Academic literature on the topic 'Global requirements'

If we have a program with strict control flow security requirements and want to ensure system requirements by verifying properties of said program, but part of the code base is in the form of a plug-in or third party library which we do not have access to at the time of verification, the procedure presented in this thesis can be used to generate the requirements needed for the plug-ins or third party libraries that they would have to fulfil in order for the final product to pass the given system requirements. This thesis builds upon a transformation procedure that turns control flow properties of a behavioural form into a structural form. The control flow properties focus purely on control flow in the sense that they abstract away any kind of program data and target only call and return events. By behavioural properties we refer to properties regarding execution behaviour and by structural properties to properties regarding sequences of instructions in the source code or object code. The result presented in this thesis takes this transformation procedure one step further and assume that some methods (or functions or procedures, depending on the programming language) are given in the form of models called flow graph, while the remaining methods are left unspecified. The output then becomes a set of structural constraints for the unspecified methods, which they must adhere to in order for any completion of the partial flow graph to satisfy the behavioural formula.<br>Om vi har ett program med strikta kontrollflödeskrav och vill garantera att vissa systemkrav uppfylls genom att verifiera formella egenskaper av detta program, samtidigt som en del av kodbasen är i form av ett plug-in eller tredjeparts-bibliotek som vi inte har tillgång till vid verifieringen, så kan proceduren som presenteras i detta examensarbete användas för att generera de systemkrav som de plug-in eller tredjeparts-bibliotek behöver uppfylla för att slutprodukten ska passera de givna systemkraven. Detta examensarbete bygger på en transformationsprocedur som omvandlar kontrollflödesegenskaper på en beteendemässig form till en strukturell form. Kontrollflödes-egenskaperna fokuserar uteslutande på kontrollflöden i den meningen att de abstraherar bort all form av programdata och berör enbart anrop- och retur-händelser. Med beteendemässiga egenskaper syftar vi på egenskaper som berör exekverings-beteende och med strukturella egenskaper syftar vi på egenskaper som berör ordningen på instruktionerna i källkoden eller objektkoden. Resultatet i detta examensarbete tar denna transformationsprocedur ett steg längre och antar att vissa metoder (eller funktioner eller procedurer beroende på programmeringsspråk) är redan givna i formen av modeller som kallas flödesgrafer, medan resten av metoderna fortfarande är ospecificerade. Utdata blir då en mängd av strukturella restriktioner för de ospecificerade metoderna, som de måste följa för att en fulländning av den partiella flödesgrafen ska satisfiera den beteendemässiga formeln.

This thesis examines the issues surrounding the collection and dissemination of customer ergonomics requirements in the automotive industry. The aim of the research is to develop a Toolset of methods, known as the Lifestyle Scenario Toolset, for gathering customer requirements in overseas markets, and for presenting the information collected to design teams, taking a user-centred design approach. The Toolset was developed and evaluated with the co-operation of employees from a major UK automotive company. Four studies were conducted, the first comprised a series of interviews to establish the needs of both the data gatherers and data users for a Toolset of methods to collect and communicate overseas customer information. The data gatherers were drawn from the company's Market Researchers, Ergonomists and people responsible for the company's overseas operations. The data users were the design team responsible for the development of the company's next generation 4X4 vehicle. Results showed that the data collection tools which formed part I of the Toolset should be quick to use, require no ergonomics expertise to implement and be cost effective to use. The interviews with data users identified the need for tools which could communicate customer ergonomics requirements to them in a way which fitted in with their current working practices. In addition the tools needed to communicate information in language which was familiar to the design team, and be visually based where possible. The second study explored the development of suitable data collection tools for inclusion in the Lifestyle Scenario Toolset. Building on the needs identified in the first study together with information from the current literature a number of data collection tools were developed for inclusion in part I of the Lifestyle Scenario Toolset. These tools were a questionnaire, driving diary and photographs, focus group, ergonomics audit and background information tool. The tools were designed to collect a range of different data types, e.g. qualitative, quantitative, pictorial and customer verbatims, to provide a rich picture of users and their activities. The tools were used in a field trial to collect data from overseas customers about their ergonomics requirements and the tasks they carried out using their vehicle, in the context of their lifestyle. The third study focused on the development of a set of tools to communicate the data collected in part 1 of the Toolset, to the design team who would use it in their work. The data communication tools were developed to provide information to design teams at a number of levels, enabling them to use the data at an appropriate level for their needs. High level summaries of each of the tools were developed and scenarios presented on storyboards were used to integrate information from all of the data collection tools to provide detailed information about customers' ergonomics requirements and lifestyle. The data communication tools also used a variety of data types and presentation mediums, such as pictures, graphs and customer quotes to increase the richness of the data presented. The fourth study involved the evaluation of the suitability of the Toolset for collecting and communicating overseas customer ergonomics requirements. The data gatherers, and data users (design team) carried out a field trial using the Toolset to establish its usefulness to them in their work. The results of the evaluation showed that the data gatherers found the Toolset easy to implement and were able to use it to pick up overseas customers ergonomics requirements. The communication tools were able to provide the design team with new and useful customer ergonomics information, in a range of formats which they felt comfortable using in their work. The implementation of a user-centred design approach to the development of methods for collecting and communicating overseas customer ergonomics requirements enabled the creation of a Toolset which met the needs of the people who will use it. This increased its acceptance by people in the company and thus the likelihood of the Lifestyle Scenario Toolset's continued use within the company.

During the system and software development process for distributed systems, the development of the overall system design is critical for correctness, performance, and reliability. The objective of this thesis is the improvement of methods and tools that can be used to obtain a correct design model for distributed system components automatically by deriving the design model from the global system requirements. Mainly, we are concerned with the transformation from a global requirements model to a distributed design model. The global requirements model describes the behavior of a distributed system in an abstract manner by defining the local actions to be performed by different roles which represent actors in the different system components. The distributed design model defines the behavior of each actor separately, including its local actions plus the exchange of coordination messages, which are necessary to assure that the actions are performed in the required order. In this work, we first consider a global requirements model in the form of partially ordered actions similar to High-level Message Sequence Chart (HMSC). We study the realizability of the global requirements, which is said to be directly realizable if a design model can be constructed without any coordination messages. We study some problems which prevent direct realizability, such as strict sequence, non-local choice, non-deterministic choice, termination race, and others, and show under which conditions these problems are absent and the global model is directly realizable. For the other cases, we show how a conforming design model can be obtained by introducing a minimal number of coordination messages. In this context, we also show under which conditions sequence numbers are required in the messages of a weak while loop. Then we study the automatic derivation of a distributed design model using a tool. In order to obtain an easily readable notation for the global requirements model, we adapt the HMSC notation to the UML Hierarchical State Machine (HSM) notation and extend this notation to describe the roles that participate in the actions of each state of the global behavior. A simple state represents some local actions of a single role, while a hierarchical state usually represents a collaboration between several roles. Then we describe a derivation algorithm that can be applied to a global model written in this proposed HSM notation and generates a distributable UML HSM model, which contains a hierarchical state machine for each role of the application. We implemented this derivation algorithm as a tool in the context of the Umple UML development environment. This tool takes a global requirements model written in the extended HSM notation as input and automatically generates a UML HSM model. The distributed implementation environment described in Zakariapour’s thesis is used for generating a distributed Java implementation, where each distributed component contains one Java run-time environment and realizes the behavior of one or several of the roles of the application. A Travel Management System illustrative example has been discussed to illustrate the representation of the global model using the extended HSM notation and to demonstrate the correctness of the generated design models by the tool.

Citing the need for energy security, climate change mitigation, and support for farmer incomes, more than two-dozen countries have announced biofuel production or blending targets for ethanol and biodiesel. The Indian government is no exception, having enthusiastically adopted an oilseed-bearing shrub, Jatropha curcas, as a biodiesel feedstock. There is increasing concern in the scientific community about the potentially expansive land area required to meet such targets. While the carbon dioxide and energy balances of biofuels have been thoroughly examined using lifecycle assessment (LCA), the land-use impacts have received considerably less scrutiny. Studies that have estimated land use requirements have typically examined individual national targets on an ad-hoc basis, with widely varying assumptions. To better understand the impacts of biofuel production on land use, I approach the issue on two scales. At the macro scale, I use a model to estimate the future land area that will be required to meet national biofuel targets, using a uniform methodology to examine the effect of future crop yield growth and co-product allocation. At the micro scale, I examine the specific local impacts that are anticipated to result from Jatropha biodiesel plantation development in rural Rajasthan, India. Researchers and policy-makers across the developing world have expressed a strong interest in following India’s example, and rural Rajasthan makes for an excellent case study from which we can draw lessons applicable to other developing countries.

Requirements engineering remains an important discipline to reduce costs, development times and improve quality in software engineering projects. With Agile methods gaining prominence in a rapidly globalized world, many requirements engineering efforts are today made in distributed contexts, with both teams and stakeholders being separated by physical and organisational distances. At the same time, it is not well understood how agile methods for requirements engineering apply to distributed contexts. This thesis investigates the implementation and use of agile methods for requirements engineering in distributed software engineering contexts. Observations made over a three-month study of the CHAMP project, a joint IT and process development effort between major European truck manufacturers Scania and MAN, are used to assess how commonly practices agile methods perform when implemented over distances. The case study of the CHAMP study suggests that the implementation of agile methods is highly context-sensitive, with limited current opportunities to formulate general heuristics for successful applications. The results of the CHAMP study indicate that distributed contexts hamper team communications when compared to co-located efforts, making it more difficult to implement an overall agile project model. However, individual methods, particularly the use of work backlogs, are found to offer increased structural flexibility beneficial to distributed workflows. Additionally, the CHAMP observations suggest implementing agile methods in new contexts requires an organisational mandate, as agile workflows are less predictable than linear models and can expose the surrounding organisation to higher uncertainty.<br>Kravhantering är fortsatt ett viktigt verktyg för att reducera kostnader, utvecklingstider och öka leveranskvalitet i mjukvaruutveklingsprojekt. Då agila metoder har blivit allt vanligare i en snabbt globaliserad värld, genomförs idag många kravhanteringsprocesser i utspridda sammanhang, där både projektets personal och intressenter är separerade av fysiska och organisatoriska avstånd. Samtidigt är det inte väl förstått hur agila metoder för kravhantering applicerar i utspridda sammanhang. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur agila metoder han implementeras och användas för kravhanteringsprocesser i utspridda mjukvaruutvecklingsprocesser. Observationer insamlade under en tremånadersstudie av CHAMP-projektet, ett gemensamt IT- och affärsutvecklingsprojekt mellan de stora europeiska lastbilstillverkarna Scania och MAN, används för att bedöma hur vanligt förekommande agila metoder fungerar när de tillämpas i agila sammanhang. Fallstudien av CHAMP-projektet indikerar att den specifika kontexten kan kraftigt påverka implementationen ag agila metoder, vilket för närvarande begränsar möjligheten att formulera generella tumregler för hur de framgångsrikt kan lanseras. CHAMP-studiens resultat påvisar att utspridda projekt har svårare att kommunicera jämför med samlokaliserade grupper, vilket gör det svårare att implementera sammanhållet agila projektmodeller. Samtidigt kan enskilda agila metoder, särskilt användningen av backlogs, hjälpa till att öka flexibiliteten i projekt, vilket är värdefullt i utspridda arbetsprocesser. Slutligen påvisar observationerna från CHAMP-projektet att det är viktigt med ett organisatoriskt mandat vid implementationen av agila metoder, då de är mindre förutsägbara än linjära processer och kan utsätta omkringliggande organisationer för högre osäkerhet.

Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Orin E. Marvel. "September 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95). Also available in print.

In Brazil, country with the fifth largest world production of milk, diets formulations are also carried out on the basis of nutritional requirements established in other countries, especially those from predominantly temperate climate. Research validation nutritional systems have evidenced application incompatibility of systems generated in temperate conditions at tropical conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to determinate energy requirements, energetic partition and methane (CH4) enteric emission from growing Holstein, Gyr and F1 Holstein-Gyr dairy heifers in tropical conditions. The trial was conducted at The Multi-use Livestock Complex of Bioefficiency and Sustainability at Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Coronel Pacheco - MG, Brazil. Were evaluated 36 heifers, 12 Holstein, 12 Gyr and 12 Holstein-Gyr in 3 distinct experiments. In the first one, the 36 heifers were distributed in 12 latin squares, in a 3x3 factorial arrangement which was 3 nutritional plans and 3 genotypes. The nutritional plans were (1) 1.0x maintenance; (2) 1.5x maintenance and (3) 2.0x maintenance and the heifers were fed a diet consisting of 85.0% of corn silage and 15.0% of concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Enteric CH4 emission was evaluated by SF6 tracer technique. Dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrients presented interaction among genotype and nutritional plan. Gyr heifers demonstrated higher crude protein (CP) digestibility (76.55%), F1 Holstein-Gyr intermediary value (75.14%) and Holstein animals presented the lowest value (74.59%). Daily CH4 production (g/d) was influenced by nutritional plan and differed as well between genotypes whereas Gyr heifers compared to the others had lesser CH4 emissions. Heifers fed at lower nutritional plan presented highest (85.5%) CH4 emissions by average daily gain (g/ kg of ADG) when compared to heifers fed at the higher nutritional plan. We found annual emissions of 45.84 kg of CH4. The second experiment has as objective measure the heat production (HP) and the enteric CH4 emission from dairy heifers using face mask (FM) method. The same animals, treatments and diets that were used in the first study were used in this second and third one. The HP expressed in Mcal by metabolic body weight (Mcal/BW0.75) was affect by genotype and Gyr heifers presented lower HP (163.2) when compared to Holstein (201.0) while F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers did not differ (181.3). Observed interaction among genotype and nutritional plan to CH4 emission in (g/d) and grams per kilo of metabolic body weight (g/kg of BW0.75). When expressed in dry matter ingested was not found genotype or nutritional plans effects to CH4 production. In the third study, our objective was to determine energy requirements, energetic partition and enteric CH4 emission using the \"gold standard\" methodology as calorimetric respirometry. Each heifers spent one 24 hours period in an open-circuit respirometric chamber (RC) to measurements. The CH4 emission was influenced by genotype and nutritional plan. Holstein and F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers demonstrated 73.4% superior emissions when compared to Gyr heifers. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm/kcal BW0.75) was 103.9 for Holstein heifers, 79.86 for Gyr heifers and 103.8 for F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers. The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm/kcal BW0.75) was 132.6 for Holstein heifers, 116.0 for Gyr heifers and 138.2 for F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers. Were not found differences among Holstein and F1 heifers on NEm and MEm, so was formulated a combined equation for both, where the net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 105.2 and 135.0 kcal/BW0.75, respectively. We concluded that our results about nutritional requirements had similarity with available literature from respirometric chambers. These generated data from dairy cattle will be used for a future data base vising the establishment of feed patterns for representative dairy cattle genotypes in national herd composition. Also, the enteric methane emission data obtained in this study will be used in the greenhouse gases national inventory.<br>No Brasil, país com a quinta maior produção mundial de leite, as formulações de dietas ainda são realizadas com base nas exigências nutricionais estabelecidas em países de clima predominantemente temperado. Pesquisas de validação de sistemas nutricionais têm evidenciado incompatibilidade de aplicação dos sistemas gerados em condições temperadas às condições tropicais. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar as exigências de energia, a partição da energia consumida e emissão de metano (CH4) entérico de novilhas leiteiras em crescimento das raças Holandês, Gir e F1 Holandês-Gir, em condições tropicais. O experimento foi realizado no Complexo Experimental Multiusuário da Embrapa Gado de Leite, localizado no Campo Experimental José Henrique Bruschi, em Coronel Pacheco - MG. Foram avaliadas 36 novilhas leiteiras, sendo 12 da raça Holandês, 12 da raça Gir e 12 F1 Holandês-Gir em 3 experimentos distintos. No primeiro experimento, as 36 novilhas foram distribuídas em 12 quadrados latinos, em arranjo fatorial 3x3, ou seja, 3 planos nutricionais e 3 grupos genéticos. Os planos nutricionais foram (1) 1.0x mantença; (2) 1.5x mantença e (3) 2.0x mantença e as novilhas foram alimentadas com uma dieta constituída de 85.0% de silagem de milho e 15.0% de concentrado com base na matéria seca (MS). A metodologia empregada para mensuração de CH4 foi a técnica do gás traçador SF6. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e nutrientes apresentou interação entre genótipo e plano nutricional. Novilhas da raça Gir apresentam maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta (76,55%), as F1 Holandês-Gir valor intermediário (75,14%) enquanto que os animais da raça Holandês apresentaram o menor valor (74,59%). A produção diária de metano em grama dia (g/d) foi influenciada pelo plano nutricional e também diferiu entre grupo genético, sendo que novilhas da raça Gir quando comparadas às demais tiveram menor emissão de CH4 entérico. Novilhas alimentadas sob o menor plano nutricional apresentaram maior emissão de CH4 (85,5%) por ganho de peso diário (g/kg de GPD) quando comparada as novilhas sob o maior plano nutricional. A produção média de CH4 anual encontrada no presente estudo foi de 45,84 kg. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo mensurar a produção de calor (PC) e a emissão de CH4 entérico por novilhas leiteiras através do método da máscara facial. Os mesmos animais, tratamentos e dietas que foram utilizadas no primeiro estudo foram utilizados neste estudo e no estudo que será descrito posteriormente a esse. A PC expressa em Mcal por peso vivo metabólico (Mcal/PVM) foi afetada por genótipo e novilhas da raça Gir apresentaram menor PC (163,2) quando comparada as novilhas Holandês (201,0) enquanto que as novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir não diferiu das demais (181,3). Observou-se interação entre genótipo e plano nutricional para emissão de CH4 em grama dia e em grama por quilo de peso vivo metabólico. Quando expresso em relação à matéria seca ingerida, não foram encontrados efeitos de genótipo ou plano nutricional para emissão de CH4. O terceiro estudo objetivou determinar as exigências de energia, a partição energética e a emissão metano entérico pela metodologia padrão de respirometria calorimétrica. Cada novilha permaneceu por um período de 24 horas no interior da câmara para as mensurações. A emissão de CH4 (g/d) foi influenciada por genótipo e plano nutricional. Novilhas Holandês e F1 Holandês-Gir demonstram emissões superiores em 73,4% quando comparadas as novilhas da raça Gir. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença (ELm/kcal BW0,75) foi 103,9 para novilhas Holandês, 79,86 para novilhas Gir e 103,8 para novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir. A exigência de energia metabolizável para mantença (EMm/kcal BW0,75) foi 132, 6 para novilhas Holandês, 116,0 para novilhas Gir e 138,2 para novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre novilhas Holandês e F1 Holandês-Gir para exigências de ELm e EMm, então foi formulada uma equação combinada para ambas, onde ELm e EMm foram 105,2 e 135,0 kcal/BW0,75, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que os atuais resultados de exigências em energia tiveram similaridade com a literatura disponível e serão utilizados para inclusão no banco de dados de gado de leite, a ser formado com trabalhos já existentes e outros que ainda serão desenvolvidos, visando ao futuro estabelecimento das normas e padrões nacionais de alimentação para bovinos leiteiros dos grupos genéticos mais representativos do rebanho nacional. Os dados de emissão de metano entérico obtidos poderão ser utilizados na elaboração do inventário nacional de emissão de gases de efeito estufa pelas atividades pecuárias.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1996.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Dan C. Boger. "September 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 73). Also available online.