Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inversion linéaire'
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Sladen, Anthony. "Modélisation non-linéaire des grands séismes de subduction." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112098.
Full textWith the setting up of seismographic broad-band networks world wide in heighties, it has been possible to study the rupture process using information recorded in far-field. The inversion of seismograms to image the rupture, which is known for being highly non linear, is still commonly analysed using linearized methods. Based on this statement, we have developped an inversion method based on a stochastic algorithm called neighbourhood algorithm which has a certain number of avantages over other widely used algorithms. However, the need for a great number of variables for a kinematic inversion make it difficult to reach a good convergence. The alternative solution is to use a local exploration algorithm, the downhill simplex, in conjunction with the exploration phase. With a view to developping a simple and global method of inversion we use a simplified parametrization of the fault and the seismograms are generated from the ray theory. The methodology, aimed at pratical applications, is also a good way to evaluate the unicity of the problem and its resolution. We then set up a certain number of synthetic tests and used the well studied Antofagasta earthquake (30/07/1995) has a case study. Through this different examples we have concentrated on a certain number of essential points such as the resolution of P wave on the seismic moment, on the lateral and vertical distribution of the seismic rate and on the inversion of rupture velocity. We then invert for two major recent earthquakes : the Peruvian Aréquipa earthquake of the June 23rd, 2001 (Mw=8. 4) and of the Mexican Colima earthquake of January 22nd, 2003 (Mw=7. 6)
Agullo, Yohan. "Inversion stratigraphique multicomposante avant sommation." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112338.
Full textThis thesis present the extension of monocomponent seismic prestack data stratigraphic inversion method to multicomponent data, with the objective of improving the determination of reservoir elastic parameters. In addiction to the PP pressure waves, the PS converted waves proved their interest for imaging under gas clouds ; and their potential is highly significant for the characterization of lithologies, fluids, fracturations. . . Nevertheless the simultaneous use of PP and PS data remains problematic because of their different the time scales. To jointly use the information contained in PP and PS data, we propose a method in three steps: first, monocomponent stratigraphic inversions of PP then PS data; second, estimation of the PP to PS time conversion law; third, multicomponent stratigraphic inversion. For the second point, the estimation of the PP to PS conversion law is based on minimizing the difference between the S impedances obtained from PP and PS monocomponent stratigraphic inversion. The prestack monocomponent stratigraphic inversions was adapted to the case of multicomponent data by leaving each type of data in its own time scale in order to avoid the distortion of the seismic wavelet. The results obtained on a realistic synthetic PP-PS case show on one hand that determining PP to PS conversion law (from the monocomponent inversion results) is feasible, and on the other hand that the joint inversion of PP and PS data with this conversion law improves the results compared to the monocomponent inversion ones. Although this is presented within the framework of the PP and PS multicomponent data, the developed methodology adapts directly to PP-SS data for example
Jurado, Fabrice. "Modélisation sismique et inversion non linéaire pour les milieux 3D élastiques tabulaires." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20244.
Full textSanchez, Reyes Hugo Samuel. "Inversion cinématique progressive linéaire de la source sismique et ses perspectives dans la quantification des incertitudes associées." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU026/document.
Full textThe earthquake characterization is a fundamental research field in seismology, which final goal is to provide accurate estimations of earthquake attributes. In this study field, various questions may rise such as the following ones: when and where did an earthquake happen? How large was it? What is its evolution in space and time? In addition, more challenging questions can be addressed such as the following ones: why did it occur? What is the next one in a given area? In order to progress in the first list of questions, a physical description, or model, of the event is necessary. The investigation of such model (or image) is the scientific topic I investigate during my PhD in the framework of kinematic source models. Understanding the seismic source as a propagating dislocation that occurs across a given geometry of an active fault, the kinematic source models are the physical representations of the time and space history of such rupture propagation. Such physical representation is said to be a kinematic approach because the inferred rupture histories are obtained without taking into account the forces that might cause the origin of the dislocation.In this PhD dissertation, I present a new hierarchical time kinematic source inversion method able to assimilate data traces through evolutive time windows. A linear time-domain formulation relates the slip-rate function and seismograms, preserving the positivity of this function and the causality when spanning the model space: taking benefit of the time-space sparsity of the rupture model evolution is as essential as considering the causality between rupture and each record delayed by the known propagator operator different for each station. This progressive approach, both on the data space and on the model space, does require mild assumptions on prior slip-rate functions or preconditioning strategies on the slip-rate local gradient estimations. These assumptions are based on simple physical expected rupture models. Successful applications of this method to a well-known benchmark (Source Inversion Validation Exercise 1) and to the recorded data of the 2016 Kumamoto mainshock (Mw=7.0) illustrate the advantages of this alternative approach of a linear kinematic source inversion.The underlying target of this new formulation will be the future uncertainty quantification of such model reconstruction. In order to achieve this goal, as well as to highlight key properties considered in this linear time-domain approach, I explore the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) stochastic Bayesian framework, which appears to be one of the possible and very promising strategies that can be applied to this stabilized over-parametrized optimization of a linear forward problem to assess the uncertainties on kinematic source inversions. The HMC technique shows to be compatible with the linear time-domain strategy here presented. This technique, thanks to an efficient estimation of the local gradient of the misfit function, appears to be able to rapidly explore the high-dimensional space of probable solutions, while the linearity between unknowns and observables is preserved. In this work, I investigate the performance of the HMC strategy dealing with simple synthetic cases with almost perfect illumination, in order to provide a better understanding of all the concepts and required tunning to achieve a correct exploration of the model space. The results from this preliminary investigation are promising and open a new way of tackling the kinematic source reconstruction problem and the assessment of the associated uncertainties
Lejri, Mostfa. "Subsurface stress inversion modeling using linear elasticity : sensitivity analysis and applications." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS212/document.
Full textToday, one of the main challenges in the oil industry, especially during the exploration phase, is the exploitation of new resources in structurally complex areas such as naturally fractured reservoirs, salt diapirs, mountain ranges, and unconventional reservoirs.We know that the geometry and sliding along active faults modifies the local stress distribution. Knowing the present day perturbed stress field is important for the study of earthquakes, for the planning of the borehole drilling and stability as well as for the prediction of fractures induced by hydro-fracturing and reactivation of natural fractures. In the other side, perturbed paleostress are responsible for the development of (pre-existing) natural fractures. The detection and modeling of the latter, are essential both in the oil industry (migration and trapping of fluids) for a cost efficient recovery of natural reserves.Understanding and quantifying the spatial and temporal development of the stress distribution has a significant economic and environmental impact. The analysis of paleo-constraints was intuitively introduced first by Anderson (1905 & 1942), then in the middle of the last century, Wallace (1951) and Bott (1959) proposed the simple hypothesis that (i) The stress field is homogeneous in space and constant in time, and that (ii) the slip direction is parallel to the traction projected on the fault plane which gives the direction of the shear stress. Many stress inversion methods are based on this hypothesis while recent studies raise doubts as to their compatibility with rock mechanics.In order to investigate the validity of the Wallace and Bott hypothesis, a comparison with vectors of slip generated with numerical models (BEM) is performed. By testing the influence of multiple parameters (geometry, boundary conditions, friction, Poisson’s coefficient , half-space, fault fluid pressure), it is shown that the complex geometry faults subject to specific boundary conditions can yield slip vectors with significant discrepancies with the maximum shear stress resolved on the fault plane. Conversely, the presence of a high sliding friction, allows under certain conditions, to validate the hypothesis of Wallace and Bott.We then focus on the task to compare the results of stress inversions based on the assumption of Wallace and Bott (called classical stress inversion methods) to a geomechanical method. For this, a complex fault geometry is used in a sensitivity analysis (boundary conditions, friction, sampling) to evaluate the uncertainty of the results of the two inversion methods. This analysis is then compared to a case study, Chimney Rock (Utah, USA), showing the advantages and disadvantages of the classical stress inversion methods.One of the main challenges of the oil industry is the exploitation of resource in structurally complex oil fields such as naturally fractured reservoirs. Knowing the heterogeneous paleostress allows to optimize the modeling of these natural fractures. Since slip on faults is hardly observed in petroleum reservoirs, fracture orientation data (joints, faults, stylolites) are naturally taken into account during the inversion of stresses. It is shown, using various field and industry examples, that in such cases the use of mechanical stress inversions is much more appropriate.However, it is sometimes difficult to determine the fracture kinematics observed along wellbores, and very often the studied regions underwent multiple tectonic phases. The final section aims to address the problem of data with unknown kinematic (joints, faults, stylolites ...) and expends the mechanical stress inversion to the separation of tectonic phases
Kormendi, Françoise. "Inversion non linéaire de sismogrammes TAU-P en milieu stratifié élastique à l'aide du critère des moindres carrés." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2009.
Full textCrusem, René. "Simulation de signaux sismiques et étude de sources nucléaires souterraines par inversion de moments." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ECAP0054.
Full textPašović, Mirza. "Tissue harmonic reduction : application to ultrasound contrast harmonic imaging." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10060.
Full textUltrasound contrast agents are small micro bubbles that respond nonlinearly when exposed to ultrasound wave. The nonlinear response gives possibility of harmonic ultrasound images which has many advantages over fundamental imaging. However, to increase ultrasound contrast harmonic imaging performance we must first understand nonlinear propagation of ultrasound wave. Nonlinear propagation distorts the propagating wave such that higher harmonics appear as the wave is propagating. The theory that was laid down, was allowed implementing a new method of modelling nonlinear ultrasound propagation. The knowledge obtained during this process was used to construct a multiple component second harmonic reduction signal for reduction of their harmonics generated due to the tissue nonlinearities. As a consequence detection of ultrasound contrast agents at higher harmonics was increased. Further more, a powerful ultrasound imaging technique called Pulse Inversion, was further enhanced with multiple component second harmonic reduction signal. What was learned during investigation of the Pulse Inversion, technique lead to a new phase coded ultrasound contrast harmonic method called second harmonic inversion;. Also it was noted that for different type of media the level of distortion of ultrasound pulse is different. It depends largely on the nonlinear parameter B / A. Although the work on this parameter has not been finished it is very important to continue in this direction since B / A imaging with ultrasound contrast agents has a lot of potential
Lévesque, Martin. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique de matériaux composites viscoélastiques non linéaires par une approche d'homogénéisation." Paris, ENSAM, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001237.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to develop a model, based on homogenisation, for predicting the mechanical response of nonlinear viscoelastic composites. The model is applied to a glass beads reinforced polypropylene in which the beads are randomly distributed. The initial part of the thesis is concerned with the development of a three dimensional nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive law that can be applied to this polypropylene composite. The second stage of the thesis deals with the development and identification of the homogenisation model while this theoretical model is presented in Chapter Three. This approach allows material models, for which the response does not depend on the load history, to be applied to nonlinear viscoelastic materials. The approach involves transforming the initial nonlinear viscoelastic problem into one which is linear viscoelastic with a history of stress-free deformations. This problem is solved with the linear viscoelastic correspondence principle and Laplace-Carson transforms. Chapter Four deals with the numerical implementation of such a model. The implementation is achieved in such a way that the comparison materials, which represent the new linear viscoelastic problem, satisfy all thermodynamic requirements. Moreover, a new algorithm has been developed to numerically invert the Laplace-Carson transforms with good accuracy. The final part of the thesis validates the theoretical model through means of finite element models of typical microstructures and the numerical implementation of the nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive law. Comparisons are also presented between the predictions of the homogenisation model, the fi(…)
Saari, Hammoud. "Commande répétitive de procédés échantillonnés à déphasage non minimal." Chambéry, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CHAMS006.
Full textHernandez, Lopezomoza Mario Andres. "Cadre de travail généralisé de compensation non-linéaire robuste : application à la rentrée atmosphérique." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0022/document.
Full textThis thesis work is devoted to extending Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) for a large scale of nonlinear systems while guaranteeing sufficient stability conditions. NDI has been studied in a wide range of applications, including aeronautics and aerospace. It allows to compute nonlinear control laws able to decouple and linearize a model at any operating point of its state envelope. However, this method is inherently non-robust to modelling errors and input saturations. Moreover, obtaining a quantifiable guarantee of the attained stability domain in a nonlinear control context is not a very straightforward task. Unlike standard NDI approaches, our methodology can be viewed as a generalized nonlinear compensation framework which allows to incorporate uncertainties and input saturations in the design process. Paralleling anti-windup strategies, the controller can be computed through a single multichannel optimization problem or through a simple two-step process. Within this framework, linear fractional transformations of the nonlinear closed-loop can be easily derived for robust stability analysis using standard tools for linear systems. The proposed method is tested for the flight control of a delta wing type reentry vehicle at hypersonic, transonic and subsonic phases of the atmospheric reentry. For this thesis work, a Flight Mechanics simulator including diverse external factors and modelling errors was developed in Simulink
Mouelhi, Amjed. "Analyse et synthèse d’observateur pour l’inversion à gauche de classes de système non linéaire." Thesis, CY Cergy Paris Université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CYUN1063.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the left invertibility and the various additional difficulties such as the singularity of observability and the singularity of left invertibility which appear when observers for nonlinear systems and more specifically for chaotic systems are synthesized. Under certain conditions, these difficulties can overcomed using the dual immersion technique. The first part of this thesis deals with the dual immersion technique, which is based on submerging the outputs and their derivatives in space of more large dimension, in order to circumvent the singularities and to find new pathes to reconstruct the states and the information embedded in the system, at the end of this part an dual immersion algorithm is presented and an application of the algorithm is illustrated in the context of a single output chaotic autonomous system. More specifically, we considered the Lorenz circuit. The second part of this thesis is entirely devoted to a more complex application of the proposed method in the context of cryptography, we have considered the Qi circuit in two different configurations. In order to emphasize the robustness of the proposed approach, the two cases are validated by simulation on Matlab. To overcome the problems linked to the analogical implementation of chaotic systems, such as the sensitivity to external conditions like humidity, temperature and all variations of associated parameters which can modify the chaotic behavior of the system, we carried out a discrete experimental implementation. in real time, under rapid sampling, of the proposed method. Thus, the digital implementation of the transmission system based on the Qi circuit is proposed at the end of this part and tested experimentally on a (NI-MyRIO) module based on LabVIEW
Beucler, Éric. "Tomographie régionale et globale du manteau terrestre : approche par les ondes de volume et de surface." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077227.
Full textTestu, Julien. "Mise en œuvre de l'élastographie par résonance magnétique multifréquentielle au Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11090.
Full textMaerten, Frantz. "Geomechanics to solve geological structure issues : forward, inverse and restoration modeling." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20031.
Full textDifferent applications of linear elasticity in structural geology are presented in this thesis through the development of three types of numerical computer codes. The first one uses forward modeling to study displacement and perturbed stress fields around complexly faulted regions. We show that incorporating inequality constraints, such as static Coulomb friction, enables one to explain the angle of initiation of jogs in extensional relays. Adding heterogeneous material properties and optimizations, such as parallelization on multicore architectures and complexity reduction, admits more complex models. The second type deals with inverse modeling, also called parameter estimation. Linear slip inversion on faults with complex geometry, as well as paleo-stress inversion using a geomechanical approach, are developed. The last type of numerical computer code is dedicated to restoration of complexly folded and faulted structures. It is shown that this technique enables one to check balanced cross-sections, and also to retrieve fault chronology. Finally, we show that this code allows one to smooth noisy 3D interpreted faulted and folded horizons using geomechanics
Restoin, Christine. "Inversion périodique de domaines ferroélectriques par faisceau d'électrons sur Ti:LiNbO3 : Contribution à la réalisation d'un convertisseur en longueurs d'onde indépendant de la polarisation (lambda = 1,55 micro m)." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0010.
Full textChalindar, Bruno. "Conditions aux limites absorbantes appliquées à des problèmes hyperboliques intervenant en sismique." Saint-Etienne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STET4013.
Full textLu, Hao. "Approximation and applications of distributed delay." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961273.
Full textZhang, Ting. "Electromagnetic wave imaging of targets buried in a cluttered medium using an hybrid Inversion-DORT method." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037906.
Full textFrayssé, Valérie. "Sur la fiabilité des calculs sur ordinateur." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT065H.
Full textJiang-Levesque, Bei-Feng. "Étude du problème inverse linéarisé dans l'équation des ondes acoustiques à deux dimensionsÉtude mathématique d'un problème inverse de l'équation des ondes à une dimension dans un cas particulier." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112029.
Full textOne of the advantages of seismic inversion methods for petroleum exploration is the potential quantitative evaluation of the distributed parameters (propagation velocity, acoustic impedance) characterizing subsurface formations. Such methods are particularly attractive for detecting stratigraphic traps, which can be recognized by a lateral variation in these parameters. In this way, such methods yield a substantial improvement in conventional prestack migrations which only provide images of heterogeneities. Among inversion methods, linearized inversion is arousing great interest because of the simplifications it brings to computing. The disadvantage of this approach stems from the difficulty in finding of a so-called reference medium that is sufficiently close to the actual unknown medium to justify the linearization. The first chapter of this work aims at a better understanding of the linearized forward problem and attempts to answer the following question: In what way must the reference medium be close to the exact medium for the linearization to be justified? Which of the parameters for the linearization are tolerant with regard to defects in the reference medium? The second chapter of the work examines numerically the 2-D linearized inverse problem and analyses how errors resulting from the linearization can influence the solution of the problem. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness of the linearized inversion; more specifically it allows a quantitative identification of the heterogeneities, as well as nonlinear inversion, when the reference medium approximates accurately the velocity of the actual medium. With a cruder reference medium the quantitative identification of the heterogeneities is no more possible, but the linearized inversion yields a better imaging as compared to prestack migration
Brossier, Romain. "Imagerie sismique à deux dimensions des milieux visco-élastiques par inversion des formes d'ondes : développements méthodologiques et applications." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451138.
Full textGromovyi, Maksym. "Génération de seconde harmonique dans des guides d’ondes à base de nitrure d’éléments III." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4018/document.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the study of the second harmonic generation (SHG) in III-Nitride waveguides. One of the main goals of this work, was to identify the origins of the propagation losses in GaN waveguides, and to strongly reduce them in waveguides presenting some phase matching possibilities, in order to improve the SHG efficiency. We have made a very important progress in this direction, and fabricated by hetero-epitaxy GaN planar waveguides on sapphire substrates with propagation losses below 1dB/cm in the visible spectral region. These low-loss waveguides were used for the demonstration of an efficient second harmonic generation process using modal phase matching. We obtained 2% of power conversion from the near-infrared to the visible spectral regions with a normalized efficiency of 0.15%W-1cm-2. The obtained propagation losses and conversion efficiency are the best-reported results so far for GaN planar waveguides. In addition, we have studied epitaxial III-nitride waveguides on Si substrates, which are very challenging to fabricate, but opens new interesting opportunities. The first one is the possibility to etch selectively the nitrides or the Si. The selective chemical etching was used to develop a platform allowing the fabrication of suspended objects such as micro-disks, waveguides and micro-disks coupled to a waveguide. This platform has allowed the first demonstration of doubly resonant SHG using phase matching between the whispering gallery modes of a micro-disk. Although all the experiments we performed were done in a limited spectral region, the numerical study presented in this manuscript demonstrates the large adaptability of this platform based on the possibility of varying the composition of AlGaN waveguides from pure GaN to pure AlN. The second opportunity of epitaxial III-nitrides layers on Si is the possibility to combine them with report technologies to obtain III-nitride waveguides on SiO2. Our numerical results reveal the full potential of AlGaN waveguides by demonstrating that using different mode combinations and playing with waveguides composition and geometry, it is possible to obtain a second harmonic signal in the ultraviolet, the visible or the near-infrared spectral regions. These results also demonstrate, that to further improve the SHG efficiency, one has to fabricate ridge waveguides presenting a perfect optical isolation from the Si substrate and a polarity inversion precisely positioned in the core of the waveguide. In these structures one could benefit simultaneously from the power confinement, the modal phase matching and an optimized overlap of the interacting modes. In this case, we calculate that the conversion efficiencies could be as high as 100%W-1cm-2. Both ridge waveguides and polarity inversion were tested in this work. The quality of the ridges was quite encouraging, but their nonlinear performance remained limited mainly because of the high propagation losses due to the coupling with the absorbing substrate and to the roughness of the surface of the epitaxial inverted layers. The structures fabricated using the report technique, haven’t been tested, as they were broken during their fabrication. Getting fully optimized waveguides requires further progresses in realizing thicker optical buffer layers and/or adapting the report technique to these materials
Jamouli, Hicham. "Génération de résidus directionnels pour le diagnostic des systèmes linéaires stochastiques et la commande." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005813.
Full textDrilleau, Mélanie. "Une approche bayésienne pour estimer les propriétés physiques dans la zone de transition à partir des ondes de surface." Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT2014.
Full textThe new tomographic methods involving 3-D kernel computations often use, as reference models, 3-D large wavelength VP , VS models obtained by linearized inversions. These models are based on small perturbations of 1-D global models and are secondly used to derive temperature and composition distributions. From a seismological point of view, the degree of heterogeneity in the transition zone (350- 1000 km depth), due to phase transitions and convective motions, can be strong enough that the concept of a 1-D reference seismic model might be addressed. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm was implemented. This directly determines the statistical thermal state and anisotropic structure of the mantle from the dispersion data of Love and Rayleigh surface waves. Polynomial Bézier curves are chosen for the parameterization and are able to explore both smoothly varying models and first-order discontinuities. The solution is described in probabilistic terms, allowing uncertainties to be fully accounted for. The method is illustrated with both synthetic data and real dispersion curves. The results indicate a complex temperature distribution in the mid-transition zone beneath the Pacific Ocean. The retrieved anisotropy structure agrees with previous studies indicating positive uppermost mantle anisotropy. Considering few a priori conditions, the transition zone appears to be isotropic, along the investigated path
Mouilleron, Christophe. "Efficient computation with structured matrices and arithmetic expressions." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688388.
Full textLavoué, François. "Inversion des formes d'ondes électromagnétiques en 2D pour le géoradar : vers une imagerie multi-paramètre à partir des données de surface." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU050/document.
Full textThe quantitative characterization of the shallow subsurface of the Earth is a critical issue for many environmental and societal challenges. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves for the prospection of the near subsurface. With central frequencies between 10~MHz and a few GHz, GPR covers a wide range of applications in geology, hydrology and civil engineering. GPR data are sensitive to variations in the electrical properties of the medium which can be related, for instance, to its water content and bring valuable information on hydrological processes. In this work, I develop a quantitative imaging method for the reconstruction of 2D distributions of permittivity and conductivity from GPR data acquired from the ground surface. The method makes use of the full waveform inversion technique (FWI), originating from seismic exploration, which exploits the entire recorded radargrams and has been proved successful in crosshole GPR applications.In a first time, I present the numerical forward modelling used to simulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in 2D heterogeneous media and generate the synthetic GPR data that are compared to the recorded radargrams in the inversion process. A frequency-domain finite-difference algorithm originally developed in the visco-acoustic approximation is adapted to the electromagnetic problem in 2D via an acoustic-electromagnetic mathematical analogy.In a second time, the inversion scheme is formulated as a fully multiparameter optimization problem which is solved with the quasi-Newton L-BFGS algorithm. In this formulation, the effect of an approximate inverse Hessian is expected to mitigate the trade-off between the impact of permittivity and conductivity on the data. However, numerical tests on a synthetic benchmark of the literature display a large sensitivity of the method with respect to parameter scaling, showing the limits of the L-BFGS approximation. On a realistic subsurface benchmark with surface-to-surface configuration, it has been shown possible to ally parameter scaling and regularization to reconstruct 2D images of permittivity and conductivity without a priori assumptions.Finally, the imaging method is confronted to two real data sets. The consideration of laboratory-controlled data validates the proposed workflow for multiparameter imaging, as well as the accuracy of the numerical forward solutions. The application to on-ground GPR data acquired in a limestone massif is more challenging and necessitates a thorough investigation involving classical processing techniques and forward simulations. Starting permittivity models are derived from the velocity analysis of the direct arrivals and of the reflected events. The estimation of the source signature is performed together with an evaluation of an average conductivity value and of the unknown antenna height. In spite of this procedure, synthetic data do not reproduce the observed amplitudes, suggesting an effect of the radiation pattern of the shielded antennae. In preliminary tests, the inversion succeeds in fitting the data in the considered frequency range and can reconstruct reflectors from a smooth starting model
Lavergne, Fabien. "Méthodologie de synthèse de lois de commandes non-linéaires et robustes : application au suivi de trajectoire des avions de transport." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30248.
Full textThe work presented in this PhD thesis report is situated within the framework of the nonlinear and robust control of transport aircrafts. The purpose of this thesis is to couple the properties of nonlinear controllers (adaptation to the aircraft nonlinearities, explicit controllers synthesis, easy and decoupled setting once the synthesis is achieved, genericity of the obtained control laws) with essential robustness properties. Indeed, to guarantee the flight safety, both in manual handling and in automatic control, the control laws have to present strong robust stability and performances properties. After an introduction to the industrial and research context, a "techniques, methods and tools" part allows us to point out the thesis contributions in the nonlinear robust control and automatic modelling domains. The nonlinear robust control technique presented, called RMI control (for "Robust Multi-Inversion") is based on the now classical Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) technique, notably studied at Airbus for some years (Fabrice VILLAUME, Jean DUPREZ), and is robustified by adding a complementary observation loop. We also present an automatic tool creating nonlinear, multivariable and embeddable models, as well as neural networks correlated methods. This tool is mandatory for the industrialization of our model-based flight control laws. Then the applicative part of the thesis underlines the specificities of the "aircraft" system and proposes flight control laws architectures, associated reference trajectories, and the advanced validation of the whole system by simulations performed on Airbus' certified simulator. Finally, after a conclusion on the main results and perspectives linked to the thesis, we propose annexes allowing to go further into the details of certain parts of our study
Prieux, Vincent. "Imagerie sismique des milieux visco-acoustiques et visco-élastiques à deux dimensions par stéréotomographie et inversion des formes d'ondes : applications au champ pétrolier de Valhall." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00722408.
Full textLavergne, Fabien. "Méthodologie de synthèse de lois de commandes non-linéaires etrobustes : Application au suivi de trajectoire des avions de transport." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011557.
Full textNguyen, Huu Phuc. "Développement d'une commande à modèle partiel appris : analyse théorique et étude pratique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2323/document.
Full textIn classical control theory, the control law is generally built, based on the theoretical model of the system. That means that the mathematical equations representing the system dynamics are used to stabilize the closed loop. But in practice, the actual system differs from the theory, for example, the nonlinearity, the varied parameters and the unknown disturbances of the system. The proposed approach in this work is based on the knowledge of the plant system by using not only the analytical model but also the experimental data. The input values stabilizing the system on open loop, that minimize a cost function, for example, the distance between the desired output and the predicted output, or maximize a reward function are calculated by an optimal algorithm. The key idea of this approach is to use a numerical behavior model of the system as a prediction function on the joint state and input spaces or input-output spaces to find the controller’s output. To do this, a new non-linear control concept is proposed, based on an existing controller that uses a prediction map built on the state-space. The prediction model is initialized by using the best knowledge a priori of the system. It is then improved by using a learning algorithm based on the sensors’ data. Two types of prediction map are employed: the first one is based on the state-space model; the second one is represented by an input-output model. The output of the controller, that minimizes the error between the predicted output from the prediction model and the desired output, will be found using optimal algorithm. The application of the proposed controller has been made on various systems. Some real experiments for quadricopter, some actual tests for the electrical vehicle Zoé show its ability and efficiency to complex and fast systems. Other the results in simulation are tested in order to investigate and study the performance of the proposed controller. This approach is also used to estimate the rotor speed of the induction machine by considering the rotor speed as the input of the system
Bonjour, Christophe. "Inversion de systèmes linéaires pour la simulation des matériaux férromagnetiques : singularité d'une configuration d'aimantation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004975.
Full textHan, Chao. "Advanced signal and imaging methods in ultrasound cortical bone assessment." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS144.
Full textUltrasound technology provides an affordable means to implement non-invasive solutions to diagnostically assess the mechanical characteristics of the bone. In this thesis we introduce Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) to obtain a robust reconstruction of the waveform of each echo bouncing off the cortical bone surfaces. Echoes' time-of-flight and central frequencies are used to calculate Ct.Th and normalized broadband attenuation (nBUA). In vivo measurements have been successfully performed with pulse-echo ultrasound and reference data wase obtained with HR-pQCT (cortical thickness, vBMD). Ct.Th and nBUA were highly correlated to reference thickness values (r2=0.90) and vBMD (r2=0,90), respectively. The second main contribution is that we introduce Time Domain Topological Energy (TDTE) method and migration into cortical bone imaging. TDTE shows well performance in extracting the structure of cortical bone, including the external, internal boundary of cortical bone and porous structure inside the cortical bone. Migration can provide a rough quantitative distribution of density, compression wave speed, and shear wave speed
Lagnier, Julien. "Contribution à l'analyse structurelle des systèmes singuliers pour la conception mécatronique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI045/document.
Full textThe context of this PhD thesis is the modeling and design of mechatronic systems. The study is positioned in the early design stage of the conception cycle (V-Cycle), where the main efforts have to be produced in terms of methodology, to enhance the quality and the functionality of the products, and based on virtual prototyping (modeling and simulation). One of the possible methodology is to reformulate the design problem as an inverse problem, in order to directly use the design specification of the product, usually given in terms of the system outputs, and then solve the design problem. In this context, the Ampere laboratory of INSA Lyon has developed a conception and design methodology, based on inverse approach and using the bond graph formalism, to propose a step-by-step method based on dynamic and energetic criteria, with a structural analysis phase that allows hierarchical analysis steps, depending on the structural physical layout of the model (topological, phenomenological, parameter set). The aim of the present works is to contribute to the development of this methodology, by enhancing it to the class of descriptor systems. This choice is led by the aim to apply the methodology in the context of chassis design and vehicle dynamics, where, among other, multi-body models represented as a differential-algebraic equation (DAE) system could occur. The contributions are proposed at the level of the topology of the model, as well as at the level of the phenomenological / behavioral aspects. A preliminary step is to enhance the existing algebraic framework to support graphical extension (in term of digraph and bond graph). The overall methodological extensions allow, firstly, a generalization of the approach to the class of descriptor systems, and, secondly, to reach a standardization of the procedures, previously dedicated to direct or inverse models, so as no mandatory differences between those models have to be done anymore
Fu, Ying. "Identification de dynamique pour les systèmes bilinéaires et non-linéaires en présence d'incertitudes." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED054/document.
Full textThe problem of recovering the Hamiltonian and dipole moment, termed inversion, is considered in a bilinear quantum control framework. The process uses as inputs some measurable quantities (observables) for each admissible control. If the implementation of the control is noisy the data available is only in the form of probability laws of the measured observable. Nevertheless it is proved that the inversion process still has unique solutions (up to phase factors). Several models of noise are considered including the discrete noise model, the multiplicative amplitude noise model and a Gaussian process phase model. Both theoretical and numerical results are established
Lebrun, Dominique. "Inversion linéarisée de données sismiques à deux composantes." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20055.
Full textTran, Duc Toan. "Reconstruction de sollicitations dynamiques par méthodes inverses." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10146.
Full textIn the field of the engineering, knowing the load applied on the structure which allows to solve the direct problem of which the results are given the field of displacement and strain in a structure. It is possible to perform a dimensioning. However, sometimes this load must be identified a posteriori. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to measure this load. Thus, for example, we do not know a priori where it will be loaded, either it is not possible to place a sensor without damaging it or needs too much space. We then have to use indirect measures of displacement, strain, acceleration and then we are lead to solve the inverse problems which are generally an ill-posed. It is then necessary to add one (or more) conditions to obtain a unique and stable solution: it is the regularization of the problem. These techniques are well known and their development is due to the use of the singular value decomposition of the transfer matrix. However, they require the use of an additional parameter that weights this additional condition: the determination of this parameter is difficult. Few studies having been realized in way the usual regularization methods of (Tikhonov and truncation of the (G)SVD), in association with the various criteria for determining the regularization parameter and the various possible responses, we conducted a such work, to draw conclusions on the optimal methodology. It has been highlighted that the measurement of the acceleration associated with a criterion involving the derived signal to reconstruct generally gives the best results via the GCV criterion to determine the regularization parameter. These methods suppose that the location of the loading area is known. We also were interested to deduct this loading area while trying to reconstruct load that is identically zero. This identification was performed easily that has little load to identify compared to the number of measurements available. However such identification is difficult when there are no more measures than loads to identify. Finally we turned to the identification of loading with the plastic structure. We then tried to reconstruct the load assuming that the structure remains linear-elastic, while it was plasticized: we used the method of the double load and performed simulations using the software ls-dyna. The reconstructed load then shows a static component reflecting the residual strain in the structure. In this case, the response used to identify the load is a strain in a non-plasticized zone
Di, Benedetto Maria Domenica. "Poursuite de modèle et régulation de sortie des systèmes non linéaires." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112115.
Full textDépature, Clément. "Commandes par inversion d’un véhicule à pile à combustible et supercondensateurs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10039/document.
Full textThe development of the control of a fuel cell/supercapacitor vehicle must take into account the constraints related to the associations of its components. Inversion based control can solve this problems. This use a systemic and cognitive approach to find the cause which produce the desired effect and inverse the associated component models to obtain a control structure. In this way, Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) and Backstepping have inversion based control approach. The Backstepping method deduces stable control of most classes of nonlinear systems. However, it don’t effectively and simply manage the energetic couplings. A physical decomposition of the studied system following the EMR rules bring a solution. EMR enables a systematic deduction of control schemes, specifically a clear distinction between the local control and the energy management strategy level. In this franco-quebecer co-tutorial thesis, similarities between the both control methods has been shown. EMR and Backstepping can complement each other. The integration of the Backstepping bring intrinsic stability to the EMR. The Backstepping can manage the energetic couplings thanks to EMR. The development of a fuel cell/supercapacitor vehicle stable inversion based control is then proposed using the combination of the both control methods. Thus, the power distribution is achieve in real time using a filtering strategy and the stable proposed combined inversion based control
Offermann, Alexis. "Conception et validation d’un robot apte à effectuer des mesures sur ouvrage d’art." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2603.
Full textThis PhD. applies in the field of robotics for building inspection. Buildings are understood here as huge constructions such as bridges or churches. Using photogrammetry to analyses the structure of these kind of buildings is nowadays a common technique. To extend the analysis methodologies, we propose in this document to imagine a way to bring tools directly in contact with the buildings. Multiple solution possibilities are presented for a final choice. The chosen solution consists of designing a drone able to tilt its arms to bring the building inspection tool directly onto the wall of the construction. This leads to a double challenge. Firstly, the mechanical part of designing such a complex and non-common drone. Secondly,the development and real time testing of the control algorithm. Eventually, this manuscript proposes to use a particular software architecture joining fast experimentations and validation of the control laws. This platform being very versatile, it is also possible to consider re-using it for different applications in future works. The experimentations reveal good results, promoting the usage of the drone as a carrying vector to bring the tools onto the construction
Fetel, Emmanuel. "Quantification des incertitudes liées aux simulations d'écoulement dans un réservoir pétrolier à l'aide de surfaces de réponse non linéaires." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL005N/document.
Full textThis work develops several methodologies to assess uncertainty on oil reservoir production. Taking in consideration that flow simulations are time consuming it uses response surfaces to approximate the relationship between reservoir uncertain parameters and production variables. First deterministic methods are developed to construct and analyze such surfaces: construction algorithms are the discrete smooth interpolation and the dual kriging while analysis methods are the variance based sensitivity analysis and the bayesian inversion of production history. This framework is then extended to include fast flow simulation results and to handle stochastic parameters characterized by a random effect on reservoir production. These methodologies are developed based on the following considerations: the number of uncertain parameters is usually large, data may be noisy if some parameters are neglected and the complex relationship between uncertain parameters and reservoir production
Seydou, Hassane Ramatou. "Contribution au développement des techniques ensemblistes pour l’estimation de l’état et des entrées des systèmes à temps continu : application à la détection de défauts." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14669/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the problem of a dynamical system observation and the estimation of its characteristic variables; the latter point constitutes the core element in many engineering science fields. The final aim is to build a general framework for integrity control and fault detection of such systems within a bounded error context. The developments offered herein make use of parity relations, sliding mode differentiators, interval observers and constraint satisfaction problems. Input reconstruction techniques are developed for a general class of nonlinear continuous-time systems. Domains are reconstructed for the input values which are consistent with the measurements using interval analysis and constraint satisfaction techniques. It is shown that time-varying or invariant coordinate changes may relax the applicability conditions (stability/cooperativity) of the interval observer design methods. Sliding mode differentiators were also used to enhance interval observer accuracy. The proposed approaches are illustrated through computer simulations and they have been applied to aircraft servo loop control surface for robust and early detection of abnormal positions
Bonjour, Christophe. "Inversion de systèmes linéaires pour la simulation des matériaux ferromagnétiques. Singularités d'une configuration d'aimantation." Phd thesis, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004975.
Full textMaerten, Frantz. "Utilisation de la géomécanique pour résoudre des problèmes liés aux structures géologiques : modélisation directe, inversion et restauration." Phd thesis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537899.
Full textGomand, Julien. "Analyse de systèmes multi-actionneurs parallèles par une approche graphique causale - application a un processus électromécanique de positionnement rapide." Phd thesis, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004849.
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