurement and Coverage Analysis for 5G Typical Spectrums." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (September 16, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3981678.

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The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications system will adopt the millimeter wave (mmWave) band for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) coverage to achieve ultrahigh data rate. However, it is a challenging task because of the large path loss and almost total blocking by building walls. In this work, we performed extensive measurements on the O2I propagation at 3.5, 4.9, and 28 GHz simultaneously by using a multiband channel sounder. We captured the path loss distribution and angular power arrival profiles. We also measured the penetration loss at 28 GHz through different kinds of glass windows. The widely adopted ordinary glass windows introduce the penetration loss of 3 to 12 dB that is acceptable and makes mmWave O2I coverage feasible. But the low-emissivity (low-E) windows that will be more popular in the future introduce 10 dB higher loss. The measurement results in this work can help analyse and anticipate the O2I coverage by mmWave, which is important for the design and deployment of the 5G network.

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Wang, Yuzhen, Ting Zhou, Tianheng Xu, and Honglin Hu. "A Sliced Parabolic Equation Method to Characterize Maritime Radio Propagation." Sensors 23, no. 10 (2023): 4721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104721.

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For maritime broadband communications, atmospheric ducts can enable beyond line-of-sight communications or cause severe interference. Due to the strong spatial–temporal variability of atmospheric conditions in near-shore areas, atmospheric ducts have inherent spatial heterogeneity and suddenness. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of horizontally inhomogeneous ducts on maritime radio propagation through theoretical analysis and measurement validation. To make better use of meteorological reanalysis data, we design a range-dependent atmospheric duct model. Then, a sliced parabolic equation algorithm is proposed to improve the prediction accuracy of path loss. We derive the corresponding numerical solution and analyze the feasibility of the proposed algorithm under the range-dependent duct conditions. A 3.5 GHz long-distance radio propagation measurement is utilized to verify the algorithm. The spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric ducts in the measurements are analyzed. Based on actual duct conditions, the simulation results are consistent with the measured path loss. The proposed algorithm outperforms the existing method during the multiple duct periods. We further investigate the influence of different duct horizontal characteristics on the received signal strength.

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Rupčić, Slavko, Vanja Mandrić, Đurđica Kovačić, and Maja Varga. "Measurements of Electromagnetic Radiation Propagation through Biomaterial Samples Based on Harvest Residues." Sustainability 16, no. 2 (2024): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16020499.

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The aim of this research was to determine the efficiency of electromagnetic (EM) radiation absorbers based on biomaterials from harvest residues (soybean straw, wheat straw, and clover straw) for the additional protection and/or construction of residential buildings. To determine their protective properties, the transmission parameter S21 was measured through harvest residues in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 5 GHz. Important parameters of the tested samples included sample type, sample thickness, and humidity. The measurement results showed that the transmission parameters decreased with an increase in the sample thickness, moisture, and frequency. Regarding this type of substrate, soybean straw showed the lowest values of parameter S21 for all measurements except for the case of the highest amount of moisture (34.48%), for which clover straw showed the lowest value of the transmission parameter. The greatest reduction in the S21 transmission parameter was 43.80 dB for a soybean sample of 300 mm thickness at a frequency of 4.93 GHz. These tests were performed on samples that were not additionally structured (additives, pressing, additional shredding, etc.), so it was possible to optimize their structure and conduct further research.

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Alwarafy, Abdulmalik, Ahmed Iyanda Sulyman, Abdulhameed Alsanie, Saleh A. Alshebeili, and Hatim M. Behairy. "Path-Loss Channel Models for Receiver Spatial Diversity Systems at 2.4 GHz." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6790504.

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This article proposes receiver spatial diversity propagation path-loss channel models based on real-field measurement campaigns that were conducted in a line-of-site (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) indoor laboratory environment at 2.4 GHz. We apply equal gain power combining (EGC), coherent and noncoherent techniques, on the received signal powers. Our empirical data is used to propose spatial diversity propagation path-loss channel models using the log-distance and the floating intercept path-loss models. The proposed models indicate logarithmic-like reduction in the path-loss values as the number of diversity antennas increases. In the proposed spatial diversity empirical path-loss models, the number of diversity antenna elements is directly accounted for, and it is shown that they can accurately estimate the path-loss for any generalized number of receiving antenna elements for a given measurement setup. In particular, the floating intercept-based diversity path-loss model is vital to the 3GPP and WINNER II standards since they are widely utilized in multi-antenna-based communication systems.

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Gerasimov, Jacob, Nezah Balal, Egor Liokumovitch, et al. "Scaled Modeling and Measurement for Studying Radio Wave Propagation in Tunnels." Electronics 10, no. 1 (2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10010053.

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The subject of radio wave propagation in tunnels has gathered attention in recent years, mainly regarding the fading phenomena caused by internal reflections. Several methods have been suggested to describe the propagation inside a tunnel. This work is based on the ray tracing approach, which is useful for structures where the dimensions are orders of magnitude larger than the transmission wavelength. Using image theory, we utilized a multi-ray model to reveal non-dimensional parameters, enabling measurements in down-scaled experiments. We present the results of field experiments in a small concrete pedestrian tunnel with smooth walls for radio frequencies (RF) of 1, 2.4, and 10 GHz, as well as in a down-scaled model, for which millimeter waves (MMWs) were used, to demonstrate the roles of the frequency, polarization, tunnel dimensions, and dielectric properties on the wave propagation. The ray tracing method correlated well with the experimental results measured in the tunnel as well as in a scale model.

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Barros, Murilo C., Kaue T. N. Duarte, and Leonardo L. B. Roger. "Attenuation Measurement of Ceramic Blocks Wall Using X-Band Waves." Ceramics in Modern Technologies 3, no. 1 (2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29272/cmt.2021.0002.

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Nowadays, many companies depend on good communication between their technologies and Wi-Fi signal, which are part of the X-waves frequencies. Communication may suffer interference due to wave propagation’s difficulty, mainly depending on the number of walls and where the building is located. Therefore, buildings should be adapted to avoid this interference in order to minimize signal losses. Interference in wave propagation depends not only on walls but also on their structure. The studies of building construction and wave propagation may be complementary since the structure and organization may negatively affect the signal strength. This work analyzes X-waves’ attenuation (from 8GHz up to 12 GHz) in ceramic walls to evaluate their effects on wave propagation. This work differs from Literature not only by the material used, considering that there are many jobs involving concrete blocks, but also by calculating the wave signal focusing on a loss function in the analyzed object, enabling anomalous behavior analysis. This propagation behavior allows evaluating the most valuable equipment in a house (wireless device, TV). Finally, ceramic blocks were studied because they have a low cost, they are lightweight, easy to handle, and have a high frequency of use. The tests were performed in an 80cm x 80cm wall. The x-waves were produced by two horn antennas (transmitter and receiver) located at 70 cm of the wall on opposite sides and directions. We found an enhancement of attenuation in the x-waves frequency band with a significant drop at 11GHz. The signal drop mainly occurs due to the material characteristics, a.k.a stop band. This drop is caused by the electromagnetic band structure produced by the difference between the dielectric constant of the ceramic blocks and their periodically repeated voids called Electromagnetic Band Gap structure.

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Hossain, Ferdous, Tan Geok, Tharek Rahman, et al. "An Efficient 3-D Ray Tracing Method: Prediction of Indoor Radio Propagation at 28 GHz in 5G Network." Electronics 8, no. 3 (2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030286.

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Millimeter wave technology will be dominating the fifth-generation networks due to the clear advantage of higher frequency bands and hence wider spectrum. In this paper, the indoor radio wave propagation at 28 GHz is studied by developing an efficient three-dimensional ray tracing (ETRT) method. The simulation software based on the ETRT model has been verified by measurement data. The received signal strength indication and path loss have shown significant agreement between simulation and measurement. Compared with the conventional shooting bouncing ray tracing method, the proposed ETRT method has better agreement with measurement data.

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Majed, Mohammed Bahjat, Tharek Abd Rahman, Omar Abdul Aziz, Mohammad Nour Hindia, and Effariza Hanafi. "Channel Characterization and Path Loss Modeling in Indoor Environment at 4.5, 28, and 38 GHz for 5G Cellular Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (September 20, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9142367.

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The current propagation models used for frequency bands less than 6 GHz are not appropriate and cannot be applied for path loss modeling and channel characteristics for frequency bands above 6 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) bands, due to the difference of signal propagation characteristics between existing frequency bands and mmWave frequency bands. Thus, extensive studies on channel characterization and path loss modeling are required to develop a general and appropriate channel model that can be suitable for a wide range of mmWave frequency bands in its modeling parameter. This paper presents a study of well-known channel models for an indoor environment on the 4.5, 28, and 38 GHz frequency bands. A new path loss model is proposed for the 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands. Measurements for the indoor line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios were taken every meter over a separation distance of 23 m between the TX and RX antenna locations to compare the well-known and the new large-scale generic path loss models. This measurement was conducted in a new wireless communication center WCC block P15a at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM Johor, Malaysia, and the results were analyzed based on the well-known and proposed path loss models for single-frequency and multifrequency models and for directional and omnidirectional path loss models. Results show that the large-scale path loss over distance could be modeled better with good accuracy by using the simple proposed model with one parameter path loss exponent PLE (n) that is physically based to the transmitter power, rather than using the well-known models that have no physical base to the transmitted power, more complications (require more parameters), and lack of anticipation when explaining model parameters. The PLE values for the LOS scenario were 0.92, 0.90, and 1.07 for the V-V, V-H, and V-Omni antenna polarizations, respectively, at the 28 GHz frequency and were 2.30, 2.24, and 2.40 for the V-V, V-H, and V-Omni antenna polarizations, respectively, at the 38 GHz frequency.

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Wang, Chengjian, Wenli Ji, Guoxin Zheng, and Asad Saleem. "Analysis of Propagation Characteristics for Various Subway Tunnel Scenarios at 28 GHz." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (September 27, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7666624.

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In order to meet the higher data transmission rate requirements of subway communication services, the millimeter wave (mmWave) broadband communication is considered as a potential solution in 5G technology. Based on the channel measurement data in subway tunnels, this paper uses ray-tracing (RT) simulation to predict the propagation characteristics of the 28 GHz millimeter wave frequency band in different tunnel scenarios. A large number of simulations based on ray-tracing software have been carried out for tunnel models with different bending radiuses and different slopes, and we further compared the simulation results with the real time measurement data of various subway tunnels. The large-scale and small-scale propagation characteristics of the channel, such as path loss (PL), root mean square delay spread (RMS-DS), and angle spread (AS), for different tunnel scenarios are analyzed, and it was found that the tunnel with a greater slope causes larger path loss and root mean square delay spread. Furthermore, in the curved tunnel, the angle spread of the azimuth angle is larger than that in a straight tunnel. The proposed results can provide a reference for the design of future 5G communication systems in subway tunnels.

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Zheng, Zhe, Jianhua Zhang, Xiaoyong Wu, Danpu Liu, and Lei Tian. "Zero-Forcing Precoding in the Measured Massive MIMO Downlink: How Many Antennas Are Needed?" International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (April 11, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3518691.

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In order to understand how many antennas are needed in a multiuser massive MIMO system, theoretical derivation and channel measurements are conducted; the effect of a finite number of base station (BS) antennas on the performance capability of Zero-forcing (ZF) precoding in a rich scattering channel is quantified. Through the theoretical analysis, the needed number of the transmit antennas for ZF precoder to achieve a certain percentage of the broadcast channel (BC) capacity will monotonically decrease with the increase of the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the lower bound of the needed transmit antennas is derived with a simple expression. Then the theoretical derivation is verified by simulation results, and the transmission performance is evaluated by channel measurements in urban microcell (UMi) scenario with frequencies of 3.5 and 6 GHz. From the measurement results, the ZF capability can be enhanced by improving the SNR and enlarging the antenna array spacing when the massive MIMO channel does not under a favorable propagation condition. Furthermore, because of the lower spatial correlation, the performance of ZF precoding at 6 GHz is closer to the theoretical derivation than 3.5 GHz.

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Zhang, Ruonan, Yuliang Zhou, Xiaofeng Lu, Chang Cao, and Qi Guo. "Antenna Deembedding for mmWave Propagation Modeling and Field Measurement Validation at 73 GHz." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 65, no. 10 (2017): 3648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2017.2743702.

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Chandra, Aniruddha, Aniq Ur Rahman, Ushasi Ghosh, et al. "60-GHz Millimeter-Wave Propagation Inside Bus: Measurement, Modeling, Simulation, and Performance Analysis." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 97815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2924729.

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Ghaddar, M., L. Talbi, and G. Y. Delisle. "Coherence bandwidth measurement in indoor broadband propagation channel at unlicensed 60 GHz band." Electronics Letters 48, no. 13 (2012): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2012.0397.

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