Relevant bibliographies by topics / IRAC method

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'IRAC method'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "IRAC method"

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Tang, Hao, Yongjun Liu, Guisheng Liao, Xuchen Liu, Heming Wang, and Xiaoyang Dong. "Integrated Radar and Communication Waveform Design for Distributed MIMO Systems." Remote Sensing 17, no. 7 (2025): 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071188.

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In the distributed multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system with the integrated radar and communication (IRAC) waveform transmitted, the synthesized transmit beampattern usually suffers from high sidelobes. To decrease the sidelobes of the transmit beampattern and accomplish radar and communication functions simultaneously in the distributed MIMO system, this paper proposes two IRAC waveform design methods. First, to minimize the maximal sidelobe of the transmit beampattern, this paper proposes the IRAC waveform design method with low sidelobes, and the designed IRAC waveform can produce the desired radar waveform in the target direction and communication waveform in the user direction, respectively. However, the designed IRAC waveform may have non-constant modulus, and it will be distorted if the power amplifier works in the saturation region. Then, to make sure the modulus of the designed IRAC waveform is constant, this paper proposes the IRAC waveform design method with constant modulus. In addition to producing the desired waveforms, the designed IRAC waveform has constant modulus. Moreover, the transmit beampattern has low sidelobes. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed IRAC waveform design methods can simultaneously accomplish radar and communication functions and form the transmit beampattern with low sidelobes.
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Wan, Hau, Bushra Sultana, Poonam Singh Nigam, and Richard Owusu-Apenten. "Comparison of Iron (III) Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (iRAC) and ABTS Radical Quenching Assays for Estimating Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate." Beverages 4, no. 3 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages4030058.

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Pomegranate juice (PJ) has total antioxidant capacity which is reportedly higher compared to other common beverages. This short study aimed to assess the total antioxidant capacity of commercial PJ and pomegranate fruit using a newly described method for iron (III) reducing antioxidant capacity (iRAC) and to compare with the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and Folin–Ciocalteu assays. Commercial PJ, freeze-dried pomegranate, and oven-dried pomegranate were analyzed. The calibration results for iRAC were comparable to ABTS and Folin–Ciocalteu methods in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.99), sensitivity and precision. The total antioxidant capacity for PJ expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was 33.4 ± 0.5 mM with the iRAC method and 36.3 ± 2.1 mM using the ABTS method. For dried pomegranates, total antioxidant capacity on a dry weight basis (DB) was 89–110 mmol/100 g DB or 76.0 ± 4.3 mmol/100 g DB using iRAC and ABTS methods, respectively. Freeze-dried pomegranate had 15% higher total antioxidant capacity compared with oven-dried pomegranate. In conclusion, pomegranate has high total antioxidant capacity as evaluated by the iRAC and ABTS methods, though variations occur due to the type of cultivar, geographic origin, processing and other factors. The study is relevant for attempts to refine food composition data for pomegranate and other functional foods.
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Bittner, Marie. "The IRAC Method of Case Study Analysis." Social Studies 81, no. 5 (1990): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377996.1990.9957530.

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Park, Hyeyoun. "The Actor-Network Perspective as an Art Explonation Method: Relational Agency of Matter." Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Culture 5, no. 3 (2024): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47415/irac.5.3.4.

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Pass, Emily K., Nicolas B. Cowan, Patricio E. Cubillos, and Jack G. Sklar. "Estimating dayside effective temperatures of hot Jupiters and associated uncertainties through Gaussian process regression." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 489, no. 1 (2019): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2226.

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ABSTRACT In this work, we outline a new method for estimating dayside effective temperatures of exoplanets and associated uncertainties using Gaussian process (GP) regression. By applying our method to simulated observations, we show that the GP method estimates uncertainty more robustly than other model-independent approaches. We find that unbiased estimates of effective temperatures can be made using as few as three broad-band measurements (white-light HST WFC3 and the two warm Spitzer IRAC channels), although we caution that estimates made using only IRAC can be significantly biased. We then apply our GP method to the 12 hot Jupiters in the literature whose secondary eclipse depths have been measured by WFC3 and IRAC channels 1 and 2: CoRoT-2 b; HAT-P-7 b; HD 189733 b; HD 209458 b; Kepler-13A b; TrES-3 b; WASP-4 b; WASP-12 b; WASP-18 b; WASP-33 b; WASP-43 b; and WASP-103 b. We present model-independent dayside effective temperatures for these planets, with uncertainty estimates that range from ±66 to ±136 K.
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Sparks, Tanner C., David G. Riley, Alvin M. Simmons, and Liangzhen Guo. "Comparison of Toxicological Bioassays for Whiteflies." Insects 11, no. 11 (2020): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110789.

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Two Bemisia tabaci populations from Georgia and Florida, USA, were tested for their response to insecticides across different toxicological bioassay methods. Five insecticides in four Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups (imidacloprid (4A), dinotefuran (4A), flupyradifurone (4D), pyriproxyfen (7C) and cyantraniliprole (28)), were evaluated against a water check. The routes of application to the plant used were either leaf drench or (systemic) root drench. The four different whitefly bioassay methodologies tested were two published IRAC methods, a clip cage method, and a new tube method. A split–split experimental design was used to assess any interactions between application route, bioassay method and insecticide treatment. Application route had no significant effect on efficacy. However, bioassay method affected overall whitefly mortality, with the dish method having reduced mortality compared to other methods, except for the clip cage method. High rates of cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran and flupyradifurone insecticides resulted in the highest incidence of adult whitefly mortality. Significant interactions relative to percent adult mortality were found between the insecticide and bioassay method for both populations assayed. The clip cage method was more sensitive in terms of dose mortality response followed by the cup and tube methods. The dish method was the least responsive to insecticide dose. Other interactions are discussed.
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Wahyuni, Sri, Swadia Gandhi Mahardika, and Adi Tri Pramono. "Analysis of Zakat, Infaq, and Alms Fundraising Policy Through IRAC Method." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan 13, no. 2 (2025): 261–68. https://doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v13i2.3289.

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This study analyzes the Zakat, Infaq, and Sedekah (ZIS) fundraising model in Bontang City with a focus on the policy of zakat deductions from the salaries of State Civil Apparatus (ASN) based on the Mayor's Regulation in 2013. The approach used is a juridical-normative approach with the IRAC (Issue, Rule, Analysis, and Conclusion) method to influence treatment and identify the optimal potential of ZIS. The results of the study indicate that although the mandatory zakat policy for ASN has been implemented, its contribution to increasing ZIS funds is still limited. This is because the regulation does not yet cover employees of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and the private sector which have great potential in increasing zakat collection. This study also compares previous findings which show that countries with zakat regulations that are inclusive of the private sector have higher levels of compliance and fund acquisition. Therefore, regulations that cover SOEs employees and large companies in Bontang City are considered important to optimize ZIS fund collection. A more inclusive policy will strengthen zakat distribution programs, support poverty alleviation, education, and community economic empowerment.
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Krick, Jessica E., Jonathan Fraine, Jim Ingalls, and Sinan Deger. "Random Forests Applied to High-precision Photometry Analysis with Spitzer IRAC." Astronomical Journal 160, no. 3 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba11f.

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Abstract We present a new method employing machine-learning techniques for measuring astrophysical features by correcting systematics in IRAC high-precision photometry using random forests. The main systematic in IRAC light-curve data is position changes due to unavoidable telescope motions coupled with an intrapixel response function. We aim to use the large amount of publicly available calibration data for the single pixel used for this type of work (the sweet-spot pixel) to make a fast, easy-to-use, accurate correction to science data. This correction on calibration data has the advantage of using an independent data set instead of the science data themselves, which has the disadvantage of including astrophysical variations. After focusing on feature engineering and hyperparameter optimization, we show that a boosted random forest model can reduce the data such that we measure the median of 10 archival eclipse observations of XO-3b to be 1459 ± 200 ppm. This is a comparable depth to the average of those in the literature done by seven different methods; however, the spread in measurements is 30%–100% larger than those literature values, depending on the reduction method. We also caution others attempting similar methods to check their results with the fiducial data set of XO-3b, as we were also able to find models providing initially great scores on their internal test data sets but whose results significantly underestimated the eclipse depth of that planet.
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Arifin, Ridwan, Riska Alkadri, Dewi Puspa Sari, Lilies Resthiningsih, and Amarru Muftie Holish. "Improving Law Student Ability on Legal Writing through Critical and Logical Thinking by IRAC Method." Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 1, no. 1 (2019): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v1i1.33706.

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The lack of good stigma is attached to student activists, ranging from the unsatisfactory level of academic quality, graduating on time, not responsive and very reactive, hard and opposing views, to demonstrations that are colored by violence. The stigma is only in a few cases, not all activists face such conditions, but this stigma seems to have been far attached. The development of student activists today demands that activists must also have three literacy abilities: data literacy, humanitarian literacy, and technological literacy. However, based on the preliminary results of this activity, 90 percent of UNNES Law School student activists agreed that activists must have a critical attitude and critical writing skills, but only about 10 percent of activists who had taken it seriously (thought publications in various forms). This activity is aimed at developing the critical abilities of student activists through increased publications in various media. This activity also aims to establish a critical writing community for student activists and present a concrete forum for channeling ideas and solutions for student activists in writing that can be read by many people. This activity is carried out through a critical thinking approach in legal studies using the IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion) method which is commonly used in analyzing various cases in legal study thinking.
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Marengo, Massimo, and Mayly C. Sanchez. "Ak-NN METHOD TO CLASSIFY RARE ASTRONOMICAL SOURCES: PHOTOMETRIC SEARCH OF BROWN DWARFS WITHSPITZER/IRAC." Astronomical Journal 138, no. 1 (2009): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/138/1/63.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IRAC method"

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Mousavi, Fadlollah. "Examination of the applicability of the joint sovereignty method to the Arvand-Rood (Shatt-al-Arab)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280341.

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Aboodi, Shymaa el. "Explorative Untersuchung der spezifischen Rahmenbedingungen im Irak : Handlungsempfehlungen und Konzepte zum Aufbau der einheimischen Bauwirtschaft im Irak /." Berlin : Univ.-Verl. der TU, Univ.-Bibliothek, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017623589&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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D, k. sorkhabi Mohammad. "An Investigation On Seismic Behaviour Of Nahrain Dam, Tabas, Iran." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605130/index.pdf.

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This study is an evaluation on the seismic behavior of the Nahrain Dam, which is located in Khorasan province in the central part of Iran. The finite element method is used for the dynamic analysis of the dam. Using a slope stability computer program, the critical slip surface near the crest of the dam and the yield acceleration corresponding to this slip surface are determined. Static analysis was completed by using the finite element computer program SAP90 and SAP2000 in order to determine the stress conditions within the body of the dam prior to earthquake. The stresses obtained from this analysis were used in the assessment of the dynamic material properties of the dam. Two near by actual earthquakes were modified and used as input motions of different magnitudes. At the next step, the harvested data was used as input data for the program TELDYN to perform dynamic analysis. Permanent displacements under the scenario base motions were calculated by using the Newmark&rsquo<br>s method.
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Baker, Joshua George. "Imagining empathy : counterfactual methods and the US-Iran security dilemma." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7422/.

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The overall contribution of this thesis is to develop a conceptualisation of empathy for the security dilemma, and to empirically explore this conceptualisation through a counterfactual case study of US foreign policy towards Iran, 2001-2010. It achieves this in three stages. First, it shows how the concept of empathy has long been implicitly central to security dilemma theorising. In particular, it demonstrates that security dilemma theorists have drawn upon implicit and unspecified notions of empathy in order to answer the crucial question of how security dilemma dynamics between adversaries can be overcome. Second, it addresses this omission by developing a conceptualisation of empathy that speaks to the unique context of the security dilemma. In mediating between different understandings of empathy across a number of literatures, the thesis proposes a conceptualisation that emphasises the importance of reflexivity and notions of difference. And third, it uses an innovative counterfactual methodology to empirically map the dynamics of empathy onto US foreign policy towards Iran. In doing so the thesis shows how empathy can promote cooperation between adversaries in some instances, but can be inhibited by broader contextual factors in others.
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Badraghi, Naghimeh. "Productivity, Cost and Environmental Damage of Four Logging Methods in Forestry of Northern Iran." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-145790.

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Increasing productivity, reducing cost, reducing soil damage, reducing the impact of harvesting on standing tree and regeneration are all very important objectives in ground skidding system in the management of the Hyrcanian forest. The research carried out to obtain these objectives included four logging methods, tree length method (TLM), long length method (LLM), short length method (SLM), and wood extraction by mule (mule) in northern Iran. In order to determine the cost per unit, time study techniques were used for each harvesting method, time study data are shifted to logarithmic data based on 10. On the basis of the developed models simulated, 11 skidding turns are simulated and the unit cost are estimated depending on the diameter of the log (DL), skidding distance (SD), and the winching distance (WD) for 11 different cycles with TLM, LLM and SLM. The results showed that on average, the net costs per extraction of one cubic meter of wood were 3.06, 5.69, 6.81 and 34.36 €/m3 in TLM, LLM, SLM and mule. The costs depending on diameter of log (DL), skidding distance (SD) and winching distance (WD) showed that the most economical alternative for Northern Iran is TLM. In the cut-to-length system, the costs of both alternatives LLM, SLM were significantly dependent on DL. , thus the result of this study suggests that as long as the diameter of the felled trees is less than 40 cm, the cut-to-length system is not an economical alternative, whilst the cut-to-length method can be applied for trees with a diameter more than 40 cm. Where diameters are more than 40 cm TLM it is more economical than SLM, however it was not significantly different. Depending on SD in short skidding distance SLM is preferable to LLM but in cases of long skidding distance LLM is more economical than SLM. The winching distance affect was not a factor on cost. To assess the damage on seedlings and standing trees a 100% inventory method was employed in pre-hauling and post-hauling, alongside of skidding trails, winching strips and mule hauling with a 12m width. To chose the best alternative depending on standing damage the Analysis of multiple criterial approval (MA) was applied. The amount of trees damaged by winching operation were 11.89% in TLM, 14.44% in LLM 27.59%, SLM and 0 stem and by skidding operation were 16.73%, 3.13% and 8.78% of total trees in TLM, LLM and SLM. In the winching area about 14%, 20%, 21% and 6 % of the total regeneration was damaged by TLM, LLM, SLM and mule and the skidding operation damaged 7.5% in TLM, 7.4 % LLM and 9.4% in SLM. The friendliest alternative to residual standing was mule but in manual method (where the wood extraction is done by skidder) MA showed that the best alternative depending on residual damage is LLM. To determine the degree of soil compaction a core sampling technique of bulk density was used. Soil samples collected from the horizontal face of a soil pit at 10 cm depth soil core, at 50m intervals on skid trials, in winching strips and control are (no vehicles pass) a soil sample was taken at 10m intervals in the hauling direction of the mule. In order to determine the post-harvesting extent of disturbance on skidding trails by skidding operations, the disturbed widths were measured at 50 m intervals along the skid trails. In the winching area, where the winched logs created a streak of displaced soil, the width of the displaced streak was measured at 5 m interval along the winching strip. In mule hauling operations the width of a streak created by a mule foot track was measured at 10 m intervals. To compare increased average bulk density between alternatives one way The ANOVA, Duncan test and Dunnett t-test with a 95 % confidence level were used. A General linear model was applied to relate the increasing bulk density and the slope gradient. To realize the correlation between the increment of soil bulk density and the slope gradient and the correlation between the soil compaction and soil moisture content (%) The Pearson correlation test was applied. To choose the best alternative (in manual method) a MA test was applied again. The bulk density on the skidding trail increased 51 % for 30 skidding turn, 35 % for 31 skidding turn (one unloaded and one loaded pass) and 46% for 41 skidding turn. Results of ANOVA (p < 0.05) show significant differences of bulk density between alternatives. Duncan test and the Dunnett t-test indicated that the increasing soil bulk density was not significant between control samples and winching strip of TLM and extraction by mule samples. The general linear modeling and Pearson correlation test results indicated that the slope gradient had an insignificant effect on soil compaction, whilst the Pearson test indicates a medium negative correlation between soil compaction and percentage of soil moisture. By ground-based winching operation 0.07%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.002% of the total area and by ground based skidding operation 1.21%, 1.67%, 0.81% and 0.00% of total area was disturbed and compacted in TLM, LLM, SLM and mule. The Pearson correlation results show that the width of disturbed area was significantly influenced by the diameter of logs and length of logs (p ˂ 0.05), but there is no significant correlation between soil disturbance width and slope. The results of analysis of MA showed that soil compaction was not related to logging method but sensitivity analysis of MA shows that LLM and TLM are both preferable to SLM.
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Bekhet, Hussain Ali. "Input-output methods in development planning : a case study of Iraq." Thesis, Keele University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292760.

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After 1952 Iraq embarked on various economic plans aimed at developing its economy. The aim of this thesis is to use input-output methods to examine the success of economic planning for Iraqi development, during the period 1968-1982. The history of Iraqi economic planning is outlined, with particular reference to policies aimed at encouraging economic integration. Various mathematical techniques for economic planning are discussed, such as production theory, linear programming, social accounting matrices, and particularly input-output analysis. For the remainder of the thesis a static input-output approach is adopted. The five input-output tables for Iraq, 1968-1982, are described and assessed, and a consistent aggregation structure of the tables is imposed. These input-output tables are used to explore economic inter-relationships in the Iraqi economy, using linkage analysis. multiplier analysis, and techniques of table triangularisation. Structural change of the Iraqi economy over time is analysed using input-output methods. The first technique used is the interpretation of the "fabrication" and "substitu tion" effects for updated tables using the RAS technique. Also, the decomposition of tables using matrix difference equations is utilised, allowing differentiation between the effects on economic activity of changing technology and changing demand structure over time. The conclusions reached are that the technology and the structure of final demand for the Iraqi economy have changed over time, with some evidence for increasing productive efficiency. Substantial potential benefits from further economic integration remain unexploited.
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Lockhart, Paul G. "Geopolitics, Borders, and Federalism: Challenges for Post-War Iraq." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1443.

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The fall of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I enabled the victorious Western powers to implement the Sykes-Picot Treaty and reshape the geopolitical structure of the Middle East. The imposition of arbitrary borders on the Middle East region, specifically the state of Iraq, would lead to significant conflicts over the course of the 20th century. In 2003, a US-led invasion would further compound the instability and sectarian conflict within Iraq by completely dismantling the state. In the years after the invasion, the United States has been directly involved unsuccessfully in trying to rebuild and stabilize the state of Iraq. The goal of this study is to propose and analyze four options for the future geopolitical structure of Iraq that, by design, could maintain the current geopolitical borders and possibly contribute to stability in the Middle East. A qualitative approach that examines the benefits of different models of government is used to identify themes that may apply to the state of Iraq, Because adoption of any of the proposed options depends on choices that must be made by the Iraqi government, this thesis presents only a theoretical argument about the country’s likely future. It is my contention that the most likely route to achieving long-term political stability within Iraq is implementation of a federalist model of government that resembles the Swiss model. The Swiss model provides a framework to create ethnic tolerance through specific power devolution, internal cooperation, and conflict resolution between the different tribal and ethnic groups within each region, and external cooperation and adjudication of issues between the regions and the central government. This study’s results show that the different options analyzed all have positive and negative characteristics. The three-region Swiss model provided an exceptional framework and addressed a number of Iraq’s problems, but elements of the other models could be implemented into the three-region model to create a more stable state. Further analysis is needed to determine the best model of government to stabilize Iraq.
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Al-Dabbagh, Anmar A. "Coaching Practices in Elite Volleyball in Iraq: A Mixed Methods Case Study." Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/417684.

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This study investigated elite volleyball coaching in Iraq from the perspective of players and coaches from four elite level volleyball teams located in northern Iraq. Quality of the coaching experience has been shown to be a critical factor for assisting players to realise their athletic potential, and for improving team performance. Players themselves value certain kinds of coaching approaches and practices and their experience of coaching influences their engagement in sport and sports performance. This case study of elite players in two men’s teams and two women’s teams, along with the perceptions of their male coaches about volleyball coaching and of coaching practices was undertaken using a mixed-method, sequential explanatory research design. For the purposes of this study, the ‘case’ comprised volleyball players and coaching staff of teams competing in an advanced level volleyball competition, from which players were eligible for selection for Iraq’s national and international competition teams. Following the mixed-methods sequential explanatory approach, quantitative data was collected using an internationally validated sports psychology questionnaire, the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), administered to all players from the four participating teams. Audio-visual recordings were then made of one coaching session for each of the four participating teams (n = 4). The final phase of data collection involved semi- structured interviews conducted with head and assistant coaches from the four participating teams (n = 8) and four players each of the teams (n = 16). Quantitative data collected from the PSPP was analysed using descriptive statistics and single variable ANOVA. Video recorded data was analysed using video observation and notational analysis. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. The theory of practice architectures informed the study’s theoretical framework and assisted with the analysis of qualitative data. Findings indicated that coaching approaches and coaching practices were dominated by a tradition where what was most valued was derived from knowledge and technical skills experienced by coaches as a former elite players, which were then passed on to a new generation of players in the sport. This led to a style of coaching, confirmed by video observational analysis and interview findings, that was autocratic, focused on physical training and skill development through drill practices, with little variation to training formats across different clubs or between male and female teams. This autocratic approach was reinforced by complex Iraqi socio-cultural norms regulating coach behaviours and coach-player relationships, especially between coaches and their female players and families. This pointed vi to a coaching environment reflecting socio-political, material-economic and cultural-discursive arrangements extant in broader Iraqi society.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School Educ & Professional St<br>Arts, Education and Law<br>Full Text
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Svensson, Fredrik. "Computational Methods in Medicinal Chemistry : Mechanistic Investigations and Virtual Screening Development." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för organisk farmaceutisk kemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259443.

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Computational methods have become an integral part of drug development and can help bring new and better drugs to the market faster. The process of predicting the biological activity of large compound collections is known as virtual screening, and has been instrumental in the development of several drugs today in the market. Computational methods can also be used to elucidate the energies associated with chemical reactivity and predict how to improve a synthetic protocol. These two applications of computational medicinal chemistry is the focus of this thesis. In the first part of this work, quantum mechanics has been used to probe the energy surface of palladium(II)-catalyzed decarboxylative reactions in order to gain a better understating of these systems (paper I-III). These studies have mapped the reaction pathways and been able to make accurate predictions that were verified experimentally. The other focus of this work has been to develop virtual screening methodology. Our first study in the area (paper IV) investigated if the results from several virtual screening methods could be combined using data fusion techniques in order to get a more consistent result and better performance. The study showed that the results obtained from data fusion were more consistent than the results from any single method. The data fusion methods also for several target had a better performance than any of the included single methods. Next, we developed a dataset suitable for evaluating the performance of virtual screening methods when applied to large compound collection as a replacement or complement for high throughput screening (paper V). This is the first benchmark dataset of its kind. Finally, a method for using computationally derived reaction coordinates as basis for virtual screening was developed. The aim was to find inhibitors that resemble key steps in the mechanism (paper VI). This initial proof of concept study managed to locate several known and one previously not reported reaction mimetics against insulin regulated amino peptidase.
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Ghonsooly, Behzad. "Introspection as a method of identifying and describing competence in reading skills." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2138.

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Reading comprehension in English as a second language in the context of Iranian education system is not unproblematic. Hardly any studies have been attempted to investigate reading strategies and processes employed by novice and skilled readers through an on-line method of reading skills research in this context. The present study was thus undertaken to address the present need by employing think-aloud methodology to compare novice and skilled reading strategies. Therefore, a qualitative approach was taken to elicit as much information as possible for the purpose of identifying and describing competence in reading skills. The main research question addressed in this study deals with comparing strategy use of a group of novice second language EST readers studying academic English in Iran with another group of skilled second language EST readers from the same ethnic population but studying at the highest academic levels outside their mother land, viz. in Scotland. Several hypotheses were formed following a preliminary pilot study which included the following: a) there was a positive relationship between the number of strategies used by readers of each group and their performance on the TOEFL test; b) there are common areas in the readers' use of comprehension strategies which make the individual difference hypothesis in reading comprehension a debatable issue; c) the readers tend to follow an interactive approach to reading comprehension. Using an interactive model of reading seven categories of strategies were identified and classified. Non-significant correlation was obtained between number of strategies and language proficiency scores. Using a human information processing system, each reader's protocol was subjected to a detailed stage by stage analysis which supported the notion of the individual difference in reading comprehension. The readers also applied an interactive reading process to text comprehension.
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Books on the topic "IRAC method"

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Ward, Patrick. Targeting the poor in northern Iraq: The role of formal and informal research methods in relief operations. Overseas Development Institute, 1995.

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Lenhart, Martha K., Eric Savitsky, and Brian Eastridge. Combat casualty care: Lessons learned from OEF and OIF. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 2011.

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Connable, Ben. Modeling, simulation, and operations analysis in Afghanistan and Iraq: Operational vignettes, lessons learned, and a survey of selected efforts. RAND Corporation, 2014.

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Ferrari, Aldo, Stefano Riccioni, Marco Ruffilli, and Beatrice Spampinato. L'arte armena. Storia critica e nuove prospettive Studies in Armenian and Eastern Christian Art 2020. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-469-1.

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Exploration of Armenian art began in the 19th century with French, Russian, German, Finnish, Austrian and Armenian art historians, and continued into the 20th century primarily with Russian, Armenian, Ukrainian, American and Italian scholars, who brought to the attention of a large public – not only of academics –, the artistic heritage of a territory that goes beyond the borders of present-day Armenia and encompasses an area known as Subcaucasia, a term used to indicate the regions from the South Caucasus to Anatolia, Iran and Upper Mesopotamia. Interest in Armenian art, from illuminated manuscripts to khachkars and architecture, has grown in the last twenty years, a fact that provided the knowledge of these works of art with a global dimension. The book illustrates the characteristics, themes and methods of the various research paths, sprouting from different historiographical traditions. In other words, the volume intends to trace a map capable of orientating the reader among the artistic and cultural phenomena of this complex territory, thus offering different keys to understanding them and also useful insights for future scientific research.
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Strong, S. I. 5. Step three in the IRAC method: the application. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0005.

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This chapter deals with the third step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: the application of the facts to the rules (legal authorities) presented in the second step of the essay. This technique is very seldom addressed in class discussions, and many students can become overwhelmed when seeking to undertake this element of the exam- and essay-writing process. The discussion explains what ‘application’ means under the IRAC system; the need for an application process in legal writing; how to distinguish ‘application’ from the ‘rules’ in IRAC methodology; and various stylistic and practical issues concerning the application of the facts to the rules. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter. A worked example is also presented.
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Strong, S. I. 3. Step one in the IRAC method: the issue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses the first step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: namely, the identification of the major issue and the specific sub-issues that are in contention. It offers suggestions meant to help law students learn how to identify what question the examiners want them to answer, as well as how to write a two to three-sentence opening paragraph in approximately one minute. The chapter first considers the relationship of the IRAC method to legal practice before explaining in detail what an ‘issue’ is according to the IRAC methodology; why it is important to identify the issue explicitly in a legal essay or exam; and how to spot the major issues and the contentious sub-issues that arise out of a problem question. Examples of issue spotting are given. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
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Strong, S. I. 4. Step two in the IRAC method: the rule. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0004.

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This chapter presents techniques and tips for identifying and discussing the rules, the second step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing. Many students worry that they will not know enough ‘law’ to do well on their exams and essays, but this chapter provides key tips on how to maximise the effectiveness of each student’s knowledge. The discussion identifies the steps involved in writing a first-class essay in law: the purpose of supporting authority (‘rules’) in legal writing; what constitutes supporting authority in legal writing; how to compile the relevant supporting legal authority; and how to communicate the relevant supporting authority in the essay. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter. A worked example is also given.
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Strong, S. I. 6. Step four in the IRAC method: the conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0006.

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This chapter guides the law student to the fourth step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: identification of the conclusion of the argument. Students often overlook the need to have a conclusion in their law essays and exams, or believe that their conclusion must be the same as that identified by the instructor. This chapter explains what ‘conclusion’ means under the IRAC system, outlines the need for a conclusion in legal writing and provides a fast and easy technique that can be used to facilitate the process of writing a conclusion to any essay or exam. The chapter also includes tips on writing legal essays and exams, as well as a worked example.
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Strong, S. I. 9. Adapting IRAC for professional practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0009.

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This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for professional practice, with particular reference to drafting original documents (letters, attendance notes, memoranda, briefs (instructions) and opinions) that do not rely on precedents. While the discussion does not go into the same amount of detail as a professional legal training course, it does outline the forms of documents that every law student will encounter in legal practice and demonstrate how the IRAC method can be used to create those types of documents. The chapter also provides a brief overview of various formatting issues that may arise in professional practice. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
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Strong, S. I. 7. Adapting IRAC to ‘discuss’ questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0007.

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This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for use with ‘discuss’ type questions, focusing on the following topics: what a ‘discuss’ question is asking you to do; how to structure the ‘discuss’ essay; and how to adapt each of the four IRAC steps (issue, rule, application, conclusion) to ‘discuss’ questions. The discussion also identifies the three basic types of ‘discuss’ questions (legal theory, legal reform and legal history) and describes the best way to approach each particular category of questions and the best types of legal authorities to introduce to do well. Tips on writing legal essays and exams are given.
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Book chapters on the topic "IRAC method"

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Mohan, Trivikram, Vinamr Athavle, Akshat Chaudhary, and Fook Choon Lee. "Monte Carlo Method in Chemical Engineering." In IRC-SET 2020. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9472-4_20.

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Reckwitz, Erhard. "Literaturtheorie – Mode oder Methode?" In Sine ira et studio. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28743-6_18.

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Chenglei, Si, Mao Yu Di, Pang Eng Meng Wyzley, and Chen Shunfa. "Novel Method to Reconstruct a Surface Grid Using Linear Regression Modelling." In IRC-SET 2018. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9828-6_11.

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Kalendar, Ruslan, and Alan H. Schulman. "Transposon-Based Tagging: IRAP, REMAP, and iPBS." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-767-9_12.

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Deng, Chunyi, and Jingxiang Yang. "Investigation of Properties of Patterned Dielectric Superlattice Using Computational Methods." In IRC-SET 2022. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7222-5_22.

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Tan, Yueh Yang Vince, Deepankur John Njondimackal, and Aung Aung Phyo Wai. "Empirical Evaluation of Perimetry and Electrophysiology Methods in Visual Field Assessment." In IRC-SET 2020. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9472-4_39.

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Nouri, Bamo. "Theories and methods." In Elite Theory and the 2003 Iraq Occupation by the United States. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003147558-2.

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Shi-An, Sean Lim, Karis Yuen Xin Er, Ryan Nathaniel Thesman, and Teow Loo Nin. "AI-Driven Data Analytics Assessing Methods to Localize Preexisting Natural Language-Processing Data." In IRC-SET 2021. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9869-9_15.

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Sim, Joylynn, Jinghan Xie, Grace Li Xuan Tan, Chun Ping Liu, and Poh San Lai. "Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Evaluation of New Emerging Methods for Carrier Screening and Diagnosis." In IRC-SET 2021. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9869-9_1.

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Meihui, Guo, Thorsten Wholand, and Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran. "The Influence of Transfection Methods on the Molecular Dynamics of the Cell Plasma Membrane." In IRC-SET 2020. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9472-4_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "IRAC method"

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Zhu, Yu, Hao Wang, Weicheng Fan, Zhongqin Lin, Yanru Chen, and Genliang Chen. "Visual servo assembly method for component docking." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871809.

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Zeng, Zhi, Wenwen Chen, Jianglong Lin, Xutao Lin, and Guigui Jiang. "Bolt identification and positioning method based on YOLOv5." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871783.

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Zhang, Yujie, Xia Qiu, Rong Gao, and Xing Liu. "Lightweight Track surface defect detection method based on improved YOLOv5." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871769.

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Han, Duo, Xiaoyan Deng, Zhuliang Yu, and Zhenghui Gu. "Human-machine shared control method for brain-controlled wheeled robot." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871913.

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Deng, Rong, and Ju Huang. "A Path Planning Method for Electric Vehicle Based on Q-Learning." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871466.

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Qin, Juanjuan, Yulong Xiong, Yongxin Wu, Jian Dong, and Yan Zhang. "Research on deep neural network based classification method for social robots." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871640.

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Jiang, Ruicheng, and Qingshan Jia. "An OCBA-Based Information Sharing Method for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871240.

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Leng, Xiangbiao, Sihan Che, Qiufeng Wang, Minghui Tu, Ruixi Kuang, and Yangfuhai Ou. "A method of replacing failed GIS equipment in a restricted space." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871423.

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Liang, Hao, Zhaoshui He, Zihang He, Zhijie Lin, and Jing Guo. "An Efficient Multi-Modal Image Registration Method for Intelligent Acupuncture Robot." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871290.

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Zeng, Yanting, Guoming Chen, Xinni Lin, and Qian Zhang. "Face Expression Recognition Method Based on Mamba and Different Facial Regions." In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Automatic Control (IRAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/irac63143.2024.10871854.

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Reports on the topic "IRAC method"

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ZANGENEH-MADAR, Zahra, Masoud TAJRISHY, and Ali PAK. Debris flow hazard zoning in urban watersheds using the bivariate method, a case study in Tehran, Iran. Cogeo@oeaw-giscience, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5242/iamg.2011.0297.

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Mahdi, Juwan, and Yarjanik Kerob. The Language of the Armenian Ethno-Linguistic Subgroup in Kurdistan Region of Iraq from the Last Generation to Today. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2023.003.

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This topic is significant because it considers the language of an ethno-religious group, the Armenian people, in Iraq with non-Arab or Kurdish origins. The Armenian people did not originate from Iraq but from Armenia, one of the smaller countries in the former Soviet Union. Many Armenians were forced to migrate in 1915 to different countries in the Middle East due to ethnic cleansing under the Ottomans. This study explores the different methods by which the Armenian community has maintained its native Armenian language during its history in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). To this end, the study includes a comparison of how the language was viewed and maintained across two successive generations of Armenians in KRI. The findings show that the first generation is divided into those who speak Armenian and those who assimilated and speak Kurdish. Those who no longer speak Armenian prioritised integration and moved away from their mother tongue. This posed a threat to the ongoing maintenance of the language in these communities. However, the younger generation has worked to revive its mother tongue by learning it in schools established in the region approximately 20 years ago.
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Pretari, Alexia, and Filippo Artuso. Resilience in Iraq: Impact Evaluation of the ‘Safe access to resilient livelihoods opportunities for vulnerable conflict-affected women in Kirkuk’ project. Oxfam GB, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8731.

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Between May 2016 and March 2018, Oxfam in Iraq, together with the Iraqi Al Amal Association (IAA), collaborated on the ‘Safe access to resilient livelihoods opportunities for vulnerable conflict-affected women in Kirkuk’ project. Funded by UN Women, the project marked the first collaboration between Oxfam and IAA (a women’s rights organization working in Kirkuk). The core themes of the project were women’s rights and economic justice. It aimed to reach women who had been displaced, were returnees at the time, or members of the communities to which displaced people had moved (host communities). This Effectiveness Review focuses on investigating the impact of support to income-generating activities on the women who received this support. The evaluation used a mixed methods design. Acknowledging that different women face different barriers and may have therefore benefitted differently from the project, an initial vulnerability assessment was carried out to bring an intersectional lens to the review. Configurational analysis was used to explore the project's impact, alongside different types of qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Rickels, Wilfried. Database and report on currently already existing or announced ocean NETs projects, including a world map of projects. OceanNets, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.8_v3.

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The Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) market is experiencing rapid development, with different regions adopting distinct approaches. In Europe, the progress is primarily driven top-down through the implementation of regulations aimed at integrating CDR into various climate instrument pillars within the EU. In contrast, the United States is witnessing a bottom-up growth trajectory, characterized by the emergence of start-ups, carbon registries, marketplaces, and insurance companies, all playing a role in the expansion of the CDR sector. This surge in CDR-related businesses has been further catalyzed by substantial subsidies, particularly through the recent adjustments made to the 45Q tax credit system. The amendments were introduced as part of the "Inflation Reduction Act" (IRA) and the "Bipartisan Infrastructure Law" (BIL). Under these modifications, significant tax credits are offered for carbon capture and utilization at point sources, with subsequent storage (CCS). Notably, the tax credits have increased to 60 USD/tCO2 for carbon capture and utilization and storage at point sources, and to 85 USD/tCO2 for direct air capture and storage. The tax credits go even higher, amounting to 130 and 180 USD/tCO2, respectively, for utilization and storage if the carbon is directly removed from the air. In addition to these measures, the IRA and BIL also allocate substantial funding for forestry and sequestration projects, carbon transport infrastructure, and carbon removal hubs to test and develop technologies. Simultaneously, some top-down initiatives have been set in motion in the US, exemplified by the introduction of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Market Development Act as part of California's Cap-and-Trade Program. This act mandates emitting entities to offset a certain percentage of their emissions through CDR in subsequent years, culminating in full compensation of emissions with CDR by 2045. Moreover, the act emphasizes the promotion of domestic development by requiring that at least 50% of the negative emissions credits used by an emitting entity originate from CDR processes that directly mitigate climate impacts within the state. Against this backdrop, it comes as no surprise that the CDR start-up scene is predominantly dominated by US companies, with ocean-based removal companies accounting for approximately 10 percent of the market. However, despite their presence, ocean-based CDR projects are currently limited, with the majority focused on blue carbon projects, particularly mangrove restoration, and only a few exploring other ocean-based CDR methods. The land-based portion of the CDR market appears to be effectively addressing accounting, verification, and registry aspects, primarily due to market demand or existing regulations. Nevertheless, the development of such bottom-up approaches remains less likely for open access schemes like ocean-based CDR initiatives.
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Cantor, Amy G., Rebecca M. Jungbauer, Andrea C. Skelly, et al. Respectful Maternity Care: Dissemination and Implementation of Perinatal Safety Culture To Improve Equitable Maternal Healthcare Delivery and Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer269.

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Objective. To summarize current research defining and measuring respectful maternity care (RMC) and evaluate the effectiveness of RMC and implementation strategies to improve health outcomes, particularly for populations at risk for health disparities. Data sources. Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to November 2022 and SocINDEX to July 2023; manual review of reference lists and responses to a Federal Register Notice. Review methods. Dual review of eligible abstracts and full-text articles using predefined criteria. Data abstraction and quality assessment dual reviewed using established methods. Systematic evaluation of psychometric studies of RMC tools using adapted criteria. Meta-analysis not conducted due to heterogeneity of studies and limited data. Results. Searches identified 4,043 unique records. Thirty-seven studies were included across all questions, including the Contextual Question (CQ). Twenty-four validation studies (3 observational studies, 21 cross-sectional studies) evaluated 12 tools for measuring RMC. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated RMC effectiveness. There were no effectiveness trials from settings relevant to clinical practice in the United States and no studies evaluating effectiveness of RMC implementation. For the CQ, 12 studies defined 12 RMC frameworks. Two types of frameworks defined RMC: (1) Disrespect and Abuse (D&amp;A) and (2) Rights-Based. Components of D&amp;A frameworks served as indicators for recognizing mistreatment during childbirth, while Rights-Based frameworks incorporated aspects of reproductive justice, human rights, and anti-racism. Overlapping themes from RMC frameworks included: freedom from abuse, consent, privacy, dignity, communication, safety, and justice. Tools that measured RMC performed well based on psychometric measures, but no single tool stood out as the best measure of RMC. The intrapartum version of the Mother’s Autonomy in Decision-Making (MADM), Mothers On Respect index (MORi), and the Childbirth Options, Information, and Person-Centered Explanation (CHOICES) index for measuring RMC demonstrated good overall validity based on analysis of psychometric properties and were applicable to U.S. populations. The Revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ-2) demonstrated good overall validity for measuring childbirth experiences and included RMC components. One fair-quality RCT from Iran demonstrated lower rates of postpartum depression at 6-8 weeks for those who received RMC compared with controls (20% [11/55] vs. 50% [27/54], p=0.001), measured by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. No studies evaluated any other health outcomes or measured the effectiveness of RMC implementation strategies. Conclusions. RMC frameworks with overlapping components, themes, and definitions were well described in the literature, but consensus around one operational definition is needed. Validated tools to measure RMC performed well based on psychometric measures but have been subject to limited evaluation. A reliable metric informed by a standard definition could lead to further evaluation and implementation in U.S. settings. Evidence is currently lacking on the effectiveness of strategies to implement RMC to improve any maternal or infant health outcome.
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh, and Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.

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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.
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Trends of Radicalisation: Iraq/3.2 Research Report. Glasgow Caledonian University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59019/a3gabp69.

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Iraq is one of the countries most exposed to instability and lack of security, due to many reasons which are the fragility and weakness of the state that leads to many hot spots of extremism and terrorism. These foci exist in ethnically or religiously homogeneous and heterogeneous societies, which we will discuss in this report. Moreover, the difference in the geography of these regions is one of the reasons. The importance of the report about Iraq lies in the fact that this country is one of the first ranks in extremism and terrorism, so it must be highlighted and promised as a model in the study, especially it is rich in natural resources, while it was possible to invest these resources to build a new modern state instead of being submerged in extremism and terrorism. Despite the multiplicity and abundance of hotbeds of extremism and terrorism in Iraq, the report will try to explain examples of them, according to the type and the trends of extremism. There is separatist extremism in Kirkuk governorate, which is one of the disputed areas between the federal government and the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq where the latter seeks secession and independence from Iraq. Likewise, there is the jihadist (religious) violence stemming from sectarian fanaticism in Anbar, which has made this vast province a hot spot for (discriminatory) ethnic and religious extremism. The report will also deal with another example of a region whose demographic composition and geography have imposed to be a hot spot where is located in a spot of land that the majorities disputed over it, at a time that historically belonged to indigenous minorities, whither it is inhabited mostly by non-Muslim societies, such as Christians of Assyrian origins, Yazidis and others, and they have faced extremism. Religiously, they were exposed to large-scale terrorist acts, which is the Nineveh Plain region. The report also shows that diversity, difference as well as ethnic, religious and sectarian pluralism, which instead of being a factor of wealth and power in society or the state, has become a factor of weakness. It has been exploited for extremism and terrorism and to threaten coexistence, civil peace and diversity, and as we mentioned, all is due to the fragility of the state in addition to the overlapping of political decision-making forces in the state issues. The report will try to identify the objective and subjective factors that have made these areas hot spots, and to know the challenges and obstacles that surround them in order to overcome this. The report also seeks to know the factors that help (facilitating) the spread of the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism in these areas along with the extent of their role in the growth and permanence of extremism. The writing of the report will depend on the descriptive historical approach, whereby a return to the recent history of some phenomena of extremism and terrorism, determined by their dates and times, and a start to understanding their causes and consequences. It will also adopt the investigative approach by standing on the views of the parties supporting or rejecting this phenomenon in its three levels (micro, miso, and macro). The report will also use the analytical method to explain the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism in Iraq. It will benefit from the available office studies regarding this phenomenon, as it is necessary to use sober studies issued by international research centers and reports of international, local and national organizations in addition to the academic studies that analyse this phenomenon. Furthermore, it is imperative to follow up on the events of extremism and terrorism through neutral and reputable media, as well as make use of the reports of Iraqi official institutions.
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