Relevant bibliographies by topics / Intellectual property in Purchasing

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Intellectual property in Purchasing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Intellectual property in Purchasing"

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Kumar, Ahijeet. "Simplified the Product Purchasing Ecommerce - Steelkart." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 2509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34025.

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Since 1992, economic improvements took place drastically to integrate with the global economy of the world. It made easier, the foreign trade easier. E-commerce is the chunk of IT revolution and has become popular in trading specially in India. With the advancement of time various changes in the business and their transactions. India being an adapter of fast changing technology gives rise to the enhancement of e-commerce. In the view of this paper tries to present a view of evolution of ecommerce and especially in India. This paper shows the order, categories and organization evolved through e-commerce in both finance and physical expression. To extract the benefits obtained from e-commerce and to develop a platform for e-commerce in India. The government should also provide a legal platform for international trade and e-commerce and allow companies to expand globally with the taken care of basic rights like privacy, intellectual property rights, fraud prevention etc. This paper deals with the problem which is in the front of common manufacturers of transformers. Aim of this paper is the ways through which we can provide raw material to develop the transformer. So that these transformer producers get an ample amount of foreign raw products which help in improving the quality of product as well as reducing the cost. The Indian components of transformers do not perform so well in the terms of quality so Indian transformers lack in quality by using these foreign raw products transformer producer may produce the quality products and can also export to other countries
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Ning, Yu. "Assessment of the Mechanism for Mining Technology Transfer in the Area: Loopholes in ISA Practice and Its Mining Code." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137005.

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Draft commercial exploitation regulations have been on the agenda of the ISA since several 15-year exploration contracts expired a few years ago. Given the ineffective implementation in practice and the ignored chapter in several mining regulations on the transfer of mining technology, the future Enterprise and developing countries may take a more positive approach to the transfer of mining technology by striking a delicate balance between the provisions on the protection of intellectual property and those on capacity building under the framework of UNCLOS and the 1994 Agreement, through reciprocal and mutual beneficial means such as direct technology purchasing and investment cooperation. The International Seabed Authority, as the competent inter-governmental organization, has the duty to foster favorable conditions for such transfer.
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Borec, Andreja, Ivica Zdrilić, Ana Marija Prpić, Kristina Ivanov, and Lucija Surać. "Prepoznatljivost i korištenje oznaka kvalitete i izvornosti u svakodnevnoj uporabi." Oeconomica Jadertina 7, no. 1 (2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/oec.1347.

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The process of globalization had a large impact on the market of agricultural and food products by making it saturated with new products that compete with each other in price and quality. In such global circumstances, the indigenous products cannot cope with the fierce competition, and the buyers cannot be sure of the quality of what they are buying, resulting in the need to protect indigenous products. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of creating a label and its protection as an intellectual property. The paper identifies and displays the marks of authenticity and quality in the Republic of Croatia and on the territory of the European Union, and it provides Croatian examples of origin protection. For the purpose of this work and in relation to the recognition of quality and authenticity in everyday use a survey was conducted among sixty-eight respondents who chose to make their purchases within a retail chains, thirty one respondents who chose a family farm based market, and twenty-two which chose small family farms. Research has shown that there are differences between individual age groups and their preferences when purchasing at retail chains or from family farm based markets. In addition, customers focus on the quality and price when purchasing products, but they inadequately recognize the quality of products by observing markings of origin and of quality.
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Outterson, Kevin. "Should Access to Medicines and TRIPS Flexibilities Be Limited to Specific Diseases?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, no. 2-3 (2008): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400208.

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The health needs of most of the world's population are not well served by patent-based pharmaceutical markets. The poor in low- and medium-income countries (LMICs) lack the financial resources to sustain the attention of global commercial drug companies. After an extensive consultation process, in 2006, the World Health Organization's Commission on Innovation, Intellectual Property and Public Health issued its Report (the WHO CIPIH Report), finding this concern to be significant:In the context of our work one of the important points is that, where the market has very limited purchasing power, as is the case for diseases affecting millions of poor people in developing countries, patents are not a relevant factor or effective in stimulating R&D and bringing new products to market.On this issue, the WHO CIPIH Report was preceded by the Access to Medicines movement, an informal coalition of civil society organizations such as Médecins Sans Frontières, Treatment Action Campaign, Health GAP, Oxfam, and Knowledge Ecology International (formerly the Consumer Project on Technology).
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Yu, Peter K. "Access to Medicines, BRICS Alliances, and Collective Action." American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, no. 2-3 (2008): 345–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400210.

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On December 6, 2005, shortly before the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong, WTO member states agreed to accept a protocol of amendment to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPs Agreement”). This amendment sought to provide a permanent solution to implement paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (“Doha Declaration”). If ratified, the new article 31bis of the TRIPs Agreement will allow countries with insufficient or no manufacturing capacity to import generic versions of on-patent pharmaceuticals.To facilitate the supply of essential medicines to countries with insufficient or no manufacturing capacity, article 31bis(3) creates a special arrangement not only for the affected countries, but also for those belonging to a regional trade agreement. Such an arrangement allows less developed countries to aggregate their markets to generate the purchasing power needed to make the development of an indigenous pharmaceutical industry attractive.
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Štefanić, Ivan. "Labelling of food products." Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 6, no. 1 (2018): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.6.1.24.

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Declaring nutritional characteristics, expiration dates and instructions for safe preparation of food, substances causing potential allergies or intolerances contained in products may be of vital importance to buyers and consumers. Additional information, such as geographical indication or origin of the food and compliance with certain standards could play a decisive role in purchasing decisions. A comprehensive search of regulatory framework of food production, processing, distribution and labelling is conducted at the Croatian and EU level. Appropriate emphasis is given to the food-related legislation, marketing and intellectual property related legislation. Special attention is given to the declaration of: nutritional characteristics, substances or products causing allergies or intolerances; geographical indication and origin of the food; quality seals; medicinal claims, organic food claims, and redundant, confusing and misleading signs. Legal obligations regarding mandatory food labelling are limited in terms of information. Voluntary food labelling can offer a large array of additional information, but it is still regulated in a very precise manner. Marketing communication, regarding their own brands, is an important component of the business for several reasons; it is an effective signpost for repeated purchases; an entry barrier into the sector or possible sources of additional revenue. Manufacturers and traders can voluntarily apply labelling standards that are more stringent than minimally prescribed ones. In this way, they communicate their concern for customers’ well-being and possibly achieve a competitive advantage over producers who do not demonstrate such a degree of social responsibility in their business.
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Noble, Gregory W., John Ravenhill, and Richard F. Doner. "Executioner or Disciplinarian: WTO Accession and the Chinese Auto Industry." Business and Politics 7, no. 2 (2005): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1118.

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Negotiations for China's accession to the WTO provoked a debate between pessimists who believed that opening the economy would lead to a flood of imports and a de-nationalization of manufacturing industry, and those who believed that it would spur rationalization of state-owned enterprises, lock in domestic reforms, attract foreign investment, and open the way for trade expansion. The industry most frequently mentioned as endangered was motor vehicles, where an awkward combination of Stalinist central planning with localized autarky had resulted in a proliferation of inefficient producers. With the partial exception of two investments by Volkswagen, initial joint ventures in assembly operations failed miserably. China's commitments on joining the WTO banned (or at least complicated) many of the most important industrial policy tools it had used to promote the auto industry since the opening to joint ventures in the early 1980s'including performance requirements, high tariffs, and numerical quotas. After accession in 2001, tariffs fell steadily while output and foreign investment soared. The Chinese government moved towards a lighter-handed but more effective form of industrial policy that reduced top-down planning while expanding market incentives and scope for managerial freedom. Rather than destroying industrial policy for the auto industry, WTO accession constrained and disciplined it. When foreign auto firms and their governments pushed for more aggressive protection of trademarks and other intellectual property rights under the WTO, the Chinese government initially stalled. Continuing pressure then tilted the balance of state policy toward promotion of independent design, whether by state-owned enterprises testing the boundaries of their joint ventures with foreign multinationals, or by audacious smaller firms purchasing foreign designs and technology to complement inexpensive local parts and assembly, thereby creating the conditions for the emergence of a more competitive industry.
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Lyashenko, E. A. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 8 (2020): 1576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-8-1576-1588.

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The article assesses the innovative potential of the Sverdlovsk region using the following indicators: the number of personnel engaged in research and development and having an academic degree; research and development costs; the use of objects of intellectual property; the number of technologies developed and patents issued; innovative activity of business entities; volume of innovative products; the activity of technopark structures, etc. The analysis was carried out in dynamics using graphic methods. It was revealed that the Sverdlovsk region, being a large industrial region, has a higher innovative potential among other entities of the Ural Federal District, and it belongs to the medium-strong innovative territories of Russia. Nevertheless, some problems were identified: insufficient increase in the remuneration of personnel involved in innovative activities, insufficient increase in the cost of purchasing equipment, which is 6-7 times less than the tax burden on innovative organizations; decrease in the share of economic entities implementing innovations. In the investigated constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a number of normative legal acts have been adopted concerning the development of innovative activity, and strategic planning documents (strategy, concept, state program) have been developed, in which directions for increasing the innovation potential of the region are enshrined, in particular, financial and other support, stimulating demand for innovative products, infrastructure development, including technology parks. As foreign experience shows, in innovation, it is important to coordinate the interests of all factors (government, business, science, education, civil society). Therefore, the article proposes to use more actively the mechanism of the “triple helix”, enshrined at the legislative level. A number of measures are also proposed to increase the innovative potential of the country in general and of the Sverdlovsk region in particular.
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Karunaratne, Vidanage Pemananda. "The current behavioural patterns witnessed of the customers/clients/players in the personal real estate market in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 1 (2018): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2016-0104.

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Purpose Although the personal real estate market business seems to be an upcoming flourishing economic venture in Sri Lanka, the intellectual investigator could invariably visualize a magnitude of flaws and unethical practices in operation in its current behavioural patterns, on the one hand, displayed by the not-so-honest buyers who resort to various deceptions in duping the sellers and, on the other, by the unprofessional activities of the agents/brokers who act as middlemen or intermediaries in bringing the buyer and the seller together. Nevertheless, it is found through observational research and empirical evidence that such plethora of malpractices happening in this economic sphere could be obviated by inculcating the much-needed professionalism among the brokering community. In such a scenario, the brokers become capable of educating both the buyer and the seller in the ethical practices governing the personal real estate business. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Observational research and empirical evidence are gathered from the relevant venues and scenarios. Findings In order to achieve this end, it is recommended that both the state sector and private sector in Sri Lanka should initiate immediate action in providing valuable study courses in the area of real estate marketing culminating in certificates and diplomas awarded to the qualified agents/brokers. Research limitations/implications In this research paper, the author opts to limit his study only to the personal real estate market in Sri Lanka. Said differently, the study will, inter-alia, explore the behavioural patterns of the individuals who are desirous of purchasing a land or a house property for their own personal use. Originality/value This type of research paper has never been presented in relation to the personal real estate market in Sri Lanka. Thus, it explores the behavioural patterns of the various players who are engaged in the personal real estate business in Sri Lanka currently.
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Lundqvist, Björn. "Cloud services as the ultimate gate(keeper)." Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 7, no. 2 (2019): 220–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jny013.

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Abstract In the Internet of Things (IoT), the amount and smart use of data will determine whether or not a firm can compete successfully. Manufacturing firms will collect data through sensors in their devices and, at least in the cases of SMEs, likely store the collected data in the cloud, purchasing cloud services and storage from the large e-platform providers doubling as cloud providers. The e-platform providers will also collect data from users of their other services. These data are often generated by the same firms that purchase cloud services when they use the e-platforms to sell goods and services. Access to the data and to data analytics on fair business terms, and the possibility to switch cloud and service providers are vital for the SMEs and, in general, to create a competitive and vibrant IoT. However, cloud and e-platform customers seem to be facing difficulties. According to the EU Commission, SMEs are finding it particularly hard to engage cloud and e-platform providers, and to gain access to cloud services on reasonable, transparent terms. The contracts are skewed in favour of the cloud providers. The customers get locked in and may be obliged to agree not to assert any of their intellectual property rights vis-à-vis the cloud provider or the cloud provider’s network. Moreover, the cloud and e-platform providers may under certain circumstances access and make use of the users’ data, and that may give them a competitive advantage vis-à-vis the users, since the providers may have access to much more data, even data originating from the users’ competitors, suppliers, customers, etc. They can thus use all the data available to them to obtain a fuller picture of whole industries, and they may use that advantage in data to leverage and enter users’ markets. Indeed, they may use the data in the cloud for data-driven business strategies to enter the core market of the firms that have provided them with data in the first place. This article discusses whether competition law can address the conduct of the cloud and e-platform providers, so that firms may access and make use of all the possibilities that the IoT harbours.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Intellectual property in Purchasing"

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Arnelo, Albin, and Broberg Nicole Fogelgren. "Agile Contracts Implementation for Industrial Companies Purchasing Embedded Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278900.

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The continuous advances and prevalence of embedded systems, being systems consisting of both hardware and software put together, provides a great challenge for industrial companies. Due to the increasing need of complex products to meet the demands of customers, companies more often need to source software from external suppliers. Software has the characteristic of being a product which is difficult to specify as it has the ability to iteratively update itself according to the changing environment, making it hard to determine precisely what it will look like at the beginning of its development. As a result, traditional waterfall contracts, for which the intention is to set clear specifications early on, are often not suitable for developing systems including software. Therefore, the need for flexible contracts, called agile contracts, among industrial companies is emerging to support new technological applications. The purpose of this thesis was to examine what the main challenges are when implementing agile contracts in industrial companies who are purchasing embedded systems, and how these challenges can be mitigated or rectified. This was done by an empirical study in the form of interviews with various relevant actors. Firstly, employees from an industrial company looking to implement agile contracts within its procurement processes to support its embedded system purchases were interviewed. The respondents expressed their concerns and perceived challenges with introducing agile contracts to their business. Then, to answer the challenges interviews were conducted with people who were knowledgeable within the topic of agile contracts. Also, a benchmark, a literature review and a theoretical framework have been performed to analyse previous findings within this research area. This thesis identified nine main challenges being Risk Management, Payment Model, Time Aspect, Communication, Embedded Systems, IP-Rights, Supplier Management, Mindset &amp; Knowledge and Future. Each of these challenges was answered separately, but it was found that some answers overlapped between different challenges. The most prevalent challenge was regarding communication, as a successful relationship built on sufficient collaboration and trust lays a foundation for all the other challenges to be managed more easily. Another recurrent theme was that all involved parties must understand precisely what an agile contract implies in order to make beneficial decisions to manage all the challenges.<br>De kontinuerliga framstegen för inbyggda system, som består av både hårdvara och mjukvara sammansatt innebär en stor utmaning för industriella företag. På grund av det ökade behovet av mjukvara för att möta kundernas efterfrågan behöver företag köpa in mjukvara från externa leverantörer. Mjukvara är svårt att specificera eftersom det har förmågan att iterativt uppdatera sig själv i enighet med den förändrade miljön. Detta gör det svårt att i ett tidigt skede av ett projekt fastställa exakt hur produkten ska vara utformad. På grund av detta är traditionella kontrakt, som ofta följer vattenfallsmodellen för vilken avsikten är att tidigt sätta tydliga kravspecifikationer, sällan lämpade för att köpa in inbyggda system. Därav uppstår behovet av agila kontrakt bland industriföretag för att stödja nya tekniska tillämpningar. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka vilka de huvudsakliga utmaningarna är gällande att implementera agila kontrakt på ett industriföretag som köper in och utvecklar inbyggda system samt hur dessa utmaningar kan bemötas. Detta gjordes i form av en empirisk studie med relevanta aktörer, främst inom ett industriföretag som avser att implementera agila kontrakt i sin inköpsprocess för att effektivisera inköp av inbyggda system. Först intervjuades medarbetare som idag köper in inbyggda system. Dessa fick uttrycka sina tveksamheter och utmaningar kring att implementera agila kontrakt i sin inköpsprocess. Efter det utfördes mer strukturerade intervjuer med kunniga personer inom agila kontrakt med målet att hitta lösningar till de tidigare identifierade utmaningarna. Dessa intervjuer i kombination med en litteraturstudie, ett teoretiskt ramverk och en benchmark användes för att analysera och besvara de identifierade utmaningarna. Denna avhandling identifierade nio huvudsakliga utmaningar från de explorativa intervjuerna; Riskhantering, Betalningsmodell, Tidsaspekt, Kommunikation, Inbyggda System, IP-Rättigheter, Mentalitet &amp; Kunskap samt Framtid. Dessa utmaningar har alla blivit besvarade separat men det fastställdes tidigt att de finns tydliga överlappningar mellan utmaningarna. Den vanligaste överlappningen var angående kommunikation då en framgångsrik relation byggd på samarbete och förtroende lägger grunden för att alla andra utmaningar lättare ska kunna bemötas och lösas. Ytterligare ett återkommande tema var att alla parter måste förstå exakt vad ett agilt kontrakt innebär och hur det fungerar för att kunna fatta rätt beslut och hantera övriga utmaningar.
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Asp, Jennifer, and Axel Grapengiesser. "Patent Portfolio Analysis a Negotiation Tool : a case study in the automotive industry." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64490.

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The automotive industry with its highly competitive environment together with high research and development costs is struggling to increase shareholder return. Cross-functional teams are employed to source suppliers which are helping to reduce production and development costs in close cooperation with the other departments. When working in a competitive environment and with external actors, intellectual property becomes increasingly important and organizational effort is directed to increase the generation and usage of such. Patent portfolio analysis is a well-known tool used to extract information from surrounding actors’ patents, which traditionally mainly was used for product development, but has potential to increase gross profit through cross-functional sourcing teams as well.  The purpose of this study is to investigate how to implement and use patent portfolio analysis as a cross-functional tool in the automotive industry. In order to fulfill the purpose, a qualitative case study has been conducted including both qualitative interviews, as well as action research in the form of workshops at the case company. The results were analyzed using a tailored framework denominated the system integration model which is a combination of the technology acceptance model and the managing strategy framework. The systems integration model was developed and validated by the researchers during the research process. The research result shows that patent portfolio analysis has a high perceived usefulness but a low actual system use within the studied company, especially in the sourcing department. The main barrier to use patent portfolio analysis cross-functionally was that the intellectual property strategy was not yet fully communicated and linked to the different departments’ objectives. There were also barriers found in the communication between- and the understanding of- each other’s departments, which could be reduced by increased education and promoting clear contact points and guidelines. The final conclusion of this research was that patent portfolio analysis likely could be used cross functionally to map the competitive landscape and increase gross profit by protection innovations through product development and sourcing.<br>Fordonssektorn kännetecknas av höga utvecklingskostnader och en konkurrenskraftig marknad där aktörerna strävar mot vinst till aktieägare. För att ge en hög avkastning till aktieägarna så arbetar man i tvärfunktionella team för att minska produktion och utvecklingskostnader samt för att anlita de bästa leverantörerna. Att arbeta i en konkurrenskraftig miljö med externa aktörer gör att immateriella rättigheter blir allt viktigare och företag satsar därför stora resurser för att detta ska hanteras på rätt sätt. Patentportföljanalys är ett välkänt verktyg för att extrahera information från omgivande aktörers patent, vilket traditionellt främst har använts i produktutveckling, men även har potential att öka bruttoresultat genom ett effektivare samarbete över avdelningar i tvärfunktionella inköpsteam. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur man implementerar och använder patentportföljanalys som ett tvärfunktionellt verktyg inom fordonssektorn. För att uppfylla syftet har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer och workshops vid det undersökta företaget. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av ett skräddarsytt ramverk som forskarna för denna undersökning benämnt som ”the system integration model”. Det här ramverket sammansvetsar den välkända modellen ”technology acceptance model” som syftar till att undersöka acceptans av ny teknik och den välkända modellen ”Managing four processes” som handlar om hur man skapar ett strategiskt management verktyg. ”The system integration model” utvecklades och validerades av forskarna i flera steg under studien. Resultatet visar att patentportföljanalys har en hög uppfattad nytta trots att det är låg systemanvändning i det undersökta företaget i dagsläget, särskilt i inköpsavdelningen. Den största barriären för användandet av patentportföljanalysen verkar vara att företagsstrategin för immateriella rättigheter ännu inte har kommunicerats och kopplats till de olika avdelningarna fullt ut. Det noterades även barriärer i kommunikationen mellan- och förståelsen för- de olika avdelningarna, vilken kan minskas genom utbildning och tydliga kontaktpunkter och riktlinjer. Den här undersökningen indikerar ytterligare på att patentportföljanalys är användbart i tvärfunktionella team då det ger möjligheten att kartlägga konkurrenslandskapet, säkra produkt- och eftermarknadsexklusivitet och förbättra leverantörsavtal, vilket i sin tur kan öka bruttovinsten.
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Berardi, Christopher W. (Christopher Walter). "Intellectual property and architecture : how architecture influences intellectual property lock-in." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112005.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2017.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>"June 2017." Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 237-247).<br>Intellectual property lock-in is a wicked problem particularly pervasive under monopsony market structures, such as the Department of Defense (DoD). However, little research exists on the mechanisms of action that induce intellectual property lock-in. This work postulates the conjuncture of architecture and intellectual property is one such mechanism of action and erects a research methodology to investigate this link. This dissertation began with a review of literature, which revealed more research is needed into basic trends or estimates of magnitude for intellectual property lock-in. To quantitatively frame the magnitude of the problem an investigation was conducted into all DoD contracts for the last eight fiscal years to establish bounds. These results were used to formulate a conceptual model of the problem and suggest the concept of intellectual property architecture, which is the conjuncture of architecture and intellectual property. To investigate links between intellectual property architecture and lock-in, an intermediate-N fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis research approach was formulated and executed using 14 DoD software cases representing over 34 million lines of code. The model used three input conditions: high quality technical architecture, accessible intellectual property architecture, and unlimited rights to study the avoidance of lock-in. The fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis concluded intellectual property architecture or unlimited rights were quasi-necessary conditions for the avoidance of lock-in. Additionally the model yielded both a five condition conservative expression and two condition parsimonious expression for sufficient conditions. From those expressions, this research concludes three direct findings. First, intellectual property architecture is an empirically supported mechanism of action for the avoidance of lock-in. Implying, intellectual property architecture, absent any other explanatory conditions, is sufficient to avoid lock-in. Second, the research herein finds evidence to support a novel taxonomy of intellectual property architectures. Allowing practitioners to understand potential trade-offs between architecture and intellectual property lock-in. Third, intellectual property architecture or unlimited rights is a theoretically supported expression for the avoidance of lock-in. This finding implies that as few as two conditions are required to understand whether a case may, or may not, avoid lock-in.<br>by Christopher W. Berardi.<br>Ph. D. in Engineering Systems
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Fraessdorf, Henning. "Intellectual property in standards." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78214.

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Standards are complex phenomena that exist in almost every area of human life, whether in the form of language, stock scenes in literature and films, computer user interfaces or protocols that allow data transfer over the internet. They are important building blocks for any form of human activity. Property rights in standards, provided by the laws of intellectual property, can foster their development by giving incentives to create technologies or works that are capable to become standards; but property rights can also impede further innovation since they allow the owner to exclude others from the use of the protected standard. Furthermore, standards are perceived to offer higher returns in form of royalties than "regular" technologies. In this context, standardization has been used as an argument to reduce the scope of protection for standard technologies with respect to computer user interfaces.<br>The thesis evaluates the soundness of a general argument of standardization for weaker protection in intellectual property law. It elaborates the arguments that are put forward to justify weaker protection in standards regarding the characteristics of standards and standardization as well as the justifications for intellectual property. It analyses the applicability of trademark, copyright and patent law to both already existing as well as developing standards. In particular, the concepts of genericness and descriptiveness in trademark law, the merger and scenes a faire doctrines in copyright law and the doctrines of patent misuse and patent abuse in patent law are discussed.
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Pamp, Caroline. "Intellectual property in science /." Stockholm : Jure Förlag, 2010. http://www.hgu.gu.se/Files/fakultetskansli/abstract/Spikblad%20Caroline_Pamp.pdf.

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Bauer, Julia, Nikolaus Franke, and Philipp Türtscher. "Intellectual Property Norms in Online Communities: How User-Organized Intellectual Property Regulation Supports Innovation." INFORMS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.2016.0649.

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In many online communities, users reveal innovative and potentially valuable intellectual property (IP) under conditions that entail the risk of theft and imitation. Where there is rivalry and formal IP law is not effective, this would lead to underinvestment or withholding of IP, unless user-organized norms compensate for these shortcomings. This study is the first to explore the characteristics and functioning of such a norms-based IP system in the setting of anonymous, large-scale, and loose-knit online communities. In order to do so, we use data on the Threadless crowdsourcing community obtained through netnography, a survey, and a field experiment. On this basis, we identify an integrated system of well-established norms that regulate the use of IP within this community. We analyze the system's characteristics and functioning, and we find that the "legal certainty" it provides is conducive to cooperation, cumulative effects, and innovation. We generalize our findings from the case by developing propositions aimed to spark further research. These propositions focus on similarities and differences between norms-based IP systems in online and offline settings, and the conditions that determine the existence of norms-based IP systems as well as their form and effectiveness in online communities. In this way, we contribute to the literatures on norms-based IP systems and online communities and offer advice for the management of crowdsourcing communities.
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Myers, Robert A. "Intellectual Property Rights in Japan." MIT Japan Program, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7542.

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Antons, Christoph Hubert Jakob. "Intellectual property law in Indonesia /." The Hague [u.a.] : Kluwer Law International, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/31965043X.pdf.

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Braun, Marcel. "Managing Intellectual Property in China." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02605160001/$FILE/02605160001.pdf.

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MacBeth, John Stuart. "Dynamically reconfigurable intellectual property cores." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273843.

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Books on the topic "Intellectual property in Purchasing"

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Nash, Ralph C. Intellectual property in government contracts. 4th ed. George Washington University, Law School, Government Contracts Program, 1999.

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Leonard, Rawicz, and George Washington University. Government Contracts Program., eds. Intellectual property in government contracts. 6th ed. George Washington University, National Law Center, Government Contracts Program, 2008.

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Nash, Ralph C. Intellectual property in government contracts. 3rd ed. George Washington University, Law School, Government Contracts Program, 1997.

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Brownlee, L. M. Federal acquisition regulations: Intellectual property and related rights. Law Journal Press, 2007.

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McEwen, James G. Intellectual property in government contracts: Protecting and enforcing IP at the state and federal level. Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Intellectual property in government contracts: Protecting and enforcing IP at the state and federal level. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.

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Khor, Martin. Bilateral and regional free trade agreements: Some critical elements and development implications. Third World Network, 2008.

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Simchak, Matthew S. Licensing software and technology to the U.S. government: The complete guide to rights to intellectual property in prime contracts and subcontracts. George Washington University, Law School, 2000.

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Auditor-General, South Africa Office of the. Report of the Auditor-General on the findings identified during an investigation into procurement at the Companies and Intellectual Property Registration Office. Government Printer, 2006.

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Ernst & Whinney. Conditions for industrial cooperation. A single procurement market. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Intellectual property in Purchasing"

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Lawson, Charles. "Intellectual Property." In Socio-Economic Considerations in Biotechnology Regulation. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9440-9_12.

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Starr, Ian. "Intellectual Property." In The European Marketplace. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11344-6_32.

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Kelly, David, Ruby Hammer, Janice Denoncourt, and John Hendy. "Intellectual property." In Business Law. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297694-26.

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Teska, Kirk, and Joseph S. Iandiorio. "Intellectual Property." In The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118256121.ch11.

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Lee, William E., Daxton R. Stewart, and Jonathan Peters. "Intellectual Property." In The Law of Public Communication. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003043362-6.

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Huml, Raymond A. "Intellectual Property." In Pharmaceutical Competitive Intelligence for the Regulatory Affairs Professional. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3682-9_5.

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Couzens, Patrick J. "Intellectual property." In Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118923597.ch29.

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Kahn, Kenneth B., and Mayoor Mohan. "Intellectual Property." In Innovation and New Product Planning. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003025313-20.

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Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. "Intellectual Property." In A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781405177245.ch36.

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Leistner, Matthias, and Stefan Koroch. "Intellectual Property." In The Bonn Handbook of Globality. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90377-4_53.

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Conference papers on the topic "Intellectual property in Purchasing"

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Gileva, O. S. "Intellectual property." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2019-55.

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Brunoli, Mike, Masao Hotta, Felicia James, Rudy Koch, Roy McGuffin, and Andrew J. Moore. "Analog intellectual property." In the 39th conference. ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/513918.513964.

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Buskop, Wendy. "Intellectual Property Rights." In Sixth International Conference on Civil Engineering in the Oceans. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40775(182)42.

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Brennan, Thomas F. "Intellectual property management." In Critical Review Collection. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.426674.

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Irish, V. "Intellectual property rights." In IEE Colloquium on `Principles of Law for Engineers and Managers'. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19961420.

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H. GHartgerink, M. "Protection of Intellectual Property." In 71st EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2009. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201400457.

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Meyer, Stuart P. "Intellectual property: basic forms." In Critical Review Collection. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.426669.

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Allcock, J. P. M. "Intellectual property case study." In IEE Colloquium on `Principles of Law for Engineers and Managers'. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19961320.

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Morishita and Henderson. "Homotopy and intellectual property." In Proceedings Computer Graphics International CGI-99. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgi.1999.777932.

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Cookson, B. "Introduction to intellectual property." In Management and Exploitation of Intellectual Property Patent Rights. IEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20030285.

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Reports on the topic "Intellectual property in Purchasing"

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Lanjouw, Jean Olson, and Mark Schankerman. Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8656.

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Boldrin, Michele, and David Levine. Growth and Intellectual Property. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12769.

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Lakdawalla, Darius, Tomas Philipson, and Y. Richard Wang. Intellectual Property and Marketing. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12577.

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Story, Alan. Intellectual Property and Computer Software. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20040501d.

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Correa, Carlos M. Intellectual Property and Competition Law. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20080820.

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Shavell, Steven, and Tanguy van Ypersele. Rewards versus Intellectual Property Rights. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6956.

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Grossman, Gene, and Edwin L. C. Lai. International Protection of Intellectual Property. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8704.

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Kim, Linsu. Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20030601a.

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Spence, Malcolm. Negotiating Trade, Innovation and Intellectual Property. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_pb_20090908.

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McMahon, Kevin. Industrial partnering and intellectual property principles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1097211.

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