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Journal articles on the topic 'Graphite cathode'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Wang, Yita, and Boyou Lin. "Enhancement of performance for graphite felt modified with carbon nanotubes activated by KOH as Cathode in electro-fenton systems." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 19 (January 2021): 228080002110053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22808000211005386.

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The electro-Fenton (EF) process is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Graphite felt is widely used as an cathode material for the EF process, and its performance can be improved by surface modification. Active carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) have more oxygen-containing functional groups and better electrochemical properties compared to Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In this study, graphite felt was used as the substrate, and composite cathodes were prepared by surface treatment using MWCNT, graphene, and ACNTs. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye decolorization tests were then conducted to investigate the degradation performance of the EF system with different cathodes. The results showed that based on the micromorphology of ACNT, the tubular form of MWCNT was activated into a GR-like flake structure, it was also found that the strength of the oxygen-containing functional groups of ACNT improved significantly. The activated MWCNT/C cathode exhibited a 60-min decolorization rate of 77.28% compared to the unactivated MWCNT/C cathode, whereas the decolorization rate of the ACNT/C cathode increased to 85.01% after activation, which was close to that of the GR/C cathode at 88.55%. In summary, the ACNT/C cathode exhibited degradation efficiency comparable to that of the GR/C cathode.

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Drennan, Dina M., Raji E. Koshy, David B. Gent, and Charles E. Schaefer. "Electrochemical treatment for greywater reuse: effects of cell configuration on COD reduction and disinfection byproduct formation and removal." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (2018): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.138.

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Abstract Electrochemical (EC) treatment presents a low-energy, water-reuse strategy with potential application to decentralized greywater treatment. This study focused on evaluating the impacts of cell configuration, current density, and cathode material on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in greywater. The formation and/or cathodic removal of active chlorine, perchlorate, haloacetic acids, and trihalomethanes were assessed during EC treatment. DBP formation was proportional to current density in undivided EC cells. Sequential anodic-cathodic treatment in divided EC cells resulted in COD removal in the catholyte and anolyte. The anodic COD removal rate (using a mixed metal-oxide anode) was greater than the cathodic removal rate employing boron-doped diamond (BDD) or graphite cathodes, but anodic and cathodic COD removal was similar when a stainless-steel cathode was used. The overall energy demand required for 50% COD removal was 24% less in the divided cells using the graphite or BDD cathodes (13 W-h L−1) compared to undivided cells (20 W-h L−1). Perchlorate formation was observed in undivided experiments (&gt;50 μg/L), but not detected in divided experiments. While haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) were generated anodically; they were removed on the cathode surface in the divided cell. These results suggest that divided configurations provide potential to mitigate DBPs in water reuse applications.

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Roy, Amitava, R. Menon, Vishnu Sharma, Ankur Patel, Archana Sharma, and D. P. Chakravarthy. "Features of 200 kV, 300 ns reflex triode vircator operation for different explosive emission cathodes." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 1 (2012): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461200095x.

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AbstractTo study the effect of explosive field emission cathodes on high power microwave generation, experiments were conducted on a reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator. Experimental results with cathodes made of graphite, stainless steel nails, and carbon fiber (needle type) are presented. The experiments have been performed at the 1 kJ Marx generator (200 kV, 300 ns, and 9 kA). The experimentally obtained electron beam diode perveance has been compared with the one-dimensional Child-Langmuir law. The cathode plasma expansion velocity has been calculated from the perveance data. It was found that the carbon fiber cathode has the lowest cathode plasma expansion velocity of 1.7 cm/μs. The radiated high power microwave has maximum field strength and pulse duration for the graphite cathode. It was found that the reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator radiates a single microwave frequency with the multiple needle cathodes for a shorter (<200 ns full width at half maximum) voltage pulse duration.

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Hares, Essam, Ahmed Hassan El-Shazly, Marwa Farouk El-Kady, Kholoud Madih, Hamdiya Orleans-Boham, and Abdallah Yousef Mohammed Ali. "Anodic Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition of Graphene Oxide on Copper Using Different Cathode Materials." Materials Science Forum 1008 (August 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1008.21.

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The effect of four different cathode materials on the anodic deposition of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets was studied experimentally. First, synthesis of graphite oxide from graphite powder was done by modified Hummers' method. Ultrasonic technique was adopted for the preparation of the stable aqueous suspension of GO by using liquid exfoliation of graphite oxide. Deposition of GO coating on copper sheets (the anode) was done via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) at the same operating condition (5V, 2 min, concentration of 0.5 mg/ml of GO per deionized water) with different cathode materials (copper, stainless steel, aluminum and graphite). The coatings’ morphological and microstructure were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the effect of the current density in the EPD process was obtained. The change in the deposition weight was also measured. It was ascertained that the cathode’s material is a major factor can affect the GO’s EPD process and the characteristics of the final coating.

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Chuan, Jun Bing, Hong Wan, Jie Yang, and Fan Zhou. "Microstructure Characterization of Graphite Cathodes for Explosive Field-Emission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 248 (December 2012): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.248.268.

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Explosive field-emission graphite has the advantages of low cost, long lifetime, low outgassing rate and can operate stably at a large number of pulses, thus it has become an important candidate for repetition frequency, long-pulse high-power microwave (HPM) devices. In this paper, two types of graphite cathodes with different microstructures are investigated on their explosive field-emission properties. These cathodes are operated in a vacuum diode system at a voltage of 230 kV and a pulse duration of ~110 ns. The study reveals that the graphite cathode with smaller, cross-linked grains generates higher current at shorter current risetime compared to the cathode with larger grains. Furthermore, the microstructure defect regions of the graphite cathodes are more susceptible to destruction than the perfect microcrystalline regions during explosive emission process due to the combination effects of explosion of surface microprotrusions and Joule heating.

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Vázquez-Larios, A. L., O. Solorza-Feria, R. de G. González-Huerta, et al. "Effect of Two Anodic Materials and RuxMoySez as a Cathode Catalyst on the Performance of Two Singlw Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 16, no. 3 (2013): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v16i3.6.

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The objectives of this work were to evaluate (i) the application of a bimetallic chalcogenide, RuxMoySez, as an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst and (ii) the effect of the type of two anodic materials on the performance of two microbial fuel cells (MFCs). A single chamber MFC-T was built with a plexiglass cylinder, the two extreme circular faces were fitted with PEM-cathode assemblage, i.e., left and right faces. The anode consisted of 65 small triangular pieces of graphite filling the anodic chamber. A second MFC-C had a ‘sandwich’ arrangement anode-PEM-cathode. The cathodes were made of ?exible carbon-cloth containing catalysts loading of 1mg/cm2 RuxMoySez or 0.5mg/cm2 Pt. Power derived by cell T with cathode chalcogenide catalyst was 43% inferior to that of a similar cell with Pt although the cost of the first catalyst is significantly lower than that of Pt, i.e., 73% lower. Finally, application of graphite anode made of small triangular pieces significantly improved the performance of a MFC-T that used RuxMoySez as a cathodic catalyst for ORR.

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Fitriana, Hana Nur, Jiye Lee, Sangmin Lee, et al. "Surface Modification of a Graphite Felt Cathode with Amide-Coupling Enhances the Electron Uptake of Rhodobacter sphaeroides." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (2021): 7585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167585.

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Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a promising technology platform for the production of chemicals and fuels from CO2 and external conducting materials (i.e., electrodes). In this system, electroactive microorganisms, called electrotrophs, serve as biocatalysts for cathodic reaction. While several CO2-fixing microorganisms can reduce CO2 to a variety of organic compounds by utilizing electricity as reducing energy, direct extracellular electron uptake is indispensable to achieve highly energy-efficient reaction. In the work reported here, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a CO2-fixing chemoautotroph and a potential electroactive bacterium, was adopted to perform a cathodic CO2 reduction reaction via MES. To promote direct electron uptake, the graphite felt cathode was modified with a combination of chitosan and carbodiimide compound. Robust biofilm formation promoted by amide functionality between R. sphaeroides and a graphite felt cathode showed significantly higher faradaic efficiency (98.0%) for coulomb to biomass and succinic acid production than those of the bare (34%) and chitosan-modified graphite cathode (77.8%), respectively. The results suggest that cathode modification using a chitosan/carbodiimide composite may facilitate electron utilization by improving direct contact between an electrode and R. sphaeroides.

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Ilnicka, Anna, Malgorzata Skorupska, Piotr Kamedulski, and Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz. "Electro-Exfoliation of Graphite to Graphene in an Aqueous Solution of Inorganic Salt and the Stabilization of Its Sponge Structure with Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol)." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (2019): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070971.

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We demonstrate an accessible and effective technique for exfoliating graphite foil and graphite powder into graphene in a water solution of inorganic salt. In our research, we report an electrochemical cathodic exfoliation in an aqueous solution of Na2SO4. After electro-exfoliation, the resulting graphene was premixed with furfuryl alcohol (FA) and an inorganic template (CaCO3 and Na2CO3). Once FA was polymerized to poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA), the mixture was carbonized. Carbon bridges originating in thermally-decomposed PFA joined exfoliated graphene flakes and stabilized the whole sponge-type structure after the nano-template was removed. Gases evolved at the graphite electrode (cathode) played an important role in the process of graphene-flake splitting and accelerated the change of graphite into graphene flakes. Starting graphite materials and graphene sponges were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, SEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), elemental analysis, and low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen to determine their structure, morphology, and chemical composition. The discovered manufacturing protocol had a positive influence on the specific surface area and porosity of the sponges. The SEM and HRTEM studies confirmed a high separation degree of graphite and different agglomeration pathways. Raman spectra were analyzed with particular focus on the intensities of ID and IG peaks; the graphene-type nature of the sponges was confirmed.

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Hou, Yan, Fan Gong Kong, Shou Juan Wang, and Gui Hua Yang. "Novel Gas Diffusion Electrode System for Effective Production of Hydrogen Peroxide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.159.

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Hydrogen peroxide production via cathodic reduction of oxygen on self-made gas diffusion electrode was investigated in an undivided electrochemical system. The effects of mass ratio between graphite and PTFE in cathode, the calcination temperature, current density, pH, and plate distance on hydrogen peroxide generation were discussed. The results showed that the self-made gas diffusion cathode had high catalyze capacity for production of hydrogen peroxide using cathodic oxygen-reducing reaction. The hydrogen peroxide concentration could reach 80.52 mg·L- 1 within 2 h. The optimal conditions for this system are as follows: mass ratio of graphite to PTFE in cathode, 21, calcination temperature, 300 °C, current density,4.69mA/cm2, pH 13.0, and the distance between anode and cathode, 8cm. The high concentration of hydrogen peroxide generated gives a promising application of this novel gas diffusion electrode system in pulp bleaching and waste-water treatment.

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Abeywardana, Maheeka Yapa, Nina Laszczynski, Matthias Kuenzel, Dominic Bresser, Stefano Passerini, and Brett Lucht. "Increased Cycling Performance of Li-Ion Batteries by Phosphoric Acid Modified LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathodes in the Presence of LiBOB." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2019 (July 4, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8636540.

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LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), which has an operating voltage of 4.8 vs Li/Li+ and a theoretical capacity of 147 mAh g−1, is an interesting cathode material for advanced lithium ion batteries. However, electrolyte decomposition at the electrode can gradually decrease the capacity of the battery. In this study, the surface of the LNMO cathode has been modified with phosphoric acid (PA) to improve the capacity of the LNMO/graphite full cell. Modification of LNMO cathodes by PA is confirmed by surface analysis. Additionally, the presence of lithium bis-(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) as an electrolyte additive further enhances the performance of PA modified LNMO/graphite cells. The improved performance of PA modified cathodes and electrolytes containing LiBOB can be attributed to the suppressed Mn and Ni deposition on the anode. Elemental analysis suggests that the Mn and Ni dissolution is significantly reduced compared to unmodified LNMO/graphite cells with standard electrolyte.

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Kandah, M., J. L. Meunier, and R. Gauvin. "Vacuum Arc Cathode Spot Characterization on Graphite Materials Using Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 1225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013015.

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Vacuum arcs on graphite cathodes are currently used as sources of carbon ions for the production of diamond-like films in the arc ion-plating (AIP) deposition process. Emission from these cathode sources is concentrated in very localized “cathode spots” having typically 10 (i.m in diameter for graphite cathodes. These spots carry the totality of the arc current, the remaining of the surface being unaffected by the discharge. For electron emission falling in the thermo-field emission mode, extremely high current densities up to 108 -109 Am-2 are induced generating a high localized heat flux to the surface during the spot lifetime. On metallic electrodes, this strong heat flux generates localized surface melting during the microsecond scale spot lifetime. High localized plasma pressures (>10 Atm in the case of copper) were found to exist in the cathode spot volume, leading to the co-emission of micro-droplets of the liquid metal along with the ion beam.

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Abdulwahab, Yussur D., Alaa Mohammed, and Talib Abbas. "Improving the Performance of Constructed Wetland Microbial Fuel Cell (CW- MFC) for Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 1 (2021): 0007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1.0007.

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The current study deals with the performance of constructed wetland (CW) incorporating a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for wastewater treatment and electricity generation. The whole unit is referred to as CW-MFC. This technique involves two treatments; the first is an aerobic treatment which occurs in the upper layer of the system (cathode section) and the second is anaerobic biological treatment in the lower layer of the system (anode section). Two types of electrode material were tested; stainless steel and graphite. Three configurations for electrodes arrangement CW-MFC were used. In the first unit of CW-MFC, the anode was graphite plate (GPa) and cathode was also graphite plate (GPc), in the second CW-MFC unit, the anode was stainless steel mesh (SSMa) and the cathode was a couple of stainless steel plain (SSPc). The anode in the third CW-MFC unit was stainless steel mesh (SSMa) and the cathode was graphite plate (GPc). It was found that the maximum performance for electricity generation (9 mW/m3) was obtained in the unit with stainless steel mesh as anode and graphite plate as cathode. After 10 days of operation, the best result for COD removal (70%) was obtained in the unit with stainless steel mesh as anode and stainless steel plain as cathode. The effect of temperature was also investigated. The performance of unit operation for electricity generation was tested at three values of temperature; 30, 35 and 40oC. The best result was obtained at 40oC, at which the current density obtained was 80 mA/m3. A culture of Algae could grow in the unit in order to supply the cathodic region with oxygen.

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Tang, Dong, Hui Min Lv, Quan Hui Hou, Huan Chen, and Hong Jun Ni. "Effect of Graphite Dopant on the Performance of Tubular Cathode for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 2358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.2358.

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By using the mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) and graphite as raw material, the tubular cathode green bodies of a direct ethanol fuel cell（DEFC）are shaped by the gelcasting technology and the tubular cathode is prepared by spraying the diffusion layer and the Pt/C catalyst layer after the sintering process. Through the tubular cathode physical performance and electrical property test, the advantages and disadvantages of cathode tube performance are studied at different graphite proportion. The results showed that with the increase of graphite, the ratio porosity of cathode tube support body increases at first and then decreases. However, the density has a converse trend. While the maximum porosity of the cathode tube is more than 0.5 and the corresponding density is 0.95g/cm3. Strength test showed that the cathode tube strength is better with the graphite ratio from 0 to 40 percent and can meet the actual needs. Electrical property tests showed that the cathode tube has higher current density with the graphite ratio of 40 and 50 percent.

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Lobanov, Svyatoslav V., Ivan A. Fedorov, and Evgeniy P. Sheshin. "DEVELOPING MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY OF COMPOSITE CATHODES WITH METHOD OF PRESSING PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE WITH TRIPLE CARBONATE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 59, no. 8 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20165908.29y.

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In this work a manufacturing technology for a composite cathode is described. In this cathode draphite and emission-active substance forms intercalated chemical compound. These cathodes were studied in a mode of field thermo electrone emission at temperatures of 0-1100 ° C and anode voltages of 1 – 15 kV. The article contains results of determination of optimal pressing parameters, different methods of cathode surface processing and field emission current-voltage characteristics.

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Kumar K., Kishor, L. Couëdel, and C. Arnas. "Nanoparticles in direct-current discharges: Growth and electrostatic coupling." Journal of Plasma Physics 80, no. 6 (2014): 849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377814000439.

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The formation of nanoparticles from the sputtering of graphite and tungsten cathodes in direct-current discharges is investigated. The successive phases of growth present specificities according to the cathode material. The evolution of the discharge and plasma parameters during the growth phases accounts for the nanoparticle-plasma electrostatic coupling. This evolution also presents strong differences as a function of the cathode material. Features characterising each case are discussed.

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Özcan, Şeyma, Aslıhan Güler, Tugrul Cetinkaya, Mehmet O. Guler, and Hatem Akbulut. "Freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes for Li-ion batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (September 14, 2017): 1932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.193.

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Different polymorphs of MnO2 (α-, β-, and γ-) were produced by microwave hydrothermal synthesis, and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared by oxidation of graphite using a modified Hummers’ method. Freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes were manufactured through a vacuum filtration process. The structure of the graphene/MnO2 nanocomposites was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of freestanding cathodes were investigated by scanning electron microcopy (SEM). The charge–discharge profile of the cathodes was tested between 1.5 V and 4.5 V at a constant current of 0.1 mA cm−2 using CR2016 coin cells. The initial specific capacity of graphene/α-, β-, and γ-MnO2 freestanding cathodes was found to be 321 mAhg−1, 198 mAhg−1, and 251 mAhg−1, respectively. Finally, the graphene/α-MnO2 cathode displayed the best cycling performance due to the low charge transfer resistance and higher electrochemical reaction behavior. Graphene/α-MnO2 freestanding cathodes exhibited a specific capacity of 229 mAhg−1 after 200 cycles with 72% capacity retention.

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Zhang, Yang, Dong Tang, Rui Xue Duan, and Hong Jun Ni. "Preparation and Performance Testing of Tubular Cathode Support for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 2345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.2345.

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A new tubular cathode support for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) was prepared by the gelcasting process using mesocarbon microbead(MCMB) and graphite as the main raw materials. The effects of different graphite doping ratios on tensile strength, bending strength, crushing strength, volume resistivity and shrinkage rate for the prepared tubular cathode support were studied by experimental test. The result showed that the prepared tubular cathode support had very good comprehensive performance. The tubular cathode support with 10% graphite exhibits the best performance such as bending strength 25MPa and resistivity30µΩ•m, and it satisfied the DEFC cathode working conditions and performance requirements.

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Shi, Junxian, Anhuai Lu, Haibin Chu, Hongyu Wu, and Hongrui Ding. "Natural Wolframite Used as Cathode Photocatalyst for Improving the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (2018): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122504.

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Developing simple and cheap electrocatalysts or photocatalysts for cathodes to increase the oxygen reduction process is a key factor for better utilization of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Here, we report the investigation of natural wolframite employed as a low-cost cathode photocatalyst to improve the performance of MFCs. The semiconducting wolframite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The band gap and photo respond activities were determined by UV-vis spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), respectively. Compared with the normal graphite cathode, when MFCs were equipped with a wolframite-coated cathode, the maximum power density was increased from 41.47 mW·m−2 to 95.51 mW·m−2. Notably, the maximum power density further improved to 135.57 mW·m−2 under light irradiation, which was 2.4 times higher than with a graphite cathode. Our research demonstrated that natural wolframite, a low-cost and abundant natural semiconducting mineral, showed promise as an effective photocathode catalyst which has great potential applications related to utilizing natural minerals in MFCs and for environmental remediation by MFCs in the future.

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Obraztsov, Alexander N., Victor I. Kleshch, and Elena A. Smolnikova. "A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 4 (August 28, 2013): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.4.58.

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The development of new types of light sources is necessary in order to meet the growing demands of consumers and to ensure an efficient use of energy. The cathodoluminescence process is still under-exploited for light generation because of the lack of cathodes suitable for the energy-efficient production of electron beams and appropriate phosphor materials. In this paper we propose a nano-graphite film material as a highly efficient cold cathode, which is able to produce high intensity electron beams without energy consumption. The nano-graphite film material was produced by using chemical vapor deposition techniques. Prototypes of cathodoluminescent lamp devices with a construction optimized for the usage of nano-graphite cold cathodes were developed, manufactured and tested. The results indicate prospective advantages of this type of lamp and the possibility to provide advanced power efficiency as well as enhanced spectral and other characteristics.

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Jo, Minsang, Seong-Hyo Park, and Hochun Lee. "Effects of a Sodium Phosphate Electrolyte Additive on Elevated Temperature Performance of Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxide Cathodes." Materials 14, no. 16 (2021): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164670.

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LiMn2O4 (LMO) spinel cathode materials suffer from severe degradation at elevated temperatures because of Mn dissolution. In this research, monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4, P2) is examined as an electrolyte additive to mitigate Mn dissolution; thus, the thermal stability of the LMO cathode material is improved. The P2 additive considerably improves the cyclability and storage performances of LMO/graphite and LMO/LMO symmetric cells at 60 °C. We explain that P2 suppresses the hydrofluoric acid content in the electrolyte and forms a protective cathode electrolyte interphase layer, which mitigates the Mn dissolution behavior of the LMO cathode material. Considering its beneficial role, the P2 additive is a useful additive for spinel LMO cathodes that suffer from severe Mn dissolution.

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Tang, Dong, Hui Min Lv, and Chang Yuan Li. "Investigation on Electrical Performance of Tubular Cathode for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1210.

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A new tubular cathode support for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) was prepared by the gelcasting process using mesocarbon microbead(MCMB) and graphite as the main raw materials. Through the tubular cathode electrical property test, the advantages and disadvantages of cathode tube performance are studied at different graphite proportion. The results showed that when the graphite is more than 30 percent, the charge transmission ability has become extremely close. When the graphite ratio is 40 and 50 percent, the electrical performance is the best. With the graphite doping ratio of 40 percent, the electrode electrochemical reaction will have been reinforced when the temperature is high. When the air flow is 100 ml/min, the electricity capacity is better.

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Li, Ming Yu, Kun Kun Wang, You Wu Su, Lin Song, Gang Cao, and Gang Ren. "Study on Photo-Electro-Chemical Catalytic Degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B." Advanced Materials Research 213 (February 2011): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.213.580.

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A new type of photo-electro-chemical catalytic reactor was designed. The cathode of the reactor was made of highly pure graphite and the anode was made of titanium dioxide. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was so used as the reference electrode that the electric potential of the cathode was determined. Under the condition of ultraviolet radiation and anodic bias-voltage, reactive brilliant red X-3B was degraded in the reactor synchronously by the process of photoelectrocatalysis with titanium dioxide anode and electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide through reducing dissolved oxygen with graphite cathode. With the cooperation of the cathode and the anode, impressive decolorizing efficiency of reactive red X-3B has been achieved. The results showed that, when the concentration of reactive brilliant red X-3B was 25mg••L-1 and the inert supporting electrolyte concentration was 0.005 mol•L-1 (1000mg•L-1) sodium sulfate, initial solution ph=4, and cathodic potential -Ec = 0.60 V, under UV radiation as well as constantly pumping air into the reactor, decolorizing efficiency of 79% has been achieved.

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Schwandt, Carsten, and Derek J. Fray. "The Electrochemical Reduction of Chromium Sesquioxide in Molten Calcium Chloride under Cathodic Potential Control." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, no. 10-11 (2007): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-10-1115.

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Electrochemical polarization and reduction experiments are reported which were performed with a three-terminal cell and a molten salt electrolyte consisting of calcium chloride with additions of calcium oxide. Employing a metal cathode, a graphite anode and a pseudo-reference electrode also made from graphite, polarization measurements were carried out with the aim to validate the performance of the pseudo-reference electrode and to assess the stability of the electrolyte. Using a chromium sesquioxide cathode in conjunction with a graphite anode and a graphite pseudo-reference electrode, electrochemical reduction experiments were conducted under potentiostatic control. The key results are: a graphite pseudo-reference electrode has been shown to be appropriate in the present type of molten salt electrochemical experiments that take place on a time scale of many hours; the conversion of chromium oxide into chromium metal has been accomplished under cathodic potential control and in the absence of calcium metal deposition; a significant amount of calcium oxide in the calcium chloride has been found necessary to preclude anodic chlorine formation throughout the entire experiment; a considerable overpotential has been identified at the anode.

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Wang, Yingru, and Xiaohua Lu. "Study on the Effect of Electrochemical Dechlorination Reduction of Hexachlorobenzene Using Different Cathodes." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/371510.

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Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent organic pollutant and poses great threat on ecosystem and human health. In order to investigate the degradation law of HCB, a RuO2/Ti material was used as the anode, meanwhile, zinc, stainless steel, graphite, and RuO2/Ti were used as the cathode, respectively. The gas chromatography (GC) was used to analyze the electrochemical products of HCB on different cathodes. The results showed that the cathode materials significantly affected the dechlorination efficiency of HCB, and the degradation of HCB was reductive dechlorination which occurred only on the cathode. During the reductive process, chlorine atoms were replaced one by one on various intermediates such as pentachlorobenzene, tetrachlorobenzene, and trichlorobenzene occurred; the trichlorobenzene was obtained when zinc was used as cathode. The rapid dechlorination of HCB suggested that the electrochemical method using zinc or stainless steel as cathode could be used for remediation of polychlorinated aromatic compounds in the environment. The dechlorination approach of HCB by stainless steel cathode could be proposed.

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Fang, Fang, John Futter, Andreas Markwitz, and John Kennedy. "Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods and their Sensing Properties." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.150.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods have been synthesized via the arc discharge method. Different cathode materials, graphite and copper, were applied to modulate the morphology and UV & humidity sensing properties of the as-synthesized ZnO nanorods. Compared with ZnO nanorods synthesized by graphite cathode, shorter length and other spherical and cubical structures were also detected for those ZnO nanorods synthesized by copper cathode. A better UV-sensitive photoconduction and higher humidity sensitivity were detected for ZnO nanorods synthesized by graphite cathode than those obtained by copper cathode, which is considered to be due to the higher aspect ratio for long ZnO nanorods. The simplicity of the synthesis route coupled with the modulation of morphology and sensing properties of ZnO nanorods make the arc discharge method a very promising way to produce high quality ZnO nanorods with adjustable morphologies.

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Huang, Mao-Chia, Cheng-Hsien Yang, Chien-Chih Chiang, et al. "Influence of High Loading on the Performance of Natural Graphite-Based Al Secondary Batteries." Energies 11, no. 10 (2018): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102760.

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In recent years, novel Al secondary batteries with Al anodes, natural graphite cathodes, and ionic liquid electrolytes have received more attention. However, most research on Al secondary batteries used lower graphite loading (<8 mg/cm2), which will inhibit the batteries from commercialization in the future. Here, we prepared Al secondary batteries using Al anode, low-cost natural graphite cathode, and cheaper ionic liquid electrolyte. The effects of loading (7–12 mg/cm2) on performance were investigated. Based on our observations, graphite-based Al secondary batteries (GABs) using 10 mg/cm2 graphite electrodes had better performance of 82 mAh/g and 6.5 Wh/L at a current density of 100 mA/g. Moreover, the 10 mg/cm2 GABs showed a long life of 250 charge–discharge cycles with a high coulombic efficiency of 98% and excellent performance rate up to 1000 mA/g.

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Kupryashov, Andrey, and Ivan Shestakov. "Manufacturing fine graphite powder with AC electric synthesis." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2021, no. 6 (2021): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2021-6-42-48.

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There is presented a technology for manufacturing fine powder of graphite of GE type by means of synthesis. A device with the separation of anode and cathode area by means of Dacron diaphragm use is described. Basic elements of the installation are a stainless steel cathode and a graphite anode submerged into aqueous solution (electrolyte). As a result of the experiment there is obtained fine powder with an average graphite particle size of 4mkm.

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Rodriguez, Mark A., Mark H. Van Benthem, David Ingersoll, Sven C. Vogel, and Helmut M. Reiche. "In situ analysis of LiFePO4 batteries: Signal extraction by multivariate analysis." Powder Diffraction 25, no. 2 (2010): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3393786.

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The electrochemical reaction behavior of a commercial Li-ion battery (LiFePO4-based cathode, graphite-based anode) has been measured via in situ neutron diffraction. A multivariate analysis was successfully applied to the neutron diffraction data set facilitating in the determination of Li bearing phases participating in the electrochemical reaction in both the anode and cathode as a function of state-of-charge (SOC). The analysis resulted in quantified phase fraction values for LiFePO4 and FePO4 cathode compounds as well as the identification of staging behavior of Li6, Li12, Li24, and graphite phases in the anode. An additional Li-graphite phase has also been tentatively identified during electrochemical cycling as LiC48 at conditions of ∼5% to 15% SOC.

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Song, Lin, Xin Zhang, Xiao Long Zeng, and Ming Yu Li. "Role of the Cathode in a Novel Photo-Electro-Chemical Catalytic Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.985.

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A novel photo-electro-chemical catalytic reactor with single/double-tank was designed. TiO2/Ti thin film electrode was used as photo-anodes, graphite as cathode and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode in the reactor. The efficiency of photo-electro-chemical catalysis was enhanced because the target pollutant was degraded not only titanium dioxide electrode in anodic tank, but also hydrogen peroxide through reducing dissolved oxygen with graphite electrode in catholyte. Malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) were degradated effectively in these two reactors. The degradation efficiency of the double-tank reactor is superior to that of single-tank reactor and its apparent reaction rate constant is twice or more of than that of the single-tank reactor, which was result from the higher concentration of H2O2 in the double-tank reactor. In the single-tank reactor, H2O2 generated during cathodal reaction diffused to the anode and was consumed, while it could be prevented in the double-tank reactor. Under the conditions of cathodic potential Ec at-0.6V, initial solution pH at 3.0 and initial solution concentration 30 mg·L-1, the catalytic degradation of MG and CV were both pseudo-first order reactions.

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Tanguay, Suzanne, and Richard Sacks. "Ion Bombardment Magnetron Furnace for Atomic Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 6 (1989): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203831.

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Positive-ion bombardment of a graphite cathode in a low-pressure glow discharge is used to heat the cathode to temperatures in excess of 2000°C. A magnetic field of a few hundred Gauss used in a magnetron configuration reduces lamp voltage and permits operation at less than 1 kV with cathode current densities greater than 350 mA/cm2. A solution residue sample deposited on the 1.6-mm-diameter graphite cathode is atomized in about one second. The atomic vapor is excited in the glow discharge near the cathode surface. The effects of pressure and magnetic field strength on furnace performance are described. At low furnace temperature, plasma current conduction is by electrons produced by positive ion bombardment of the cathode surface. At higher temperatures, current conduction is largely by thermionic electrons.

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Ma, Yan Chun, Yong Bin Yang, and Yue Ping Xiong. "Synthesis of Triaxial LiFePO₄ Nanorod with Graphite through the Electrospinning Method." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1703.

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A triaxial LiFePO4 nanorod with Graphite was successfully synthesized through the electrospinning method.In order to improve lithium-ion battery cathode material lithium ion phosphate properties, to enhance its electronic conductivity and lithium ion diffusion rate and lower electrode polarization, the present invention was prepared by using electrospinning lithium-ion battery cathode material lithium iron phosphate / graphite nanorods. The following is the process: first of all, precursor solution is prepared by electrospinning, the use of high voltage power supply, LiFePO4/graphite nanorods, and then the use of LiFePO4 / graphite nano-fiber sintering, and use change to reduce the carbon content of the sintering process, with varying carbon content of LiFePO4/graphite nano-rod nanorods.

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Rother, B., J. Siegel, and J. Vetter. "Cathodic arc evaporation of graphite with controlled cathode spot position." Thin Solid Films 188, no. 2 (1990): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(90)90291-k.

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Beilis, I. I. "Application of vacuum arc cathode spot model to graphite cathode." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 27, no. 4 (1999): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.782245.

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Kandah, Munther, and Jean-Luc Meunier. "Vacuum arc cathode spot movement on various kinds of graphite cathodes." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (1996): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/5/3/001.

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Isakova, Yulia I., Galina E. Kholodnaya, and Alexander I. Pushkarev. "Influence of Cathode Diameter on the Operation of a Planar Diode with an Explosive Emission Cathode." Advances in High Energy Physics 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/649828.

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This paper presents the results of experimental investigations into the current-voltage characteristics of a planar diode with an explosive emission cathode made from graphite. Studies were performed using a TEU-500 pulsed electron accelerator (350–500 keV, 100 ns, 250 J per pulse). Duration of diode operation, in a mode when electron current is limited by the emissive ability of the graphite cathode, is 15–20 ns. The contribution of the cathode periphery to total electron current appears only as an increase in the emissive surface area due to an expansion of explosive plasma. Investigations of an ion diode with a graphite cathode (plane and focusing geometry) were also carried out. Experiments were performed using a TEMP-4M ion accelerator, which forms two nanosecond pulses: the first negative pulse (150–200 kV, 300–600 ns) followed by the second positive (250–300 kV, 150 ns). Total diode current in the first pulse is well described by the Child-Langmuir law for electron current at a constant rate of plasma expansion, equal to 1.3 cm/μs. It is shown that for an area of flat cathode over 25 cm2, the influence of edge contribution does not exceed measurement error of total diode electron current (10%).

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Tucker, W. C. "Degradation of Graphite/Polymer Composites in Seawater." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, no. 4 (1991): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905910.

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Glass-reinforced plastics have a substantial history of use in seawater. With the advent of high-performance graphite fibers offering greater stiffness than glass, some marine engineering applications may be implemented where glass was unsuitable. However, the nobility of graphite in the galvanic series makes it an extremley efficient cathode when copuled with metals in seawater. Degradation of the cathodic composite material is an unexpected result of the corrosion chemistry in natural seawater. Deep submergence of composite materials introduces another potential degradative mechaism in seawater due to an increased moisture uptake by damage-dependent mechanisms. Other environmental exposure to sunlight, deep submergence and cyclic thermal changes which show potential for degradation of composites are discussed.

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Zhou, Ming, Jie Tang, Qian Cheng, Gaojie Xu, Ping Cui, and Lu-Chang Qin. "Few-layer graphene obtained by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite cathode." Chemical Physics Letters 572 (May 2013): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.04.013.

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Zhang, Liyuan, Hui Huang, Hailin Yin, et al. "Sulfur synchronously electrodeposited onto exfoliated graphene sheets as a cathode material for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 32 (2015): 16513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04609b.

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Журавлев, С. Д., та В. И. Шестеркин. "Токоперехватывающие сетки из анизотропного пиролитического графита в электронных пушках с металлопористым катодом". Журнал технической физики 89, № 9 (2019): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.09.48075.45-19.

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Presented the results of experimental researches of anisotropic pyrolitic graphite application as a grid structure in high-power devices with the dispenser cathode. The emission characteristics of molybdenum, hafnium and anisotropic pyrolitic graphite in diodes and electron guns versus high-power electron flow, dissipated on test specimen and cathode temperature are given in the article. Also the grid structures made of anisotropic pyrolitic graphite are able to dissipate power of the electron flow 20 times more than grids made of molybdenum and 9 times more than grids made of hafnium without occurrence of spurious thermionic emission are shown in the article.

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Wu, Yinghao, Wenjie Zhao, Wurong Wang, Yanyan Zhang, and Qunji Xue. "Novel structured anodic oxide films containing surface layers and porous sublayers showing excellent wear resistance performance." RSC Advances 6, no. 96 (2016): 94074–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18867b.

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Anodic oxide films contain novel multilayer structure were fabricated by replacing Al cathode with graphite cathode and also tailoring the Al<sup>3+</sup> concentration using common anodic oxidation technology.

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Liu, Cheng, Kun Qian, Danni Lei, Baohua Li, Feiyu Kang, and Yan-Bing He. "Deterioration mechanism of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2/graphite–SiOx power batteries under high temperature and discharge cycling conditions." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 1 (2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta08703a.

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Artsanti, Pedy, Sudarlin Sudarlin, and Eka Fadzillah Kirana. "The Effect of Increasing Surface Area of Graphite Electrode on the Performance of Dual Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 1 (October 31, 2017): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v1.284.

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The effect of increasing surface area of graphite electrode on the performance of dual chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) was observed. The surface area of graphite electrode (anode and cathode) that was using in this experiment was 29.5cm2 and 44.5cm2 for the A and B reactor, respectively. The anode chamber contained mixed microorganism culture from real wastewater of textile industry and the cathode chamber contained 0.1M potassium permanganate electrolyte solution. The salt bridge was required to stabilize the charge between the anode and cathode chambers, and the electrodes attached to the anode and cathode chambers as the electron catcher. Both, the A and B reactor were observed for 72 hours of running time. The voltage and power density were found to increase with the increase in surface area of the graphite electrode. The highest power density was 93.93mWm-2 and 197.23mWm-2 that obtained at 36 hours and 48 hours on the A and B reactor, respectively. At the end of experiment, these MFCs system could also reduce COD by 28.6% and 15.6% on A and B reactor, respectively.

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Li, Tianyu, Xiao-Zi Yuan, Lei Zhang, Datong Song, Kaiyuan Shi, and Christina Bock. "Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Nickel-Rich NMC-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries." Electrochemical Energy Reviews 3, no. 1 (2019): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00053-3.

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Abstract The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high mass-specific capacities, high rate capabilities and long-term cyclabilities is driving the research and development of LIBs with nickel-rich NMC (LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2, $$x \geqslant 0.5$$x⩾0.5) cathodes and graphite (LixC6) anodes. Based on this, this review will summarize recently reported and widely recognized studies of the degradation mechanisms of Ni-rich NMC cathodes and graphite anodes. And with a broad collection of proposed mechanisms on both atomic and micrometer scales, this review can supplement previous degradation studies of Ni-rich NMC batteries. In addition, this review will categorize advanced mitigation strategies for both electrodes based on different modifications in which Ni-rich NMC cathode improvement strategies involve dopants, gradient layers, surface coatings, carbon matrixes and advanced synthesis methods, whereas graphite anode improvement strategies involve surface coatings, charge/discharge protocols and electrolyte volume estimations. Electrolyte components that can facilitate the stabilization of anodic solid electrolyte interfaces are also reviewed, and trade-offs between modification techniques as well as controversies are discussed for a deeper understanding of the mitigation strategies of Ni-rich NMC/graphite LIBs. Furthermore, this review will present various physical and electrochemical diagnostic tools that are vital in the elucidation of degradation mechanisms during operation to supplement future degradation studies. Finally, this review will summarize current research focuses and propose future research directions. Graphic Abstract The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high mass specific capacities, high rate capabilities and longterm cyclabilities is driving the research and development of LIBs with nickel-rich NMC (LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2, x ≥ 0.5) cathodes and graphite (LixC6) anodes. Based on this, this review will summarize recently reported and widely recognized studies of the degradation mechanisms of Ni-rich NMC cathodes and graphite anodes. And with a broad collection of proposed mechanisms on both atomic and micrometer scales, this review can supplement previous degradation studies of Ni-rich NMC batteries. In addition, this review will categorize advanced mitigation strategies for both electrodes based on different modifications in which Ni-rich NMC cathode improvement strategies involve dopants, gradient layers, surface coatings, carbon matrixes and advanced synthesis methods, whereas graphite anode improvement strategies involve surface coatings, charge/discharge protocols and electrolyte volume estimations. Electrolyte components that can facilitate the stabilization of anodic solid-electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) are also reviewed and tradeoffs between modification techniques as well as controversies are discussed for a deeper understanding of the mitigation strategies of Ni-rich NMC/graphite LIBs. Furthermore, this review will present various physical and electrochemical diagnostic tools that are vital in the elucidation of degradation mechanisms during operation to supplement future degradation studies. Finally, this review will summarize current research focuses and propose future research directions.

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Setyowati, Vuri Ayu, Diah Susanti, Lukman Noerochim, Eriek Wahyu Restu Widodo, and Mohammad Yusuf Sulaiman. "Carbon and Nitrogen Composition for Non-Precious Metal Catalyst to Physical Characterization and Electrochemical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 867 (October 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.867.17.

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This paper investigates the physical properties and electrochemical properties of the innovative non-precious metal catalyst using different carbon types. The cathode catalyst for PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) is an important part of fuel cell because the reaction of the cathode is three times lower than the anode. Otherwise, the high cost of Pt/C catalyst for cathode needs to be replaced using low-cost material. Therefore, this research fabricated Pt free catalyst. FeCl3.6H2O was used as a metal precursor. Urea and PVP as a nitrogen (N) source were mixed with carbon. The variations of carbon are Graphite (Gt), Charcoal Active (CA), and Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC). As prepared catalysts, were noted as Fe/N-Gt, Fe/N-CA, and Fe/N-CPC. Catalysts without nitrogen addition also were synthesized such as Fe-Gt, Fe-CA, and Fe-CPC for comparison. The electrochemical properties can be evaluated form Cycle Voltammograms (CV) curve. Graphite supported catalyst has anodic and cathodic peak otherwise has the lowest capacity. It means that the redox reaction occurs during CV measurement for Fe/N-Gt and Fe-Gt catalyst. Nitrogen addition of graphite supported catalyst has a higher current density than Fe-Gt catalyst. The morphology of the catalyst was identified by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Different particle shape for carbon types can be observed by SEM image of obtained catalyst. Energy Dispersive X-Ray EDX to identify the chemical composition. Nitrogen-doped carbon caused the formation of Fe2O3 and it was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD).

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Pisciotta, John M., Zehra Zaybak, Douglas F. Call, Joo-Youn Nam, and Bruce E. Logan. "Enrichment of Microbial Electrolysis Cell Biocathodes from Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell Bioanodes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 15 (2012): 5212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00480-12.

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ABSTRACTElectron-accepting (electrotrophic) biocathodes were produced by first enriching graphite fiber brush electrodes as the anodes in sediment-type microbial fuel cells (sMFCs) using two different marine sediments and then electrically inverting the anodes to function as cathodes in two-chamber bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). Electron consumption occurred at set potentials of −439 mV and −539 mV (versus the potential of a standard hydrogen electrode) but not at −339 mV in minimal media lacking organic sources of energy. Results at these different potentials were consistent with separate linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) scans that indicated enhanced activity (current consumption) below only ca. −400 mV. MFC bioanodes not originally acclimated at a set potential produced electron-accepting (electrotrophic) biocathodes, but bioanodes operated at a set potential (+11 mV) did not. CO2was removed from cathode headspace, indicating that the electrotrophic biocathodes were autotrophic. Hydrogen gas generation, followed by loss of hydrogen gas and methane production in one sample, suggested hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. There was abundant microbial growth in the biocathode chamber, as evidenced by an increase in turbidity and the presence of microorganisms on the cathode surface. Clone library analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicated prominent sequences most similar to those ofEubacterium limosum(Butyribacterium methylotrophicum),Desulfovibriosp. A2,Rhodococcus opacus, andGemmata obscuriglobus. Transfer of the suspension to sterile cathodes made of graphite plates, carbon rods, or carbon brushes in new BESs resulted in enhanced current after 4 days, demonstrating growth by these microbial communities on a variety of cathode substrates. This report provides a simple and effective method for enriching autotrophic electrotrophs by the use of sMFCs without the need for set potentials, followed by the use of potentials more negative than −400 mV.

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Pagot, Gioele, Valerio Toso, Bernardo Barbiellini, Rafael Ferragut, and Vito Di Noto. "Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy as a Diagnostic Tool for the Study of LiCoO2 Cathode of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Condensed Matter 6, no. 3 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat6030028.

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Positron annihilation spectroscopy using lifetime and Doppler broadening allows the characterization of the lithiation state in LiCoO2 thin film used in cathode of lithium-ion batteries. The lifetime results reflect positron spillover because of the presence of graphite in between the oxide grains in real cathode Li-ion batteries. This spillover produces an effect in the measured positron parameters which are sensitive to delocalized electrons from lithium atoms as in Compton scattering results. The first component of the positron lifetime corresponds to a bulk-like state and can be used to characterize the state of charge of the cathode while the second component represents a surface state at the grain-graphite interface.

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Cai, Wen-Fang, De-Li Geng, and Yun-Hai Wang. "Assessment of cathode materials for Ni(ii) reduction in microbial electrolysis cells." RSC Advances 6, no. 38 (2016): 31732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra02082h.

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Four cathode materials including stainless steel mesh (SSM), copper sheet (CS), graphite plate (GP) and carbon cloth (CC) were evaluated for nickel recovery in a MEC. We found that MEC with CS cathode exhibited the best electrochemical performance.

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Yafarov, Ravil K., Denis V. Nefedov, and Anton V. Storublev. "Vacuum-plasma processes at extreme field emission in diamond electron sources." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Physics 21, no. 1 (2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-3020-2021-21-1-69-79.

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Background and Objectives: The use of high-current field electron sources that satisfy various circuitry requirements as a part of electronic devices for various purposes suggests the possibility of matching their operation modes with the operating characteristics of the devices, as well as high reproducibility of emission parameters, stability and the necessary resource of reliability and durability. The stability and durability of field electron sources are extremely sensitive to the changes in the geometry of emission centers and to the state of their surface, which undergoes various destructive influences during operation. These changes are especially important in the case of high-current field-emission cathodes, which, as a rule, work under conditions of technical vacuum and high electric field intensities. The aim of the work was to study the possibility of creating field sources of electrons based on thin-film planar-end nanodiamond-graphite structures that satisfy various circuit requirements, as well as to study fundamental factors that lead to a change in their I–V characteristics and limit the maximum value of their field emission currents, stability and durability of high-current field emission. Materials and Methods: Emission structures were made of carbon films deposited in a microwave plasma of a low pressure gas discharge. The surface resistance of the films was 120 kOhm/□ and 1.2 mOhm/□. In the first type of emission structure, diamond-graphite films were mechanically separated into two parts. One part of the film was the cathode, the second served as the anode. Measurement of field emission characteristics in vacuum (2–4)·10-3 Pa. Between the cathode and the anode, voltage pulses with a duration of 10 μs and an amplitude of 0 to 3000 V were applied. In the second type of emission structure, field emission was carried out from the end face of a diamond-graphite film deposited on a polycor substrate. Field emission-voltage characteristics were measured in constant electric fields. Determination of the elemental composition of the surfaces of field emission structures after electrical tests was carried out using an energy dispersive microanalysis system. Results: It is shown that the steepness of the current-voltage characteristics, as well as the stability and durability in extreme operating conditions of high-current field electron sources based on film diamond-graphite nanocomposites, is determined by their surface resistance. Electron field sources based on low-resistance diamond-graphite structures, in comparison with high-resistance, have a high slope of the I–V characteristic, a lower threshold for the field intensity at the beginning of field emission, and the maximum field emission current is achieved at a lower electric field strength. The range of operating voltages providing the same maximum field emission current is many times higher for high-impedance electron sources than for low-impedance ones. The various nature of vacuum-plasma processes is established for extreme field emission in diamond-graphite electron sources with different surface resistance. In the case of lowresistance diamond-graphite composite film structures under extreme operating conditions of high-current planar-face autoemission structures, the main reasons for the instability of the emission and destruction parameters are the appearance of electrothermal breakdowns at the cathode of the “grid” characteristic of thin dielectric coatings during a sliding surface electric discharge. In the case of high-resistance diamond-graphite film structures, there is no branched network of electrothermal electrical breakdowns. In this case, as well as for high-current end field emission structures, the main nature of destruction under extreme operating conditions is erosion of the cathode part of the film. Erosion is caused by the processes of explosive electron emission, which is carried out from the nanodiamond emission centers of the composite carbon film structure with the appearance of a cathode plasma plume and the graphite component of the cathode material is sprayed onto the anode and into the interelectrode gap. Conclusion: The results can be used to predict the durability and stability of high-current field electron sources based on diamond-graphite film structures depending on their design, electrophysical characteristics, and vacuum operating conditions.

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Mu, Jie Chen, Xu Dong Zhang, and Li Peng Zhang. "Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Solid TiO₂ in [BMIM]BF₄-CaCl₂ Ionic Liquid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.248.

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The direct electrochemical reduction of solid titanium dioxide (TiO2) is conducted in [BMIM]BF4-CaCl2 ionic liquid (IL) at 100 °C using sintered TiO2 as cathode and graphite rod as anode at an electrolysis potential of 3.2 V. Cyclic voltammetry is used to investigate the mechanism and feasibility of the direct electrochemical reduction of solid TiO2 in [BMIM]BF4-CaCl2 IL at 100 °C. The surface morphologies of the cathode are examined by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The crystal phase structure of the cathode is examined using a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer(XRD). The results indicate that the direct electrochemical reduction of solid TiO2 in [BMIM]BF4-CaCl2 IL is feasible. A significant increase in conductivity is obtained by doping graphite into the cathode, thereby enhancing deoxidation. TiO2 reduction is conducted step by step, from outside to inside, and from high to low valence variation.

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Beltrop, K., S. Beuker, A. Heckmann, M. Winter, and T. Placke. "Alternative electrochemical energy storage: potassium-based dual-graphite batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 10 (2017): 2090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01535f.

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In this contribution, we report for the first time a novel potassium ion-based dual-graphite battery concept (K-DGB), applying graphite as the electrode material for both the anode and cathode, in combination with an ionic liquid electrolyte.

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