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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA)'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Keller‐Wood, Maureen. "Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis—Feedback Control." Comprehensive Physiology 5, no. 3 (2015): 1161–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00644.x.

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ABSTRACTThe hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPA) is responsible for stimulation of adrenal corticosteroids in response to stress. Negative feedback control by corticosteroids limits pituitary secretion of corticotropin, ACTH, and hypothalamic secretion of corticotropin‐releasing hormone, CRH, and vasopressin, AVP, resulting in regulation of both basal and stress‐induced ACTH secretion. The negative feedback effect of corticosteroids occurs by action of corticosteroids at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and/or glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) located in multiple sites in the brain and in the

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2

Miller, Walter L. "The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 89, no. 4 (2018): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000487755.

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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to homeostasis, stress responses, energy metabolism, and neuropsychiatric function. The history of this complex system involves discovery of the relevant glands (adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus), hormones (cortisol, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone), and the receptors for these hormones. The adrenal and pituitary were identified by classical anatomists, but most of this history has taken place rather recently, and has involved complex chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and clinical investigation. The integration of the HPA

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3

Taheri, Serpil, Züleyha Karaca, Ecmel Mehmetbeyoglu, et al. "The Role of Apoptosis and Autophagy in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (2022): 15699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415699.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem affecting millions of people worldwide and leading to death or permanent damage. TBI affects the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis either by primary injury to the hypothalamic–hypophyseal region or by secondary vascular damage, brain, and/or pituitary edema, vasospasm, and inflammation. Neuroendocrine dysfunctions after TBI have been clinically described in all hypothalamic–pituitary axes. We established a mild TBI (mTBI) in rats by using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. The hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenals were col

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Musselman, Dominique L., and Charles B. Nemeroff. "Depression and Endocrine Disorders: Focus on the Thyroid and Adrenal System." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, S30 (1996): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000298504.

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Of the various hypothalamic–pituitary–end organ axes, the thyroid and adrenal systems have been implicated most often in affective disorders. Patients with primary thyroid disease have high rates of depression, and patients with Addison's disease or Cushing's syndrome have relatively high rates of affective and anxiety symptoms. However, the major support for these endocrine axes in the pathophysiology of mood disorders comes from studies in which alterations in components of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axes have been documented in pati

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Gupta, Deepashree, and John E. Morley. "Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Aging." Comprehensive Physiology 4, no. 4 (2014): 1495–510. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00585.x.

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AbstractHuman aging is associated with increasing frailty and morbidity which can result in significant disability. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis may contribute to aging‐related diseases like depression, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer's disease in some older individuals. In addition to neuro‐cognitive dysfunction, it has also been associated with declining physical performance possibly due to sarcopenia. This article reviews the pathophysiology of HPA dysfunction with respect to increased basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol secretion, decreas

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Zhou, Bei, Qilong Xu, Junjie Guo, et al. "Necroptosis Contributes to LPS-Induced Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in a Piglet Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (2022): 11218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911218.

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Stressors cause activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and a systemic inflammatory response. As a newly proposed cell death manner in recent years, necroptosis occurs in a variety of tissue damage and inflammation. However, the role of necroptosis in HPA axis activation remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of necroptosis and its role in HPA activation in a porcine stress model induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Several typical stress behaviors like fever, anorexia, shivering and vomiting were observed in pigle

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Müller, Helge, Juliane Kröger, Olaf Jöhren, et al. "Stress sensitivity is increased in transgenic rats with low brain angiotensinogen." Journal of Endocrinology 204, no. 1 (2009): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-09-0363.

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AT1 blockers attenuate hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity in hypertension independently of their potency to lower blood pressure. A reduced pituitary sensitivity to CRH and a downregulation of hypothalamic CRH expression have been suggested to influence HPA axis activity during chronic AT1 blockade. This study was aimed at confirming the role of central angiotensin II in regulating HPA reactivity by using the transgenic rat TGR(ASrAOGEN), a model featuring low levels of brain angiotensinogen. Different stress tests were performed to determine HPA reactivity in TGR(ASrAOGEN) an

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Sattler, Janko, Jinwen Tu, Shihani Stoner та ін. "Role of 11β-HSD type 1 in abnormal HPA axis activity during immune-mediated arthritis". Endocrine Connections 7, № 2 (2018): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0361.

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Patients with chronic immune-mediated arthritis exhibit abnormal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. The basis for this abnormality is not known. Immune-mediated arthritis is associated with increased extra-adrenal synthesis of active glucocorticoids by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme. 11β-HSD1 is expressed in the central nervous system, including regions involved in HPA axis regulation. We examined whether altered 11β-HSD1 expression within these regions contributes to HPA axis dysregulation during arthritis. The expression of 11β-HSD1, and other c

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Qadri, Fatimunnisa, Florian Rimmele, Lisa Mallis, et al. "Acute hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis response to LPS-induced endotoxemia: expression pattern of kinin type B1 and B2 receptors." Biological Chemistry 397, no. 2 (2016): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2015-0206.

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Abstract Bradykinin (BK) and des-Arg9-BK are pro-inflammatory mediators acting via B2 (B2R) and B1 (B1R) receptors, respectively. We investigated the role of B2R and B1R in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in SD rats. LPS given intraperitoneally (ip) up-regulated B1R mRNA in the hypothalamus, both B1R and B2R were up-regulated in pituitary and adrenal glands. Receptor localization was performed using immunofluorescence staining. B1R was localized in the endothelial cells, nucleus supraopticus (SON), adenohypophysis and adrenal cortex. B2R was

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10

Quinn, Matthew, Yoshiyuki Ueno, Hae Yong Pae, et al. "Suppression of the HPA axis during extrahepatic biliary obstruction induces cholangiocyte proliferation in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 302, no. 1 (2012): G182—G193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00205.2011.

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Cholestatic patients often present with clinical features suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. In the bile duct-ligated (BDL) model of cholestasis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is suppressed. The consequences of this suppression on cholangiocyte proliferation are unknown. We evaluated 1) HPA axis activity in various rat models of cholestasis and 2) effects of HPA axis modulation on cholangiocyte proliferation. Expression of regulatory molecules of the HPA axis was determined after BDL, partial BDL, and α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) intoxication. The HPA axis was suppressed b

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Tselebis, Athanasios, Emmanouil Zoumakis, and Ioannis Ilias. "Dream Recall/Affect and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis." Clocks & Sleep 3, no. 3 (2021): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep3030027.

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In this concise review, we present an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). We present results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations). Finally, we try to integrate the effect of the current COVID-19 situation with dream recall/affect vis-à-

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Zhang, Dongyun, and Anthony P. Heaney. "Nuclear Receptors as Regulators of Pituitary Corticotroph Pro-Opiomelanocortin Transcription." Cells 9, no. 4 (2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9040900.

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The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a critical role in adaptive stress responses and maintaining organism homeostasis. The pituitary corticotroph is the central player in the HPA axis and is regulated by a plethora of hormonal and stress related factors that synergistically interact to activate and temper pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription, to either increase or decrease adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production and secretion as needed. Nuclear receptors are a family of highly conserved transcription factors that can also be induced by various physiologic signals, an

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TURNBULL, ANDREW V., and CATHERINE L. RIVIER. "Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action." Physiological Reviews 79, no. 1 (1999): 1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.1.

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Turnbull, Andrew V., and Catherine L. Rivier. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action. Physiol. Rev. 79: 1–71, 1999. — Glucocorticoids are hormone products of the adrenal gland, which have long been recognized to have a profound impact on immunologic processes. The communication between immune and neuroendocrine systems is, however, bidirectional. The endocrine and immune systems share a common “chemical language,” with both systems possessing ligands and receptors of “classical” hormones and immunoregulatory mediators. Studies in th

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Jones, Timmy, and Mary D. Moller. "Implications of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Functioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 17, no. 6 (2011): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078390311420564.

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Background: Cortisol secretions serve as the barometer of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates and controls responses to stress. Studies of cortisol secretions in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reveal inconsistent results. Purpose: Current research on HPA axis functioning in PTSD is examined to elucidate the neuroendocrine contributions in the disorder, identify current treatment’s impact on the HPA axis, and consider implications for nursing care and areas for future research. Findings: There is evidence for HPA dysregulation in PTSD, which contri

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Rumball, C. W. H., M. H. Oliver, E. B. Thorstensen, et al. "Effects of Twinning and Periconceptional Undernutrition on Late-Gestation Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Ovine Pregnancy." Endocrinology 149, no. 3 (2007): 1163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1306.

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The relationships between reduced size at birth, increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and increased risk of disease in adulthood are well described in singletons but are much less clear in twins. This may be because the physiological processes underlying reduced size at birth are different in singletons and twins. Periconceptional undernutrition can cause altered activity of the fetal and postnatal HPA axis without altering size at birth. However, the independent effects of periconceptional undernutrition and twinning on activity of the maternal and fetal HPA ax

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Raff, Hershel, Susmeeta T. Sharma, and Lynnette K. Nieman. "Physiological Basis for the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Adrenal Disorders: Cushing's Syndrome, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia." Comprehensive Physiology 4, no. 2 (2014): 739–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00560.x.

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AbstractThe hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis is a classic neuroendocrine system. One of the best ways to understand the HPA axis is to appreciate its dynamics in the variety of diseases and syndromes that affect it. Excess glucocorticoid activity can be due to endogenous cortisol overproduction (spontaneous Cushing's syndrome) or exogenous glucocorticoid therapy (iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome). Endogenous Cushing's syndrome can be subdivided into ACTH‐dependent and ACTH‐independent, the latter of which is usually due to autonomous adrenal overproduction. The former can be due to a pit

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Morsi, Amr, Donald DeFranco, and Selma F. Witchel. "The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Fetus." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 89, no. 5 (2018): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488106.

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Glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisol in humans, influence multiple essential maturational events during gestation. In the human fetus, fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, fetal adrenal steroidogenesis, placental 11β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity, maternal cortisol concentrations, and environmental factors impact fetal cortisol exposure. The beneficial effects of synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs), such as dexamethasone and betamethasone, on fetal lung maturation have significantly shifted the management of preterm labor and threatened preterm birth. Accumulating

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18

Shoener, Jennifer A., Romana Baig, and Kathleen C. Page. "Prenatal exposure to dexamethasone alters hippocampal drive on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in adult male rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 290, no. 5 (2006): R1366—R1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00757.2004.

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Glucocorticoids are essential for normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity; however, recent studies warn that exposure to excess endogenous or synthetic glucocorticoid during a specific period of prenatal development adversely affects HPA axis stability. We administered dexamethasone (DEX) to pregnant rats during the last week of gestation and investigated subsequent HPA axis regulation in adult male offspring in unrestrained and restraint-stressed conditions. With the use of real-time PCR and RIA, we examined the expression of regulatory genes in the hippocampus, hypothalamus

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WATSON, S., P. GALLAGHER, D. DEL-ESTAL, A. HEARN, I. N. FERRIER, and A. H. YOUNG. "Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in patients with chronic depression." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 6 (2002): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005998.

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Background. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function in patients with chronic depression has previously been shown to be normal when measured using the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). We examined patients with chronic depression using the sensitive dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (dex/CRH) test and the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) to establish whether HPA axis abnormalities are present in this group. We also compared the sensitivity of the two tests and compared the results with previous studies in depression that have not specifically selected chronic pat

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Spiga, Francesca, Jamie J. Walker, Rita Gupta, John R. Terry, and Stafford L. Lightman. "60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Glucocorticoid dynamics: insights from mathematical, experimental and clinical studies." Journal of Endocrinology 226, no. 2 (2015): T55—T66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-15-0132.

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A pulsatile pattern of secretion is a characteristic of many hormonal systems, including the glucocorticoid-producing hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Despite recent evidence supporting its importance for behavioral, neuroendocrine and transcriptional effects of glucocorticoids, there has been a paucity of information regarding the origin of glucocorticoid pulsatility. In this review we discuss the mechanisms regulating pulsatile dynamics of the HPA axis, and how these dynamics become disrupted in disease. Our recent mathematical, experimental and clinical studies show that glucocort

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Sohail, Kaynaat, Umm E. Aiman, Sidra Younis, and Farah Deeba. "Endocrinal Association of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis with Obesity." JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1, no. 2 (2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v1i2.16.

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Obesity is a serious health condition that has been affecting individuals of all ages worldwide.Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and chronic stress exposure are implicated as main contributing factors for obesity development. This study is a systematic review of the research, based on all possible pathways that are involved in obesity involving HPA. The arcuate nucleus (ARC) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are involved in the interaction of HPA activity and energy intake. Neuropeptide Y and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulate the feeding behavior. In

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Gifford, Robert M., Thomas J. O’Leary, Sophie L. Wardle, et al. "Reproductive and metabolic adaptation to multistressor training in women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 321, no. 2 (2021): E281—E291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00019.2021.

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We characterized reproductive endocrine adaptation to prolonged arduous multistressor training in women. We identified marked suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function during training but found no evidence of low energy availability despite high energy requirements. Our findings suggest a complex interplay of psychological and environmental stressors with suppression of the HPG axis via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The neuroendocrine impact of nonexercise stressors on the HPG axis during arduous training should be considered.

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Akcan, Nese, and Nerin N. Bahceciler. "Headliner in Physiology and Management of Childhood Asthma: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis." Current Pediatric Reviews 16, no. 1 (2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573396315666191026100643.

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Asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of children. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the cornerstone of asthma therapy which are the most effective, commonly used treatment of persistent asthma. Mostly, studies on the relationship between asthma and cortisol have focused on side effects of treatment. Recently, asthmatic patients not treated with ICS have been reported to have an attenuated activity and/or responsiveness of their Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) axis. Moreover, it has been proposed that asthma worsening with stress may be due to a dysfunctional HPA axis, o

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Keller-Wood, Maureen, Melanie J. Powers, Jason A. Gersting, Nyima Ali, and Charles E. Wood. "Genomic analysis of neuroendocrine development of fetal brain-pituitary-adrenal axis in late gestation." Physiological Genomics 24, no. 3 (2006): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00176.2005.

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The present study was performed to identify the changes in genomic expression of critical components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the second half of gestation in fetal sheep. We isolated mRNA from pituitary, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brain stem in fetal sheep at 80, 100, 120, 130, and 145 days of gestation and 1 and 7 days after delivery ( n = 4–5/group). Using real-time RT-PCR, we measured mRNA expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (sgk1), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), CRF, and a

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Sapronova, А. А., Y. A. Ryabushkina, P. E. Kisaretovа, and N. P. Bondar. "Mechanisms of adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male mice under chronic social defeat stress." Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова 74, no. 2 (2024): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044467724020058.

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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) plays an important role in the mechanisms of adaptation to chronic stress. A model of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), based on the experience of defeat in daily agonistic interactions, causes the development of a depressive-like state in mice, which is often accompanied by an increase in blood corticosterone levels. In this work, we assessed what changes occur in the central (hypothalamus) and peripheral (adrenal glands) parts of the HPA axis under the influence of chronic social stress, which can affect the regulation of corticosterone synthe

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Jensterle, Mojca, Rok Herman, Andrej Janež, et al. "The Relationship between COVID-19 and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis: A Large Spectrum from Glucocorticoid Insufficiency to Excess—The CAPISCO International Expert Panel." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (2022): 7326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137326.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly heterogeneous disease regarding severity, vulnerability to infection due to comorbidities, and treatment approaches. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been identified as one of the most critical endocrine targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that might significantly impact outcomes after infection. Herein we review the rationale for glucocorticoid use in the setting of COVID-19 and emphasize the need to have a low index of suspicion for glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency, adjusting for

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Francesco, Felicetti, Nervo Alice, Gatti Filippo, Rosso Daniela, Brignardello Enrico, and Arvat Emanuela. "Stress Axis in the Cancer Patient: Clinical Aspects and Management." Endocrines 2, no. 4 (2021): 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2040044.

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Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis alterations are common in cancer patients, mainly due to the different antitumoral therapies, which lead to several acute and late endocrine side effects. This review summarizes the most recent evidence regarding HPA derangement, both in patients with active neoplasms and in cancer survivors, with particular attention to the impact of the different antitumoral treatments, focusing on the major clinical aspects. While acute hormone failure usually results from injury caused directly by tumor burden or surgical interventions, short- and long-term effects

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Cortés-Puch, Irene, Caitlin W. Hicks, Junfeng Sun, et al. "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in lethal canine Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 307, no. 11 (2014): E994—E1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00345.2014.

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The clinical significance and even existence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency is controversial. Here, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function was characterized in severe canine Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Animals received antibiotics and titrated life-supportive measures. Treatment with dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, but not desoxycorticosterone, a mineralocorticoid, improves outcome in this model. Total and free cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). and aldosterone levels, as well as responses to exogenous ACTH were measured serially. At 10 h after

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Marissal-Arvy, Nathalie, Rachel Hamiani, Emmanuel Richard, Marie-Pierre Moisan, and Véronique Pallet. "Vitamin A regulates hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis status in LOU/C rats." Journal of Endocrinology 219, no. 1 (2013): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0062.

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The aim of this study was to explore the involvement of retinoids in the hypoactivity and hyporeactivity to stress of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in LOU/C rats. We measured the effects of vitamin A deficiency administered or not with retinoic acid (RA) on plasma corticosterone in standard conditions and in response to restraint stress and on hypothalamic and hippocampal expression of corticosteroid receptors, corticotropin-releasing hormone and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in LOU/C rats. Interestingly, under control conditions, we measured a higher plasm

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Winnay, Jonathon N., Jianming Xu, Bert W. O’Malley, and Gary D. Hammer. "Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1-Deficient Mice Exhibit Altered Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function." Endocrinology 147, no. 3 (2006): 1322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0751.

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Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), has emerged as a critical nuclear receptor regulating development and differentiation at several levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-steroidogenic axis. Although many coregulatory factors have been shown to physically and functionally interact with SF-1, the relative importance of these interactions in SF-1 target tissues has not been thoroughly established. In this study we assessed roles of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function using SRC-1-deficient (SRC-1−/−) mice in the absence or presence of SF-1 haploi

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Zhu, Jing, Chunxia Guo, Pingping Lu, Shuijin Shao, and Bing Tu. "Contribution of Growth Arrest-Specific 5/miR-674 to the Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis Regulation Effect by Electroacupuncture following Trauma." Neuroimmunomodulation 28, no. 3 (2021): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513385.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Electroacupuncture (EA) can improve trauma-induced hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) hyperactivity. However, the mechanism underlying the EA effect has not been fully understood. <b><i>Methods and Study Design:</i></b> This study was undertaken to explore the role of hypothalamic growth arrest-specific 5 (Gas5) in the regulation of EA on HPA axis function post-surgery. Paraventricular nuclear Gas5 levels were upregulated in rats using an intracerebroventricular injection of pAAV-Gas5. Primary hypothalamic neurons

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Aziz, N. Ahmad, Hanno Pijl, Marijke Frölich, A. W. Maurits van der Graaf, Ferdinand Roelfsema, and Raymund A. C. Roos. "Increased Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Huntington’s Disease." Endocrinology 150, no. 3 (2009): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.150.3.9999.

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Abstract Context: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction could contribute to a number of HD signs and symptoms; however, no data are available on cortisol diurnal variations and secretory dynamics in HD patients. Objective: The aim of the study was to perform a detailed analysis of HPA axis function in HD patients in relation to clinical signs and symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants: Twenty-four-hour cortisol secretion was studied in

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Merlo, Eduardo, Priscila L. Podratz, Gabriela C. Sena, et al. "The Environmental Pollutant Tributyltin Chloride Disrupts the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis at Different Levels in Female Rats." Endocrinology 157, no. 8 (2016): 2978–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1896.

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Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an environmental contaminant that is used as a biocide in antifouling paints. TBT has been shown to induce endocrine-disrupting effects. However, studies evaluating the effects of TBT on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are especially rare. The current study demonstrates that exposure to TBT is critically responsible for the improper function of the mammalian HPA axis as well as the development of abnormal morphophysiology in the pituitary and adrenal glands. Female rats were treated with TBT, and their HPA axis morphophysiology was assessed. High CRH

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Thrivikraman, K. V., and P. M. Plotsky. "Absence of glucocorticoid negative feedback to moderate hemorrhage in conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 264, no. 4 (1993): E497—E503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.4.e497.

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to stressors elicit and are modulated by glucocorticoids. In the present study, pituitary-adrenal responses to repeated 14 ml/kg (approximately 20%) blood losses separated by 90 min were evaluated in chronically cannulated male rats. Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (Cort) levels peaked by 9 and 18 min after hemorrhage, respectively. ACTH returned toward prestimulus values upon retransfusion, whereas Cort remained elevated. Repeated hemorrhage was associated with significantly larger pituitary-adrenal secretory responses,

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McIsaac, Sean A., Åsa Westrin, and Allan H. Young. "Antiglucocorticoids in psychiatry." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15, no. 4 (2009): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.105.001834.

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SummarySignificant evidence has accrued suggesting that the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in some psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the physiology of the HPA axis, evidence of dysfunction in this axis in psychiatric illnesses and the role that this dysfunction might play in pharmacological treatment resistance. Future therapeutic strategies that may potentially arise from these researches are briefly outlined.

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Rychlik, A., M. Nowicki, A. Kolodziejska-Sawerska, and M. Szweda. "The effect of orally administered Budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 5 (2017): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/130/2015-vetmed.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. The effect of orally administered Budesonide (Entocort) on the HPA axis was analysed in 21 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical analyses were carried out to evaluate the activity levels of alanine aminotransferase, asparagine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cortisol and endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone. Urine samples were collected from each patient before the study and after 30 days of the experiment to determine th

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Kariagina, Anastasia, Dmitry Romanenko, Song-Guang Ren, and Vera Chesnokova. "Hypothalamic-Pituitary Cytokine Network." Endocrinology 145, no. 1 (2004): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0669.

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Abstract Cytokines expressed in the brain and involved in regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis contribute to the neuroendocrine interface. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptors are expressed in human pituitary cells and murine hypothalamus and pituitary. LIF potently induces pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene transcription and ACTH secretion and potentiates CRH induction of POMC. In vivo, LIF, along with CRH, enhances POMC expression and ACTH secretion in response to emotional and inflammatory stress. To further elucidate specific roles for both CRH and

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Karteris, Emmanouil, Rachel J. Machado, Jing Chen, Sevasti Zervou, Edward W. Hillhouse, and Harpal S. Randeva. "Food deprivation differentially modulates orexin receptor expression and signaling in rat hypothalamus and adrenal cortex." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 288, no. 6 (2005): E1089—E1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00351.2004.

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Although starvation-induced biochemical and metabolic changes are perceived by the hypothalamus, the adrenal gland plays a key role in the integration of metabolic activity and energy balance, implicating feeding as a major synchronizer of rhythms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Given that orexins are involved in regulating food intake and activating the HPA axis, we hypothesized that food deprivation, an acute challenge to the systems that regulate energy balance, should elicit changes in orexin receptor signaling at the hypothalamic and adrenal levels. Food deprivation indu

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Brunton, Paula J., Matthias Sausbier, Georg Wietzorrek, et al. "Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hyporesponsiveness to Restraint Stress in Mice Deficient for Large-Conductance Calcium- and Voltage-Activated Potassium (BK) Channels." Endocrinology 148, no. 11 (2007): 5496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0319.

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Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, releasing ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland and glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Stress also activates the sympathetic nervous system, evoking adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla. Large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels have been implicated in regulation of cellular excitability in these systems. Here, we examine the functional role of BK channels in HPA axis regulation in vivo using female mice genetically deficient (BK−/−) for the pore-forming subunits of BK channels. BK−/− p

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Abrahams, Lianne, Nina M. Semjonous, Phil Guest та ін. "Biomarkers of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in mice lacking 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH". Journal of Endocrinology 214, № 3 (2012): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0178.

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Glucocorticoid concentrations are a balance between production under the negative feedback control and diurnal rhythm of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and peripheral metabolism, for example by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which catalyses the reduction of inactive cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC) in mice) to cortisol (corticosterone in mice). Reductase activity is conferred upon 11β-HSD1 by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). 11β-HSD1 is implicated in the development of obesity, and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors are currently u

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Claes, Stephan. "Targeting the HPA axis in major depression: does it work?" Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15, no. 4 (2009): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.005983.

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SummaryIn the search for antidepressant drugs with enhanced efficacy, targeting the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a valid strategy. This commentary critically summarises the evidence for the efficacy of antidepressant drugs targeting the HPA axis, and concludes that the available clinical trials do not support claims that this class of drugs is superior to existing treatments.

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Chesnokova, Vera, and Shlomo Melmed. "Minireview: Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Modulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis by gp130 Signaling Molecules." Endocrinology 143, no. 5 (2002): 1571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.5.8861.

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Abstract The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bidirectionally. The neuro-immune-endocrine interface is mediated by cytokines acting as auto/paracrine or endocrine factors regulating pituitary development, cell proliferation, hormone secretion, and feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. At birth or during neonatal ontogenesis, cytokines produce permanent alterations of HPA axis function and the stress response. Overexpressing IL-6 or leukemia inhibitory factor leads to significant changes in pituitary development and functions. Pituitary corticotroph POM

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Imura, Hiroo, and Jun-ichi Fukata. "Endocrine–paracine interaction in communication between the immune and endocrine systems. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in inflammation." European Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 1 (1994): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1300032.

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Imura H, Fukata J. Endocrine–paracrine interaction in communication between the immune and endocrine systems. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in inflammation. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:32–7. ISSN 0804–4643 There are bidirectional communications between the immune and endocrine systems. Cytokines produced in inflammatory foci cause changes in the endocrine system, including activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hormones produced in the endocrine system, especially glucocorticoids, affect the immune system to modulate its function. This is an importan

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Sharma, Vivek Kumar, and Thakur Gurjeet Singh. "Chronic Stress and Diabetes Mellitus: Interwoven Pathologies." Current Diabetes Reviews 16, no. 6 (2020): 546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191111152248.

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Stress threatens the homeostasis and mobilizes a plethora of adaptive physiological and behavioral changes via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. The HPA axis influences the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and adrenal gland via a complex set of positive and negative feedback system. The feedback system operates in a well regulated neuroendocrine manner to reestablish the threatened body equilibrium. The HPA axis secreted major product is a glucocorticoid (cortisol) which is kept within a physiologically optimal range and serves to accomplish the var

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Raise-Abdullahi, Payman, Morvarid Meamar, Abbas Ali Vafaei, et al. "Hypothalamus and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review." Brain Sciences 13, no. 7 (2023): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13071010.

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Humans have lived in a dynamic environment fraught with potential dangers for thousands of years. While fear and stress were crucial for the survival of our ancestors, today, they are mostly considered harmful factors, threatening both our physical and mental health. Trauma is a highly stressful, often life-threatening event or a series of events, such as sexual assault, war, natural disasters, burns, and car accidents. Trauma can cause pathological metaplasticity, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes and impairing an individual’s ability to cope with future challenges. If an individual

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Spiga, Francesca, Jamie J. Walker, John R. Terry, and Stafford L. Lightman. "HPA Axis‐Rhythms." Comprehensive Physiology 4, no. 3 (2014): 1273–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00576.x.

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AbstractThe hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis regulates circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones, and is the major neuroendocrine system in mammals that provides a rapid response and defense against stress. Under basal (i.e., unstressed) conditions, glucocorticoids are released with a pronounced circadian rhythm, characterized by peak levels of glucocorticoids during the active phase, that is daytime in humans and nighttime in nocturnal animals such as mice and rats. When studied in more detail, it becomes clear that the circadian rhythm of the HPA axis is characterized by a pulsa

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Kariagina, Anastasia, Svetlana Zonis, Mahta Afkhami, Dmitry Romanenko, and Vera Chesnokova. "Leukemia inhibitory factor regulates glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 289, no. 5 (2005): E857—E863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00577.2004.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the gp130 family. LIF is induced peripherally and within the brain during inflammatory or chronic autoimmune diseases and is a potent stimulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Here we investigated the role of LIF in mediating glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the HPA axis. LIF treatment (3 μg/mouse, ip) markedly decreased GR mRNA levels in murine hypothalamus (5-fold, P < 0.01) and pituitary (1.7-fold, P < 0.01) and downregulated GR protein levels. LIF decreased GR expression in murine cor

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Huang, Jianhua, Jijun Li, Songbai Zheng, et al. "Epimedium Flavonoids Counteract the Side Effects of Glucocorticoids on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/938425.

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Our previous studies demonstrated that the epimedium herb, when simultaneously used with GCs, counteracted suppressive effects of GCs on the HPA axis without adverse influence on the therapeutic action of GCs. Here, total flavones were extracted from the epimedium flavonoids (EFs) and then used to investigate whether EFs provide protective effects on the HPA axis. We found that GCs induced a significant decrease in body weight gain, adrenal gland weight gain, and plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone levels. After treatment with EFs, body weight gain, adrenal gland weight gain,

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Torpy, David J., and George P. Chrousos Md. "Stress and Critical Illness: The Integrated Immune/Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 12, no. 5 (1997): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669701200503.

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Critical illness leads to a coordinated reaction that is categorized as the stress response; activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system leads to metabolic and cardiovascular changes that are generally directed toward maintenance of homeostasis. The HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system are linked via reciprocally activating brainstem pathways. The immune system acts via cytokines, which are hormones, to activate the HPA axis. Glucocorticoid secretion suppresses immune activity, thus completing an immune-HPA feedback loop. Restraint of i

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UHART, M., R. CHONG, L. OSWALD, P. LIN, and G. WAND. "Gender differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity." Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, no. 5 (2006): 642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.02.003.

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