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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Grand Council Treaty no

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Academic literature on the topic 'Grand Council Treaty no'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Grand Council Treaty no"

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Connelly, Matthew. "RETHINKING THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION: THE GRAND STRATEGY OF THE ALGERIAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 221–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801002033.

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October and November 1960 were two of the coldest months of the Cold War. Continuing tensions over Berlin and the nuclear balance were exacerbated by crises in Laos, Congo, and—for the first time—France's rebellious départements in Algeria. During Nikita Khrushchev's table-pounding visit to the United Nations, he embraced Belkacem Krim, the foreign minister of the Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne (GPRA). After mugging for the cameras at the Soviet estate in Glen Cove, New York, Khrushchev confirmed that this constituted de facto recognition of the provisional government and pledged all possible aid. Meanwhile, in Beijing, President Ferhat Abbas delivered the GPRA's first formal request for Chinese “volunteers.” U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower asked his National Security Council “whether such intervention would not mean war.” The council agreed that if communist regulars infiltrated Algeria, the United States would be bound by the North Atlantic Treaty to come to the aid of French President Charles de Gaulle and his beleaguered government. After six years of insurgency, Algeria appeared to be on the brink of becoming a Cold War battleground.1

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DeMallie, R. J. "White Man's Paper Trail: Grand Councils and Treaty-Making on the Central Plains." Journal of American History 94, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25094838.

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Hagan, William T., and Stan Hoig. "White Man's Paper Trail: Grand Councils and Treaty-Making on the Central Plains." Western Historical Quarterly 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25443619.

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Bamforth, Nicholas. "Grant v. South-West Trains: Some Comparative Observations." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802815879.

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In Grant v. South-West Trains, the European Court of Justice ruled that an employer’s refusal to grant an employee concessionary travel for her samesex partner on the company’s trains—when such a concession was readily available to employees with opposite-sex partners—did not constitute sex discrimination contrary to Article 141 of the EC Treaty. From the standpoint of Community law, the Grant decision has been criticised from a number of angles: for example, it has been suggested that the decision contains an ungenerous approach to the Community law principles of respect for fundamental rights and equality, that it is inconsistent with the Court’s earlier decision in P v. S and Cornwall County Council, and that—given the weight attached by the Court of Justice to European Convention on Human Rights case law—it has been undermined by the later decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Smith v. United Kingdom.

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Bamforth, Nicholas. "Grant v. South-West Trains: Some Comparative Observations." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003335.

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In Grant v. South-West Trains, the European Court of Justice ruled that an employer’s refusal to grant an employee concessionary travel for her samesex partner on the company’s trains—when such a concession was readily available to employees with opposite-sex partners—did not constitute sex discrimination contrary to Article 141 of the EC Treaty. From the standpoint of Community law, the Grant decision has been criticised from a number of angles: for example, it has been suggested that the decision contains an ungenerous approach to the Community law principles of respect for fundamental rights and equality, that it is inconsistent with the Court’s earlier decision in P v. S and Cornwall County Council, and that—given the weight attached by the Court of Justice to European Convention on Human Rights case law—it has been undermined by the later decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Smith v. United Kingdom.

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Tate, Michael L. "White Man's Paper Trail: Grand Councils and Treaty-Making on the Central Plains, and: War Dance at Fort Marion: Plains Indian War Prisoners (review)." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 111, no. 1 (2007): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/swh.2007.0081.

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Koivurova, Timo, Kai Kokko, Sebastien Duyck, Nikolas Sellheim, and Adam Stepien. "The present and future competence of the European Union in the Arctic." Polar Record 48, no. 4 (July 8, 2011): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000295.

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ABSTRACTThe European Union's (EU's) intention of becoming a permanent observer in the Arctic Council and the reluctance of Arctic actors to grant it that status have made the union's aspirations in the Arctic the subject of a continuing debate. The discussion appears to be dominated by geographical considerations and the EU's gradually emerging Arctic policy. This article puts forward a different view of the EU's presence in the region, one drawing on an analysis of relevant EU competences. As a complex international actor, the EU has acquired a broad array of decision-making powers from its member states, powers that partly extend to Iceland and Norway via the EEA Agreement. Moreover, the EU has in many cases become a relevant actor in international negotiations and treaty making processes the outcomes of which are of crucial importance for the governance of the Arctic. Our argument in the third and concluding section is that only by including the EU in Arctic governance can the international community provide better prospects for the union to sensitise its policies and discourses to the Arctic realities and for other Arctic actors to understand how the union functions. This argument is supported by an analysis of the EU's restrictions on the import of seal products and the ensuing litigation.

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Strezhneva, M. "The Role of National Parliaments in Governing the European Union." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2015): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-1-52-62.

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Institutional structures and decision-making processes, which have been established in the European Union, fall beyond the scope of national rules for the functioning of parliamentary government. National parliaments of the EU member states have not succeeded in acquiring solid positions in the multilevel constellation within the Union. Yet nowadays they are assigned an important mission in their efforts to overcome, alongside the European Parliament (EP), the growing democratic deficit at both the European and national levels. The article is meant to assess the potential of national parliaments in capitalizing on the Lisbon Treaty provisions and on new forms of their engagement with supranational institutions (the European Council, the European Commission and the EP in particular), aimed at enhancing their legitimizing influence. General paradigm for the analysis is determined by the multilevel governance concept (MLG). It allows for a picture of European decision-making, which is shared by actors placed at different levels of the governance structure. National parliaments are supposed to be provided with multiple access points to the political process in the European Union as well. But the MLG vision doesn't contradict the fact that the key role within the EU belongs to those who occupy the highest executive power positions at the national level. Three directions for the national parliaments to intensify their involvement are put into spotlight: parliamentary control over national executives; control of compliance with the subsidiarity principle in European legislative proposals and supranational decisions; political dialogue with the European Commission and interparliamentary cooperation. The analysis proves that conditions are ripe for more active stance of national parliaments in the EU affairs. The “system of early warning” of the subsidiarity principle violations, provided for in the Lisbon Treaty, seems most promising. But national parliaments themselves will still have to demonstrate more persistence when using new instruments. Acknowledgment. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Foundation for Humanities (RFH). Project № 14-07-00050.

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Baronas, Darius. "Christians in Late Pagan, and Pagans in Early Christian Lithuania: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries." Lithuanian Historical Studies 19, no. 1 (February 20, 2015): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01901003.

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This paper deals with the issue of the presence of Christians and pagans in pagan (13th century to 1387) and early Christian Lithuania (from 1387 to the early 15th century). The author proposes to use a group-oriented approach to deal with the question of the political decision-making process of accepting or not accepting the Christian faith. It is his contention that the personal ‘life style’ preferences of individual dukes and their entourage were much more decisive than large-scale political calculations that have been given much attention by historians. This approach helps explain the incremental rise of Christianity within the ruling house, which carried the day when new rulers with a different mentality (Grand Duke Jogaila first) came to the helm of the state. The Christian presence was felt most in Vilnius, and to some degree also in Kernavė. Their arrival (from Livonia and Rus’) was encouraged by the pagan rulers of Lithuania to satisfy their need for a skilled workforce. The settlers certainly contributed to the final conversion of Lithuania initiated in 1387, by making the Christian influence a permanent factor and an attractive option. Pagans in Lithuania did not form a coherent religious group; that is why there was no opposition from them when the grand-ducal decision and the council of the boyars became the new rule of the land. Pagans could be encountered in Žemaitija in the early 15th century. Technically, they should be understood as non-baptised people. To treat as “pagan” those people who practised folk ways is problematic, as the excursus on the experiences of Jerome of Prague (c. 1369–c. 1440) shows. The general situation, even very close in the wake of the conversion, might be conceived as one of syncretism, which was the order of the day for people from the lower strata and living far away from churches for many centuries to come.

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Dashwood, Alan. "Decision-Making at the Summit." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802859033.

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Various provisions of the Treaty on European Union (“TEU”) and of the EC Treaty specifically require action to be taken, at the definitive stage or at some preparatory or intermediate stage of decision-making, by the European Council, or by the Council of the European Union meeting in the composition of Heads of State or Government (“the HSG Council”); and there is one instance of an appointing power exercisable by an intergovernmental conference at the level of Heads of State or Government (“an HSG Conference”). Reserving a role for the political leaders of the Union in the adoption of particular decisions was an innovation of the TEU, more especially in the Title of the EC Treaty on economic and monetary policy, and further instances have been added by the Treaty of Amsterdam (“TA”) and the Treaty of Nice (“TN”).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grand Council Treaty no"

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Sparagno, Anthony M. "The NATO-Russia Council : origins and prospects." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FSparagno.pdf.

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Han, Yu <1984&gt. "The Council of Ministers of the European Union After the Lisbon Treaty." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6514/.

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The Treaty of Lisbon has brought remarkable changes and innovations to the European Union. As far as the Council of Ministers of the European Union (“the Council” hereinafter) is concerned, there are two significant innovations: double qualified majority voting and new rotating Presidency scheme, which are considered to make the working of the Council more efficiently, stably and consistently. With the modification relating to other key institutions, the Commission and the European Parliament, and with certain procedures being re-codified, the power of the Council varies accordingly, where the inter-institutional balance counts for more research. As the Council is one of the co-legislatures of the Union, the legislative function of it would be probably influenced, positively or negatively, by the internal innovations and the inter-institutional re-balance. Has the legislative function of the Council been reinforced or not? How could the Council better reach its functional goal designed by the Treaties’ drafter? How to evaluate the Council’s evolution after Lisbon Treaty in the light of European integration? This thesis is attempting to find the answers by analyzing two main internal innovations and inter-institutional re-balance thereinafter.

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Webster, Barbara Grace, and b. webster@cqu edu au. "'FIGHTING IN THE GRAND CAUSE':A HISTORY OF THE TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN ROCKHAMPTON 1907 1957." Central Queensland University. School of Humanities, 1999. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20020715.151239.

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Research of a wide range of primary sources informs this work, including hitherto unstudied local union records, oral testimony, contemporary newspapers, government and employer reports. Conclusions reached in this dissertation are that while the founders of the local trade union movement shared a vision of improving the lot of workers in their employment and in the wider social context, and they endeavoured to establish effective structures and organisation to this end, their efforts were of mixed success. They succeeded eminently in improving and protecting the employment conditions of workers to contemporary expectations through effective exploitation of political and institutional channels and through competent and conservative local leadership. However, the additional and loftier goal of creating a better life for workers outside the workplace through local combined union action were much less successful, foiled not only by overwhelming economic difficulties, but also by a local sense of working-class consciousness which was muted by the particular social and cultural context of Rockhampton.

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Christensen, Daniel S. "The 'Grand Bargain' of the 21st Century: Assessing the Adequacies and Inadequacies of the Liberal Intergovernmental Theory of European Integration in Explaining the Treaty of Lisbon." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/581.

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McMillan, Leslie Jane. "Mi'kmawey Mawio'mi, changing roles of the Mi'kmaq Grand Council from the early seventeenth century to the present." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24981.pdf.

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Shields, Norman D. "Anishinabek political alliance in the post-Confederation period, the Grand General Indian Council of Ontario, 1870-1936." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63366.pdf.

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Lacombe, Gabriel. "Treaty negotiations related to Kootenay National Park, an opportunity for reconciling the interests of the Ktunaxa/Kinbasket Tribal Council and Parks Canada?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0023/MQ37568.pdf.

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George, Rachel. "From contestation to convergence? : a constructivist critique of the impact of UN Human Rights Treaty ratification on interpretations of Islam in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3722/.

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This thesis discusses UN human rights treaty ratification in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Ratification of human rights treaties by most GCC countries, often with extensive reservations concerning the compatibility of certain provisions with Islam, has generated international debate about the applicability of international human rights norms in an Islamic context. With poor compliance records, GCC cases are seen to demonstrate that global human rights norms fail to diffuse and take hold in specific local contexts. This thesis disputes this claim by arguing that normative change can be observed in these cases. It offers a constructivist critique of “norm diffusion” literature by focusing on changes in language and ideas, rather than on legal changes and implementation. Using the cases of the Convention Against Torture, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the thesis identifies when and how language and ideas about Islam and human rights have been shaped by UN conceptualizations of rights as a result of GCC engagement with these treaties. Examining both Arabic and English sources and carrying out analysis of the discourses in UN documents, employing legal analysis of recent constitutional documents and laws, and through interview research, the thesis demonstrates how arguments about Islam and human rights in the GCC have been shaped by treaty engagement since the 1990s. By demonstrating ratification’s impact on GCC actors’ use of UN human rights vocabulary and concepts within an Islamic context, the thesis argues that ratification matters more than the conventional literature suggests. It concludes that, even in cases that human rights treaties have failed to result in improved practices, they have contributed to the framing of interpretations of Islam alongside UN human rights concepts, a process that is worthy of greater scholarly attention.

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Richt, Victoria. "A Study on the Implementation and Effect of the Common European Asylum System in the European Union." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22516.

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Denna uppsats ämnar att undersöka arbetet med den gemensamma asyl policyn inom EU.Beslutet för policyn togs 1999 vid EU mötet i Finska Tammerfors och började med en plan på fem år.Jag vill i denna studie se vad som har hänt sedan 1999 och effekten av detta på personer som söker asyl inom EU:s gränser. Detta är ett interdisciplinärt arbete genom att jag ser på faktorer som de legala utvecklingarna genom vilka lagar som presenterats och implementerats samt ett frågeformulär som jag sänt till personer som jobbar för organisationer i samarbete med the European Council for Refugees and Exiles för att få deras syn på utvecklingen. Jag presenterar även statistik och diagram från the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees för att illustrera mönster i utvecklingen av migrationsmönster. Utgångspunkten för harmoniseringen är att alla Medlems Stater ska behandla ansökningar om asyl på ett likvärdigt sätt, men under nuvarande omständigheter verkar det som att det finns stora skillnader i antalet ansökningar, antalet erkända flyktingar och vilken status som godkänns inom EU:s medlemsländer.Dublin regulationen uppfattas som ett orättvist verktyg mot asylsökanden eftersom staterna har olikheter i erkännandet och olika status för flyktingar. EU:s medlemsländer har en ganska lång väg kvar i harmoniseringsarbetet innan de kan hävda att de har likvärdig hantering av asylsökanden.
The aim of this study is to investigate the development of the Common European Asylum System which was called for at the Tampere European Council in 1999. The intention was to harmonize the legal standards of asylum seekers and refugees and coordinating the policies Thus, with this study I want to give an account as to what has happened so far and what effect this might have had on asylum seekers in the Member States of the European Union.This is done through an interdisciplinary approach by looking at the developments in the legal section as to what laws have been passed and implemented so far but also with a questionnaire sent to organizations working in connection to European Council for Refugees and Exiles aiming to understand their perception of the harmonization process. Further, I present statistics and diagrams taken from statistic publications of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in order to illustrate patterns in the history of migration as to trends and patterns.The main idea of the harmonization process is that all Member States should treat asylum applications in a similar way. However at present there still seems to be major differences in the numbers of applications, the recognition rates and what status granted between the Member States of the European Union. The Dublin Regulation is perceived as an unjust tool against the asylum seekers since states have differences in the recognition and statuses. The Member States of the European Union still have a very long way to go in this harmonization process to claim equal treatment of asylum seekers.

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Turner, Mark A. "Anthony Eden, Appeaser of the Soviets?" Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1339183882.

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Books on the topic "Grand Council Treaty no"

1

Hoig, Stan. White man's paper trail: Grand councils and treaty-making on the Central Plains. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2006.

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White man's paper trail: Peace expeditions, grand councils, and treaty making on the Central Plains. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006.

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Marwa, Mohamed Buba. Grand tactics: A case study. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1998.

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Council, Prince Albert Grand. Prince Albert Grand Council: A success story. [Ottawa]: Natural Resources Canada, 2005.

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Abshire, David M. Preventing World War III: A realistic grand strategy. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

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Intergovernmental Conference of the European Union. Intergovernmental Conference: Amsterdan European Council : draft treaty : Brussels, June 1997. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997.

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China (Republic : 1949- ). Da fa guan hui yi. The Republic of China Constitutional Court (Grand Justices Council) reporter . 2nd ed. Taipei: The Judicial yuan, 2007.

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Report of the Council on the functioning of the Treaty on European Union. Brussels: European Union, Council, 1995.

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NATO Defence College. Research Division, ed. The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative agreement between NATO and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: Obstacles and propositions. Rome: NATO Defense College, Research Division=College de Defense de L'OTAN, Division Recherche, 2009.

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Christian, Pineau. Le grand pari: L'aventure du traité de Rome. [Paris]: Fayard, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grand Council Treaty no"

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Blanke, Hermann-Josef, and Stelio Mangiameli. "Article 16 [The Council]." In The Treaty on European Union (TEU), 645–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31706-4_17.

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Blanke, Hermann-Josef, and Stelio Mangiameli. "Article 15 [The European Council]." In The Treaty on European Union (TEU), 615–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31706-4_16.

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Blanke, Hermann-Josef, and Stelio Mangiameli. "Article 28 [Council Decisions on Operational Action]." In The Treaty on European Union (TEU), 981–1016. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31706-4_29.

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Blanke, Hermann-Josef, and Stelio Mangiameli. "Article 29 [Council Decisions on Union Positions]." In The Treaty on European Union (TEU), 1017–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31706-4_30.

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Phinnemore, David. "The German Council Presidency I: Focal Points and Reverse Engineering." In The Treaty of Lisbon, 47–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137367877_3.

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Phinnemore, David. "The German Council Presidency III: From Road Map to Mandate." In The Treaty of Lisbon, 109–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137367877_5.

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Blanke, Hermann-Josef, and Stelio Mangiameli. "Article 30 [Initiatives in CFSP; Extraordinary Council Meetings]." In The Treaty on European Union (TEU), 1041–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31706-4_31.

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Phinnemore, David. "The German Council Presidency II: From Berlin Declaration to Road Map." In The Treaty of Lisbon, 72–108. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137367877_4.

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"7-The Council of State Defense, 1906-1907." In Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, 88–102. Cornell University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501757099-011.

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"No. 29095. Spain and international olive oil council." In Treaty Series 1686, 31–74. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/4b716934-en-fr.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grand Council Treaty no"

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Trowbridge, Amy, Haolin Zhu, and James Collofello. "First Year Students Developing a Systems Perspective in the Grand Challenge Scholars Program." In 2018 World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weef-gedc.2018.8629597.

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White, Christina K. "Taking HEED within the Context of Peace Education : Grand Challenges Scholars Program’s Curricular Focus for Peace." In 2018 World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weef-gedc.2018.8629744.

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Duić, Dunja, and Veronika Sudar. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN THE EU." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18298.

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The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak is being endured throughout the world, and the European Union (EU) is no exception. The rapid spreading of the virus effected, among other things, restriction on the freedom of movement. The EU member states introduced national response measures to contain the pandemic and protect public health. While broadly similar, the measures differ with regard to strictness and the manner of introduction, reflecting the political legitimacy of the respective country. With the ‘Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak’ – its first COVID-19-related Communication – the European Commission (EC) attempted to curb differing practices of the EU member states and ensure a coordinated approach. Ultimately, this action was aimed at upholding of fundamental rights as guaranteed to EU citizens, one such being the freedom of movement. Thus, from the very start of the pandemic, the coordinated actions of EU institutions sought to contain the spread of COVID-19 infections with the support and cooperation of EU member states. This is confirmed by the most recent Council of the EU (Council) recommendation on a coordinated approach to restrictions to freedom of movement within the EU of October 2020. While they did prevent the spread of infection and save countless lives, the movement restriction measures and the resulting uncertainty have greatly affected the people, the society, and the economy, thereby demonstrating that they cannot remain in force for an extended period. This paper examines the measures introduced by EU member states and analyses the legal basis for introducing therewith limitations on human rights and market freedoms. To what extent are the EU and member states authorized to introduce restrictions on the freedom of movement in the interest of public health? Have the EU and member states breached their obligations regarding market freedoms and fundamental rights under the Treaty? And most importantly: have they endangered the fundamental rights of the citizens of the EU?

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Pejović, Aleksandar-Andrija. "“WOULD MONEY MAKE A DIFFERENCE?”: HOW EFFECTIVE CAN THE RULE-OF-LAW-BASED PROTECTION OF FINANCIAL INTERESTS IN THE EU STRUCTURAL AND ENLARGEMENT POLICY BE?" In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18362.

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In recent years, the rule of law and, especially, its “proper” implementation has become one of the most debated topics in Europe in recent years. The “Big Bang Enlargement” marked the beginning of dilemmas whether the new EU Member States fulfil the necessary rule of law criteria and opened the way for divergent views on how to implement TEU Article 2 values in practice. Furthermore, constant problems and difficulty of the candidate countries to fulfil the necessary rule of law criteria added to the complexity of the problem. In turn, the European institutions have tried to introduce a series of mechanisms and procedures to improve the oversight and make the states follow the rules - starting from the famous Treaty on the European Union (TEU) Article 7, the Rule of Law Mechanism, annual reports on the rule of law and the most recent Conditionality Regulation. The Conditionality Regulation was finally adopted in December 2020 after much discussion and opposition from certain EU Member States. It calls for the suspension of payments, commitments and disbursement of instalments, and a reduction of funding in the cases of general deficiencies with the rule of law. On the other hand, similar provisions were laid out in the February 2020 enlargement negotiation methodology specifying that in the cases of no progress, imbalance of the overall negotiations or regression, the scope and intensity of pre-accession assistance can be adjusted downward thus descaling financial assistance to candidate countries. The similarities between the two mechanisms, one for the Member States, the other for candidate countries shows an increased sharing of experiences and approaches to dealing with possible deficiencies or breaches of the rule of law through economic sanctioning, in order to resolve challenges to the unity of the European union. The Covid-19 pandemic and the crisis it has provoked on many fronts has turned the attention of the Member States (i.e. the Council) away from the long running problematic issues. Consequently, the procedures against Poland and Hungary based on the Rule of Law Mechanism have slowed down or become fully stalled, while certain measures taken up by some European states have created concerns about the limitations of human rights and liberties. This paper, therefore, analyses the efforts the EU is making in protecting the rule of law in its Member States and the candidate countries. It also analyses the new focus of the EU in the financial area where it has started to develop novel mechanisms that would affect one of the most influential EU tools – the funding of member and candidate countries through its structural and enlargement policy. Finally, it attempts to determine and provide conclusions on the efficiency of new instruments with better regulated criteria and timing of activities will be and how much they would affect the EU and its current and future member states.

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Reports on the topic "Grand Council Treaty no"

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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Kassim Nishtar, Aisling Reidy, Sara Darehshori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/pb-f/2021/2.

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Based on the proposal by the European Council, more than 25 heads of state and the World Health Organization (WHO) support development of an international treaty on pandemics, that planned to be negotiated under the auspices of WHO, will be presented to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. Given that the treaty alone is not enough to ensure compliance, triggers for a high-level political response is required. To this end, to inform the design of a support system, we explored institutional mechanismsi with a mandate to review compliance with key international agreements in their signatory countries and conduct independent country investigations in a manner that manages sovereign considerations. Based on our review, there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right. There is, however, potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms to support a strong, enforceable treaty. These aspects include: • Periodic review - based on the model of human rights treaties, with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body to ensure the independence. If made obligatory, the review could support compliance with the treaty. • On-site investigations - based on the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture according to which visits cannot be blocked by state parties. • Non-negotiable design principles - including accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. • Technical support - WHO can provide countries with technical assistance, tools, monitoring, and assessment to enhance emergency preparedness and response.

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