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1
Ranaweera, Mahishi. "Interactional Feedback in Naturalistic Interaction between L2 English Learners." English Language Teaching 8, no. 11 (2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n11p47.
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<p>Theoretical and empirical data support that the feedback given in small group activities promote second language acquisition. There are many studies that have examined the impact of interaction on second language acquisition in controlled language situations. This study examines the small group activity ‘conversation partner’ in order to find out how much feedback takes place in an out of classroom activity such as conversation partner where the language is not controlled. The conversations were recorded and examined for instances of interactional feedback. Later a tailor made test was given to find out whether the participants remembered the language items that they received feedback on. The results show that feedback in natural speech among learners occurs relatively at a low level but the learners remember whatever language that was used in feedback instances.</p>
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FEDOTOVA, I. "DETERMINING THE LEVEL OF MOTOR-TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE PARTNERSHIP RELATIONS ON THE BASIS OF STRATEGICALLY ORIENTED DIRECTIONS OF MANAGEMENT." Economics of the transport complex, no. 37 (May 12, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/etk.2225-2304.2021.37.115.
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Management of relations with partners of the enterprise is impossible without determining the level of relations with each group of partners and selection of key partners of the enterprise, which actualizes the systematization and generalization of existing scientific approaches to assessing the level of interaction with certain types of partners. Theoretical studies of existing methods of assessing the relationship with consumers, suppliers, staff and other types of partners of the company showed the presence of a relatively small number of works, which set out different approaches to assessing the level of interaction. In solving this problem, the tools of the generalized desirability function are used. The article offers a developed approach to assessing the level of inter-organizational relations of the enterprise with partners in the field of road transport. There are three basic strategically oriented areas of relationship management with partners: the company’s attitude to the partner (partner value); partner’s attitude to the enterprise (partner loyalty); the prospect of the relationship between the company and the partner. The main directions of evaluation according to the proposed characteristics are given, which reveal these directions for optimal use of opportunities in providing and developing motor-transport enterprise (MTE) partnerships. A system of indicators for assessing the level of MTE relationships with the main types of partners (both external and internal) has been formed. An algorithm for estimating the level of MTE relationships with individual partners is proposed. A scale for assessing the relationship of MTE with partners based on the definition of the category of the relationship level in accordance with the value of the generalized desirability function. For a visual assessment of the level of MTE relations with partners, it is proposed to use a matrix built in three-dimensional space, along whose axes there are complex indicators for assessing the level of interaction, which are strategically oriented areas of partner relations management. The offered methodical bases of an estimation of relationship with partners allow to estimate a level of relations with all types of partners, to group them on a level of relations, choose key partners, develop strategies of mutual relations, and form individual relations with key partners.
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Arpin, Sarah N., and Cynthia D. Mohr. "Transient Loneliness and the Perceived Provision and Receipt of Capitalization Support Within Event-Disclosure Interactions." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (2018): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218783193.
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Research affirms that loneliness is a distressing experience with social-perceptual and behavioral consequences. Yet, little is known about consequences of transient loneliness, particularly within social interactions. The current study builds on reaffiliation motive and evolutionary models of state loneliness to investigate the effects of experimentally manipulated loneliness on individual and interaction partner perceptions during an event-sharing interaction, within 97 female dyads. Actor–partner interdependence mediation analyses revealed indirect effects for induction group (high vs. low loneliness) on positive affect, enjoyment, responsiveness, and partner positive affect, via induced state loneliness. Furthermore, state loneliness influenced actor and partner provision of responsiveness, via perceived responsiveness. Results reveal interpersonal consequences of transient loneliness, offering preliminary insight into conditions through which state perceptions of isolation may interfere with engagement in positive social interactions. Furthermore, implications for previously theorized evolutionary models of state loneliness and the reaffiliation motive are discussed.
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Lu, Kelong, Jing Teng, and Ning Hao. "Gender of partner affects the interaction pattern during group creative idea generation." Experimental Brain Research 238, no. 5 (2020): 1157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05799-7.
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Konski, Andre A., Thomas F. Pajak, Benjamin Movsas, et al. "Disadvantage of Men Living Alone Participating in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Head and Neck Trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 25 (2006): 4177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.06.2901.
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Purpose This study evaluated whether males without partners were disadvantaged for survival in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) head and neck cancer clinical trials. Methods Patients treated on three RTOG trials were studied. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine if sex and the interaction between sex and marital/partner status were independent prognostic variables for overall survival controlling for Karnofsky performance status, tumor stage, nodal stage, primary site, and protocol treatment. Results A total of 1,901 patients (1,509 men) were entered onto the three RTOG trials, with 1,822 (1,438 men) analyzable patients. Prognostic variables independent of disease-related variables for survival in multivariate analyses restricted to men were age, marital/partner status, and income. Conclusion The apparent disadvantage of unpartnered men is striking, even after controlling for disease and other demographic variables. Possible explanations could easily be tested in observational studies, leading to evaluation of simple interventions to improve their outcome.
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Rasanen, Eveliina, Juha Holma, and Jaakko Seikkula. "Dialogues in Partner Abusive Clients’ Group Treatment: Conversational Tools Used by Counselors With Differently Motivated Clients." Violence and Victims 29, no. 2 (2014): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00064r1.
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This qualitative study investigated talk and interaction as process factors potentially influencing outcomes in abuser group intervention. The findings showed that (a) abusers participate in group programs with considerably different degrees of motivation; (b) the interaction in abusers’ various stages of change is characterized by different qualities; and (c) group counselors face a challenge in adapting their ways of working to abusers’ various needs and backgrounds. The findings demonstrate the importance of attending to the interactional elements in abuser treatment programs and show the value of matching an abuser’s needs and degree of motivation with the timing of interventions. It is argued that attention to all these matters could help in making abuser programs more effective.
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Kamachi, Yusuke, Kathryn S. E. Cheah, and Hisato Kondoh. "Mechanism of Regulatory Target Selection by the SOX High-Mobility-Group Domain Proteins as Revealed by Comparison of SOX1/2/3 and SOX9." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 1 (1999): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.1.107.
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ABSTRACT SOX proteins bind similar DNA motifs through their high-mobility-group (HMG) domains, but their action is highly specific with respect to target genes and cell type. We investigated the mechanism of target selection by comparing SOX1/2/3, which activate δ-crystallin minimal enhancer DC5, with SOX9, which activates Col2a1 minimal enhancer COL2C2. These enhancers depend on both the SOX binding site and the binding site of a putative partner factor. The DC5 site was equally bound and bent by the HMG domains of SOX1/2 and SOX9. The activation domains of these SOX proteins mapped at the distal portions of the C-terminal domains were not cell specific and were independent of the partner factor. Chimeric proteins produced between SOX1 and SOX9 showed that to activate the DC5 enhancer, the C-terminal domain must be that of SOX1, although the HMG domains were replaceable. The SOX2-VP16 fusion protein, in which the activation domain of SOX2 was replaced by that of VP16, activated the DC5 enhancer still in a partner factor-dependent manner. The results argue that the proximal portion of the C-terminal domain of SOX1/2 specifically interacts with the partner factor, and this interaction determines the specificity of the SOX1/2 action. Essentially the same results were obtained in the converse experiments in which COL2C2 activation by SOX9 was analyzed, except that specificity of SOX9-partner factor interaction also involved the SOX9 HMG domain. The highly selective SOX-partner factor interactions presumably stabilize the DNA binding of the SOX proteins and provide the mechanism for regulatory target selection.
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Su, Qi, Aming Li, Long Wang, and H. Eugene Stanley. "Spatial reciprocity in the evolution of cooperation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (2019): 20190041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0041.
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Cooperation is key to the survival of all biological systems. The spatial structure of a system constrains who interacts with whom (interaction partner) and who acquires new traits from whom (role model). Understanding when and to what degree a spatial structure affects the evolution of cooperation is an important and challenging topic. Here, we provide an analytical formula to predict when natural selection favours cooperation where the effects of a spatial structure are described by a single parameter. We find that a spatial structure promotes cooperation (spatial reciprocity) when interaction partners overlap role models. When they do not, spatial structure inhibits cooperation even without cooperation dilemmas. Furthermore, a spatial structure in which individuals interact with their role models more often shows stronger reciprocity. Thus, imitating individuals with frequent interactions facilitates cooperation. Our findings are applicable to both pairwise and group interactions and show that strong social ties might hinder, while asymmetric spatial structures for interaction and trait dispersal could promote cooperation.
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Kret, Mariska E., and Carsten K. W. De Dreu. "Pupil-mimicry conditions trust in partners: moderation by oxytocin and group membership." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1850 (2017): 20162554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2554.
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Across species, oxytocin, an evolutionarily ancient neuropeptide, facilitates social communication by attuning individuals to conspecifics' social signals, fostering trust and bonding. The eyes have an important signalling function; and humans use their salient and communicative eyes to intentionally and unintentionally send social signals to others, by contracting the muscles around their eyes and pupils. In our earlier research, we observed that interaction partners with dilating pupils are trusted more than partners with constricting pupils. But over and beyond this effect, we found that the pupil sizes of partners synchronize and that when pupils synchronously dilate, trust is further boosted. Critically, this linkage between mimicry and trust was bound to interactions between ingroup members. The current study investigates whether these findings are modulated by oxytocin and sex of participant and partner. Using incentivized trust games with partners from ingroup and outgroup whose pupils dilated, remained static or constricted, this study replicates our earlier findings. It further reveals that (i) male participants withhold trust from partners with constricting pupils and extend trust to partners with dilating pupils, especially when given oxytocin rather than placebo; (ii) female participants trust partners with dilating pupils most, but this effect is blunted under oxytocin; (iii) under oxytocin rather than placebo, pupil dilation mimicry is weaker and pupil constriction mimicry stronger; and (iv) the link between pupil constriction mimicry and distrust observed under placebo disappears under oxytocin. We suggest that pupil-contingent trust is parochial and evolved in social species in and because of group life.
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SEN, ROHAN, RADU HANDOREAN, GRUIA-CATALIN ROMAN, GREGORY HACKMANN, and CHRISTOPHER GILL. "KNOWLEDGE-DRIVEN INTERACTIONS ACROSS MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 16, no. 01 (2007): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843007001603.
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The decoupled nature of computing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can result in disconnections at inopportune times during an interaction between a pair of hosts. We introduce the notion of a priori selection of partner hosts to reduce the likelihood of disconnection during such interactions. An application may specify the times when and the physical locations where it requires interactions with peer applications on partner hosts. A knowledge base of the physical motion profiles of various hosts maintained on each mobile host is used to select partner hosts that are co-located with the reference host at the required time and are least likely to disconnect. In this paper, we present a formal model for such knowledge management, along with an algorithm used to determine suitable partner hosts. We also provide details of our implementation of partner selection, which has been used in the context of a service-oriented computing middleware for MANETs, developed previously by our group. Finally, we present simulation results of our approach.
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Bartsch, Ingrid, Susanne Bläser, Sabrina Röseler, et al. "Human endothelial and platelet septin SEPT11: Cloning of novel variants and characterisation of interaction partners." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 104, no. 12 (2010): 1201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th10-07-0472.
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SummarySeptins are cytoskeletal GTPases forming heteropolymeric complexes involved in processes characterised by active membrane movement such as cytokinesis, vesicle trafficking, and exocytosis. Septins are expressed in non-mitotic cells such as neurons and platelets. SEPT11 belongs to the SEPT6 group and was identified as interaction partner of SEPT5. We cloned and characterised novel SEPT11 variants and investigated interaction partners of SEPT11 in platelets and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. An endothelial cell library was used for cloning novel SEPT11 variants. Using Northern analysis the different SEPT11 transcripts were illustrated. Interaction studies were performed using yeast two-hybrid system, precipitation, FRET, and immunofluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate that SEPT11 partners with SEPT2, SEPT4 and SEPT7 using yeast two-hybrid system and precipitation. The interaction of SEPT11 with SEPT7 is also demonstrated by FRET. In addition to the known SEPT11 transcript (SEPT11_v1) we identified a novel SEPT11 variant (SEPT11_v2) as interaction partner of SEPT4 and SEPT7. Library screening of an endothelial cell library also revealed the presence of this novel SEPT11_v2 transcript. In addition, a third SEPT11 variant (SEPT11_v3) was identified. Expression of SEPT11_v1 and of SEPT11_v2 and SEPT11_v3 in human brain regions was investigated by Northern analysis. Further interaction partners of SEPT11 are characterised using immunofluorescence. Co-localisation of SEPT2, SEPT4, SEPT7 and SEPT11 with tubulin and transferrin receptor (endocytotic marker) is demonstrated. In addition, co-localisation of SEPT4 and SEPT11 with the vesicle-associated protein synaptobrevin 1 (VAMP1), but not clearly with actin, was shown. Only SEPT2 and SEPT7 definitely co-localised with actin, but not clearly with VAMP1.
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Schaub, Max, Johanna Gereke, and Delia Baldassarri. "Does Poverty Undermine Cooperation in Multiethnic Settings? Evidence from a Cooperative Investment Experiment." Journal of Experimental Political Science 7, no. 1 (2019): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2019.19.
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AbstractWhat undermines cooperation in ethnically diverse communities? Scholars have focused on factors that explain the lack of inter-ethnic cooperation, such as prejudice or the difficulty to communicate and sanction across group boundaries. We direct attention to the fact that diverse communities are also often poor and ask whether poverty, rather than diversity, reduces cooperation. We developed a strategic cooperation game where we vary the income and racial identity of the interaction partner. We find that beliefs about how poor people behave have clear detrimental effects on cooperation: cooperation is lower when people are paired with low-income partners, and the effect is particularly strong when low-income people interact among themselves. We observe additional discrimination along racial lines when the interaction partner is poor. These findings imply that poverty and rising inequality may be a serious threat to social cohesion, especially under conditions of high socioeconomic segregation.
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McKeon, C. Seabird, and James L. O’Donnell. "Variation in partner benefits in a shrimp—sea anemone symbiosis." PeerJ 3 (November 19, 2015): e1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1409.
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Symbiotic interactions, where two species occur in close physical proximity for the majority of the participants’ lifespans, may constrain the fitness of one or both of the participants. Host choice could result in lineage divergence in symbionts if fitness benefits vary across the interaction with hosts. Symbiotic interactions are common in the marine environment, particularly in the most diverse marine ecosystems: coral reefs. However, the variation in symbiotic interactions that may drive diversification is poorly understood in marine systems. We measured the fecundity of the symbiotic shrimpPericlimenes yucatanicuson two anemone hosts on coral reefs in Panama, and found that while fecundity varies among host species, this variation is explained largely by host size, not species. This suggests that shrimp on larger hosts may have higher fitness regardless of host species, which in turn could drive selection for host choice, a proposed driver of diversification in this group.
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Gavora, Peter. "An Analysis of Interaction Patterns in the Focus Group Interview." Acta Technologica Dubnicae 5, no. 3 (2015): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atd-2015-0068.
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AbstractThis paper is based on the analysis of a focus group interview of a moderator and a group of undergraduate students on the topic of self-regulation of learning. The purpose of the investigation was to identify interaction patterns that appeared in the talk of participants and the moderator. In the stream of communication two rudimentary interaction patterns were recognized. The first pattern was named the Catalogue. It consists of a sequence of turns of participants who respond to a request of the moderator and who provide their answers, one by one, without reacting on the content of the previous partner(s) talk. The other interaction pattern was called the Domino. In this pattern participants respond to each other. The Catalogue pattern prevailed in the interview. Alongside with identification of patterns of interaction the study demonstrated the functions of the common ground and its accomplishment in the talk of the moderator and participants.
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Suchak, Malini, and Frans B. M. de Waal. "Monkeys benefit from reciprocity without the cognitive burden." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 38 (2012): 15191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213173109.
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The debate about the origins of human prosociality has focused on the presence or absence of similar tendencies in other species, and, recently, attention has turned to the underlying mechanisms. We investigated whether direct reciprocity could promote prosocial behavior in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Twelve capuchins tested in pairs could choose between two tokens, with one being “prosocial” in that it rewarded both individuals (i.e., 1/1), and the other being “selfish” in that it rewarded the chooser only (i.e., 1/0). Each monkey’s choices with a familiar partner from their own group was compared with choices when paired with a partner from a different group. Capuchins were spontaneously prosocial, selecting the prosocial option at the same rate regardless of whether they were paired with an in-group or out-group partner. This indicates that interaction outside of the experimental setting played no role. When the paradigm was changed, such that both partners alternated making choices, prosocial preference significantly increased, leading to mutualistic payoffs. As no contingency could be detected between an individual’s choice and their partner’s previous choice, and choices occurred in rapid succession, reciprocity seemed of a relatively vague nature akin to mutualism. Having the partner receive a better reward than the chooser (i.e., 1/2) during the alternating condition increased the payoffs of mutual prosociality, and prosocial choice increased accordingly. The outcome of several controls made it hard to explain these results on the basis of reward distribution or learned preferences, and rather suggested that joint action promotes prosociality, resulting in so-called attitudinal reciprocity.
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Monin, Joan, Jennifer Tomlinson, and Brooke Feeney. "Laughter and Short-Term Blood Pressure Reactivity in Spousal Support Interactions." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2236.
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Abstract Individual effects of laughter in reducing stress are well-documented. However, no research has examined dyadic associations between laughter and blood pressure in spousal support interactions. This study examined the hypotheses that individual and shared laughter would be associated with lower blood pressure and distress during a support interaction for both the “support-seeker” and the “support-provider”. Two hundred and seventy-one older adult couples were video-recorded and their blood pressure was monitored during a baseline, a discussion about the support-seeker’s greatest fear related to aging, and while playing a game in the laboratory. Both spouses reported their distress after the support interaction. Laughter was coded by trained observers. According to the Actor Partner Interdependence Models, the more the support-seeker laughed, the lower the support-provider’s systolic blood pressure was during the support interaction (partner effect). Also, laughter was associated with less distress for both spouses during the support interaction (actor effects). Part of a symposium sponsored by Dyadic Research on Health and Illness Across the Adult Lifespan Interest Group.
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Leroi, Iracema, Sabina Vatter, Lesley-Anne Carter, et al. "Parkinson’s-adapted cognitive stimulation therapy: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial." Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 12 (January 2019): 175628641985221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756286419852217.
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Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is widely used with people with dementia, but there is no evidence of its efficacy in mild cognitive impairment or dementia in Parkinson’s disease (PD-MCI; PDD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We aimed to explore the impact of ‘CST-PD’, which is home-based, individualized CST adapted for this population. In a single-blind, randomized controlled exploratory pilot trial (RCT), we randomized 76 participant–dyads [PD-MCI ( n = 15), PDD ( n = 40), DLB ( n = 21) and their care partners] to CST-PD or treatment as usual (TAU). CST-PD involves home-based cognitively stimulating and engaging activities delivered by a trained care partner. Exploratory outcomes at 12 weeks included cognition (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Evaluation; ACE-III), neuropsychiatric symptoms and function. In care partners, we assessed burden, stress and general health status. Relationship quality and quality of life were assessed in both dyad members. At 12 weeks, the ACE-III showed a nonstatistically significant improvement in the CST-PD group compared with the TAU group, although neuropsychiatric symptoms increased significantly in the former. In contrast, care partners’ quality of life ( d = 0.16) and relationship quality (‘satisfaction’, d = 0.01; ‘positive interaction’, d = 0.55) improved significantly in the CST-PD group, and care burden ( d = 0.16) and stress ( d = 0.05) were significantly lower. Qualitative findings in the CST-PD recipients revealed positive ‘in the moment’ responses to the intervention, supporting the quantitative results. In conclusion, care-partner-delivered CST-PD may improve a range of care-partner outcomes that are important in supporting home-based care. A full-scale follow-up RCT to evaluate clinical and cost effectiveness is warranted.
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Davis, Larry. "The influence of interlocutor proficiency in a paired oral assessment." Language Testing 26, no. 3 (2009): 367–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532209104667.
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The use of pair work in speaking assessment may encourage collaboration in the classroom and has other advantages (Saville & Hargreaves, 1999; Taylor, 2000) but from a measurement perspective, the paired oral format may be problematic because a partner may unfairly influence an examinee's performance or otherwise bias scores. In this study, the influence of interlocutor proficiency on speaking performance was examined in a group of 20 first-year students at a Chinese university. The students were divided into groups of relatively high and low English proficiency and tested once with a partner of similar proficiency and once with a partner of higher or lower proficiency. Interlocutor proficiency level had no observable effect on Rasch analysis ability measures, but lower-level examinees produced more language (words) when working with a higher-level partner. The majority of dyads produced collaborative interactions (Galaczi, 2008), unless an examinee was paired with a much lower-level partner, in which case the interaction tended to be asymmetric. Overall, these data suggest that proficiency differences among examinees need not preclude use of the paired oral test format.
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Baucal, Aleksandar, and Vitomir Jovanovic. "Dialogical PISA: development of competence through social interaction in different contexts." Psihologija 41, no. 4 (2008): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0804523b.
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The main goal of the research was to study how children develop new competencies through social interaction in different contexts. The pre-post test experimental design was used. In the pre-test students were assessed by the PISA 2003 test of mathematics, and based on the results three equal groups for treatment phase were formed. In the treatment phase students from the three groups were solving 5 additional PISA items from the zone of proximal development (ZPD) under three different conditions: group IV - collaboration with an equally competent peer in the out-of-school setting with opportunity to consult others and to use available cultural tools (N=22), group IO - collaboration with an adult who deliver gradual levels of help (N=22), and group KG - individual item solving (N=25). The quantitative analysis showed that all three groups progressed, and group IV (children who collaborated with an equally competent peer in out-of-school setting) progressed more than other two groups. The qualitative analysis suggested that children who progressed most reported on the interview that they had the most symmetric collaboration and managed to rich consensus in spite of difficulties accompanied with the process of joint thinking ('discourse equality'). It shows also that children who were involved in collaboration where partner dominated interaction ('discourse inequality') did not progress or even regressed. Results also show that wider social context made an effect on interaction between partners.
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Kagan, Aura, Nina Simmons-Mackie, and J. Charles Victor. "The Impact of Exposure With No Training: Implications for Future Partner Training Research." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 9 (2018): 2347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0413.
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Purpose This research note reports on an unexpected negative finding related to behavior change in a controlled trial designed to test whether partner training improves the conversational skills of volunteers. Method The clinical trial involving training in “Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia” utilized a single-blind, randomized, controlled, pre–post design. Eighty participants making up 40 dyads of a volunteer conversation partner and an adult with aphasia were randomly allocated to either an experimental or control group of 20 dyads each. Descriptive statistics including exact 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the percentage of control group participants who got worse after exposure to individuals with aphasia. Results Positive outcomes of training in Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia for both the trained volunteers and their partners with aphasia were reported by Kagan, Black, Felson Duchan, Simmons-Mackie, and Square in 2001. However, post hoc data analysis revealed that almost one third of untrained control participants had a negative outcome rather than the anticipated neutral or slightly positive outcome. Conclusions If the results of this small study are in any way representative of what happens in real life, communication partner training in aphasia becomes even more important than indicated from the positive results of training studies. That is, it is possible that mere exposure to a communication disability such as aphasia could have negative impacts on communication and social interaction. This may be akin to what is known as a “nocebo” effect—something for partner training studies in aphasia to take into account.
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Insana, Salvatore P., and Janie H. Wilson. "Social Buffering in Rats: Prolactin Attenuation of Active Interaction." Psychological Reports 103, no. 1 (2008): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.1.77-87.
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Stress may result when the present environment is interpreted as threatening, and stress is known to increase the prolactin-secretory response. In the present study, rats ( N=83) were exposed to a conditioned-fear paradigm (environment paired with footshock), and on testing day, rats were exposed to the experimental chamber without shock while alone (Alone n= 16), with an object (Object n= 17), with a euthanized conspecific (Euthanized n = 16), or with a social partner (Social n = 19). The control group (Control n = 15) was exposed to the experimental chamber but was never shocked. The Control group had significantly lower levels of prolactin than the Alone, Object, and Euthanized groups; however, the Control group's levels of prolactin were not significantly different than that of the Social group, which was significantly lower than that for the Alone group. Social interaction decreased fear independent of the distraction provided by a stimulus in the chamber. Active touch appeared to be crucial for social buffering to occur.
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Johnson, Benjamin N., and Nancy G. Bliwise. "Your responses guide me: Decreased attachment anxiety through an online relationship-building paradigm." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 11, no. 1 (2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v11i1.254.
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This study aims to improve self-reported attachment anxiety and avoidance through an online relationship-building paradigm. Seventy-seven undergraduate participants completed an online attachment-focused paradigm in which they developed a relationship with a virtual partner, and fifty participants successfully completed a second laboratory-based phase of the study. During the online phase, all participants completed the Experiences in Close Relationships―Revised questionnaire (ECR-R), the experimental group engaged in an interactive relationship-formation story with a virtual partner designed to enhance secure attachment, and control participants engaged in the program without guidance. Participants then visited the laboratory, were asked to recall the online interaction, and again completed the ECR-R. Overall, participants exhibited a significant decrease in their attachment anxiety, but not avoidance; however, change in attachment security did not differ based on study group. Change in the experimental condition was attributed to the secure focus of the guided interaction with the virtual partner. Change in the control condition, on the other hand, was attributed to general relationship practice and behavioral principles of operant conditioning. These results provide preliminary evidence for the effect of a virtual practice relationship on attitudes towards real-life attachments to significant others.
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ROCHA, ELIZÂNGELA A., ANALINA F. VALADÃO, CÍNTIA M. REZENDE, et al. "Identification of a new Schistosoma mansoni SMYB1 partner: putative roles in RNA metabolism." Parasitology 140, no. 9 (2013): 1085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000413.
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SUMMARYSMYB1 is a Schistosoma mansoni protein highly similar to members of the Y-box binding protein family. Similar to other homologues, SMYB1 is able to bind double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as RNA molecules. The characterization of proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression in S. mansoni is of great importance for the understanding of molecular events that control morphological and physiological changes in this parasite. Here we demonstrate that SMYB1 is located in the cytoplasm of cells from different life-cycle stages of S. mansoni, suggesting that this protein is probably acting in mRNA metabolism in the cytoplasm and corroborating previous findings from our group that showed its ability to bind RNA. Protein–protein interactions are important events in all biological processes, since most proteins execute their functions through large supramolecular structures. Yeast two-hybrid screenings using SMYB1 as bait identified a partner in S. mansoni similar to the SmD3 protein of Drosophila melanogaster (SmRNP), which is important in the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes. Also, pull-down assays were conducted using immobilized GST-SMYB1 proteins and confirmed the SMYB1-SmRNP interaction. The interaction of SMYB1 with a protein involved in mRNA processing suggests that it may act in processes such as turnover, transport and stabilization of RNA molecules.
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Harwood, Jake, Nicholas Joyce, Chien-Yu Chen, Stefania Paolini, Jun Xiang, and Mark Rubin. "Effects of Past and Present Intergroup Communication on Perceived Fit of an Outgroup Member and Desire for Future Intergroup Contact." Communication Research 44, no. 4 (2015): 530–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565926.
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We examine predictors of outgroup partner “fit” (the extent to which an individual is seen as representative of a group), and whether fit determines generalization from a discrete intergroup communication experience to intentions for future contact with the outgroup. In an experiment, 288 undergraduate students imagined a conversation with an older target who was presented either positively or negatively. The positively valenced older adult was seen as being more representative of older people in general (high fit), and this link was stronger for those with more past positive and fewer past negative communication experiences. Fit moderated the effects of imagined interaction valence on intentions for future intergroup contact. A positive older partner perceived as fitting the category “older people” resulted in greater intention to communicate with older people in the future than a negative partner; individuals who saw their partner as atypical showed the reverse pattern—they were less likely to report intentions for future intergenerational contact after a positive than a negative manipulated interaction. The findings demonstrate that negative intergroup communication can, at times, have positive effects, and positive contact can have negative effects.
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Leman, Patrick, and Theresa Ikoko. "Interruption in Women's Conversations: The Effects of Context in Ethnic Majority and Minority Group Interactions." Psychology of Language and Communication 14, no. 1 (2010): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10057-010-0004-7.
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Interruption in Women's Conversations: The Effects of Context in Ethnic Majority and Minority Group Interactions The present study explored how the conversation dynamics of women from ethnic majority and minority groups varied in different conversational contexts. Sixty undergraduate students (mean age 19.5 years) engaged in unstructured, introductory talk in pairs and then discussed how they should rank a list of possible improvements to a university campus. Minority group women used more positive interruptions in both settings, and in introductory talk there was less positive interruption in cross ethnic than same ethnic pairs. Majority group women used a similar pattern of interruptions in introductory and task discussion. However, in task discussion, minority group women used less positive and more negative interruptions when talking with another minority group woman, and more positive and fewer negative interruptions when talking with a majority group woman. These findings suggest that minority group women modify their interaction styles depending on the type of conversation and the ethnicity of their partner.
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Zerubavel, Noam, Mark Anthony Hoffman, Adam Reich, Kevin N. Ochsner, and Peter Bearman. "Neural precursors of future liking and affective reciprocity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 17 (2018): 4375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802176115.
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Why do certain group members end up liking each other more than others? How does affective reciprocity arise in human groups? The prediction of interpersonal sentiment has been a long-standing pursuit in the social sciences. We combined fMRI and longitudinal social network data to test whether newly acquainted group members’ reward-related neural responses to images of one another’s faces predict their future interpersonal sentiment, even many months later. Specifically, we analyze associations between relationship-specific valuation activity and relationship-specific future liking. We found that one’s own future (T2) liking of a particular group member is predicted jointly by actor’s initial (T1) neural valuation of partner and by that partner’s initial (T1) neural valuation of actor. These actor and partner effects exhibited equivalent predictive strength and were robust when statistically controlling for each other, both individuals’ initial liking, and other potential drivers of liking. Behavioral findings indicated that liking was initially unreciprocated at T1 yet became strongly reciprocated by T2. The emergence of affective reciprocity was partly explained by the reciprocal pathways linking dyad members’ T1 neural data both to their own and to each other’s T2 liking outcomes. These findings elucidate interpersonal brain mechanisms that define how we ultimately end up liking particular interaction partners, how group members’ initially idiosyncratic sentiments become reciprocated, and more broadly, how dyads evolve. This study advances a flexible framework for researching the neural foundations of interpersonal sentiments and social relations that—conceptually, methodologically, and statistically—emphasizes group members’ neural interdependence.
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Sellner, Manuel, André Fischer, Charleen G. Don, and Martin Smieško. "Conformational Landscape of Cytochrome P450 Reductase Interactions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (2021): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031023.
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Oxidative reactions catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), which constitute the most relevant group of drug-metabolizing enzymes, are enabled by their redox partner Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Both proteins are anchored to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and the CPR undergoes a conformational change in order to interact with the respective CYP and transfer electrons. Here, we conducted over 22 microseconds of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with protein–protein docking to investigate the conformational changes necessary for the formation of the CPR–CYP complex. While some structural features of the CPR and the CPR–CYP2D6 complex that we highlighted confirmed previous observations, our simulations revealed additional mechanisms for the conformational transition of the CPR. Unbiased simulations exposed a movement of the whole protein relative to the membrane, potentially to facilitate interactions with its diverse set of redox partners. Further, we present a structural mechanism for the susceptibility of the CPR to different redox states based on the flip of a glycine residue disrupting the local interaction network that maintains inter-domain proximity. Simulations of the CPR–CYP2D6 complex pointed toward an additional interaction surface of the FAD domain and the proximal side of CYP2D6. Altogether, this study provides novel structural insight into the mechanism of CPR–CYP interactions and underlying conformational changes, improving our understanding of this complex machinery relevant for drug metabolism.
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Carcedo, Rodrigo J., Daniel Perlman, Félix López, and M. Begoña Orgaz. "Heterosexual Romantic Relationships, Interpersonal Needs, and Quality of Life in Prison." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 1 (2012): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n1.37308.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of having vs. not having a heterosexual romantic partner inside the prison on the relationship between interpersonal needs and quality of life. In-person interviews were conducted with 55 male and 64 female inmates from the Topas Penitentiary (Spain). Higher levels of social loneliness and lower levels of sexual satisfaction were associated with lower levels of quality of life. In addition, the interaction between sexual satisfaction and romantic partner status was significant. Higher levels of sexual satisfaction were associated with higher levels of quality of life only for the group without a partner. These findings support a “bad is stronger than good” principle and indicate the detrimental aspects that can be associated with not having a satisfactory sexual life while incarcerated.
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Betts, Lucy R., Ken J. Rotenberg, Serena Petrocchi, et al. "An investigation of children’s peer trust across culture: Is the composition of peer trust universal?" International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 1 (2013): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413505248.
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The components of children’s trust in same-gender peers (trust beliefs, ascribed trustworthiness, and dyadic reciprocal trust) were examined in samples of 8–11-year-olds from the UK, Italy, and Japan. Trust was assessed by children’s ratings of the extent to which same-gender classmates kept promises and kept secrets. Social relations analyses confirmed that children from each country showed significant: (a) actor variance demonstrating reliable individual differences in trust beliefs, (b) partner variance demonstrating reliable individual differences in ascribed trustworthiness, and (c) relationship variance demonstrating unique relationships between interaction partners. Cultural differences in trust beliefs and ascribed trustworthiness also emerged and these differences were attributed to the tendency for children from cultures that value societal goals to share personal information with the peer group.
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Fedina, Lisa, Bethany L. Backes, Hyun-Jin Jun, Jordan DeVylder, and Richard P. Barth. "Police legitimacy, trustworthiness, and associations with intimate partner violence." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 5 (2019): 901–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0046.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the relationship among police legitimacy/trust and experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV), including victims’ decisions to report IPV to police and police responses to IPV. Design/methodology/approach Data were drawn from the 2017 Survey of Police–Public Encounters II – a cross-sectional, general population survey of adults from New York City and Baltimore (n=1,000). Regression analyses were used to examine associations among police legitimacy/trust, IPV exposure, police reporting of IPV, and perceived police responses to IPV and interaction effects. Findings Higher levels of IPV exposure were significantly associated with lower levels of police legitimacy/trust; however, this relationship was stronger among African–American participants than non-African–American participants. Higher levels of police legitimacy/trust were significantly associated with more positive police responses to IPV and this relationship was stronger among heterosexual participants than sexual minority participants. Research limitations/implications Future research should examine prospective relationships to understand causal mechanisms linking individual perceptions of police legitimacy/trust, experiences with IPV and victims’ interactions with police. Practical implications Low levels of legitimacy/trust between police and citizens may result, in part, if police are engaged in negative or inadequate responses to reports of IPV. Police–social work partnerships can enhance effective police responses to IPV, particularly to racial/ethnic and sexual minority individuals. Originality/value This study provides empirical evidence linking police legitimacy/trust to the experiences of IPV and perceived police responses to reports of IPV, including important group differences among victims based on race/ethnicity and sexual orientation.
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Rajeswarao, D., A. Hari Priya, and P. V.S. Nikhileswar. "Social interaction assistant: social interactions for individuals with visual impairments." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.20 (2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.20.11758.
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Effectively inside an intelligent setting is a fundamental need for proficient satisfaction and in addition individual achievement. People with visual weakness confront broad requesting circumstances in social dispatch, which if unmitigated social interaction is a critical factor of human delight in. The capacity to connect with others and talk, can likewise cause long lasting requirements for sizable social and money related help. Tragically, these days' media innovations to a great extent oblige the requirements of the "proficient" people, bringing about arrangements that for the most part meet the desires of that group. People with inabilities (which incorporates obvious disability) have in expansive part been missing inside the design procedure, and must adjust (consistently unsuccessfully) to accessible arrangements. On this paper, we advocate a social interchange partner for the individuals who are visually impaired or outwardly disabled, utilizing the viola jones confront recognition system fusing novel commitments additionally, individuals with visual weaknesses frequently have specific necessities that require a customized, versatile strategy to sight and sound registering. to manage this undertaking, our proposed arrangements region accentuation on understanding the man or lady shopper's needs, anticipations and adjustments toward outlining, developing and sending powerful interactive media arrangements. Our observational outcomes uncover the tremendous limit in the utilization of character focused on sight and sound responses to advance the lives of individuals with inabilities and in this paper we likewise specified the question recognition additionally where it is utilized for the outwardly debilitated for the route reason. The primary goal of this paper is to distinguish the face in the pictures and furthermore identify the articles utilizing the viola-jones calculation.
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Jay, Mohammad, Michelle Lim, Khalid Hossain, et al. "“Best of both worlds”: A students-as-partners near-peer moderation program improves student engagement in a course Facebook group." International Journal for Students as Partners 3, no. 1 (2019): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v3i1.3693.
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Social media platforms like Facebook are designed to facilitate online communication and networking, primarily around content posted by users. As such, these technologies are being considered as potential enhancements to traditional learning environments. However, various barriers to effective use may arise. Our research investigated the effectiveness of a students-as-partners near-peer moderation project, arising from collaboration between instructors and senior students, as a vehicle for enhancing student interaction in a Facebook group associated with a large introductory science course. The quantity and quality of sample posts and comments from Facebook groups from three successive academic years were evaluated using a rubric that considered characteristics such as civility, content accuracy, critical thinking and psychological support. Two of these groups were moderated by near-peer students while the third group was not moderated. We found improved course discussion associated with moderated groups in addition to benefits to moderators and the faculty partner. This suggests that near-peer moderation programs working in collaboration with faculty may increase student engagement in social media platforms.
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Bedrosian, Jan L., Linda A. Hoag, Stephen N. Calculator, and Barry Molineux. "Variables Influencing Perceptions of the Communicative Competence of an Adult Augmentative and Alternative Communication System User." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 5 (1992): 1105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3505.1105.
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The effects of aided message length, partner reauditorization, and observer background on perceptions of the communicative competence of an adult augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system user were examined. Two groups of subjects participated: naive adults with minimal exposure to nonspeaking persons, and speech-language pathologists currently working with AAC users. Four scripted videotaped conversational conditions involving an AAC user and a normally speaking partner were employed to manipulate aided message length and partner reauditorization. A balanced incomplete block design was used. Following each viewing, subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess the communicative competence of the AAC user. Results indicated a significant interaction effect involving subject group and aided message length. The speech-language pathologists were affected by aidedmessage length. Furthermore, significant differences between subject groups were found inspecific conditions. Future research directions are discussed.
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Choy, Meng S., Rebecca Page, and Wolfgang Peti. "Regulation of protein phosphatase 1 by intrinsically disordered proteins." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 5 (2012): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120094.
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PP1 (protein phosphatase 1) is an essential serine/threonine phosphatase that plays a critical role in a broad range of biological processes, from muscle contraction to memory formation. PP1 achieves its biological specificity by forming holoenzymes with more than 200 known regulatory proteins. Interestingly, most of these regulatory proteins (≥70%) belong to the class of IDPs (intrinsically disordered proteins). Thus structural studies highlighting the interaction of these IDP regulatory proteins with PP1 are an attractive model system because it allows general parameters for a group of diverse IDPs that interact with the same binding partner to be identified, while also providing fundamental insights into PP1 biology. The present review provides a brief overview of our current understanding of IDP–PP1 interactions, including the importance of pre-formed secondary and tertiary structures for PP1 binding, as well as changes of IDP dynamics upon interacting with PP1.
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Yamamoto, Maho, Rina Kondo, Haruka Hozumi, et al. "Identification and Biochemical Characterization of High Mobility Group Protein 20A as a Novel Ca2+/S100A6 Target." Biomolecules 11, no. 4 (2021): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11040510.
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During screening of protein-protein interactions, using human protein arrays carrying 19,676 recombinant glutathione s-transferase (GST)-fused human proteins, we identified the high-mobility protein group 20A (HMG20A) as a novel S100A6 binding partner. We confirmed the Ca2+-dependent interaction of HMG20A with S100A6 by the protein array method, biotinylated S100A6 overlay, and GST-pulldown assay in vitro and in transfected COS-7 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation of S100A6 with HMG20A from HeLa cells in a Ca2+-dependent manner revealed the physiological relevance of the S100A6/HMG20A interaction. In addition, HMG20A has the ability to interact with S100A1, S100A2, and S100B in a Ca2+-dependent manner, but not with S100A4, A11, A12, and calmodulin. S100A6 binding experiments using various HMG20A mutants revealed that Ca2+/S100A6 interacts with the C-terminal region (residues 311–342) of HMG20A with stoichiometric binding (HMG20A:S100A6 dimer = 1:1). This was confirmed by the fact that a GST-HMG20A mutant lacking the S100A6 binding region (residues 311–347, HMG20A-ΔC) failed to interact with endogenous S100A6 in transfected COS-7 cells, unlike wild-type HMG20A. Taken together, these results identify, for the first time, HMG20A as a target of Ca2+/S100 proteins, and may suggest a novel linkage between Ca2+/S100 protein signaling and HMG20A function, including in the regulation of neural differentiation.
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Subbotsky, E. V. "The Formation of Independent Behaviour in Preschoolers: An Experimental Analysis of Conformity and Independence." International Journal of Behavioral Development 17, no. 2 (1994): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549401700204.
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This research tested the motivational structure of conformity and independent behaviour in children aged from 3 to 7 years of age. The experimental group consisted of the child, an adult confederate, and the experimenter. The child and the partner sat facing each other at a table, with the experimenter to one side. The child and his or her partner were asked to fulfil a certain programme that was known to them, but the confederate partner alternated correct actions with incorrect actions in random order. Variations of the experimental conditions ("screening" vs. "no-screening") of the partner indicated that imitation of the adult's incorrect actions by the child (conformity) was caused by the child's belief in the infallibility of the adult rather than by fear of the adult's disapproval (Experiment 1). Children who did not imitate the adult's incorrect actions (independence) in the presence of the experimenter, continued to behave in the same manner even after the experimenter had been isolated behind a cardboard screen (Experiment 2). Therefore, the child's independent behaviour in this situation is not a "reversed imitation" of the experimenter's signals, but rather is based on the child's self-esteem. Finally, independent behaviour could be substantially increased if during lessons in a preschool class one adult occupied a position of "child" while another behaved in traditional teacher-like ways (Experiment 3). Moreover, the independent behaviour the children exhibited toward the first adult was transferred to the second. The study showed that independent behaviour in preschool children can be enhanced in a classroom if children's traditional submissive position in their interaction with adults is replaced by a position of equal partners.
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Mostert, Karina, and GR Oldfield. "Work-home interaction of employees in the mining industry." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 12, no. 1 (2011): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i1.262.
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This study aimed to test the construct validity, factorial invariance and reliability of the Survey Work-Home Interaction-NijmeGen (SWING) and to explore whether and how the work-home interaction of various socio-demographic groups differ. Random samples (n = 320) were taken of employees in the mining industry. The confirmatory factor analysis results supported the proposed four-factor structure measuring negative/positive work-home interference and negative/positive home-work interference. The multi-group invariance analyses’ results for two language and ethnic groups also supported the factorial invariance of the SWING. All the scales were found to be reliable. Statistically significant differences in work-home interaction were found, based on age, ethnicity, gender, education, marital status, parental status, language, flexibility at work and individuals who had a partner with a paid job.
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Vallacher, Robin R., Andrzej Nowak, and Michal Zochowski. "Dynamics of social coordination." Interaction Studies 6, no. 1 (2005): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.6.1.04val.
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Close relationships are described in terms of the temporal coordination of behavior based on the similarity of partners’ internal states (e.g., moods, personality traits). Coupled nonlinear dynamical systems (logistic equations) were used to model the emergence, maintenance, and disruption of coordination in such relationships. For each system (partner), there was a control parameter corresponding to an internal state and a dynamical variable corresponding to behavior. Computer simulations investigated how the temporal coordination of behavior in a relationship reflects the similarity of partners’ control parameters and the strength of coupling (mutual influence between partners). Several types of coordination were observed, with in-phase synchronization occurring for strong coupling and similarity in internal states. In a variation of the model, each system could adjust its own control parameter to synchronize its dynamics with that of the other system. Simulation results provide insight into several topics in the study of close relations and group dynamics.
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Bartosik, Aneta A., Krzysztof Lasocki, Jolanta Mierzejewska, Christopher M. Thomas, and Grazyna Jagura-Burdzy. "ParB of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Interactions with Its Partner ParA and Its Target parS and Specific Effects on Bacterial Growth." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 20 (2004): 6983–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.20.6983-6998.2004.
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ABSTRACT The par genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been studied to increase the understanding of their mechanism of action and role in the bacterial cell. Key properties of the ParB protein have been identified and are associated with different parts of the protein. The ParB- ParB interaction domain was mapped in vivo and in vitro to the C-terminal 56 amino acids (aa); 7 aa at the C terminus play an important role. The dimerization domain of P. aeruginosa ParB is interchangeable with the dimerization domain of KorB from plasmid RK2 (IncP1 group). The C-terminal part of ParB is also involved in ParB-ParA interactions. Purified ParB binds specifically to DNA containing a putative parS sequence based on the consensus sequence found in the chromosomes of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Streptomyces coelicolor. The overproduction of ParB was shown to inhibit the function of genes placed near parS. This “silencing” was dependent on the parS sequence and its orientation. The overproduction of P. aeruginosa ParB or its N-terminal part also causes inhibition of the growth of P. aeruginosa and P. putida but not Escherichia coli cells. Since this inhibitory determinant is located well away from ParB segments required for dimerization or interaction with the ParA counterpart, this result may suggest a role for the N terminus of P. aeruginosa ParB in interactions with host cell components.
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Vorauer, Jacquie D., and Matthew S. Quesnel. "Ideology and Voice." Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 8 (2017): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617691095.
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What situational forces might enhance ethnic minority group members’ voice and ability to exert social influence during exchanges with dominant group members? Two experiments involving face-to-face dyadic intergroup interaction examined whether making multiculturalism salient to minority group members would increase the extent to which they persuaded a dominant interaction partner of their own point of view on a series of controversial social issues. Results were consistent with this hypothesis and further indicated that minority group members expressed their own point of view more clearly and directly when multicultural ideology was made salient to them as compared to when it was not, which contributed (marginally) to their heightened persuasiveness. Salient multiculturalism did not have comparable effects on dominant group members’ persuasiveness or clarity of expression. These results raise the possibility that making multicultural ideology salient might set the stage for minority group members to have a stronger voice in intergroup exchanges.
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Hidalgo, Céline, Jacques Pesnot-Lerousseau, Patrick Marquis, Stéphane Roman, and Daniele Schön. "Rhythmic Training Improves Temporal Anticipation and Adaptation Abilities in Children With Hearing Loss During Verbal Interaction." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 9 (2019): 3234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0349.
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Purpose In this study, we investigate temporal adaptation capacities of children with normal hearing and children with cochlear implants and/or hearing aids during verbal exchange. We also address the question of the efficiency of a rhythmic training on temporal adaptation during speech interaction in children with hearing loss. Method We recorded electroencephalogram data in children while they named pictures delivered on a screen, in alternation with a virtual partner. We manipulated the virtual partner's speech rate (fast vs. slow) and the regularity of alternation (regular vs. irregular). The group of children with normal hearing was tested once, and the group of children with hearing loss was tested twice: once after 30 min of auditory training and once after 30 min of rhythmic training. Results Both groups of children adjusted their speech rate to that of the virtual partner and were sensitive to the regularity of alternation with a less accurate performance following irregular turns. Moreover, irregular turns elicited a negative event-related potential in both groups, showing a detection of temporal deviancy. Notably, the amplitude of this negative component positively correlated with accuracy in the alternation task. In children with hearing loss, the effect was more pronounced and long-lasting following rhythmic training compared with auditory training. Conclusion These results are discussed in terms of temporal adaptation abilities in speech interaction and suggest the use of rhythmic training to improve these skills of children with hearing loss.
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Hobeika, Lise, Marine Taffou, and Isabelle Viaud-Delmon. "Social coding of the multisensory space around us." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 8 (2019): 181878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181878.
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Multisensory integration of stimuli occurring in the area surrounding our bodies gives rise to the functional representation of peripersonal space (PPS). PPS extent is flexible according to the affective context and the target of an action, but little is known about how social context modulates it. We used an audiotactile interaction task to investigate PPS of individuals during social interaction. Participants had to detect as fast as possible a tactile stimulus while task-irrelevant looming sounds were presented, while they were paired as collaborative dyads and as competitive dyads. We also measured PPS in participants seated near an inactive individual. PPS boundaries were modulated only when participants collaborated with a partner, in the form of an extension on the right hemispace and independently of the location of the partner. This suggests that space processing is modified during collaborative tasks. During collective actions, a supra-individual representation of the space of action could be at stake in order to adapt our individual motor control to an interaction as a group with the external world. Reassessing multisensory integration in the light of its potential social sensitivity might reveal that low-level mechanisms are modified by the need to interact with others.
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KYRATZIS, AMY, TAMARA SHUQUM ROSS, and S. BAHAR KOYMEN. "Validating justifications in preschool girls' and boys' friendship group talk: implications for linguistic and socio-cognitive development." Journal of Child Language 37, no. 1 (2009): 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908009069.
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ABSTRACTChildren are believed to construct their causal theories through talk and interaction, but with the exception of a few studies, little or nothing is known about how young children justify and build theories of the world together with same-age peers through naturally occurring interaction, Children's sensitivity to when a pair or group of interlocutors who interact frequently together feel that a justification is needed, is an index of developing pragmatic competence (Goetz & Shatz, 1999) and may be influenced by interactive goals and gender identity positioning. Studies suggest that salient contexts for justifications for young children are disagreement and control (e.g. Veneziano & Sinclair, 1995) but researchers have been less recognizant of ‘situations in which partners verbally assist in the construction of justifications as a means to maintain contact or create solidarity’ (Goetz & Shatz, 1999: 722) as contexts for justifications. The present study examined the spontaneously produced justification constructions in the naturally occurring free play of five friendship groups of preschool-aged children (aged from 3 ; 6 to 5 ; 4), in terms of the motivating context of the justification, marking of the causal relationship with a connective, and causal theories accessed in the talk. Partner expansion (validating justifications) was a salient motivating context for justifications, especially in the talk of friendship groups of girls, and seemed to privilege greater marking of the causal relationship with a connective and less arbitrary reasoning. One group of girls varied their use of validating justifications depending on the theme of play. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of use of validating justifications for children's causal theory building with peers, linguistic development, and pragmatic development.
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Farrington, Shelley, Christo Boshoff, and Elmarie Venter. "The impact of intra-group processes on family business success." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 1 (2011): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i1.52.
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Interpersonal ties and intra-group processes influence the ability of people to work together effectively as teams. In the context of the family business team, intra-group processes describe the interaction that takes place between the family members and the resultant psychological climate that exists in the family business. Given the increasing number of sibling teams among family businesses, as well as the challenges they face as team members, this study focuses on sibling teams in family businesses and the intra-group processes that influence their success. Consequently, the primary objective of this study is to identify and empirically test the intra-group processes influencing the effectiveness of sibling partnerships. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 1323 sibling partner respondents. The respondents were identified by means of a convenience snowball sampling technique, and the data were collected from 371 usable questionnaires. The empirical findings of this study show that the sibling relationship and fairness are important determinants of sibling team effectiveness.
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Borgeaud, Christèle, Alessandra Schnider, Michael Krützen, and Redouan Bshary. "Female vervet monkeys fine-tune decisions on tolerance versus conflict in a communication network." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1867 (2017): 20171922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1922.
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Group living promotes opportunities for both cooperation and competition. Selection on the ability to cope with such opposing social opportunities has been proposed as a driving force in the evolution of large brains in primates and other social species. However, we still know little about the degree of complexity involved in such social strategies. Here, we report advanced social strategies in wild vervet monkeys. Building on recent experimental evidence that subordinate females trade grooming for tolerance from higher-ranking individuals during foraging activities, we show that the audience composition strongly affects this trade. First, tolerance was lower if the audience contained individuals that outranked the subordinate partner, independently of audience size and kinship relationships. Second, we found a significant interaction between previous grooming and relative rank of bystanders: dominant subjects valued recent grooming by subordinates while intermediate ranked subjects valued the option to aggress subordinate partners in the presence of a dominant audience. Aggressors were also more likely to emit coalition recruitment calls if the audience contained individuals that outranked the subordinate partner. In conclusion, vervet monkeys include both recent grooming and knowledge about third-party relationships to make complex decisions when trading grooming for tolerance, leading to a finely balanced trade-off between reciprocation and opportunities to reinforce rank relationships.
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Souza, Thais Assis de, Luiz Guilherme Rodrigues Antunes, Angélica da Silva Azevedo, Giulia Oliveira Angélico, and Andre Luiz Zambalde. "Innovative performance of Brazilian public higher educational institutions." Innovation & Management Review 16, no. 4 (2019): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-10-2018-0077.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the compensation between research groups and companies that contribute the most for the innovative performance of Brazilian public higher educational institutions (PHEI), using as database the 2010’s tabular plan from CNPq’s Directory of Research Groups. Design/methodology/approach Descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques such as spearman correlation, cluster analysis, ANOVA and discriminant analysis were used. Findings Compensations that contribute the most for the updating of the PHEI are identified as transfer of financial resources from the partner to the group; providing grants for the group; transfer of material supplies to partner’s activities; temporary physical transfer of human resources from the group to the activities conducted by the partner; other forms of compensation that do not fit in the previous categories; and partnering with transfers of resources of any kind going in any direction. Research limitations/implications As a limitation, it is pointed out the discontinuity of the tabular plan, which presents 2010 as the last available data. Practical implications The results can contribute to programs and policies to encourage innovation within universities. Originality/value It may be inferred that the stimulus to specific compensations may expand the quantitative idea of interaction points between the university and companies, linking qualitative aspects, which leads to an understanding that such interactions may, in fact, contribute directly to the activity of generating and spreading knowledge and innovation.
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Lancaster, Harriet, and Tom Johnson. "Losing a partner: the varying financial and practical impacts of bereavement in different sociodemographic groups." BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 10, no. 2 (2017): e17-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2016-001215.
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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to describe the financial and practical impacts of the death of a life partner, up to 5 years after bereavement. The study compared the impact felt by different sociodemographic groups and evaluated the role of financial and caring organisations in improving these impacts.MethodsAn evidence review of the subject area was conducted and a qualitative assessment of the target population (individuals whose partner had died in the past 3 years) was carried out using a semistructured interview (n=6). Subsequently, a multiple choice survey was constructed to collect data from a wider target population (individuals whose partner had died in the past 5 years) and covered topics including finances, interaction with organisations and management of daily tasks (n=500).ResultsThe results of the multiple choice survey have been interpreted here using basic descriptive statistical analysis. 69% of people who lost a partner were unprepared, either financially or practically, for bereavement. Women and those under the age of 50 experienced the most significant financial impact and practical changes continued beyond 3 years postbereavement. To manage this disruption, 61% of participants reported that they felt they needed more help from financial and caring organisations postbereavement.ConclusionsThe results of this survey demonstrate some of the key struggles each demographic group faces immediately after bereavement and into the future. It is clear that preparation and bereavement support have a profound effect on mitigating the negative impacts seen here.
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Saunders, Daniel G. "Feminist-Cognitive-Behavioral and Process-Psychodynamic Treatments for Men Who Batter: Interaction of Abuser Traits and Treatment Models." Violence and Victims 11, no. 4 (1996): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.4.393.
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At a community-based domestic violence program, 218 men with a history of partner abuse were randomly assigned to either feminist-cognitive-behavioral or process-psychodynamic group treatments. The treatments were not hypothesized to differ in outcome. However, men with particular characteristics were expected to have lower recidivism rates depending on the type of treatment received. Treatment integrity was verified through audio-taped codings of each session. The partners of 79% of the 136 treatment completers gave reports of the men’s behavior an average of 2 years post-treatment. These reports were supplemented with arrest records and self-reports. Rates of violence did not differ significantly between the two types of treatment nor did reports from the women of their fear level, general changes perceived in the men, and conflict resolution methods. However, interaction effects were found between some offender traits and the two treatments. As predicted, men with dependent personalities had better outcomes in the process-psychodynamic groups and those with antisocial traits had better outcomes in the cognitive-behavioral groups. The results suggest that more effective treatment may occur if it is tailored to specific characteristics of offenders.
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Axelson, Elizabeth. "Vocatives." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 17, no. 1 (2007): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17.1.04axe.
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This paper takes a critical interactional sociolinguistic approach to examine the construction of interculturality (e.g., Nishizaka 1995; Mori 2003) through the use of vocatives in the discourse of a multi-cultural graduate student project group at a large American university. Interviews and descriptive information contextualize the analysis to demonstrate that the use of vocatives achieves a tight linking of inclusion but also inequality in the group talk that involves the Japanese member. The group’s vocatives show a shared interest in bringing the Japanese member into the interaction, but they also construct unequal rights to the floor. They contribute to an interculturality of subordination and an artificial sense of intimacy, characteristics consistent with the institutional setting of the group and attitudes members held about each other. In this environment, the status quo of power identities and a deficit view of the Japanese member goes largely uncontested and limits the ability of American members to learn from their Japanese partner.
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MORATZ, REINHARD, KERSTIN FISCHER, and THORA TENBRINK. "COGNITIVE MODELING OF SPATIAL REFERENCE FOR HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 10, no. 04 (2001): 589–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213001000672.
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The question addressed in this paper is which types of spatial reference human users employ in the interaction with a robot and how a cognitively adequate model of these strategies can be implemented. In experiments we explored how human users approach an artificial communication partner, which was designed to mimic spatial reference among humans. Our findings show that spatial reference in human-robot interaction differs from natural situations in human-human interaction in seveal respects. For instance, many users unexpectedly employed fine-grained, path-based, instructions rather than specifying the intended goal object of the action directly. If instructions were not successful, participants created less and less complex descriptions. Those users who did specify the goal object were found to employ those kinds of spatial reference strategies implemented in our computational model. In particular, they exploited the presence of several similar objects by perceiving and referring to them linguistically as a group.