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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Heat of sorption'
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Schawe, Dirk. "Theoretical and experimental investigations of an adsorption heat pump with heat transfer between two adsorbers." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8962132.
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Lanzuela, de Alvaro Francisco. "Design and evaluation of a novel solid sorption heat pump." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312353.
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González, Morales César Augusto. "CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING OF HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR SORPTION BASED SOLAR COOLING APPLICATIONS." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129165.
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The content of this Master thesis is the characterization of three different cross unmixed flow heat exchangers. All of the heat exchangers have different inner geometries and dimensions. In order to perform the characterization of these heat exchangers, measurements of heat transfer were done under different conditions: five different temperatures at the inlet of the sorption side, different mass flow for both inlet sides of the heat exchangers.The heat transfer measurements were done with and without applying indirect evaporative cooling in order to find out the influence of indirect evaporative cooling. This research was done with the objective to find out which heat exchanger presents the best performance. The purpose is to install the heat exchanger in the novel solar driven open air SorLuKo system. This system was developed in Fraunhofer ISE and works under the same principe as the ECOS system. The main objective of the SorLuKo system is to dehumidify and cool a dwelling or small office.
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Thorpe, Roger. "Heat transfer by forced convection in beds of granular adsorbent material for solid sorption heat pumps." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34618/.
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A novel adsorption cycle in which enhanced heat transfer between the adsorbent and external heat sinks and sources is achieved by forced convection of refrigerant gas through the adsorbent bed is presented This cycle is further developed by the use of inert beds to store the heat of desorption and sensible heat between phases. The performance and utility of such a cycle will depend on the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops that result when the refrigerant gas is circulated through the beds The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a bed of granular active carbon were investigated using argon, carbon dioxide and ammonia. Equipment was designed and built to pass a stream of gas through a bed at a controlled rate, pressure and temperature. The pressure drop characteristic was found to conform to Ergun equation and the constants for the application of that relation to a commonly available granular active carbon established. A mathematical model based on a finite difference technique was created and used to predict the progress of a temperature front in the bed and derive the heat transfer characteristics from experimental data. Heat transfer coefficients measured with argon and ammonia appeared inconsistent with each other and after investigations of the data and comparison with established correlations were made it was concluded that carbon during the argon experiments had been contaminated. The heat transfer results with ammonia and carbon were compared with a modified version of the Colburn analogy between heat transfer and pressure loss. A correlation between the Nusselt number and Reynolds number for design purposes was established.
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Ellis, Michael Wayne. "An evaluation of the effect of adsorbent properties on the performance of a solid sorption heat pump." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17835.
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Blackman, Corey. "Investigation of the performance of individual sorption components of a novel thermally driven heat pump for solar applications." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149877.
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An enhanced-modularity thermally driven chemical heat pump was conceptualised as a second generation product for various heating and cooling applications with special emphasis on solar applications. The typical characteristics of the absorption heat pump were studied and the key performance parameters were selected for further investigation. An experimental test rig was constructed to allow for the testing of each component’s performance characteristics with special attention being paid to the ability to interchange components to test various configurations as well as to the facilitation of standardised relatively rapid testing. The heat transfer coefficient of the condenser/evaporator was found to be between 260 and 300 W/m2-°C during evaporation and between 130 and 170 W/m2-°C during condensation. Salt type has major impact on the system’s cooling power and cooling energy with the LiBr and water sorption pair having a 62% higher cooling/heating power than LiCl with the same matrix type and thickness. Matrix types and sorption pairs were compared with regards to the principal parameters of power and energy density with results ranging from 60 to 163 Wh/litre. The final section of the study tackled the theoretical foundation behind the system processes with modelling and simulation of the processes and comparison with the experimental data. The model makes the foundation of the continuous development of a more detailed and accurate physical model to enhance the design and optimisation process of the system.
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Segerholm, Kristoffer. "Wood Plastic Composites made from Modified Wood : Aspects on Moisture Sorption, Micromorphology and Durability." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Div. of Bulding Materials, Dept. of Civil and Architecturel Engineering, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technlogy (KTH), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4582.
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Jabbari-Hichri, Amira. "Stockage thermochimique de la chaleur : étude de la sorption d’eau par différents matériaux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10300.
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Le défi énergétique imposé par l’épuisement des énergies fossiles d’une part et par leur consommation croissante d’autre part, a favorisé l’apparition d’une gestion optimale de l’énergie basée sur l’utilisation de ressources propres et renouvelables telles que l’énergie solaire. Le secteur du bâtiment est le principal consommateur d’énergie. Une grande partie de cette énergie est consommée par les systèmes de chauffage. Par conséquent, une bonne gestion peut être réalisée grâce à l’utilisation des technologies de stockage thermochimique d’énergie. L’avantage principal d’utiliser ce type de système est la possibilité de stocker de la chaleur pendant la période de disponibilité maximale du rayonnement solaire, en été (étape de déshydratation) et la libérer pour chauffer une maison pendant la période hivernale (étape d’hydratation). L’amélioration des propriétés d’adsorption des matériaux pour le stockage thermochimique de la chaleur est l’objectif principal de ce travail. L’utilisation d’adsorbants poreux tels que les zéolithes dans le domaine du stockage saisonnier de la chaleur s’avère être une solution intéressante pour la réduction de la consommation d’énergie. Par ailleurs, le développement de nouveaux matériaux composites à base d’hydrate de sel a été étudié pour améliorer les capacités de stockage à la fois des matrices mésoporeuses et des hydrates salins. Une comparaison entre les différentes séries de matériaux de stockage thermochimiques sélectionnés et synthétisés a été réalisée, concernant l’impact de la nature et de la quantité de sel ajouté et des propriétés physicochimiques des matériaux poreux sur leurs densités de stockage de chaleur et leurs capacités de sorption d’eau. Afin de mieux comprendre le comportement d’adsorption-désorption, les différents types de matériaux de stockage sélectionnés ont été caractérisés d’un point de vue structural et textural en utilisant des techniques appropriées et par adsorption de la vapeur d’eau en utilisant un analyseur thermique TG-DSC 111 de Setaram. Des cycles successifs d’hydratation (à 20°C) / déshydratation (à 150°C) ont été effectuésThe energy challenge imposed by exhaustion of fossil fuels and their increasing consumption has favored the emergence of optimal energy management based on the use of alternative resources such as solar energy. The household sector is the main consumer of energy. A large part of this energy is consumed by heating systems. Therefore, good management can be achieved through the use of thermochemical energy storage technology. The main advantage to use this type of system is the possibility to store heat during the maximum availability of solar radiation in summer (dehydration step) and release the energy on demand for heating houses in winter (hydration step). The improvement of the adsorption properties of materials for thermochemical heat storage is the main objective of this work. The use of porous adsorbents such as zeolites in the field of seasonal heat storage is an attractive solution for the reducing of energy consumption. On the other hand, the development of new composite materials based on hydrate salt is made to improve the heat storage capacities of both pure mesoporous host matrix and hydrate salt. A comparison among different series of thermochemical storage materials selected and synthesized was done by analyzing the impact of salt addition and physico-chemical properties of porous materials on the heat storage and water sorption performances. In order to understand the adsorption-desorption behavior, different kinds of materials were characterized in their structural, textural and surface properties by using appropriate techniques and by adsorption of water vapor using a Setaram TG-DSC 111 apparatus. Successive cycles of hydration (at 20°C) / dehydration (at 150 °C) were performed
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Blackman, Corey. "Evaluation of a Modular Thermally Driven Heat Pump for Solar Heating and Cooling Applications." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-20321.
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Exploiting solar energy technology for both heating and cooling purposes has the potential of meeting an appreciable portion of the energy demand in buildings throughout the year. By developing an integrated, multi-purpose solar energy system, that can operate all twelve months of the year, a high utilisation factor can be achieved which translates to more economical systems. However, there are still some techno-economic barriers to the general commercialisation and market penetration of such technologies. These are associated with high system and installation costs, significant system complexity, and lack of knowledge of system implementation and expected performance. A sorption heat pump module that can be integrated directly into a solar thermal collector has thus been developed in order to tackle the aforementioned market barriers. This has been designed for the development of cost-effective pre-engineered solar energy system kits that can provide both heating and cooling. This thesis summarises the characterisation studies of the operation of individual sorption modules, sorption module integrated solar collectors and a full solar heating and cooling system employing sorption module integrated collectors. Key performance indicators for the individual sorption modules showed cooling delivery for 6 hours at an average power of 40 W and a temperature lift of 21°C. Upon integration of the sorption modules into a solar collector, measured solar radiation energy to cooling energy conversion efficiencies (solar cooling COP) were between 0.10 and 0.25 with average cooling powers between 90 and 200 W/m2 collector aperture area. Further investigations of the sorption module integrated collectors implementation in a full solar heating and cooling system yielded electrical cooling COP ranging from 1.7 to 12.6 with an average of 10.6 for the test period. Additionally, simulations were performed to determine system energy and cost saving potential for various system sizes over a full year of operation for a 140 m2 single-family dwelling located in Madrid, Spain. Simulations yielded an annual solar fraction of 42% and potential cost savings of €386 per annum for a solar heating and cooling installation employing 20m2 of sorption integrated collectors.
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Nonnen, Thomas. "Salz/Zeolith-Komposite für die Sorptionswärmespeicherung." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-207636.
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Zeolithgranulate sind etablierte Materialien für die Speicherung von Wärme mittels Wassersorption. Eine Erhöhung der Wärmespeicherdichte des Granulats ist durch Kombination mit hygroskopischen Salzen wie Calciumchlorid, Magnesiumchlorid oder Magnesiumsulfat möglich. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird gezeigt, dass die Wär-mespeichereigenschaften derartiger Komposite von der Deliqueszenzluftfeuchte des Salzes, von der Salzbeladung und von der Luftfeuchte bei der Wassersorption abhängen. Liegt die Luftfeuchte unterhalb der Deliqueszenzluftfeuchte des Salzes, so nehmen Was-serbeladungshub, Wärmespeicherdichte und thermische Leistung mit steigender Salz-beladung um bis zu 71 % ab. Dies wird darauf zurückgeführt, dass Salzionen in die Mik-roporen des Zeoliths inkludiert werden und das für die Wassersorption zur Verfügung stehende Volumen verringern. Unterhalb der Deliqueszenzluftfeuchte ist das einge-brachte Salz daher thermochemisch inaktiv. Oberhalb der Deliqueszenzluftfeuchte und oberhalb einer salz- und luftfeuchteabhängigen Mindestsalzbeladung kommt es zur Ausbildung einer Salzlösung im Sekundärporensystem des Granulats. Die Absorption von Wasserdampf in der Salzlösung führt gegenüber dem salzfreien Granulat zu einer Steigerung von Wasserbeladungshub und Wärmespeicherdichte um bis zu 53 %. Dies geht jedoch einher mit einer Verringerung der thermischen Leistung um bis zu 50 %. Die Hydratation von kristallinem Salz im Granulat spielt gegenüber Salzinklusion und Ausbildung der Salzlösung nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Die aus den experimentellen Befunden abgeleiteten Erkenntnisse konnten in ein semiempirisches mathematisches Modell überführt werden, welches den Wasserbeladungshub der Komposite quantitativ beschreibtZeolite beads are established materials for the storage of heat by water sorption. An increase of the heat storage density of the beads is possible via the combination with hygroscopic salts. In this thesis it is shown, that the heat storage properties of compo-sites of this kind depend in a complex manner on the deliquescence humidity of the salt, on the salt loading, and on the humidity during water sorption. When the humidity is below the deliquescence humidity of the salt, water loading lift, heat storage density, and thermal power are reduced by up to 71 % with increasing salt content. This is at-tributed to the inclusion of salt into the micropores of the zeolite and the reduction of the volume available for the sorption of water. Thus, below the deliquescence humidity, the salt is thermochemically inactive. Above the deliquescence humidity and above a salt- and humidity-dependend minimum salt loading, a salt solution is formed in the secondary pore system of the beads. The absorption of water vapor in the salt solution gives rise to an increase of the water loading lift and of the heat storage density by up to 53 %, compared to the salt-free zeolite beads. However, this is accompanied by a reduc-tion of the thermal power output by up to 50 %. The hydration of crystalline salt in the beads is only of minor importance for the composites. The findings from the experi-mental work were transferred into a semi-empirical mathematical model, which de-scribes the water loading lift of the composites
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Oubrahim, Imane. "Fiabilisation des approches théoriques pour la caractérisation des matériaux et la modélisation hygrothermique des enveloppes du bâtiment." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS021.
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La rénovation des bâtiments résidentiels très anciens (construits avant toutes réglementations thermiques) est un moyen efficace pour réduire l’énergie consommée par le secteur du bâtiment. Cependant, une hésitation des propriétaires pour passer à l’acte retarde les objectifs fixés pour ce secteur en matière d’économies d’énergie. Cette hésitation vient de la méconnaissance du comportement hygrothermique des matériaux qui ont été utilisés jadis pour la construction et l’inexistence d’outils intégrant des modèles hygrothermiques capables de traiter des situations complexes comme celles rencontrées lors de la rénovation. Pour participer à l’encouragement de la rénovation, ce travail vise à fiabiliser la modélisation hygrothermique des matériaux composants l’enveloppe du bâtiment en travaillant sur les coefficients hygrothermiques mis en jeu pour établir les modèles des transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse. En effet, il y était analysé l’impact du phénomène d’hystérésis dans le processus de sorption d’eau sur les transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse dans des conditions dynamiques. L’effet de la température sur la sorption d’eau via la chaleur complémentaire de sorption et son impact a été examiné. La détermination expérimentale du coefficient de diffusion de la vapeur avec la méthode de la coupelle y était étudiée pour mettre en lumière l’impact que pourraient avoir l’utilisation de cette méthode traditionnelle sur la mesure de ce paramètre. À l’issue de cette analyse, une nouvelle méthode a été proposée et testée pour identifier simultanément le coefficient de diffusion à la vapeur et la perméabilité à l’air. Enfin, en ayant déterminé tous les coefficients caractérisant les transferts, une identification par méthode inverse de la perméabilité relative au liquide pourrait être effectuée. Dans ce travail, une méthodologie a été proposée pour déterminer ce coefficient de transferts de l’eau liquide. Après avoir analysé l’effet de chaque paramètre séparément, une intégration des propriétés modifiées pour analyser l’impact couplé de ces paramètres a été effectuéeThe renovation of old residential buildings (built before any thermal regulations) is an effective way to reduce the energy consumed by the building sector. However, owners’ reluctance to take action is delaying the objectives set for this sector in terms of energy savings. This hesitation stems from ignorance of the hygrothermal behavior of the materials used in the past for construction. In addition, the tools that integrate hygrothermal models seem unable to deal with complex situations such as those encountered during renovation. We aim to help make reliable the modeling of coupled heat and mass transfer by working on the hygrothermal coefficients involved to establish the physical models. Indeed, it was analyzed the impact of the phenomenon of hysteresis in the water sorption process on the coupled transfers of heat and mass under dynamic conditions. The effect of temperature on water sorption via complementary sorption heat and its impact was examined. The experimental determination of the vapor diffusion coefficient with the cup method was also studied to highlight the impact the traditional use of this experiment could have on the measurement of the concerned parameter. As a result of this analysis, a new method was proposed and tested to simultaneously identify the vapor diffusion coefficient and the air permeability. Finally, having determined all the coefficients characterizing the transfers, identification by an inverse method of the relative liquid permeability could be carried out. In this work, a methodology was proposed to determine this liquid water transfer coefficient. After analyzing the effect of each parameter separately, integration of the modified properties was performed to analyze the coupled impact of these parameters
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Hastürk, Emrah [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Janiak, Christoph [Gutachter] Janiak, and Christian [Gutachter] Ganter. "Synthesis of metal-organic frameworkpolymer monolithic composites for water sorption based adsorption heat transformation applications / Emrah Hastürk ; Gutachter: Christoph Janiak, Christian Ganter ; Betreuer: Christoph Janiak." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1203369964/34.
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Tannert, Niels [Verfasser], Christoph [Gutachter] Janiak, and Christian [Gutachter] Ganter. "Sustainable syntheses and modifications of water-stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for gas sorption and adsorption-driven heat transformation applications / Niels Tannert ; Gutachter: Christoph Janiak, Christian Ganter." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241824118/34.
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Idir, Anis. "Procédé thermochimique de production/stockage de froid pour le refroidissement et la valorisation de chaleur basse température de panneaux photovoltaïques." Thesis, Perpignan, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PERP0016.
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La technologie photovoltaïque (PV) est l’une des techniques de production d’électricité renouvelable la plus utilisée. La conversion photoélectrique génère cependant dans les cellules solaires une importante quantité de chaleur, entrainant une significative hausse de leur température de fonctionnement qui impacte fortement le rendement de conversion. Lorsque les panneaux opèrent dans des zones à fort ensoleillement et des conditions climatiques arides, les températures de fonctionnement atteignent des températures de 80°C à 100°C impactant également leur durabilité. Ainsi l’objectif des travaux de thèse réalisés repose sur l’amélioration de la conversion énergétique solaire par, d’une part, une limitation la hausse de température de fonctionnement des modules PV par un refroidissement actif pour en accroitre leurs performances électriques et d’autre par la valorisation en froid de l’énergie thermique générée par un procédé thermique à sorption de gaz. Le but visé est de démontrer la faisabilité technique d’un tel couplage et d’en évaluer la pertinence énergétique. Ainsi, un procédé à sorption de gaz exploitant une solution saturée, permettant d’exploiter la chaleur basse température générée des panneaux PV et la valoriser en froid a été défini, conçu, expérimenté et analysé. Un modèle numérique de ce couplage a été développé et a permis d’évaluer les performances électriques d’une centrale solaire et frigorifique du procédé à sorption couplé thermiquement, dans des conditions réalistes de fonctionnement. Un tel couplage qui permet ainsi une cogénération électricité/froid, montre ainsi qu’il est possible d’améliorer de 10.5 % le gain énergétique global en comparaison de celui de panneaux PV standard, tout en entrainant une faible perte exergétique globale de 1.3 % lié à la conversion supplémentaire de la chaleur en froidPhotovoltaic technology (PV) is one of the most widely used renewable electricity generation techniques. However, the photoelectric conversion process generates a large amount of heat in the solar cells, causing a significant increase in their operating temperature, which has a significant impact on the conversion efficiency. When the panels operate in areas with high solar irradiation and arid climatic conditions, the operating temperatures can reach 80°C to 100°C, which also impacts their durability. Thus, the objective of this thesis work is to improve the global solar energy conversion by limiting the operating temperature increase of PV modules through an active cooling in order to increase their electrical performance and to valorize in cold the thermal energy generated by a gas sorption thermal process. The aim is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of such a coupling and to evaluate its energy relevance. A gas sorption process exploiting a saturated solution, allowing to exploit the low temperature heat extracted from the PV panels and to valorize it in cold has thus been defined, designed, experimented and analyzed. A simulation tool has been developed to evaluate under realistic operating conditions the electrical performance a PV solar power plant and cooling performance of the thermally coupled sorption process. Such a coupling, which allows for electricity/cooling cogeneration, shows that it is possible to improve the overall energy gain by 10.5 % compared to that of standard PV panels, while resulting in a small overall energy loss of 1.3 % due to the additional conversion of heat to cold
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Alizadeh, Arash. "Étude de sorption, de transfert de matière et chaleur pendant la polymérisation de l'éthylène en phase gaz dans un procédé en mode condensée." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066378.
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La polymérisation de l'éthylène en phase gaz en présence d'un système catalytique supporté en réacteurs à lit fluidisés reste le procédé le plus utilisé pour la production de polyéthylène à basse densité linéaire. De plus, dans le cas du polyéthylène à haute densité, celui-ci représente également une part non négligeable des plants de production à travers le monde. Le procédé en phase gaz offre de nombreux avantages dont un coût d'exploitations inférieures et une flexibilité supérieure en termes de production des différents types de polymères comparé aux autres procédés conventionnels. Cependant, au regard de la nature exothermique de la réaction de polymérisation, la vitesse de la production du polymère dans ces réacteurs est limitée par la vitesse à laquelle la chaleur produite par la réaction peut être évacuée. Si le réacteur ne permet pas l'évacuation de cette chaleur, l'augmentation de la vitesse de production résulterait en une croissance dramatique de la température au sein du réacteur et, par conséquent, à la fusion et l'agglomération du polymère, et finalement à l'arrêt du réacteur. Dans ce cas, dans le but d'avoir une vitesse de production plus importante, il est possible d'utiliser le réacteur susnommé en tant que mode d'opération condensé. Dans le cas de ce mode d'opération, le flux d'alimentation de la phase gaz du réacteur contient non seulement de l'éthylène, de l'azote, de l'hydrogène, et éventuellement un comonomère, mais également un agent condensant inerte (ACI) tels que le pentane ou l'hexane. Dans cette configuration, le flux d'alimentation est en partie liquéfié dans un échangeur de chaleur externe en le refroidissant sous le point de rosée du gaz. Par vaporisation de la phase liquide dans le réacteur, une quantité plus importante de chaleur peut être retirée de l'environnement du réacteur grâce à la chaleur latente associée à la vaporisation. Cela permet d'obtenir un rendement plus élevé de l'espace pour ce réacteur et par conséquent une vitesse de production supérieure
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Veselý, Josef. "Sorpční tepelné čerpadlo." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241683.
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This thesis deals with the issue of sorption heat pumps. The theoretical part is devoted to a detailed description of the function of adsorption and absorption heat pumps. For a better understanding of the adsorption cycle is computed theoretical thermal cycle and the heating factor of zeolite adsorption heat pump are computed. The practical part is focused on the design absorption heat pump that works in conjunction with a natural gas boiler. The pump is designed for cooling flue gas condensing boiler and the possible use of thermal energy from other low-temperature source. The thesis contains a thermal calculations, engineering design and structural design of the heat pump.
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Schwamberger, Valentin [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Gabi. "Thermodynamische und numerische Untersuchung eines neuartigen Sorptionszyklus zur Anwendung in Adsorptionswärmepumpen und -kältemaschinen = Thermodynamic and numerical investigation of a novel sorption cycle for application in adsorption heat pumps and chillers / Valentin Schwamberger ; Betreuer: M. Gabi." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116427583/34.
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SILVA, JOSÉ P. "Incorporação de radionuclídeos em nanotubos naturais ativados." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26620.
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Os nanotubos naturais da paligorsquita, por apresentarem propriedades físicas e químicas específicas, têm potencial uso como nano sorventes e matrizes para imobilização, retenção, e solidificação de radionuclídeos presentes em efluentes nucleares. No processo de desenvolvimento de materiais com propriedades de sorção visando a incorporação e imobilização de radionuclídeos, as etapas mais importantes são a geração de sítios ativos simultaneamente com o aumento da área superficial específica e tratamento térmico adequado para conduzir ao colapso estrutural. Neste estudo foram avaliados parâmetros e condições determinantes no processo de ativação dos nanotubos naturais da paligorsquita visando a sorção de radionuclídeos de interesse na estrutura dos nanotubos e a avaliação posterior dos parâmetros que afeitam ao colapso estrutural por tratamento térmico. Por este estudo constatou-se que a otimização do processo de ativação ácida é fundamental para o aumento da capacidade de sorção de níquel usando estruturas de nanotubos naturais ativados. A condição otimizada de ativação superficial, mantendo a integridade estrutural foi removido cerca de 33,3% dos cátions de magnésio, equivalente a 6,30·10-4 mol·g-1 de magnésio em massa, aumentando a área superficial específica em 42,8%. Este aspecto permitiu a incorporação de mesma concentração molar de níquel presente nos rejeitos radioativos líquidos em um tempo de processo de 80min.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Medeiros, Renata Souza. "Resistência à flexão, sorção, solubilidade e estabilidade de cor de compósitos odontológicos reforçados por fibras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23140/tde-14012013-145358/.
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Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar a resistência à flexão em três pontos de um compósito para uso direto (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE) e um para uso indireto (Signum, Heraeus, Kulzer) reforçados por uma ou duas camadas de fibras de polietileno (Ribbond -THM, Ribbond®) ou de vidro (Interlig, Ângelus) tratados termicamente (170°C por 10 minutos), comparados com os grupos controle (não reforçados por fibras e/ou não tratados termicamente; 2) avaliar a sorção, a solubilidade e a estabilidade de cor dos compósitos reforçados, após armazenamento em água destilada à 37°C por 14 dias. A estabilidade de cor foi avaliada com auxílio de um espectrofotômetro de contato dental (Vita EasyShade, Vident, CA, USA). Para o ensaio de resistência à flexão, foram confeccionados espécimes retangulares com dimensões de 12 x 2 x 2mm (n=10), com os seguintes fatores de variação: a) compósito (para uso direto ou indireto); b) tipo e número de camadas de fibras (vidro ou polietileno/uma ou duas camadas); c) submetidos ou não a tratamento térmico. O tratamento térmico foi realizado 24 horas após fotoativação em estufa à temperatura de 170°C por 10 minutos. O ensaio foi realizado 24 horas após fotoativação ou tratamento térmico. Para avaliação de sorção/solubilidade e estabilidade de cor, foram confeccionados espécimes em forma de disco com dimensões de 15 x 2mm (n=5), em que foram analisados os seguinte fatores: a) compósito (para uso direto ou indireto); b) tipo de fibra (vidro ou polietileno); c) número de camadas de fibras (uma ou duas). Foi realizada análise dos parâmetros de cor antes e após imersão em água deionizada por 14 dias. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de contraste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5% e revelaram que a fibra de vidro, quando utilizada em duas camadas, propiciou os maiores valores de resistência à flexão para os dois compósitos testados (165,4 MPa Z350XT e 208,7MPa Signum ). O tratamento térmico não apresentou significância estatística quanto à resistência à flexão do compósito direto. Para o compósito para uso indireto (Signum ) foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator tratamento térmico, que indicou valores de resistência à flexão inferiores para os grupos tratados termicamente. O compósito para uso direto apresentou valor de sorção superior (33,6/cm3) ao do compósito para uso indireto (19,1/cm3). Para solubilidade, foi encontrada interação para os fatores compósito e tipo de fibra, indicando maiores valores para o compósito para uso direto associado à fibra de vidro. A análise de alteração de cor demonstrou maior valor de E para a fibra de polietileno (E =1,5) quando comparado à fibra de vidro (E=1,0). Concluiu-se que: 1) a adição de fibras propicia aumento dos valores de resistência à flexão de compósitos para uso direto e indireto, o aumento da resistência foi observado quando do uso de duas camadas de fibras; 2) o tratamento térmico à 170°C por 10 minutos não indicou melhora nas propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos reforçados; 3) adicionar fibras aos compósitos não aumentou os valores de sorção/solubilidade quando imersos em água; 4) Imersão em água não produziu alterações de cor relevantes para os compósitos reforçados com fibras se comparados aos sem fibras.The aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate the flexural strength of one composite for direct use (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE) and one for indirect use (Signum, Heraeus, Kulzer) as a function of the reinforcement by one or two layers of polyethylene (THM-Ribbond, Ribbond ®) or glass fibers (Interlig, Angelus) submitted to heat treatment (170°C for 10 minutes) compared with control groups (not reinforced by fibers and/or not heat-treated; 2) evaluate water sorption, solubility and color stability of the reinforced composites, after storage in distilled water at 37°C for 14 days. Color stability was evaluated using a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade, Vident, CA, USA). For three point flexural bending test, rectangular specimens were prepared with dimensions of 12 x 2 x 2 mm (n=10), according to the following variation factors: a) composite (for direct or indirect use); b) type of fibers and number of layers (glass or polyethylene/one or two layers; c) subjected or not to heat treatment. The heat treatment was performed 24 hours after curing, in a furnace, at 170 ° C for 10 minutes. Tests were performed 24 hours after curing or heat treatment. To evaluate the water sorption/solubility and color stability, disc-shaped specimens were prepared with dimensions of 15 x 2 mm (n=5) according to the following variation factors: a) composite (for direct or indirect uses); b) fiber type (glass or polyethylene); c) number of fiber layers (one or two). Color parameters were analyze before and after immersion in deionized water for 14 days. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukeys test with significance level of 5%, and indicated that the glass fiber when used in two layers, showed the highest flexural strength for the two tested composites (165.4 MPa - Z350XT and 208.7 MPa - Signum ). The heat treatment did not significantly affect the flexural strength of the direct composite. For the composite for indirect use (Signum ), a statistical significance for the factor heat treatment was found, indicating lower values of flexural strength for heat-treated groups. The composite for direct use showed higher water sorption value (33.6 /cm3) when compared to the composite for indirect use (19.1 /cm3). For solubility, a significant interaction was found for composite and fiber type, indicating higher values for direct composite and glass fiber. Color stability analysis showed higher color difference value for polyethylene fiber (E =1.5) when compared to glass fiber (E=1.0). It was concluded that: a) adding fibers increased the flexural strength values of the composites for direct or indirect use, the increase in strength was more pronounced when using two fiber layers; 2) heat treatment at 170 ° C for 10 minutes showed no improvement of the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites; 3) adding fibers to the composite did not increase the sorption/solubility after water immersion, 4) Immersion in water did not change the color of the fiber reinforced composites when compared with those without fibers.
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Silva, Breno Mont'Alverne Haddade. "Efeito do tratamento térmico sobre a sorção e solubilidade, tenacidade à fratura e grau de conversão de compósitos restauradores diretos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23140/tde-22122010-114112/.
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O tratamento térmico em compósitos restauradores diretos foi realizado a fim de verificar a influência sobre algumas propriedades, tais como a sorção, solubilidade, tenacidade à fratura e grau de conversão. Foram utilizados três compósitos: um nanoparticulado, um microhíbrido e um microparticulado. Duas fontes de luz (Halógena e LED) e dois períodos (48h e 28dias) de armazenagem, com exceção da solubilidade. O tratamento térmico foi realizado em estufa convencional (170o C por 5min), sendo metade dos corpos de prova (cps) tratados e a outra, apenas fotoativada.Para sorção e solubilidade, foram confeccionados 60 cps de acordo com os fatores analisados (n=5) em uma matriz metálica circular de dimensões 15 mm x1 mm. Para o cálculo da sorção e solubilidade, os cps foram pesados em uma Balança Analítica,inicialmente após a confecção do cp, 1hora, 24h, 48h, 7d, 14, 21 e 28d, a fim de estabelecer Massa Inicial (Mi) Massa absorvida (Ma) e Massa dessecada (Md). Para a tenacidade à fratura, foram confeccionados 240 cps de acordo com os fatores analisados (n=10) em uma matriz metálica de dimensões internas 25 mm x 5mm x 2,8 mm. O método utilizado foi o Single Edge Notch-Beam(SENB), com um entalhe de 2,3 mm posicionado no centro da matriz. Os cps eram levados à máquina universal para o ensaio de flexão e, após a ruptura, as superfícies de fratura eram analisadas no estereomicroscópio, para, em seguida, obter as imagens e calcular as dimensões do cps para inserir naequação da tenacidade à fratura.Já para o grau de conversão foram confeccionados 36 cps em uma matriz de acetato circular de 15 mm x 1 mm, posicionados entre duas lâminas microscópicas (n=3). O cálculo do grau de conversão foi determinado por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR).Em geral, os estudos apresentaram uma influência significante do tratamento térmico, Dos resultados para a sorção o compósito, em geral, diminuiu,comparado aos grupos somente fotoativados em ambos os períodos. Entre as interações analisadas (Fonte de Luz X Período) foi significante para todos os grupos. Para a solubilidade a interação (Fonte de luz X Tratamento térmico foi significante para todos os grupos. Quanto à tenacidade à fratura, apenas o fator tratamento foi significante para os compósitos nanoparticulado e microhíbrido. Já para os microparticulados, houve influência dos fatores principais e dasinterações(Fonte de Luz X Período) e Fonte de Luz X Tratamento Térmico). De maneira geral, houve um aumento dos valores de tenacidade para todos os grupos. Já para o grau de conversão, houve um aumento significativo com relação ao tratamento e os períodos analisados dos compósitos. O tratamento térmico, em geral, influenciou positivamente as propriedades estudadas. Sendo assim, a opção de realizar o tratamento térmico nos compósitos de acordo com as propriedades e fatores analisados, torna a técnica passível de ser recomendada.The post-curing heat treatment in direct composite treatment was done to verify the influence on some properties like sorption, solubility, fracture toughness and the degree of conversion. During the referred study it was used three composites: nanoparticle, a microhybrid and a microfill. Two sources of light (Halogen and LED) and two periods (48 hours and 28 days) for each one, but not to solubility. The postcuringwas done in dry heat sterilizer of 170º C for five minutes for, half of the test samples (TS) were treated and the other half were only photoactivated. It was made 60 TS to sorption and solubility according to the analyzed factors (n=5) in a 15mm x 1mm round metal matrix. To calculate sorption and solubility the TS were weighted in a analytical balance, right after the beginning of the production in 1 hour, 24 hours, 7days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days respectively in order to establish the initial absorbed mass (Mi), the absorbed mass (Ma) and the desiccated mass (Md ). It was produced 240 TS to the fracture toughness according to factors (n=10) in a 25mm x 5mm x 2,8mm in metallic matrix. The Single Edge Notch-Beam (SENB), was the used method during this study with a notch of 2,3mm placed in the center of the matrix. The TS were taken to a universal machine to flexural test so after the rupture referred surface fractures were analyzed in a stereomicroscope and then it was possible to get the images to calculate the size of the TS to insert the calculus of the fracture toughness. To degree conversion were made 36 TS in a 15mm x 1mm circular acetate matrix placed between two microscopes slides (n=3). The degree conversion was determined a infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In general the study showed a significant influence in relation post-curing heat treatment. In both periods the sorption of the composites have decreased in general comparison to the photoactivated only. The interactions(light source versus period) was significant for all groups. To solubility the interaction (light source versus post-curing heat treatment) was significant for all groups. In reference to fracture toughnessonly post curing heat treatment factor was significant to the nanoparticle and microhybrid composites. In other hand the microfill composite were influenced by the main factors and by the interactions (light source X periods) and (llght source X heat cured). In general there was an increase of the fracture toughness value in all groups. In relation to the degree conversion there was an increase significant of the composite during heat cured and analyzed periods. The post-curing heat treatment influenced all the studied properties of the direct composite in a positive way. Therefore the option of doing the heat cured treatment in the composites according to the properties and the analyzed factor is technically possible to be done.
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Hedwig, Michael. "Effektives Kraftstoffdampfmanagement für PKW durch multiphysikalische Modellierung eines mit Phasenwechselmaterialien optimierten Adsorbers." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-201981.
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Das Kraftstoffdampfmanagement in PKW dient der Reduzierung von Kraftstoffdampfemissionen und umfasst deren Entstehung im Tank, sowie Verarbeitung im Adsorber. Im Hinblick auf eine effektive Emissionsreduzierung erfolgt in dieser Arbeit die Entwicklung eines multiphysikalischen Berechnungsmodells, das die Erschließung der Kraftstoffdampfmenge im Tank sowie der Adsorbercharakteristik erlaubt. Gleichzeitig wird eine Methode zur thermischen Adsorberoptimierung durch Phasenwechselmaterialien (PCM) vorgestellt. Letztere nutzen für ihren fest/flüssig-Phasenübergang im Adsorber umgesetzte Prozesswärmen und können damit dessen Arbeitskapazität erhöhen.
Die Modellierung der tankinternen Kraftstoffdampfproduktion erfolgt basierend auf der Berechnung des Dampf-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichtes von Mehrstoffsystemen mit realen Fluidmodellen. Zudem wird eine thermodynamische Datenbank erstellt, die es erlaubt, reale ottomotorische Kraftstoffgemische durch Modellkraftstoffsysteme mit deutlich reduzierter Komponentenanzahl abzubilden. Es wird ein detailliertes nicht-isothermes 2D-rotationssymmetrisches Mehrkammeradsorbermodell für kompressible Fluidgemische entwickelt, das die temperaturabhängige Polyschichtsorption in porösen Festbetten wiedergibt und direkt über transiente Randbedingungen mit der instationären Kraftstoffverdampfung im Tank gekoppelt ist. Darin berücksichtigt sind unter anderem anisotrope Wärme- und Stofftransportprozesse innerhalb der Festbetten sowie Randeffekte infolge einer nicht-linearen Porositätsverteilung. Zwischen den Sorptionskammern wird eine dünnwandige Aluminium-Trennwand aus makroverkapseltem PCM integriert, die zur Temperierung der umliegenden Festbetten dient. Hierzu wird auf Basis einer diskontinuierlichen Form der Enthalpy-Porosity-Methode der nicht-isotherme Phasenwechsel im Latentwärmespeicher unter Berücksichtigung der konvektiven Schmelzbewegung modelliert und in Ort und Zeit mit dem Adsorbermodell gekoppelt. Das daraus resultierende partielle Differenzialgleichungssystem wird örtlich über eine Finite-Elemente-Methode und bzgl. der Zeit in Form eines impliziten Mehrschrittverfahrens diskretisiert. Die entsprechende numerische Lösung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines automatisch gedämpften Newton-Verfahrens.
Anhand des Adsorbermodells lässt sich der Einfluss von Randeffekten auf das Ad- und Desorptionsverhalten erschließen, die eine Abhängigkeit von der Festbettgeometrie und des temperaturabhängigen Beladungszustandes zeigen. Diese Sorptionsprozesse werden durch experimentelle Versuchs- reihen an einem hierzu entwickelten Adsorber-Prototyp validiert. Als Ergebnis der numerischen Simulation anwendungsrelevanter Prüfzyklen zur Adsorber-Typisierung resultiert durch den Einsatz von PCM eine Effizienzsteigerung in der Arbeitskapazität des Adsorbers von ca. 14 − 19 %. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass auch in Betriebszuständen ohne latenten Phasenwechsel im PCM infolge der konvektiven Bewegung der Schmelze die Sorptionsfähigkeit teilweise um mehr als 11 % ansteigt. Gleichzeitig ist im Vergleich zu der einfachen Vergrößerung des chemischen Sorptionsspeichers der Effekt einer Festbetttemperierung durch PCM partiell bis zu 10 % höher. Durch das einfache Substituieren der klassischen Kunststofftrennwände zwischen den Festbetten durch dünnwandige PCM-Kammern wird die Kraftstoffdampfnachbehandlung ohne relevante Gewichts- und Volumenzunahme des Adsorbers bedeutend verbessert.
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Tatsidjodoung, Parfait. "Procédé de stockage d'énergie solaire thermique par adsorption pour le chauffage des bâtiments : modélisation et simulation numérique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENA012/document.
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Les systèmes de stockage de chaleur par sorption (SSCS) ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans l'exploitation de l'énergie solaire pour le chauffage des bâtiments résidentiels. En effet, ces systèmes sont très prometteurs dans la mesure où ils permettent un stockage de chaleur sur de longues périodes (le stockage est réalisé sous forme de potentiel chimique) et offrent des densités énergétiques importantes (jusqu'à 230 kWh/m3 de matériau en moyenne) en comparaison aux systèmes classiques comme le stockage par chaleur sensible (qui, pour le cas de l'eau, dispose d'une densité énergétique moyenne d'environ 81 kWh/m3 de matériau pour une variation de 70°C) et le stockage par chaleur latente (qui atteint des densités énergétiques de 90 kWh/m3 de matériau).La présente thèse vise à étudier les performances d'un système de stockage de chaleur par sorption à base de zéolithe 13X intégré à un bâtiment type basse consommation. Des modèles mathématiques de transferts couplés de masse et de chaleur des différents composants du système sont développés et validés par le biais de l'expérimentation. La simulation numérique dynamique, comme outil de dimensionnement, permet, à partir des résultats d'analyses de sensibilité paramétrique sur les différents composants du système, l'étude de son fonctionnement et les critères de sa faisabilitéSorption heat storage systems (SHSS) open new perspectives for solar heating of residential buildings. These systems allow long term heat storage (storage is done in the form of chemical potential) and offer high energy densities (up to 230 kWh/m3 of material on average) compared to conventional heat storage systems such as sensible heat storage (which, for the case of water, has an average energy density of approximately 81 kWh/m3 of material for a temperature change of 70 °C) and latent heat storage (nearly reaching energy densities of 90 kWh/m3 of material on average).This thesis aims to study the performance of a sorption solar heat storage system on zeolite 13X, integrated to low-energy building. Mathematical models of coupled heat and mass transfer of various components of the system are developed and validated through experimentation. Numerical dynamic simulations allow to study the functioning of the SHSS in specific conditions, and its design with the results from the parametric sensitivity analysis on its components
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Darga, Alexander. "Sorption isotherms of volatile molecules on micro- and mesoporous nanosized siliceous materials based on acoustic wave devices : Determination of corresponding isosteric heats of adsorption." kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9093/.
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Saulich, Sven. "Generic design and investigation of solar cooling systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13627.
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This thesis presents work on a holistic approach for improving the overall design of solar cooling systems driven by solar thermal collectors. Newly developed methods for thermodynamic optimization of hydraulics and control were used to redesign an existing pilot plant. Measurements taken from the newly developed system show an 81% increase of the Solar Cooling Efficiency (SCEth) factor compared to the original pilot system. In addition to the improvements in system design, new efficiency factors for benchmarking solar cooling systems are presented. The Solar Supply Efficiency (SSEth) factor provides a means of quantifying the quality of solar thermal charging systems relative to the usable heat to drive the sorption process. The product of the SSEth with the already established COPth of the chiller, leads to the SCEth factor which, for the first time, provides a clear and concise benchmarking method for the overall design of solar cooling systems. Furthermore, the definition of a coefficient of performance, including irreversibilities from energy conversion (COPcon), enables a direct comparison of compression and sorption chiller technology. This new performance metric is applicable to all low-temperature heat-supply machines for direct comparison of different types or technologies. The achieved findings of this work led to an optimized generic design for solar cooling systems, which was successfully transferred to the market.
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Eliasson, Dennis. "Kyla med värme : En jämförelsestudie med huvudfokus på fjärrvärmedriven kyla." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24309.
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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att värdera och jämföra ett antal utvalda kyltekniker, med huvudfokus på värmedriven kyla. Dels för en specifik befintlig byggnad men även en generell jämförelse som kan ligga till grund för andra projekt. Arbetet är utförti samarbete med ÅF i Borlänge. Den specifika byggnaden som har undersökts är belägen i Borlänge och kyls idag av stadsvatten, och har en kyleffektpå 655kW. Borlänge Energis fjärrvärmenät ligger till grund för samtliga beräkningar och antaganden. Huvudsyftet har varit att jämföra de olika kylteknikerna ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv, men även snudda vid ett miljöperspektiv. Utöver detta så var syftet att undersöka hur en fjärrvärmeleverantör ska kunna leverera kyla till sin kund, utan att behöva gräva ner nya fjärrkylledningar. De kyltekniker som jämförts i detta arbete är absorptionskyla, adsorptionskyla, sorptiv kyla & eldriven kompressorkyla. För att kunna jämföra de olika teknikerna har den totala livscykelkostnaden beräknas. Investeringskostnader och data har erhållits ifrån leverantörer genom kontakt med kunniga säljare. Driftkostnader har beräknats fram med hjälp av driftdata samt energipriser hos Borlänge Energi. Kostnader för installation, frakt och lyft är inte medräknade i detta arbete. För den befintliga byggnaden visade det sig att den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen är absorptionskyla, tätt följt av att komplettera befintligt system med frikyla i form utav en kylmedelkylare. Absorptionskylan har väldigt låga driftkostnader under sommarhalvåret, då fjärrvärmepriset är som lägst. Dyrast av teknikerna är adsorptionskyla, tack vare den dyra investeringskostnadenoch dess låga verkningsgrad. Även för den generella jämförelsen visade det sig att den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen är absorptionskyla, tätt följt av eldriven kompressorkyla. Absorptionskylan har mycket låga driftkostnader, men kompressorkylan har istället en lägre investeringskostnad och mycket bättre verkningsgrad. Om Borlänge Energi skulle sälja fjärrvärmeproducerad kyla under sommaren, så skulle de vid 655kW kyleffekt ha en återbetalningstid avett absorptionskylaggregat på endast 2 år. Skulle de istället ha en kyleffekt på 100kW skulle återbetalningstiden vara ca 5 år. Slutsatser kan dras ifrån detta arbete att byggnader med högre kyleffekt är mer fördelaktiga för värmedriven kyla.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate and compare a number of selected chilling techniques, with a main focus on heat driven cooling. Mainly for an existing building, but also a more general comparison that can be used as a basis for other projects. This thesis has been carried out in cooperationwith ÅF in Borlänge.The building that has been investigated is located in Borlänge. All calculations and assumptions regarding the district heating network are based on Borlänge Energi’s district heating network. The main purpose has been to compare the different cooling techniques from an economical point of view, but also a slight comparison from an environmental point of view. In addition, the purpose has been to investigate how a district heating supplier can deliver cooling to its customers without having to dig down newdistrict cooling pipes. The cooling techniques compared in this thesis are absorption chillers, adsorption chillers, sorptive cooling and conventional electrical compression chillers. In order to compare the different techniques, the total life cycle cost has been calculated. Investment costs and data have been obtained from skillful salesmen representing variouscompanies. Operating costs have been calculated using data and energy prices from Borlänge Energi. Costs for installation, shipping and lifting are not included in this thesis. The most cost-effective solution for the existing building is to install an absorption chiller, closely followed by complementing the existing cooling system with free cooling. The absorption chillers has very low operating costs during the summer, when the price of the district heating is at its lowest. The most expensive technique are adsorption cooling, due to its expensive investment cost and its low efficiency. For the general comparison, it was found that the most cost-effective solution is absorption chiller as well, closely followed by the conventional compressor chiller. The absorption chillers has much lower operating costs than its competitors, but the compressor chiller has a lower investment cost and a much better efficiency. If Borlänge Energi were to sell district heat-produced cooling during the summerusing an adsorption chiller, they would have a payback time of only approximately 2 years, with a cooling power of 655kW. With a cooling power of 100 kW, the payback time would be approximately 5 years. Conclusions can be drawn from this thesis that buildings with higher cooling demand are better suited for heat-driven cooling.
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Laurenz, E., G. Füldner, L. Schnabel, and G. Schmitz. "Application of frequency response methods for measuring heat and mass transfer in sorption materials for heat transformation." 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31673.
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Engelbrecht, Magdalena Aletta. "Factors influencing sorption, solubility and cytotoxicity of a heat cured denture base polymer." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3437.
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Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)Objectives:Substances leaching from denture- base polymers have been associated with cytotoxicity and allergic reactions. This study examined the effect of polishing,mixing ratios, water immersion temperatures and different thicknesses on the sorption and solubility of a heat-polymerized, denture-base polymer. The effect of different water immersion temperatures on the flexural strength of the denture base, was tested as well. The next component of this study, is the testing of the most significant sorption and solubility findings on in vitro cell viability. Materials and Methods:Disc shaped specimens from a heat-polymerized, denture-base polymer (Vertex®) were prepared, based on ISO 1567 specifications for sorption and solubility testing, following the manufacturers’ instructions. The following tests were performed: 1) Sorption and solubility of two groups (n = 12 each) of polished and unpolished discs were established and compared by means of the Mixed procedure; 2) Sorption and solubility of three groups (n = 12 each) with different mixing ratios were compared by means of the Mixed procedure; 3) Four groups (n = 14 each) were immersed in water at different temperatures, sorption and solubility were compared by means of pairwise comparison and the Median test; 4) Specimens with different thicknesses (n = 36) were compared, again, by means of pairwise comparison and the Median test; 5) To test the influence of different water-soaking temperatures on the flexural strength of the disc, strips were prepared from the disc used in test no. 3. The flexural strength was compared, by means of the Median test; 6) To test the influence of no postpolymerization treatment, polishing and water immersion on the cytotoxicity of mouse fibroblast cells, (n = 9) for each test group, were prepared. A preliminary test was performed beforehand, over a period of 24 hours, up to a maximum period of four weeks. The Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were cultured and incubated for 24 hours in Eagles medium. Eluates prepared from the disc and medium without any disc (control) replaced the medium. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT-assay. Optical density values were obtained at 24 and 48 hour intervals. The data was analyzed by means of the Means procedure.Results:In the entire thesis, the data was analyzed using SAS on a 0.01 probability level.Between polished and unpolished groups, no significant difference in water sorption (p> 0.01) was found, but there was a difference in solubility (p<0.01).Different mixing ratios did not alter sorption (p = 0.34) or solubility (p = 0.68).However, a difference (p<0.01) in sorption and solubility was found among the different temperature and thickness groups. Soaking the denture base in water at different temperatures did not alter its flexural strength (p = 0.48). Cell viability levels were noted in all the experimental groups in the MTT assay test. The analysis was a two-factor study, with one factor being the group, and the other, being time. The interaction between these factors was found to be significant, indicating that the effect of the groups varied by time (and vice versa).Conclusion:The processes of the soaking in warm water and the polishing of a denture-base polymer, reduce its solubility. Therefore, it is recommended that dentures are soaked in warm water before polishing. Within the limits of this study, the mixing ratios may be changed without affecting sorption or solubility. As solubility increases within the increasing denture-base thickness, it is recommended that unnecessarily thick dentures be avoided.Short- and long-term exposure to eluates of a PMMA, has a negative effect on cell viability. For water-stored and polished discs, this effect is time-dependent, with a higher viability for 48 hours’, than for 24 hours eluates. Polishing is associated with lower solubility. At 24 hours, the polished discs, indeed, had a lower cytotoxic effect than the untreated discs: it may be recommended that dentures be polished on the fitting surface as well.The cytotoxic potential of PMMA-eluates appears to fluctuate over time.
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Xu, Yu-Qing, and 許育青. "HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN SORPTION OF TOLUENE IN AN ACTIVE CABON PACKED BED." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12997693800823496232.
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Wang, Yi-An, and 王翌安. "Numerical Analysis on the Design of Heat Transfer Enhancement for Hydrogen Sorption/Desorption Performance in Metal Hydride Tank." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87155690575329065395.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
航太與系統工程學系
101
This research presents a numerical analysis of hydrogen sorption/desorption performance of a cylindrical metal hydride tank with different geometries and arrangements of cooling fins. In the beginning， comparing the results between the references and the simulation proved the validation of the numerical model. In regards to the influence of L/D(Length/Diameter) ratio to metal hydrogen tank without heat exchanger， we found the tank which included the expansion zone and higher L/D ratio provided better sorption/desorption performance. Next， we look at the performance of the metal hydride tank with the heat exchanger. While the tank was equipped the heat exchanger， with constant volumes of tank， cooling fins and metal powder， it was found that the performances of hydrogen sorption/desorption of metal hydride tank heat exchanger can be improved by using cooling fins with higher l/t (length/thickness) ratio and higher contact area between powder and fins. Additionally， a higher L/D ratio of the tank gives the hydrogen reactor better performance for the sorption/desorption process. In addition， the metal hydride tank with a staggered cooling fin arrangement exhibits a better hydrogen sorption/desorption performance than the one with sequential cooling fin arrangement.
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Hedwig, Michael. "Effektives Kraftstoffdampfmanagement für PKW durch multiphysikalische Modellierung eines mit Phasenwechselmaterialien optimierten Adsorbers: Effektives Kraftstoffdampfmanagement für PKW durch multiphysikalische Modellierung eines mit Phasenwechselmaterialien optimierten Adsorbers." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29450.
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Das Kraftstoffdampfmanagement in PKW dient der Reduzierung von Kraftstoffdampfemissionen und umfasst deren Entstehung im Tank, sowie Verarbeitung im Adsorber. Im Hinblick auf eine effektive Emissionsreduzierung erfolgt in dieser Arbeit die Entwicklung eines multiphysikalischen Berechnungsmodells, das die Erschließung der Kraftstoffdampfmenge im Tank sowie der Adsorbercharakteristik erlaubt. Gleichzeitig wird eine Methode zur thermischen Adsorberoptimierung durch Phasenwechselmaterialien (PCM) vorgestellt. Letztere nutzen für ihren fest/flüssig-Phasenübergang im Adsorber umgesetzte Prozesswärmen und können damit dessen Arbeitskapazität erhöhen.
Die Modellierung der tankinternen Kraftstoffdampfproduktion erfolgt basierend auf der Berechnung des Dampf-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichtes von Mehrstoffsystemen mit realen Fluidmodellen. Zudem wird eine thermodynamische Datenbank erstellt, die es erlaubt, reale ottomotorische Kraftstoffgemische durch Modellkraftstoffsysteme mit deutlich reduzierter Komponentenanzahl abzubilden. Es wird ein detailliertes nicht-isothermes 2D-rotationssymmetrisches Mehrkammeradsorbermodell für kompressible Fluidgemische entwickelt, das die temperaturabhängige Polyschichtsorption in porösen Festbetten wiedergibt und direkt über transiente Randbedingungen mit der instationären Kraftstoffverdampfung im Tank gekoppelt ist. Darin berücksichtigt sind unter anderem anisotrope Wärme- und Stofftransportprozesse innerhalb der Festbetten sowie Randeffekte infolge einer nicht-linearen Porositätsverteilung. Zwischen den Sorptionskammern wird eine dünnwandige Aluminium-Trennwand aus makroverkapseltem PCM integriert, die zur Temperierung der umliegenden Festbetten dient. Hierzu wird auf Basis einer diskontinuierlichen Form der Enthalpy-Porosity-Methode der nicht-isotherme Phasenwechsel im Latentwärmespeicher unter Berücksichtigung der konvektiven Schmelzbewegung modelliert und in Ort und Zeit mit dem Adsorbermodell gekoppelt. Das daraus resultierende partielle Differenzialgleichungssystem wird örtlich über eine Finite-Elemente-Methode und bzgl. der Zeit in Form eines impliziten Mehrschrittverfahrens diskretisiert. Die entsprechende numerische Lösung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines automatisch gedämpften Newton-Verfahrens.
Anhand des Adsorbermodells lässt sich der Einfluss von Randeffekten auf das Ad- und Desorptionsverhalten erschließen, die eine Abhängigkeit von der Festbettgeometrie und des temperaturabhängigen Beladungszustandes zeigen. Diese Sorptionsprozesse werden durch experimentelle Versuchs- reihen an einem hierzu entwickelten Adsorber-Prototyp validiert. Als Ergebnis der numerischen Simulation anwendungsrelevanter Prüfzyklen zur Adsorber-Typisierung resultiert durch den Einsatz von PCM eine Effizienzsteigerung in der Arbeitskapazität des Adsorbers von ca. 14 − 19 %. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass auch in Betriebszuständen ohne latenten Phasenwechsel im PCM infolge der konvektiven Bewegung der Schmelze die Sorptionsfähigkeit teilweise um mehr als 11 % ansteigt. Gleichzeitig ist im Vergleich zu der einfachen Vergrößerung des chemischen Sorptionsspeichers der Effekt einer Festbetttemperierung durch PCM partiell bis zu 10 % höher. Durch das einfache Substituieren der klassischen Kunststofftrennwände zwischen den Festbetten durch dünnwandige PCM-Kammern wird die Kraftstoffdampfnachbehandlung ohne relevante Gewichts- und Volumenzunahme des Adsorbers bedeutend verbessert.
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Ahmad, Nawaz. "REACTIVE TRANSPORT MODELLING OF DISSOLVED CO2 IN POROUS MEDIA : Injection into and leakage from geological reservoirs." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184204.
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The geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the options of controlling the greenhouse gas emissions. However, leakage of CO2 from the storage reservoir is a risk associated with geological sequestration. Over longer times, large-scale groundwater motion may cause leakage of dissolved CO2 (CO2aq). The objectives of this thesis are twofold. First, the modelling study analyzes the leakage of CO2aq along the conducting pathways. Second, a relatively safer mode of geological storage is investigated wherein CO2aq is injected in a carbonate reservoir. A reactive transport model is developed that accounts for the coupled hydrological transport and the geochemical reactions of CO2aq in the porous media. The study provides a quantitative assessment of the impact of advection, dispersion, diffusion, sorption, geochemical reactions, temperature, and heat transport on the fate of leaking CO2aq. The mass exchange between the conducting pathway and the rock matrix plays an important role in retention and reactions of leaking CO2aq. A significant retention of leaking CO2aq is caused by its mass stored in aqueous and adsorbed states and its consumption in reactions in the rock matrix along the leakage pathway. Advection causes a significant leakage of CO2aq directly from the reservoir through the matrix in comparison to the diffusion alone in the rock matrix and advection in a highly conducting, but thin fracture. Heat transport by leaking brine also plays an important role in geochemical interactions of leaking CO2aq. Injection of CO2aq is simulated for a carbonate reservoir. Injected CO2-saturated brine being reactive causes fast dissolution of carbonate minerals in the reservoir and fast conversion of CO2aq through considered geochemical reactions. Various parameters like dispersion, sorption, temperature, and minerals reaction kinetics are found to play important role in the consumption of CO2aq in reactions.Research Funders:
(i) Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan
(ii) Lars Erik Lundberg Scholarship Foundation, Sweden
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Darga, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Sorption isotherms of volatile molecules on micro- and mesoporous nanosized siliceous materials based on acoustic wave devices : determination of corresponding isosteric heats of adsorption / von Alex Darga." 2008. http://d-nb.info/990824098/34.
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Naude, Yvette. "Versatile silicone rubber samplers for trace organic analysis in a chromatography-mass spectrometry laboratory." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31592.
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Extraction is required to separate and concentrate trace level analytes from the sample matrix prior to gas chromatography (GC). Classical extraction procedures utilise large amounts of hazardous solvents, generate waste, and sensitivity limitations are associated with the injection of microlitre amounts of the final solvent extract. In response to real world challenges, and to overcome the problems associated with solvent extraction, novel silicone rubber (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) samplers were developed for solvent free enrichment of trace level analytes from indoor air, contaminated soil, desert soil, ultra high temperature (UHT) milk and Pinotage wine. Versatile PDMS samplers as a loop, a multichannel trap, or a denuder for trace environmental forensics, geochemical and aroma investigations are presented. A unique off-line multidimensional GC approach involving heart-cut gas chromatographic fraction collection is described, as is off-line olfactory assessment of recombined heart-cuts for synergistic odour effects. PDMS loop samplers were used for the extraction of DDT (1,1,1- trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and its associated environmental pollutants from soil samples. Miniature denuder samplers accomplished separate concentration of vapour phase and of particulate phase fractions of DDT and its associated environmental pollutants from indoor air, in a single step. Ratios of airborne p,p’-DDD/p,p’-DDT and of o,p’-DDT/p,p’-DDT are unusual and do not match the ideal certified ingredient composition required of commercial DDT. Results suggest that commercial DDT used for indoor residual spraying may have been compromised with regards to insecticidal efficacy, demonstrating the power of this new environmental forensics tool. Multichannel PDMS trap samplers were used in a unique heart-cut multidimensional GC approach for off-line enantiomeric separation of o,p’-DDT and o,p’-DDD in air and soil. This alternative multidimensional method is compared to the complementary technique of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection (GCxGC-TOFMS). PDMS loop samplers were also employed for the solvent free extraction of hydrocarbons from desert soil to investigate, for the first time, a possible geochemical origin of the enigmatic fairy circles of Namibia. It is proposed that microseepages of natural gas and low volatility hydrocarbons are expressed at the surface as a geobotanical anomaly of barren circles and circles of altered vegetation. Multichannel PDMS trap samplers were utilised for sampling of the headspace of UHT milk and of Pinotage wine, and to study off-line, using a portable olfactometer, synergistic effects between recombined heart-cut aroma compounds. Olfactory results show that a synergistic combination of 2- heptanone and 2-nonanone was responsible for a pungent cheese-like odour in UHT milk, while a synergistic combination of furfural and 2-furanmethanol was responsible for a roast coffee bean-like odour in coffee style Pinotage wine. The small, low cost samplers are quick and easy to assemble and they fit commercial thermal desorber systems. The PDMS samplers are reusable. Solvent extraction of the sampling materials, extract clean-up and pre-concentration are not required. Thus, potential loss of analyte, introduction of contaminants and waste disposal are minimised. Solvent free thermal desorption permits transfer of the entire sample mass to the cooled injection system (CIS) inlet of a GC resulting in greater sensitivity when compared to injection of microlitre amounts of a solvent extract. This allowed for sampling of smaller sized soil samples, shorter air sampling times and lower air sampling flow rates when compared to solvent based methods.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Chemistry
unrestricted