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1
Shalvi, Dave, Trivedi Bhushan, and Mahadevia Jimit. "EFFICACY OF ATTACK DETECTION CAPABILITY OF IDPS BASED ON ITS DEPLOYMENT IN WIRED AND WIRELESS ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) 5, no. 2 (2013): 103–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3980296.
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Intrusion Detection and/or Prevention Systems (IDPS) represent an important line of defence against a variety of attacks that can compromise the security and proper functioning of an enterprise information system. Along with the widespread evolution of new emerging services, the quantity and impact of attacks have continuously increased, attackers continuously find vulnerabilities at various levels, from the network itself to operating system and applications, exploit them to crack system and services. Network defence and network monitoring has become an essential component of computer security to predict and prevent attacks. Unlike traditional Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) have additional features to secure computer networks. In this paper, we present a detailed study of how deployment of an IDPS plays a key role in its performance and the ability to detect and prevent known as well as unknown attacks. We categorize IDPS based on deployment as Network-based, host-based, and Perimeter-based and Hybrid. A detailed comparison is shown in this paper and finally we justify our proposed solution, which deploys agents at host-level to give better performance in terms of reduced rate of false positives and accurate detection and prevention.
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Chu, Mike, Junqiang Sun, and Menghua Wang. "Performance Evaluation of On-Orbit Calibration of SNPP VIIRS Reflective Solar Bands via Intersensor Comparison with Aqua MODIS." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 2 (2018): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0008.1.
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AbstractAn intersensor comparison is carried out to evaluate the radiometric performance of the reflective solar bands (RSBs) of the first Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. Two versions of sensor data records (SDRs) for moderate-resolution RSBs M1–M8 (410–1238 nm)—one version from the NOAA Ocean Color (OC) Team and the operational version from the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS)—are compared against the well-calibrated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite. This comparison fully exploits the moderate resolution of the sensors and a precise simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) analysis in a “nadir only” approach to achieve a precision better than 1%. The key issues found to impact the SNO analysis are 1) an underlying bias beyond the 80-km spatial scale, 2) a scene-based sporadic variability of about 2% affecting the sample size selection criteria, and 3) large relative deviations at low radiances. It is shown that the OC SDRs achieve significantly better agreement with Aqua MODIS, such as smaller temporal variation, improved agreement in the early mission, and no observable long-term drift. The lone exception is the downward drift of about 1% in the Aqua MODIS band 8 (412 nm) versus SNPP VIIRS band M1 time series that possibly started in late 2013, which is ultimately attributed to errors in Aqua MODIS band 8. Finally, the long-term drift in the IDPS SDRs further illustrates the consequence of the worsening bias within the standard RSB calibration that will infect any versions of the VIIRS SDRs not mitigated for this error.
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S, Bhaggiaraj, Shanthini S, Sugantha Mallika S.S., and Muthuram R. "NEXT-GENERATION INTRUSION DETECTION AND PREVENTION SYSTEMS FOR IT AND NETWORK SECURITY." ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology 14, no. 3 (2023): 2992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21917/ijct.2023.0445.
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In cybersecurity, the constant evolution of threats demands the development of next-generation Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) to safeguard IT infrastructure and networks effectively. This research embarks on the journey of designing an innovative IDPS using a Dense VGG classifier, fueled by IoT data as its primary input source. Our approach combines the robustness of the Dense VGG architecture with the rich information generated by Internet of Things (IoT) devices, enhancing the system ability to detect and prevent intrusions. We gather diverse IoT data from sensors and devices within the IT infrastructure, ensuring the availability of labeled data that signifies known intrusion events. After meticulous preprocessing and feature engineering, we adapt the Dense VGG model, originally designed for image classification, to work with tabular IoT data. Transfer learning techniques are applied, leveraging pre-trained VGG models to expedite convergence and enhance performance. Real-time data streaming mechanisms are established to seamlessly integrate IoT data, making the system proactive in identifying threats. Upon detection, the system can respond by isolating affected devices, blocking suspicious network traffic, or initiating incident response protocols. Continuous monitoring and evaluation ensure the system reliability, with key metrics serving as indicators of its efficacy. Deployment considerations, such as scalability and redundancy, guarantee the system readiness to handle the influx of IoT data. Furthermore, integration with other security tools and compliance with regulatory standards strengthen the system overall cybersecurity posture. The core of our system lies in its intrusion detection logic, a set of rules and thresholds that trigger alerts or preventive measures based on model predictions. In testing, our system demonstrated an impressive intrusion detection accuracy of over 95%, significantly reducing false positives.
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Dudala, Sohan, Sangam Srikanth, Satish Kumar Dubey, Arshad Javed, and Sanket Goel. "Rapid Inkjet-Printed Miniaturized Interdigitated Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing of Nitrite and Taste Stimuli." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (2021): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091037.
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This paper reports on single step and rapid fabrication of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) using an inkjet printing-based approach. A commercial inkjet-printed circuit board (PCB) printer was used to fabricate the IDEs on a glass substrate. The inkjet printer was optimized for printing IDEs on a glass substrate using a carbon ink with a specified viscosity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz was employed for chemical sensing applications using an electrochemical workstation. The IDE sensors demonstrated good nitrite quantification abilities, detecting a low concentration of 1 ppm. Taste simulating chemicals were used to experimentally analyze the ability of the developed sensor to detect and quantify tastes as perceived by humans. The performance of the inkjet-printed IDE sensor was compared with that of the IDEs fabricated using maskless direct laser writing (DLW)-based photolithography. The DLW–photolithography-based fabrication approach produces IDE sensors with excellent geometric tolerances and better sensing performance. However, inkjet printing provides IDE sensors at a fraction of the cost and time. The inkjet printing-based IDE sensor, fabricated in under 2 min and costing less than USD 0.3, can be adapted as a suitable IDE sensor with rapid and scalable fabrication process capabilities.
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Braun, A., and V. Hochschild. "Combined use of SAR and optical data for environmental assessments around refugee camps in semiarid landscapes." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-777-2015.
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Over 15 million people were officially considered as refugees in the year 2012 and another 28 million as internally displaced people (IDPs). Natural disasters, climatic and environmental changes, violent regional conflicts and population growth force people to migrate in all parts of this world. This trend is likely to continue in the near future, as political instabilities increase and land degradation progresses. <br><br> EO4HumEn aims at developing operational services to support humanitarian operations during crisis situations by means of dedicated geo-spatial information products derived from Earth observation and GIS data. The goal is to develop robust, automated methods of image analysis routines for population estimation, identification of potential groundwater extraction sites and monitoring the environmental impact of refugee/IDP camps. <br><br> This study investigates the combination of satellite SAR data with optical sensors and elevation information for the assessment of the environmental conditions around refugee camps. In order to estimate their impact on land degradation, land cover classifications are required which target dynamic landscapes. We performed a land use / land cover classification based on a random forest algorithm and 39 input prediction rasters based on Landsat 8 data and additional layers generated from radar texture and elevation information. The overall accuracy was 92.9 %, while optical data had the highest impact on the final classification. By analysing all combinations of the three input datasets we additionally estimated their impact on single classification outcomes and land cover classes.
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Dallah, Khalid, A. Bellel, O. C. Lezzar, Salah Sahli, and Patrice Raynaud. "Modeling of Interdigital Electrodes Geometrical Parameters Effects on Chemical Sensor Response." Key Engineering Materials 826 (October 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.826.67.
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The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity and toxic industrial chemicals is important for various environmental and industrial applications. The design of interdigital capacitor (IDCs) sensor is carried out in such a way that it would be suitable for microelectronic technology. The basic geometry of IDCs is defined by some parameters such as: number of electrodes N, electrode width W, electrode length L and the separation between electrodes G. The interactions between IDCs sensitive coating and analyte induced a change in the sensors capacitance due to the permittivity variation of the sensitive layer and to the change in polymer thickness (swelling). In this work, a fairly new approach of IDCs based sensor in terms of capacitance calculation has been presented. The results have been obtained from the modeling of the sensors geometry 2D and 3D using multi-physics simulation software COMSOL. The effects of some geometry parameters coupled with swelling measurements for polymeric films have been studied.
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Li, Manman, Yiwen Lv, Yan Jin, and Yigui Li. "Simulation Research on Interdigitated Electrodes based sensors in water solution monitoring." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2417, no. 1 (2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2417/1/012026.
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Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) based sensors have the advantages of being rapid and accurate in the electrochemical detection area. In this paper, simulation research on IDEs-based impedance sensors in water solution is performed, and the electric field distribution under different sizes (pairs, finger width, and finger spacing) is compared, while the corresponding impedance in water solution is calculated. As a result, the optimal size of the IDEs (pairs=10, spacing =0.1 mm, width=0.5 mm) is chosen, and impedance changes in a water solution with different conductivities are investigated. This work provides a good theoretical reference for the actual sensor design.
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Yeo, Junho, and Jong-Ig Lee. "High-Sensitivity Microwave Sensor Based on An Interdigital-Capacitor-Shaped Defected Ground Structure for Permittivity Characterization." Sensors 19, no. 3 (2019): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030498.
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This study proposes a high-sensitivity microwave sensor based on an interdigital-capacitor-shaped defected ground structure (IDCS-DGS) in a microstrip transmission line for the dielectric characterization of planar materials. The proposed IDCS-DGS was designed by modifying the straight ridge structure of an H-shaped aperture. The proposed sensor was compared with conventional sensors based on a double-ring complementary split ring resonator (CSRR), a single-ring CSRR, and a rotated single-ring CSRR. All the sensors were designed and fabricated on 0.76-mm-thick RF-35 substrate and operated at 1.5 GHz under unloaded conditions. Five different standard dielectric samples with dielectric constants ranging from 2.17 to 10.2 were tested for the sensitivity comparison. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor was measured by the shift in the resonant frequency of the transmission coefficient, and compared with conventional sensors. The experiment results show that the sensitivity of the proposed sensor was two times higher for a low permittivity of 2.17 and it was 1.42 times higher for a high permittivity of 10.2 when compared with the double-ring CSRR-based sensor.
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Truong, TranThuyNga, Ji-Seon Kim, and Jooyong Kim. "Development of Embroidery-Type Pressure Sensor Dependent on Interdigitated Capacitive Method." Polymers 14, no. 17 (2022): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173446.
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Many studies have been conducted to develop electronic skin (e-skin) and flexible wearable textiles which transform into actual “skin”, using different approaches. Moreover, many reports have investigated self-healing materials, multifunctional sensors, etc. This study presents a systematic approach to embroidery pressure sensors dependent on interdigitated capacitors (IDCs), for applications surrounding intelligent wearable devices, robots, and e-skins. The method proposed a broad range of highly sensitive pressure sensors based on porous Ecoflex, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and interdigitated electrodes. Firstly, characterizations of ICDs embroidering on a cotton fabric using silver conductive thread are evaluated by a precision LCR meter throughout the frequency range from 1 kHz to 300 kHz. The effect of thread density on the performance of embroidered sensors is included. Secondly, the 16451B dielectric test fixture from Keysight is utilized to evaluate the composite samples’ dielectric constant accurately. The effect of frequency on sensor performance was evaluated to consider the influence of the dielectric constant as a function of the capacitance change. This study shows that the lower the frequency, the higher the sensitivity, but at the same time, it also leads to instability in the sensor’s operation. Thirdly, assessing the volume fraction of CNTs on composites’ properties is enclosed. The presence of volume portion CNTs upgrades the bond strength of composites and further develops sensor deformability. Finally, the presented sensor can accomplish excellent performance with an ultra-high sensitivity of 0.24 kPa−1 in low pressure (<25 kPa) as well as a wide detection range from 1 to 1000 kPa, which is appropriate for general tactile pressure rages. In order to achieve high sensor performance, factors such as density, frequency, fabric substrate, and the structure of the dielectric layer need to be carefully evaluated.
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Markiewicz, Nicolai, Olga Casals, Cristian Fabrega, Hutomo Suryo Wasisto, Andreas Waag, and Joan Daniel Prades. "An LED Platform for Micropower Gas Sensors." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130971.
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We developed an integrated platform to build up conductometric sensors with controlled illumination. Our device contains a miniaturized indium gallium nitride (InGaN) LED as a light source, and a set of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) in close contact with the LED. The sensor material is later deposited on top of the IDE, to monitor its resistance. In this configuration, all the light emitted by the LED is collected by the sensor material, leading to a very efficient photoexcitation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach building a photoactivated gas sensor based on ZnO operating with as little as 100 μW.
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Schindelholz, Mara E., Stephen J. Percival, Matthew J. Hurlock, Matthew S. Christian, Leo J. Small, and Tina M. Nenoff. "Maturation of MOF-Based Sensors for the Electrical Detection of Gaseous Products." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 37 (2024): 2562. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02372562mtgabs.
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The advanced in situ detection of gaseous pollutants, such as NOx, is of great interest in many applications, including the automotive, manufacturing, energy, and defense industries. Current challenges with gas sensors include everything from power consumption, lifetime, and chemical fouling considerations to signal interference from other secondary gases present in complex environments. In this study, we continue the advancement of our low power metal oxide framework (MOF)-based sensors, previously successfully demonstrated for gaseous I2 and NO2 detection.1-5 The sensors, composed of Pt interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with a nanoporous adsorbent layer, can be tuned to selectively adsorb gases of interest through judicious material selection, and the electrical response directly correlated to gas concentration. The sensors have been successfully demonstrated for the selective detection of trace NOx (1ppm), in complex environments (e.g., presence of H2O, CO2, SO2).6 Direct growth of thin MOF films on surface functionalized IDEs has been shown to result in increased sensor sensitivity and a faster response time.7 Our recent work has investigated the long-term durability and sensitivity of the sensors to NOx, when exposed to dry and humid environments at room temperature and 74°C over the course of three months. It was observed that the Ni-MOF-74-based sensors exhibited superior sensitivity in comparison to Mg-MOF-74 on initial exposure to NOx. On the other hand, the Mg-MOF-74-based sensors exhibited less degradation of the sensor response from prolonged humidity exposure. These findings led to our current work, exploring mixed metal MOF-on-MOF sensors for optimization of both sensor response and long-term performance. Preliminary experimental and modeling performed to elucidate the influence of metal mixing on these metrics will be presented. SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525. References Small, L.J and Nenoff, T.M., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9 (51), 44649. Small, L.J., et al., Meso. Mater., 2019, 280, 82. Small, L.J., et al., ACS App. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11 (31), 27982. Small, L.J., et al., Funct. Mater., 2020, 30 (50), 2006598. Small, L.J., et al., I&ECR, 2021, 60, 21, 7998. Small, L.J., et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15 (31), 37675. Henkelis, S.E, et al., Membranes, 2021, 11 (3), 176. Percival, S.J., et al., I&ECR, 2023, 62, (5), 2336.
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Pauly, Alain, Sahal Saad Ali, Christelle Varenne, Jérôme Brunet, Eduard Llobet, and Amadou L. Ndiaye. "Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins/Polyaniline Composites (PANI/CuPctBu and PANI/TPPH2) as Sensing Materials for Ammonia Detection." Polymers 14, no. 5 (2022): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050891.
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We combined a conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI), with an organic semiconducting macrocyclic (MCs) material. The macrocycles are the phthalocyanines and porphyrins used to tune the electrical properties of the PANI, which benefits from their ability to enhance sensor response. For this, we proceeded by a simple ultrasonically assisted reaction involving the two components, i.e., the PANI matrix and the MCs, to achieve the synthesis of the composite nanostructure PANI/MCs. The composite nanostructure has been characterized and deposited on interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) to construct resistive sensor devices. The isolated nanostructured composites present good electrical properties dominated by PANI electronic conductivity, and the characterization reveals that both components are present in the nanostructure. The experimental results obtained under gas exposures show that the composite nanostructures can be used as a sensing material with enhanced sensing properties. The sensing performance under different conditions, such as ambient humidity, and the sensor’s operating temperature are also investigated. Sensing behavior in deficient humidity levels and their response at different temperatures revealed unusual behaviors that help to understand the sensing mechanism. Gas sensors based on PANI/MCs demonstrate significant stability over time, but this stability is highly reduced after experiments in lower humidity conditions and at high temperatures.
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Al-Qahtani, Aisha M., Shawkat Ali, Arshad Khan, and Amine Bermak. "Performance Optimization of Wearable Printed Human Body Temperature Sensor Based on Silver Interdigitated Electrode and Carbon-Sensing Film." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041869.
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The human body’s temperature is one of the most important vital markers due to its ability to detect various diseases early. Accurate measurement of this parameter has received considerable interest in the healthcare sector. We present a novel study on the optimization of a temperature sensor based on silver interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and carbon-sensing film. The sensor was developed on a flexible Kapton thin film first by inkjet printing the silver IDEs, followed by screen printing a sensing film made of carbon black. The IDE finger spacing and width of the carbon film were both optimized, which considerably improved the sensor’s sensitivity throughout a wide temperature range that fully covers the temperature of human skin. The optimized sensor demonstrated an acceptable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 3.93 × 10−3 °C−1 for temperature sensing between 25 °C and 50 °C. The proposed sensor was tested on the human body to measure the temperature of various body parts, such as the forehead, neck, and palm. The sensor showed a consistent and reproducible temperature reading with a quick response and recovery time, exhibiting adequate capability to sense skin temperatures. This wearable sensor has the potential to be employed in a variety of applications, such as soft robotics, epidermal electronics, and soft human–machine interfaces.
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Wang, Jin, Yu Gao, Wei Liu, Arun Kumar Sangaiah, and Hye-Jin Kim. "An intelligent data gathering schema with data fusion supported for mobile sink in wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 3 (2019): 155014771983958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719839581.
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Numerous tiny sensors are restricted with energy for the wireless sensor networks since most of them are deployed in harsh environments, and thus it is impossible for battery re-change. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes a significant requirement for routing protocol design. Recent research introduces data fusion to conserve energy; however, many of them do not present a concrete scheme for the fusion process. Emerging machine learning technology provides a novel direction for data fusion and makes it more available and intelligent. In this article, we present an intelligent data gathering schema with data fusion called IDGS-DF. In IDGS-DF, we adopt a neural network to conduct data fusion to improve network performance. First, we partition the whole sensor fields into several subdomains by virtual grids. Then cluster heads are selected according to the score of nodes and data fusion is conducted in CHs using a pretrained neural network. Finally, a mobile agent is adopted to gather information along a predefined path. Plenty of experiments are conducted to demonstrate that our schema can efficiently conserve energy and enhance the lifetime of the network.
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Toral, Victor, Florin C. Loghin, Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez, et al. "Optimization of Cost-Effective and Reproducible Flexible Humidity Sensors Based on Metal-Organic Frameworks." Sensors 20, no. 23 (2020): 6981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236981.
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In this letter, we present the extension of a previous work on a cost-effective method for fabricating highly sensitive humidity sensors on flexible substrates with a reversible response, allowing precise monitoring of the humidity threshold. In that work we demonstrated the use of three-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) film deposition based on the perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate linker, potassium as metallic center and the interspacing of silver interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) as humidity sensors. In this work, we study one of the most important issues in efficient and reproducible mass production, which is to optimize the most important processes’ parameters in their fabrication, such as controlling the thickness of the sensor’s layers. We demonstrate this method not only allows for the creation of humidity sensors, but it also is possible to change the humidity value that changes the actuator state.
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Mojena-Medina, Dahiana, Moritz Hubl, Manuel Bäuscher, José Luis Jorcano, Ha-Duong Ngo, and Pablo Acedo. "Real-Time Impedance Monitoring of Epithelial Cultures with Inkjet-Printed Interdigitated-Electrode Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 19 (2020): 5711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195711.
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From electronic devices to large-area electronics, from individual cells to skin substitutes, printing techniques are providing compelling applications in wide-ranging fields. Research has thus fueled the vision of a hybrid, printing platform to fabricate sensors/electronics and living engineered tissues simultaneously. Following this interest, we have fabricated interdigitated-electrode sensors (IDEs) by inkjet printing to monitor epithelial cell cultures. We have fabricated IDEs using flexible substrates with silver nanoparticles as a conductive element and SU-8 as the passivation layer. Our sensors are cytocompatible, have a topography that simulates microgrooves of 300 µm width and ~4 µm depth, and can be reused for cellular studies without detrimental in the electrical performance. To test the inkjet-printed sensors and demonstrate their potential use for monitoring laboratory-growth skin tissues, we have developed a real-time system and monitored label-free proliferation, migration, and detachment of keratinocytes by impedance spectroscopy. We have found that variations in the impedance correlate linearly to cell densities initially seeded and that the main component influencing the total impedance is the isolated effect of the cell membranes. Results obtained show that impedance can track cellular migration over the surface of the sensors, exhibiting a linear relationship with the standard method of image processing. Our results provide a useful approach for non-destructive in-situ monitoring of processes related to both in vitro epidermal models and wound healing with low-cost ink-jetted sensors. This type of flexible sensor as well as the impedance method are promising for the envisioned hybrid technology of 3D-bioprinted smart skin substitutes with built-in electronics.
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Hagen, Gunter, Christoph Spannbauer, Markus Feulner, Jaroslaw Kita, Andreas Müller, and Ralf Moos. "Conductometric Soot Sensors: Internally Caused Thermophoresis as an Important Undesired Side Effect." Sensors 18, no. 10 (2018): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103531.
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Particulate matter sensors are of interest for application in the exhaust of any combustion processes, especially for automotive aftertreatment systems. Conductometric soot sensors have been serialized recently. They comprise planar interdigital electrodes (IDE) on an insulating substrate. Between the IDEs, a voltage is applied. Soot deposition is accelerated by the resulting electric field due to electrophoresis. With increasing soot deposition, the conductance between the IDE increases. The timely derivative of the conductance can serve as a sensor signal, being a function of the deposition rate. An increasing voltage between the IDE would be useful for detecting low particle exhausts. In the present study, the influence of the applied voltage and the sensor temperature on the soot deposition is investigated. It turned out that the maximum voltage is limited, since the soot film is heated by the resulting current. An internally caused thermophoresis that reduces the rate of soot deposition on the substrate follows. It reduces both the linearity of the response and the sensitivity. These findings may be helpful for the further development of conductometric soot sensors for automotive exhausts, probably also to determine real driving emissions of particulate matter.
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Basavaraj, A. Khot, Patil Mallikarjunagouda, H.Fattepur Raghavendra, G.B Devidas, Vaddar Husenappa, and P.I.Mandi. "Tailoring Polymer Nanostructures for Selective Hazardous Gas Sensing." ISRAA Journal Scopus, Q4 Indexed 8, no. 1 (2024): 109–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10669388.
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This paper presents the development and characterization of polyaniline (PANI) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)/PANI composite thin film based chemiresistor type gas sensors for hydrogen (H2) detection. Pure PANI and (TiO2)/PANI composites with varying TiO2 weight percentages were synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate in an acidic medium at 0-5°C. The resulting thin films were deposited on copper interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) via spin coating to form the chemiresistor sensors. The H2 gas sensing response of these sensors was evaluated at room temperature by monitoring changes in their electrical resistance. Notably, TiO2/PANI composites exhibited significantly higher sensor sensitivity compared to pure PANI. Furthermore, the structural and optical properties of the composite films were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Detailed morphological and structural analysis was also performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Dotan, Tali, and Yosi Shacham-Diamand. "Transport Effects in Electrochemical Biochip Sensors with Redox Cycling Amplification: Computational and Experimental Analysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 45 (2024): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01452513mtgabs.
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In the last few decades, and especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, point-of-care diagnostics and field-deployable biosensors have attracted significant attention. Key components of these instruments are microchips that integrate microfluidics with a sensor (e.g., optical or electrochemical) to provide rapid, low-cost, real-time detection of analyte molecules in very small volumes. Next-generation electrochemical sensors have been miniaturized on solid-state platforms (e.g., arrays and vectors) where the area is limited. However, as the active surface area of the sensors decreases from a few square microns to sub-micron and nanometric scales, the measured currents drop, hence affecting the limit of detection. As the concentration of many analytes in the physiological environment is low, low signal-to-noise ratios have limited the miniaturization of standard electrochemical sensors. One way to increase signal at the sensor output is by redox amplification. To achieve amplification, a second working electrode must be incorporated close to the first working electrode and proper bias must be applied to both. Micrometer-sized interdigitated electrode arrays have been fabricated using robust and scalable processes based on optical lithography and reactive ion-etching techniques. In some cases, IDAs have been integrated into microfluidics devices. The physical and electrochemical phenomena that occur in microfluidic channels under flow have been previously evaluated and showed an increase of current under flow. The effect of redox cycling in microfluidic and nanofluidic systems has also been qualitatively demonstrated. Some studies measured the amplification in the cases with and without flow and showed that the flow itself amplifies the measured electrochemical current, though in most cases, it reduces the amplification factor. Towards a more quantitative investigation, analytical and computational modeling were used, providing meaningful insights into the physics of IDAs without requiring numerous device fabrications. In this work, we used COMSOL Multiphysics to create a full three-dimensional simulation-based model of a real device in order to study the effect of laminar flow on redox cycling, as well as a simplified one-dimensional model for the analysis of transition velocity between different amplification regimes. IDAs with 5-10 mm for both electrodes width and gap were studied numerically and experimentally. The results of the 3D and 1D simulations were consistent between themselves, and also with those of the physical experiments. The relationship between the two mass transfer methods — diffusion and convection — were analyzed at different flow velocities and for different electrode geometries. Here we report a study of transport effects on a microfluidic sensor-chip in which electrochemical sensing is amplified by redox cycling using an interdigitated electrode array (IDA). Our models indicate that there exist two dominant regimes: one which is limited by redox cycling diffusion—a unique feature of IDAs— which is dominant at relatively low flow rates, and another which is limited by convection and has dominant flow effects which are effective at high flow rates (see Figure). The transition velocity between the two sensing regimes depends on the width of the electrode and spacing. It was found to be Vflow [mm/sec]=0.335/L[μm] + 0.04 which is similar to the prediction of Vflow∝1/L obtained from the one-dimensional model. An understanding of the combined effects of redox cycling and convection flow is critical as microfluidic chips with electrochemical sensing amplified by redox cycling using IDAs are becoming widely used in diagnostic assays. The method for prediction of current under any flow rate described here will support technological development of more efficient and accurate devices. Figure 1
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Sosada-Ludwikowska, Florentyna, Robert Wimmer-Teubenbacher, Martin Sagmeister, and Anton Köck. "Transfer Printing Technology as a Straightforward Method to Fabricate Chemical Sensors Based on Tin Dioxide Nanowires." Sensors 19, no. 14 (2019): 3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143049.
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Metal oxide multi-nanowire-based chemical gas sensors were manufactured by a fast and simple transfer printing technology. A two-step method employing spray pyrolysis deposition and a thermal annealing process was used for SnO 2 nanowires fabrication. A polydimethylsiloxane stamp was used to transfer the SnO 2 nanowires on two different gas sensing devices—Si-based substrates and microhotplate-based platform chips. Both contained a metallic inter-digital electrode structure (IDES), on which the SnO 2 nanowires were transferred for realization of multi-NW gas sensor devices. The gas sensor devices show a very high response towards H 2 S down to the 10 ppb range. Furthermore, a good response towards CO has been achieved, where in particular the microhotplate-based devices exhibit almost no cross sensitivity to humidity.
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Sosada-Ludwikowska, Florentyna, Robert Wimmer-Teubenbacher, and Anton Köck. "Transfer Printing Technology for Fabricating Chemical Sensors Based on Tin Dioxide Nanowires." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131076.
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Multi-nanowire based chemical gas sensors were produced employing a fast and simple transfer printing technology. SnO2 nanowires (NWs) were grown by a specific two-step technology including spray pyrolysis deposition and a thermal annealing process in presence of a Cu-catalyst. Subsequently the SnO2 NWs were print transferred by a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp on Si-substrates with gold inter-digital electrode structures (IDES) creating a multi-NW chemical sensing device. The print-transfer technology enables a fast, easy and cheap fabrication of NW-based sensor devices with a good reproducibility. High sensitivity to H2S has been achieved, the performance results are presented in this work.
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Yan, Sheng-Hua, and Chia-Yen Lee. "The Fabrication and Characterization of Surface-Acoustic-Wave and Resistive Types of Ozone Sensors Based on Zinc Oxide: A Comparative Study." Sensors 25, no. 9 (2025): 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092723.
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Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technology is employed to fabricate surface acoustic wave (SAW)-type and resistive-type ozone sensors on quartz glass (SiO2) substrates. The fabrication process commences by using a photolithography technique to define interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) on the substrates. Electron-beam evaporation (EBE) followed by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering is then used to deposit platinum (Pt) and chromium (Cr) electrode layers as well as a zinc oxide (ZnO) sensing layer, respectively. Finally, annealing is performed to improve the crystallinity and sensing performance of the ZnO films. The experimental results reveal that the ZnO thin films provide an excellent ozone-concentration sensing capability in both sensors. The SAW-type sensor demonstrates a peak sensitivity at a frequency of 200 kHz, with a rapid response time of just 35 s. Thus, it is suitable for applications requiring a quick response and high sensitivity, such as real-time monitoring and high-precision environmental detection. The resistive-type sensor shows optimal sensitivity at a relatively low operating temperature of 180 °C, but has a longer response time of approximately 103 s. Therefore, it is better suited for low-cost and large-scale applications such as industrial-gas-concentration monitoring.
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Tarczewska, Aneta, Klaudia Bielak, Anna Zoglowek, et al. "The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation during Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization." Biomolecules 12, no. 9 (2022): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12091266.
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Some animal organs contain mineralized tissues. These so-called hard tissues are mostly deposits of calcium salts, usually in the form of calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. Examples of this include fish otoliths and mammalian otoconia, which are found in the inner ear, and they are an essential part of the sensory system that maintains body balance. The composition of ear stones is quite well known, but the role of individual components in the nucleation and growth of these biominerals is enigmatic. It is sure that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play an important role in this aspect. They have an impact on the shape and size of otoliths. It seems probable that IDPs, with their inherent ability to phase separate, also play a role in nucleation processes. This review discusses the major theories on the mechanisms of biomineral nucleation with a focus on the importance of protein-driven liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). It also presents the current understanding of the role of IDPs in the formation of calcium carbonate biominerals and predicts their potential ability to drive LLPS.
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G.A, Akinbode, Ayodeji F, Aroyewun B.A, and Obadan O.A. "Social and psycho-physiological cConsequences of overcrowding aAmong internally displaced persons in Nigeria's North-East (A Psychological Appraisal of IDP’S in Dalori Camp, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria)." KIU Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 2 (2024): 127–41. https://doi.org/10.59568/kjhs-2024-4-2-10.
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Human beings have an acceptable level of crowding above which their well-being will become significantly impaired. This study examined the social and psycho-physiological consequences of overcrowding on the well-being of IDPs. Data was gathered from 90 IDPs from the Dalori IDP camp in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. The study is anchored on Freedman's Density-Intensity Theory and Stokol's Overcrowding Theory, which posit that sensory inputs overload and perception of insufficient control over the environment impair human psych-physiological functioning, as well as engender feelings of learned helplessness. Participants responded to four survey instruments, the Health Symptoms Checklist (HSC), The Stress Symptoms Checklist (SSC), The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), and The Symptom Distress Checklist (SCL-90). Results showed that IDPs in crowded shelters reported more health symptoms, sleep disorders, and physical and psycho-physiological dysfunctions than those in less crowded shelters. The study also revealed that IDP residents in the camp report more psycho-physiological dysfunctions and depressive symptoms than those who are residents outside the camp. A major implication of the finding is that given the precarious environmental conditions prevailing in IDP camps in the North-East, of Nigeria, there is a need to focus on addressing the issue of overcrowding in IDP camps to improve the well-being of IDPs resident in the camps.
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Wang, Linkang, Jingjing You, Xiaolong Yang, Huaxin Chen, Chenggang Li, and Hongtao Wu. "Forward and Inverse Dynamics of a Six-Axis Accelerometer Based on a Parallel Mechanism." Sensors 21, no. 1 (2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010233.
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The solution of the dynamic equations of the six-axis accelerometer is a prerequisite for sensor calibration, structural optimization, and practical application. However, the forward dynamic equations (FDEs) and inverse dynamic equations (IDEs) of this type of system have not been completely solved due to the strongly nonlinear coupling relationship between the inputs and outputs. This article presents a comprehensive study of the FDEs and IDEs of the six-axis accelerometer based on a parallel mechanism. Firstly, two sets of dynamic equations of the sensor are constructed based on the Newton–Euler method in the configuration space. Secondly, based on the analytical solution of the sensor branch chain length, the coordination equation between the output signals of the branch chain is constructed. The FDEs of the sensor are established by combining the coordination equations and two sets of dynamic equations. Furthermore, by introducing generalized momentum and Hamiltonian function and using Legendre transformation, the vibration differential equations (VDEs) of the sensor are derived. The VDEs and Newton–Euler equations constitute the IDEs of the system. Finally, the explicit recursive algorithm for solving the quaternion in the equation is given in the phase space. Then the IDEs are solved by substituting the quaternion into the dynamic equations in the configuration space. The predicted numerical results of the established FDEs and IDEs are verified by comparing with virtual and actual experimental data. The actual experiment shows that the relative errors of the FDEs and the IDEs constructed in this article are 2.21% and 7.65%, respectively. This research provides a new strategy for further improving the practicability of the six-axis accelerometer.
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Rachmanita, Risse Entikaria, and Haerul Ahmadi. "Aplikasi Interdigital Capacitor Sensor (IDCS) dalam pengukuran permitivitas relatif Crude Oil." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Keilmuan (JPFK) 5, no. 2 (2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/jpfk.v5i2.4011.
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<p class="JIPIAbstractBody"><em>Interdigital Capacitor Sensor</em> (IDCS) telah diaplikasikan dalam berbagai bidang, terutama pada bidang kimia dan biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengukuran permitivitas relatif pada <em>crude oil</em> dengan mengaplikasikan IDCS sebagai media sensing. Permitivitas relatif sangat dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan sifat kelistrikan, yang metodenya masih jarang didapatkan pada <em>special liquid </em>seperti pada <em>crude oil.</em> IDCS dapat dimanfaatkan untuk aplikasi pada pengukuran microlevel <em>crude oil</em>. IDCS dicetak pada <em>printed circuit board</em> (PCB) dengan konfigurasi dua pola sisir elektroda. Sensor yang telah dibuat memiliki 5 elektroda di setiap sisinya, panjang elektroda adalah 40 mm, lebar elektroda adalah 4 mm, tebal elektroda adalah 0,01 mm, dan jarak antar elektroda adalah 5 mm. Kalibrasi IDCS menggunakan RCL meter tipe PM 6303A Philip frekuensi 1 kHz. Pengujian sensor dilakukan dengan pengukuran kapasitansi IDCS sendiri dan pengukuran kapasitansi aquades. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pengukuran kapasitansi <em>crude oil</em> menggunakan IDCS yang telah dikalibrasi. Hasil pengukuran diperoleh nilai rata-rata kapasitansi IDCS (tembaga), air murni, dan <em>crude oil</em> berturut-turut adalah (22,7 ± 0,6) pF, (1,12 ± 0,05) nF, dan (25,6 ± 0,6) pF. Hasil perhitungan dari data kapasitansi diperoleh permitivitas relatif IDCS (tembaga), air murni, dan <em>crude oil</em> berturut-turut adalah 17,2 ± 0,4, 71,89 ± 1,67, dan 2,4 ± 0,2. Nilai kapasitansi bahan uji berbanding lurus dengan nilai permitivitas relatifnya.</p>
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Xiao, Mi, Gaoyan Yang, and Wei Zhang. "Aging Characterization of Modified Insulating Paper Based on the Transmission Characteristics of Microstrip Resonant Sensors." Energies 17, no. 11 (2024): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112499.
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In this paper, the aging characterization of a kind of insulating paper modified by magnetron sputtering MgO particles based on a microstrip resonant sensor was presented. Firstly, the modified insulating paper with 0, 15 and 30 min MgO particle sputtering times was prepared by a magnetron sputtering device. After that, the properties of the modified insulating paper with different sputtering times were analyzed through microscopic characterization, infrared spectrum, polymerization degree, dielectric constant, AC breakdown strength and thermal aging experiments. The results show that the dielectric constant of the modified insulating paper decreased obviously, the AC breakdown strength increased and the thermal aging resistance was better after 15 min of sputtering. The overall performance of the modified insulating paper after 30 min of sputtering is reduced due to excessive sputtering. In addition, microstrip resonant sensors are introduced to characterize the thermal aging degree of the modified insulating paper, and two microstrip resonant sensors are prepared: a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) and an interdigital-capacitor-shaped defected ground structure resonator (IDCS-DGS). The resonance frequency deviation of the modified insulating paper samples after aging was measured by microstrip resonance sensors to show the influence of aging temperature on aging degree. The experimental results show that the test results of the microstrip resonance sensors are in good agreement with the traditional characterization methods and can characterize the various aging stages of the modified insulating paper to a certain extent, which proves the feasibility of the characterization method.
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Bose, Anindya, and Sarthak Sengupta. "Fabrication and characterization of pillar interdigitated electrode for blood glucose sensing." Sensor Review 41, no. 2 (2021): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2020-0232.
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Purpose A bio-sensor has been developed in this study for the purpose of point-of-care diagnostics. Point-of-care-diagnostic is a type of diagnosis where the diagnostic centre, i.e. the diagnosis kit is made available at the location of the patient when the patient needs immediate action. In this process of diagnosis a compact, portable, integrated kit must be available which can diagnose the disease of the patient by testing various analytes. Design/methodology/approach Using a fully experimental methodology, a blood glucose sensor is made by conducting carbon interdigitated electrode (IDE) on a flexible substrate. IDEs are used to increase the effective capacitance of the structure, as well as the effective electroactive area of the sensor. Interdigitated structure permits two-electrode sticks with “each other” and “infuse” together. As a consequence, the distance between electrodes can be tuned to a much smaller value than traditional thin-film architectures. Narrowing the distance between electrodes allows for fast ion diffusion that offers better rate capability and efficiency in power density. The fabricated device exhibits a remarkable value of sensitivity in the order of 2.741 µA mM-1 cm−2. Findings A highly sensitive, portable and inexpensive blood glucose sensor has been developed in this context. Originality/value This research study can be a scope for future research in the field of bio-sensors.
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Khasanah, Ulfa Niswatul. "Pengaruh Jumlah Elektrode Pada Konfigurasi Sensor IDCS Terhadap Pengukuran Permitivitas Parafin dan Glycerol." Journal of Science Nusantara 2, no. 4 (2022): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28926/jsnu.v2i4.611.
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Abstrak
 IDCS adalah sensor kapasitif dengan ukuran kecil dan tipis yang digunakan untuk mengukur permitivitas bahan. Jenis bahan yang dapat diukur meliputi zat cair, gas dan zat padat yang berbentuk serbuk. IDCS terdiri dari lapisan tembaga yang memiliki pola atau konfigurasi seperti sisir yang menempel pada lapisan substrat FR-4. Konfigurasi tersebut meliputi lebar electrode (a), jarak antara dua electrode (b), panjang electrode (L) dan jumlah electrode (N). setiap komponen tersebut memiliki pengaruh terhadap hasil pengukuran permitivitas bahan. Sehingga untuk mendapatkan alat ukur permitivitas yang optimum maka diperlukan penelitian tentang masing-masing pengaruh dari komponen tersebut. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh jumlah elektrode pada konfigurasi sensor IDCS. Variasi jumlah elektroda ysng digunakan yaitu 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7. Jumlah tersebut mengacu pada hasil optimasi menggunakan metode Particle Swam Optimization (PSO). Konfigurasi yang paling optimum diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran dengan eror yang terkecil. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini yaitu semakin besar jumlah elektroda maka semakin besar pula kapasitansinya. Nilai kapasitansi tidak berbanding lurus dengan nilai permitivitas, hal ini disebabkan oleh konfigurasi IDCS yang berbeda. Pada pengukuran permitivitas udara, parafin dan glycerol terdapat 1 kesamaan yaitu konfigurasi yang memiliki eror terkecil adalah N6 dengan a = b = 2 mm, L= 5 cm, N = 6 dan h = 1µm.
 
 Katakunci: IDCS, kapasitor, permitivitas
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V, Balajishanmugam, Christopher Paul A, and Thirunavukarasu B. "ENHANCED INTRUSION DETECTION AND PREVENTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HYBRID DEEP LEARNING." ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology 16, no. 1 (2025): 3454–58. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijct.2025.0513.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are highly vulnerable to security threats due to their decentralized nature, constrained resources, and open communication channels. Traditional intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) often struggle to provide real-time protection while maintaining network efficiency. The increasing complexity of cyberattacks necessitates advanced techniques for threat mitigation. A major challenge in WSN security is the detection of sophisticated intrusions with high accuracy while minimizing false positives and computational overhead. Conventional rule-based and anomaly-based detection methods exhibit limitations in identifying emerging threats due to their reliance on predefined signatures and static models. Addressing these gaps, a hybrid deep learning-based IDPS is proposed, integrating Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for feature extraction and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for sequential pattern learning. The hybrid model is trained on a benchmark WSN intrusion dataset and optimized using the Adam optimizer to enhance detection performance. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed model achieves an intrusion detection accuracy of 98.6%, significantly outperforming traditional machine learning approaches such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) (91.2%) and Random Forest (94.8%). The system also reduces false positive rates to 1.8%, ensuring reliable threat identification. Moreover, real- time implementation exhibits an average detection latency of 0.35 seconds, making it suitable for resource-constrained WSN environments. These results indicate that the hybrid CNN-LSTM model effectively enhances the security of WSNs, providing a robust defense against evolving cyber threats.
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Eum, Hye Young, Mi Mi Kim, and Hyun Sunwoo. "A Case Study of IDP (Interactive Developmental Play Therapy) for School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Korean Association of Christian Counseling;Psychology 36, no. 1 (2025): 227–53. https://doi.org/10.23909/kjcc.2025.2.36.1.227.
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This study is a case study that analyzed the effects of Interaction Developmental Play Therapy(IDP) to improve sensory regulation and social adaptation ability of school-age children with autism spectrum disorder. The subjects of the study were five elementary school students belonging to a support organization for children with severe ASD in P city, Gyeonggi-do, who were all diagnosed with autism with a score of 36 or higher in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale(CARS), and were rated below 50 in the Social Mature Scale(SMS). IDP was conducted three times a week from December 2022 to February 2023, a total of 18 sessions, and changes in sensory regulation and social adaptation ability were measured through pre and post-evaluation. In conclusion, IDP can be seen as having a positive effect on the development of sensory regulation ability and social adaptation ability of school-age ASD children.
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Schindelholz, Mara E., Stephen J. Percival, Leo J. Small, Susan E. Henkelis, Jim L. Krumhansl, and Tina M. Nenoff. "Electrical Detection of Gaseous Pollutants Using Nanoporous-Based Gas Sensors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 47 (2022): 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01471988mtgabs.
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The advanced in situ detection of gaseous pollutants, such as NOx or SOx, is of great interest in many applications, such as the automotive and coal industries. We will discuss the continued advancement of our low power sensors for these pollutants, leveraging the previous successful development of impedance spectroscopy-based sensors for the detection of gaseous I2.1-3 The sensors, composed of Pt interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with a nanoporous adsorbent layer, can be tuned to selectively adsorb gases of interest through judicious material selection, and the electrical response directly correlated to gas concentration. The current work is focused on exploring these nanoporous phases (metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, etc.) for the real-time detection of NOx. The sensors have been successfully demonstrated for detection of trace NO2 (0.5 – 5 ppm),4 and experimental results, collected at relatively low temperature (25-50°C), will be discussed. Other recent work exploring the direct growth of crystalline MOF membranes, through the chemical functionalization of the surface of interdigitated electrodes will also be discussed.5 Direct growth of thin MOF films on surface functionalized IDEs has been shown to result in increased sensor sensitivity and a faster response time. Lastly, we will present initial results for the use of the sensors in the selective detection of NO2 in complex environments (e.g. presence of H2O, CO2, etc.).6 Acknowledgements Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. References Small, L.J and Nenoff, T.M., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9 (51), 44649. Small, L.J.; Krumhansl, J.L.; Rademacher, D.X.; Nenoff, T.M. Meso. Mater., 2019, 280, 82. Small, L.J.; Hill, R. C.; Krumhansl, J. L.; Schindelholz, M. E.; Chen, Z.; Chapman, K.W.; Zhang, X.; Yang, S.; Schroder, M.; Nenoff, T.M., ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2019, 11 (31), 27982. Small, L.J.; Henkelis, S.E; Rademacher, D.X.; Schindelholz, M. E.; Krumhansl, J. L.; Vogel, D.J.; Nenoff, T.M, Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30 (50), 2006598. Henkelis, S.E; Percival, S.J.; Small, L.J; Rademacher, D.X.; Nenoff, T.M, Membranes, 2021, 11 (3), 176. Percival, S.J.; Henkelis, S.E; Li, M.; Schindelholz, M.E.; Krumhansl, J. L.; Small, L.J.; Lobo, R.F.; Nenoff, T.M., I Eng. Chem. Res., 2021, 60 (40), 14371.
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Dallah, K., A. Bellel, O. C. Lezzar, and S. Sahli. "Capacitive response of nanoporous HMDSO film coated interdigited electrodes towards VOCs molecules." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 18, no. 1 (2023): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2023.181.279.
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In this paper, nano-porous thin films capacitive-type sensors have been fabricated for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using the micro sized interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). The sensitive layers were elaborated from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique. The choice of HMDSO polymer as sensitive layer is based on its low dielectric constant compared to analytes ones. The sensing performances of plasma polymers were strongly correlated to their chemical and physical properties, which depend directly on the plasma polymerization conditions including monomer pressure. The sensor sensitivity was at its highest value of 0.32, 0.24 and 0.20 pF/ppm towards methanol, ethanol and acetone, respectively, for the device fabricated with the smallest gap (36 µm) and higher monomer pressure (50 Pa). Chemical and morphological structures of the elaborated thin sensitive layers have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively.
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Roma, Marylene S. G., and Juliano A. Chaker. "Development of Cortisol Sensors with Interdigitated Electrode Platforms Based on Barium Titanate Nanoparticles." Sensors 25, no. 11 (2025): 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113346.
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Cortisol is a key biomarker for stress detection, and its levels can be monitored using point-of-care devices with sensors such as nanoparticles and interdigitated array electrodes (IDEs). This study developed an IDE platform using barium titanate (BaTiO3) particles synthesized via colloidal precipitation with titanium tetraisopropoxide, barium chloride, and Pluronic® P123. The calcination temperatures varied between 160 °C and 340 °C, with optimal results observed at 160 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed particles with an average size of 26 nm, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the molecular composition after the removal of P123. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed anatase and brookite phases. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis indicated changes in pore morphology, with samples treated at 160 °C exhibiting a type IV(a) mesoporous structure, a surface area of 163 m2/g, and an average pore diameter of 5.24 nm. Higher temperatures led to transitions to type IV(b) at 260 °C and type V at 340 °C, with reduced pore size. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to evaluate the performance of the IDE sensor integrated with BaTiO3 nanoparticles and albumin across cortisol concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 20 ng/mL. Impedance measurements revealed a significant decrease in impedance (Z′) with increasing cortisol concentrations, indicating increased conductivity. Specifically, Nyquist plots for a saliva sample containing 5 ng/mL cortisol—within the typical physiological range—exhibited a marked increase in charge-transfer resistance (Rct), confirming the sensor’s ability to detect low hormone levels in biological fluids. These findings underscore the potential of BaTiO3-based IDE platforms at 160 °C for stress biomarker monitoring.
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Reynolds, Kaitlyn, Navira Chandio, Ritesh Chimoriya, and Amit Arora. "The Effectiveness of Sensory Adaptive Dental Environments to Reduce Corresponding Negative Behaviours and Psychophysiology Responses in Children and Young People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Protocol of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (2022): 13758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113758.
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People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs) are disproportionately vulnerable to poorer oral health due to their complex needs specifically sensory processing difficulties. This leads to increased maladaptive behaviours and psychophysiology responses of dental anxiety amplified by the overstimulating aspects of the dental environment. Although, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that sensory adaptions are an effective strategy for individuals with IDDs in a wide range of settings, there is a lack of high-quality evidence detailing the effectiveness in a dental setting. The objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness of sensory adaptive dental environments (SADE) to reduce dental anxiety, corresponding negative behaviours and psychophysiology responses in children and young people with IDDs. The systematic review will include all Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that investigate the effectiveness of SADE compared to control (no intervention), waitlist or usual care (regular dental environment) to reduce dental anxiety and the corresponding negative behaviours and psychophysiology responses in children and young people (upto the ages of 24 years) with IDDs. This review will be conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases including MEDLINE (Ovid), The Cochrane Library, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science and OT Seeker will be searched using appropriate keywords. Additionally, citation searching will be conducted. Screening based on titles and abstracts will be done after de-duplication, followed by full-text reading for selection based on the inclusion criteria. Data extracted from the included studies will be tabulated and assessed for risk of bias. If applicable, a meta-analysis of the pooled data will be conducted. The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022322083).
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Mutee Ur Rehman, Hafiz Mohammad, Muhammad Muqeet Rehman, Muhammad Saqib, et al. "Highly Efficient and Wide Range Humidity Response of Biocompatible Egg White Thin Film." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (2021): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071815.
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Biopolymers are a solution to solve the increasing problems caused by the advances and revolution in the electronic industry owing to the use of hazardous chemicals. In this work, we have used egg white (EW) as the low-cost functional layer of a biocompatible humidity sensor and deposited it on gold (Au) interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) patterned through the state-of-the-art fabrication technology of thermal vacuum evaporation. The presence of hydrophilic proteins inside the thin film of EW makes it an attractive candidate for sensing humidity. Usually, the dependence of the percentage of relative humidity (%RH) on the reliability of measurement setup is overlooked for impedimetric humidity sensors but we have used a modified experimental setup to enhance the uniformity of the obtained results. The characteristics of our device include almost linear response with a quick response time (1.2 s) and fast recovery time (1.7 s). High sensitivity of 50 kΩ/%RH was achieved in the desirable detection range of 10–85%RH. The device size was intentionally kept small for its potential integration in a marketable chip. Results for the response of our fabricated sensor for dry and wet fingertips, along with determining the rate of breathing through the mouth, are part of this study, making it a potential device for health monitoring.
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Vahidpour, Farnoosh, Yousef Alghazali, Sevilay Akca, Gregor Hommes, and Michael J. Schöning. "An Enzyme-Based Interdigitated Electrode-Type Biosensor for Detecting Low Concentrations of H2O2 Vapor/Aerosol." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060202.
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This work introduces a novel method for the detection of H2O2 vapor/aerosol of low concentrations, which is mainly applied in the sterilization of equipment in medical industry. Interdigitated electrode (IDE) structures have been fabricated by means of microfabrication techniques. A differential setup of IDEs was prepared, containing an active sensor element (active IDE) and a passive sensor element (passive IDE), where the former was immobilized with an enzymatic membrane of horseradish peroxidase that is selective towards H2O2. Changes in the IDEs’ capacitance values (active sensor element versus passive sensor element) under H2O2 vapor/aerosol atmosphere proved the detection in the concentration range up to 630 ppm with a fast response time (<60 s). The influence of relative humidity was also tested with regard to the sensor signal, showing no cross-sensitivity. The repeatability assessment of the IDE biosensors confirmed their stable capacitive signal in eight subsequent cycles of exposure to H2O2 vapor/aerosol. Room-temperature detection of H2O2 vapor/aerosol with such miniaturized biosensors will allow a future three-dimensional, flexible mapping of aseptic chambers and help to evaluate sterilization assurance in medical industry.
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Shen, Wei-Chun, Po-Jen Shih, Yao-Chuan Tsai, Cheng-Chih Hsu, and Ching-Liang Dai. "Low-Concentration Ammonia Gas Sensors Manufactured Using the CMOS–MEMS Technique." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010092.
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This study describes the fabrication of an ammonia gas sensor (AGS) using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)–microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technique. The structure of the AGS features interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and a sensing material on a silicon substrate. The IDEs are the stacked aluminum layers that are made using the CMOS process. The sensing material; polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide (PPy/RGO), is synthesized using the oxidation–reduction method; and the material is characterized using an electron spectroscope for chemical analysis (ESCA), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD). After the CMOS process; the AGS needs post-processing to etch an oxide layer and to deposit the sensing material. The resistance of the AGS changes when it is exposed to ammonia. A non-inverting amplifier circuit converts the resistance of the AGS into a voltage signal. The AGS operates at room temperature. Experiments show that the AGS response is 4.5% at a concentration of 1 ppm NH3; and it exhibits good repeatability. The lowest concentration that the AGS can detect is 0.1 ppm NH3
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Li, Dongsheng, Yuzhou Shao, Qian Zhang, et al. "A flexible virtual sensor array based on laser-induced graphene and MXene for detecting volatile organic compounds in human breath." Analyst 146, no. 18 (2021): 5704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1an01059j.
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Mohammed, Faisal N., Hanan Hamza Mohammed, Shariff Moin, Ahmed Nazeer, and KM Veeresh. "Anomaly Detection using Machine Learning Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks." Recent Innovations in Wireless Network Security 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7601856.
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<em>The emplacement of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has increased dramatically in the last few years. WSNs attract many enterprises to use them in various applications due to their compact size and low cost. Environmental monitoring, building security, and precision agriculture are just a few examples among many other industries. Since most of them are located in hostile and unmanned environments, WSNs pose significant security risks. Many options have been proposed to protect the privacy of data during its transport from sensors to the base station in order to enable secure data processing in WSNs. The aim of this work is attack detection, a key responsibility for network and data protection. To keep wireless sensor networks secure and free from malicious attacks, anomaly detection is a crucial task. Currently, researchers use various machine learning techniques to identify anomalies using offline learning algorithms. However, online learning classifiers have not received enough attention in the literature. Our goal is to offer an intrusion detection model that works with the unique properties of WSNs. This approach is based on online passive aggressive classifier and information gain ratio. First, the relevant aspects of the sensor data are selected using the information gain ratio. The Online Passive Aggressive algorithm also learns to recognize and categorize different types of Denial of Service attacks. The test was performed using a wireless dataset from a wireless sensor network detection system (WSN-DS) that was used for the investigation. The proposed ID-GOPA model achieves a 96% detection rate in deciding whether a network is operating normally or vulnerable to attacks of any kind. In addition to 99% for normal operation, the detection accuracy for planning, gray hole attacks, flooding, and black hole attacks is 86%, 68%, 63%, and 46%, respectively. These findings show that under certain circumstances, our methodology based on offline learning can replace online learning and offer efficient WSN anomaly detection.</em>
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He, Huan, Guang Zhong Xie, Yong Zhou, and Hui Ling Tai. "Resistive Gas Sensors Based on MWCNTs-PVP Composite Films." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.84.
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In this paper, multiple-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) monolayer film and MWCNTs-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) composite films were fabricated on interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) by airbrush technology, respectively. Response performance of all the sensors to various concentrations of vapors including methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, water and 1,2-dichloroethane were investigated. The results showed that a larger sensing response was obtained for the composite films compared with the MWCNTs monolayer film. Moreover, the MWCNTs-PVP composite films had a good selectivity for 1,2-dichloroethane vapor.
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Khan, Shenawar Ali, Muhammad Saqib, Muhammad Muqeet Rehman, et al. "A Full-Range Flexible and Printed Humidity Sensor Based on a Solution-Processed P(VDF-TrFE)/Graphene-Flower Composite." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (2021): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081915.
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A novel composite based on a polymer (P(VDF-TrFE)) and a two-dimensional material (graphene flower) was proposed as the active layer of an interdigitated electrode (IDEs) based humidity sensor. Silver (Ag) IDEs were screen printed on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate followed by spin coating the active layer of P(VDF-TrFE)/graphene flower on its surface. It was observed that this sensor responds to a wide relative humidity range (RH%) of 8–98% with a fast response and recovery time of 0.8 s and 2.5 s for the capacitance, respectively. The fabricated sensor displayed an inversely proportional response between capacitance and RH%, while a directly proportional relationship was observed between its impedance and RH%. P(VDF-TrFE)/graphene flower-based flexible humidity sensor exhibited high sensitivity with an average change of capacitance as 0.0558 pF/RH%. Stability of obtained results was monitored for two weeks without any considerable change in the original values, signifying its high reliability. Various chemical, morphological, and electrical characterizations were performed to comprehensively study the humidity-sensing behavior of this advanced composite. The fabricated sensor was successfully used for the applications of health monitoring and measuring the water content in the environment.
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Gstrein, Oskar Josef, and Gerard Jan Ritsema van Eck. "Mobile devices as stigmatizing security sensors: the GDPR and a future of crowdsourced ‘broken windows’." International Data Privacy Law 8, no. 1 (2017): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipx024.
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Chandraiah, Chaitra, Hullekere Mahadevaiah Kalpana, Challaghatta Muniyappa Ananda, and Madhusudan B. Kulkarni. "Preparation of Antimony Tin Oxide Thin Film Using Green Synthesized Nanoparticles by E-Beam Technique for NO2 Gas Sensing." Micro 4, no. 3 (2024): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro4030025.
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This work delves into the preparation of ATO thin films and their characterization, fabrication, and calibration of a NO2 gas sensor, as well as the development of the packaged sensor. ATO thin films were prepared by e-beam evaporation using green synthesized ATO nanomaterials on different substrates and annealed at 500 and 600 °C for one hour. The structural and morphological properties of the developed thin films were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. An orthorhombic SnO2 crystal structure was recognized through XRD analysis. The granular-shaped nanoparticles were revealed through SEM and TEM images. The films annealed at 600 °C exhibited improved crystallinity. ATO films prepared on normal 5 µm interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and annealed at 600 °C exhibited a response of 10.31 ± 0.25 with an optimum temperature of 200 °C for a 4.8 ppm NO2 gas concentration. The packaged NO2 gas sensor developed using IDEs with a microheater demonstrated an improved response of 16.20 ± 0.25 for 4.8 ppm of NO2 gas.
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Chmela, Ondřej, Jakub Sadílek, Guillem Domènech-Gil, et al. "Comparative Studies of Chemoresistive Gas Sensors Based on Multiple Randomly Connected Wires and Arrays of Single-Wires." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130823.
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Chemoresitive gas sensors based on multiple nanowires (M-NWs) randomly grown and electrically inter-connected on the top of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and arrays of single nanowires connected between faced nanoelectrodes (A-S-NWs) are developed in this work. These systems, consisting of gas sensitive tungsten oxide nanowires (NWs), are tested to NO2, and their performance regarding the response magnitude, sensitivity and response rate are evaluated here.
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Du, Zhengyang, Ji’an Chen, Chang Liu, Chen Jin, and Min Han. "Controllable Fabrication of Percolative Metal Nanoparticle Arrays Applied for Quantum Conductance-Based Strain Sensors." Materials 13, no. 21 (2020): 4838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214838.
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We use gas phase deposition of well-defined nanoparticles (NPs) to fabricate closely-spaced Pd NP arrays on flexible membranes prepatterned with interdigital electrodes (IDEs). The evolution of the morphology and electron conductance of the NP arrays during deposition is analyzed. The growth of two-dimensional percolation clusters of interconnected NPs, which correlate with the percolation pathway for electron conduction in the NP deposits, is demonstrated. The percolative nature of the NP arrays permits us to finely control the percolation geometries and conductance of the NP film by controlling the NP deposition time so as to realize a precise and reproducible fabrication of sensing materials. Electron transport measurements reveal that the electrical conductance of the NP films is dominated by electron tunneling or hopping across the NP percolating networks. Based on the percolative and quantum tunneling nature, the closely-spaced Pd NP films on PET membranes are used as flexible strain sensors. The sensor demonstrates an excellent response ability to distinguish tiny deformations down to 5×10−4 strain and a high sensitivity with a large gauge factor of 200 up to 4% applied strain.
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Schoepf, Clemens L., Maximilian Zeidler, Lisa Spiecker, et al. "Selected Ionotropic Receptors and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: More Functional Competence for Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Nociceptors." Brain Sciences 10, no. 6 (2020): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060344.
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Preclinical research using different rodent model systems has largely contributed to the scientific progress in the pain field, however, it suffers from interspecies differences, limited access to human models, and ethical concerns. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer major advantages over animal models, i.e., they retain the genome of the donor (patient), and thus allow donor-specific and cell-type specific research. Consequently, human iPSC-derived nociceptors (iDNs) offer intriguingly new possibilities for patient-specific, animal-free research. In the present study, we characterized iDNs based on the expression of well described nociceptive markers and ion channels, and we conducted a side-by-side comparison of iDNs with mouse sensory neurons. Specifically, immunofluorescence (IF) analyses with selected markers including early somatosensory transcription factors (BRN3A/ISL1/RUNX1), the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN), as well as high voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) of the CaV2 type, calcium permeable TRPV1 channels, and ionotropic GABAA receptors, were used to address the characteristics of the iDN phenotype. We further combined IF analyses with microfluorimetric Ca2+ measurements to address the functionality of these ion channels in iDNs. Thus, we provide a detailed morphological and functional characterization of iDNs, thereby, underpinning their enormous potential as an animal-free alternative for human specific research in the pain field for unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms and for unbiased, disease-specific personalized drug development.
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Khasanah, Ulfa Niswatul. "OPTIMASI KONFIGURASI INTER DIGITAL CAPACITORS SENSOR (IDCS) MENGGUNAKAN METODE PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION." Journal of Science Nusantara 3, no. 1 (2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28926/jsnu.v3i1.1063.
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Rodríguez-Quiñonez, Julio C., Jorge Alejandro Valdez-Rodríguez, Moises J. Castro-Toscano, Wendy Flores-Fuentes, and Oleg Sergiyenko. "Inertial Methodology for the Monitoring of Structures in Motion Caused by Seismic Vibrations." Infrastructures 9, no. 7 (2024): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9070116.
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This paper presents a non-invasive methodology for structural health monitoring (SHM) integrated with inertial sensors and signal conditioning techniques. The proposal uses the signal of an IMU (inertial measurement unit) tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope to continuously measure the displacements of a structure in motion due to seismic vibrations. A system, called the “Inertial Displacement Monitoring System” or “IDMS”, is implemented to attenuate the signal error of the IMU with methodologies such as a Kalman filter to diminish the influence of white noise, a Chebyshev filter to isolate the frequency values of a seismic motion, and a correction algorithm called zero velocity observation update (ZVOB) to detect seismic vibrations and diminish the influence of external perturbances. As a result, the IDMS is a methodology developed to measure displacements when a structure is in motion due to seismic vibration and provides information to detect failures opportunely.
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Habboush, Shayma, Sara Rojas, Noel Rodríguez, and Almudena Rivadeneyra. "The Role of Interdigitated Electrodes in Printed and Flexible Electronics." Sensors 24, no. 9 (2024): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24092717.
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Flexible electronics, also referred to as printable electronics, represent an interesting technology for implementing electronic circuits via depositing electronic devices onto flexible substrates, boosting their possible applications. Among all flexible electronics, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) are currently being used for different sensor applications since they offer significant benefits beyond their functionality as capacitors, like the generation of high output voltage, fewer fabrication steps, convenience of application of sensitive coatings, material imaging capability and a potential of spectroscopy measurements via electrical excitation frequency variation. This review examines the role of IDEs in printed and flexible electronics since they are progressively being incorporated into a myriad of applications, envisaging that the growth pattern will continue in the next generations of flexible circuits to come.