Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Islam – Éthiopie – 19e siècle'
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Hassen, Omer Ahmed. "Islam, commerce et politique dans l'Ifat (Éthiopie centrale) au XIXe siècle : l'émergence d'une ville carrefour, Aleyyu Amba." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010589.
Full textHermann, Denis. "Aspects de l'histoire sociale et doctrinale de l'école Shaykhī au cours de la période Qājār (1843-1911)." Paris, EPHE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EPHE5022.
Full textAly, Dia Mamadou. "La pensée théologique musulmane en Afrique de l'ouest au XIXe siècle : Al-Maqāsid as-Saniyya.. d'al-Hāgg ́Umar al-Fūtī (1212H./1797-1282H./1865)." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040465.
Full textGuarraoui, Mohamed el Amine. "La sunna : droit, société et politique dans la doctrine réformiste (19ème - 20ème siècle)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020036.
Full textFrom the moment we accept that many decades passed between the death of the Prophet Muhammad and the collecting of the many different texts interpreting the Sunna, we must also accept that the gap between the two entities (the words and the acts of the Prophet and their reflection in the Scriptures) is not merely of a formai nature. However, the classical theological institutions have managed not only to minimize the consequences of this division and make this established corpus into the second source of jurisdiction in Islam, but also to build an impenetrable wall between the reader and everything that aliows him to raise legitimate and rational questions concerning the nature of the Sunna and its meaning, including its appearance and its collection. Our work suggests a historical reconsideration of the works of reformist scholars in terms of the Sunna compared with the other sources of Islamic orthodoxy, that is the Koran, the Ijma' and the Ijtihad. Firstly, a reconsideration of the gap that we mentioned, in order to try to evaluate its importance and implications. In this way we have shown that the reformist scholars had, for the first lime in history, overcome the tensions, contradictions, stagnation, clashes and protagonisms with a new critical approach to ail the foundations (usul) of Islamic thought, including the Koran and the Sunna. Acritique open to scientific thought towards new ways of intelligibility and appropriation of the real, in order to surmount all the taboos sanctified without legal ground. Secondly, this work enabled us to perceive the swift and brutal interruption in the work of the reformist scholars, who were a peaceful force of the one real « criticism of the Islamic mind » to leave some space to two forms of destructive « terrorism » -that of the state and that of the marginalized individual. Since then, can we still talk about the renaissance of another combat between the dogmatic theological mind and the supposed faithless and lawless « scientific » mind?
Dudoignon, Stéphane A. "Lectures de la modernite en islam centrasiatique : la reforme des institutions d'enseignement ethique, theologique et juridique dans le monde tatar et en transoxiane, du "premier renouveau" a la sovietisation (1767-1937)." Paris 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA030050.
Full textThe new accessibility of the sources for the contemporary history of central asia allows us to redefine the chronology of muslim reformism in this area, now extended up to the years 1760 and down to the great "purges" of 1937. Anti-colonial upheavals in russian islam, during the second third of the 18th century, and then catherine ii's political reformations played the role of a catalyst for the first renewal of all central asian islam. The officialisation by russian power of the muslim community institutions and the will amoung russian muslims of a return to the sources of hanafite theological and legal traditions energyzed the exchanges between the scholars of the tatar world and transoxiana. The mean common points of the tatar and transoxianese reformism are the central role played by the madrasa (an institution which is traditionally different from the mosque in the southern regions of central asia) and the necessity to fight against the effects of russian colonisation. After sovietisation, the tatar influence remained strong in transoxiana, as is shown by the anti-russian thema borrowed from tatar literature and the recognition of a "tatar debt" by the intelligentsias of southern central asia
Bousbina, Saïd. "Un siècle de savoir islamique en Afrique de l'ouest (1820-1920)." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010621.
Full textThe Tijaniyya order was founded by Ahmad Al-Tijani around 1781 in the algerian south. Ever since then, this order has spread in all directions amongst the muslim world. However, the most dramatic propagation of the Tijaniyya was felt in western africa during the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, thanks, notably, to the military action of Al-Hajj 'Umar and the pacific gesture of Al-Hajj Malik Sy. Parallely to this spread, a few members of this order produced a type of literature, hence called Tijaniyya literature, which also developed in that region. And it is precisely the aim of this thesis to deal chiefly with the tijaniyya literature. However, because it proved impossible to deal with the whole of this literature, we chose four authors who seemed to be the most representative of this literature : Al-Hajj 'Umar, Yirkoy Talfi, 'Ubayda Ben Anbuja et Al-Hajj Malik Sy. The writings of those authors cover a century (1820-1920) and are representative of the whole of western Africa, from present day Mauritania to actuel Guinea. The study, hence, the analysis of their works enable one to follow the Tijaniyya order within its african realm, and more especially its evolution and the fluctuation of themes within this literature. This should show how the tijanis authors presented and explained their order to their readers, which arguments were used in order to convince people to became affiliated to the tijaniyya, and finally which sources did they base themselves on and which religious and juridical authorities did they refer themselves to, in order to strengthen and articulate their arguments. This is precisely what this thesis attempts to show
Dewel, Serge. "ADDIS ABÄBA (Éthiopie) 1886-1966. Construction d'une nouvelle capitale pour une ancienne nation souveraine." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF021/document.
Full textWhile fiercely struggling for its independence during the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopia extended considerably its territory. A region of meadows and mountains, at the southern march, became the centre of the country in its new borders. There, in 1886, what was first founded as a garrison camp for its strategic position became Addis Abäba, soon the new capital at the crossroads of the world.This thesis aims to highlight the part played by the national sovereignty and its recognition in the particular process of the Ethiopian capital foundation and its perpetuation, as well as its development during the 20th century. The main growing phases of Addis Abäba might only be understood in terms of its international context whilst Ethiopian sovereignty and independence were jeopardized. During those particular times, the rulers used Addis Abäba as a stage for its performance, expanding the city and provided it with architectural and monumental heritage. For this, they drew in the country’s long-time history, in the strong commitment to the Ethiopian Christianity – the "Täwahǝdo" – and into the "Kǝbrä Nägäst" the national myth. The successive systems and reigns until the 21st century have adopted the same urban and building response
Chekroun, Amélie. "Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010699/document.
Full textThe Futuh al-Habasa is an Arabic language account of a number of wars initiated by the imam Ahmad from the Bar Sa'ad ad-din sultanate against the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia between the years 1520 and 1535/1537 ; of particular interest is its narrative of the temporary Muslim domination of the majority of the Christian territories during the conquest of Abyssinia (1531-1543). Through analysis of this unique endogenous source this PhD aims to propose a new way to approach th history of Ethiopia by considering the Ethiopian Islam as a full-fledged topic, at the crossroads between the studies on Ethiopia and those on Medieval Islam.The literary analysis of the Futuh al-Habasa reveals that its author, Arab Faqih, wrote this account after the failure of the « conquest of Abyssinia », probably with a view to convince the elites of the Bar Sa'ad ad-din to march on the Christian kingdom once again. Drawing on literature from the first centuries of Islam as well as on more contemporary references, Arab Faqih thus writes an apology of gihad, presenting the imam Ahmad as being an example of the perfect mugahid.On the other hand, studying the history of the Bar Sa'ad ad-din (1415-1583), the power relationships inside the sultanate and its links with the neighbouring Christian kingdom, reveals the factors internal to this society that pushed the imam Ahmad to undertake such a war. The Futuh al-Habasa shows finally that during this conquest, new practices of war and new ways of conceiving it emerged. It also details the project of a « great Muslim Ethiopia » that didn't survive the death of the imam in 1543
Sīmū, Bahīǧaẗ. "L'Islah au Maroc : réformes militaires de 1844 à 1912." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040306.
Full textIn the nineteenth century, as the supremacy of Europe is asserting itself towards the Islamic world, the Arab orient is marked by the nahda (reawakening) and the reformist movement; this movement has similarities to salafism or modernism, according to the kind of domination, ottoman or European. As for Morocco, after the defeat of Isly, its sovereignty being threatened, it has to face a dilemma: undertake modernist reforms imposed by the political context or maintain traditionalism because of the social structure of the country. Such is the problem of reforms in Morocco, which tries to reconcile the two. This position entails a certain complexity, and the political aim of islah is ambiguous. While Morocco intended to prevent any colonization, the European countries which were participating to its modernization were in fact preparing the way for colonial penetration. Our investigation includes an analysis of the military reforms and of the different political and religious conceptions that could be seen in Morocco at the time. We also try to show how the military reforms have turned to something different from what the government aimed at. The association of foreign elements reverses the situation: an attempt of islah ends in colonial penetration and the foreign missions become spy agencies working for. .
Terme, Renaud. "La perception de l'islam par les élites françaises (1830-1914)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30004/document.
Full textPerceiving means to receive an information, to take it into account, to compare this information with the data from our memory, to process it according to our ways of thinking and then to pull from the image thus formed a consequence, that is to say: an act. To approach the perception of Islam by the French elites between 1830 and 1914, we initially, in our first book, made a compilation of presentations that "scholarship" elites - historians, writers, religious, linguists, philologists, artists - made of Islam; of the data they could receive from their memory, since we talked about Islam since Peter the Venerable; and of these ways of thinking that characterized the era by studying the evolution of the meaning of concepts like civilization, race, and political economy. We then, in a second book attempted to understand how and why the thus formed image had resulted in the colonization of Islamic lands by politicians, their advisors, their supporters, officers, industrialists, investors and administrators. Finally, in a third book, we tried to follow to this day the judgements that are made about these orientalist works. It seems to us that the process of an image, deliberately, and from the beginning, truncated by men convinced that early techniques of natural science could be applied to human sciences has led to a misunderstanding of both worlds
Barry, Ibrahima. "Le Royaume de Bandiagara : 1864-1893 : le pouvoir, le commerce et le Coran dans le Soudan nigérian au 19ème siècle." Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0038.
Full textIn the first half of the nineteenth century in west sudan an islamic movement was born and developped. In masina particulary, seku amadu built a very modern islamic state, the dina, like the modern states of today. But in 1862, alhaji umar, another leader of islamic jihad, fought the masina califate. At alhaji umar's death in 1864, in degimbere, his nephew tidiani succeeded to him. Tidiani fought the fulani of masina and the kuntas of tumbouctou, twenty years ago, to impose his power on this country. He is the founder of bandiagara kingdom
Gelez, Philippe. "Safvet-beg Bašagić (1870-1934) : aux racines intellectuelles de la pensée nationale chez les musulmans de Bosnie-Herzégovine." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040068.
Full textThrough his literary, historical and political work, Safvet-beg Bašagić (1870-1934) outlined the major issues of Bosnian-Muslim nationalism while his community was backing down in the face of the demands for modernisation imposed by the Austro-Hungarian presence after the Berlin Congress of 1878. Inspired by the Ottoman, Croatian and Serbian nationalist movements of the C. 19th, he wanted to establish an identity which was distinct from those that they represented, by affirming the religious and cultural specificity of his coreligionists and compatriots. These engagements were closely linked to the agrarian question in Bosnia Herzegovina : as a conservative, Bašagić worked to underline the fact that land ownership was a historical right of the local beylicat, to which he belonged. He failed to find the audience he had hoped for during his lifetime but, although unreliable on a scientific level, the bulk of his theories are in vogue today
Magassouba, Seydou. "Les Djallonké face à l'islamisation du Fouta Djallon : XVIIIe et XIXe siècles." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010619.
Full textTriaud, Jean-Louis. "Les relations entre la France et la Sanûsiyya (1840-1930) : histoire d'une mythologie coloniale, découverte d'une confrérie saharienne." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA070031.
Full textThis study draws from three different spheres : islamic history, african history, and colonial history. At the center is the muslim brotherhood which appeared in mecca about 1837 and which bears the name Sanûsiyya, after its founder Muhammad Al-Sanusi, an algerian born near Mostaganem in 1787. The brotherhood, at first, was a missionary organization which preached islam to the most impoverished nomads and created zawiya-s (lodges) in inhospitable lands. After 1900, the movement organized a determined resistance against the colonial powers, France and Italy in particular. By a careful use of arabic sources and attention to the internal coherence, changing strategies and different social functions, the author seeks to explain this veritable "multinational" islamic society in which indigenous people of the Maghreb, the Hijaz, and some Sudanic countries, worked side by side. No other brotherhood was ever the object of such intense and enduring hostility from the french administration and popularizers. The fear of Sanûsiyya, the denunciation and finally the open struggle against this brotherhood have created a special chapter of colonial history. The author has looked for the reasons behind such a treatment. Finally, the sanusiyya, although launched in mecca, belongs to african history. In the period of the greatest expansion, it involved all of the central and eastern Sahara, from the Nile to the Ajjer, from southern Tunisia to lake Chad. The author has consistently featured the subsaharan
Nassar, Mahmoud. "La pensée politique en rapport avec la religion chez Ernest Renan et Muhammad ʿAbduh : étude comparative." Lyon 3, 2004. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2004_in_nassar_m.pdf.
Full textThis thesis consists of three parts and each part consists ,in its turn, of two chapters. Considering the first part, it presents the two authors in their century. The first chapter is a historical background ; it is concerned with the history of both of France and Egypt , the relationship between the two countries and the political and religious movements in both countries. As for the second chapter , it tries to analyse the political and religious formation of the two thinkers. Regarding the second part, it is a study of the political and religious theory of the two authors. The first chapter considers the meaning of religion and the relationship between religion and politics while the second considers important issues of the nineteenth century such as the problems of theocracy, of secularization, of law and democracy and their relations with religion. Finally, the third part of this work is concerned with the political and religious practice. The first chapter is related to the political and scientific reform while the second considers the practice of the ideas of the two thinkers (criticism and practice)
Echouaibi, Mohamed-Amine. "Contribution à l'histoire de l'Etat et de la société sous le règne d'Ahmad al-Kabīr al-Madanī (1864-1893) d'après les sources arabes." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010530.
Full textIn 1864, al-haj umar disappears in full campaign before his ambitious project is not realized in its totality. The great islamic tijaniyya state to which he aspired remained unfinished. He bequeathed nevertheless to his successor a very vast territory going from oriental senegal until tumbuktu. Immediately after his advent, ahmad al-kabir al-madani had to confront many difficulties, with various nature. The problem of the succession was the principal since it remained irresolute until the end. It divided the center of commandment between ahmadu and his brothers, what provoke deeply reached to the unit of the state. Similarly, uprisings of the population against the authority of ahmadu have succeeded to intervals of very close time of each other. Consequently, the state weakens and become incapable to dress to dangers coming from exterior. This work tempts to stroller the different phases of this misunderstood history, because of the lack of research relative at this period, and tries to analyze trough original manuscripts (122 manuscripts) the different cause of collapse of the toucouleur empire under the reign of ahmadu (1864-1893), and its incapacity to resist at colonial imperialism
Mervin, Sabrina. "Un réformisme chiite : les "ulama"du Ğabal Āmil (actuel Liban-Sud) de la fin de l'Empire ottoman à l'indépendance du Liban." Paris, INALCO, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INAL0016.
Full textSadouni, Samadia. "Minorités religieuses, intégrations, transnationalités : les Indiens musulmans de Durban, Afrique du Sud (1860-1994)." Bordeaux 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR40001.
Full textHaddad, Mouloud. "Les Maîtres de l'heure : moments eschatologiques en islam méditerranéen (1847-1908)." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0149.
Full textThe present thesis is structured around the following hypothesis: during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, in the Mediterranean Islamic world, reigned an "atmosphere" of eschatological messianism blending hope for a messianic Advent and fear of the Doomsday. The first part explores the eschatological fears -Iosing one's the land and losing one's faith - through the Algerian part of our research. The conquest of Algeria was indeed seen by many observers of that time as the privileged scene of a broader struggle between Christianity and Islam. Thus, we will try to understand the process of a real and / or symbolic deprivation - from the defeated point of view since from the conquerors stand point, their victory was not a conquest but a re-conquest of a lost territory - of a portion of the Dâr al-Islam. The fear of losing one's religion on the other hand, simultaneous with the fear of losing one's land, will be raised through the analysis of some more or less utopian projects of conversion of Muslims to Christianity. The second part will be devoted to considering the mystical and political expectation of the Saviour which characterizes the Messianic rime. We will first try to understand how the issue of the religious orders gave birth to the concept of "the friaries danger" carried away by a colonial literature that forged a worrying but also romantic image of the Algerian Master of the Time. Then, travelling from Eastern Mediterranean Sea to South China Sea, we will discuss how the Caliph-Sultan 'Abdul-Hamîd II has been able to attribute to his pan-Islamism many messianic qualities and how, on the other. Hand, Japan, during the era of Emperor Meiji, that defeated Russia in 1905, had been considered as the Saviour of Islam by some pan-Islamist elite which was against 'Abdul-Hamîd II and Westemised. In the third and final part, we will examine two signs that marked the millenarian lime: martyrdom and exile. .
Hamdi, Wafa. "Les muftis ottomans face aux changements du XIXe siècle : crises, mutations et réformes à Istanbul et à Tunis pendant les Tanzimat (1839-1876)." Paris, INALCO, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INAL0010.
Full textApplied under the European influence, aiming at the westernization of the systems of the state and promising of legal equality between the Muslims and the non-Muslims, the said reforms Tanzimat looks very polemical in the XIXth century. The idea of equality between the confessional communities makes its road. In the Regency of Tunis, a reforming movement similar to that of the Ottoman capital begins to bloom. Therefore, all these changes made during this period transform the religion into a political stake. Consequently, the big religious dignitaries see each other strongly sought by the politicians in Tunis and in Istanbul. The rule of the sultans and the beys must be put in accordance with God's law, quite as the Moslem society had to follow the divine outlaws. Supposing that it is the case, our study concerns the role played by the heads of the ulemas in Tunis and in Istanbul, namely the Seyhs ül-Islam of Istanbul and the big muftis of Tunis, in this process of reform
Ainouche, Azzedine. "L'administration française et l'organisation officielle du culte musulman en Algérie coloniale, 1830-1907 : contribution à une étude des rapports Islam et politique en Algérie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX32035.
Full textIn the spite of the solemn promise made by bourmont at the algiers surrender in july 1830 to respect the property and the religion of the algerian moslems, the french colonial welfare in algeria soon turned to be brutal when dealing with the religions matters of islam (structures and property). Thus, it did not conform to its neutrality as far as religion is concerned. Owing to the fact that the foreign rules ignored the religions structures inherited from the algiers regency, altogether with their unsteady colonial government, the results of revolutionary changes that upset france herself, the french colonial policy in algeria appears to be hesitating. However, it is characterised by an overwhelming tendancy to seize the property called (habus) and the rule over islam in algeria. Very much attached to a religion that ignores any notion of separation from politics moslem people to demonstrate in various ways their hostility to the exactions commited against their cult which passed from relative autonomy (regency period) to absolute subordination to a government that did not share their cread. Yet, the moslems will put up with these conditions, till the disestablishment of the churches act (1907) was pursued by an enactment issued for the purpose of the colony. This measure met with considerable disapproval on behalf of the moslem elites (both religious and political) who endeavoured to entertain relationships in statu-quo with the colonial authorities
Kantarbaeva-Bill, Irina. "Les récits des voyageurs britanniques en Asie centrale au XIXe siècle (1840-1890)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20105.
Full textTravel writing and experience to different parts of the world were quite popular in the 19th century, having inspired generations of Europeans to quest for exoticism and mythic origins of Western culture. Central Asia had always been one of these territories which attracted British travellers and explorers. The clandestine imperial rivalry between Russia and Britain for the mastery of Central Asia multiplied the number of British travellers towards this unknown Orient. Among the most famous travelogues of this period are those written by Alexander Burnes, a military envoy, by Armenius Vambéry, an orientalist, by Florentia Sale and Frances Duberly, officers’ spouses, by Henry Lansdell, a missionary, by Frederick Burnaby, an adventurer, and by many others. These travel narratives, versatile and heterogeneous, bring on a problem of generic definition. Our dissertation aims at examining the phenomenon of Otherness, inherent to travel writing, as well as at mapping within narrative perspective the geopolitical and literary concerns in Central Asia. By choosing this approach our work strives to avoid the reduction of the British travelling discourse in this particular geographical area to a simple legitimacy of imperial policy in the Victorian age
Ben, Omar Ahmed Khalid. "Islam, vie collective, organisation sociale et politique dans la ville de Salé : (1792-1930)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H120/document.
Full textThe main Moroccan cities seem to be experiencing an economic decline and a weakening during the 19th century, they also seem lo have little contact with the outside world and religious, social, collective and urban organization are still little known. The Moroccan city of Salé although a prestigious and rich past is emblematic of this trend. Few foreigners seem to have had the opportunity to visit Moroccan cities such as Salé or Chefchaouen with a prestigious past but traditionally closed to foreign influences. Local archives are rare and involve a familiarity with the Arabic and official documents of the Sultanian regime, which must be deciphered sometimes in private collections. Indeed, the 19th century is a crucial historical moment : to immerse ourselves in the Moroccan urban culture of this century and in the associated historical movements allows us to have complementary and interesting insights into the Moroccan reaction to colonization and the essence of Moroccan resistance movements. This is especially !rue for the city of Salé. Indeed, during the decades preceding the independence of Morocco, the city of Salé was the stronghold of the national resistance movements. As evidenced by the appeal to the "latif” launched in Salé by Ahmed Maâninou, subsequently relayed in the main cities of Morocco, and the petit ion against the Dahir Berbère given LO Sultan Mohammed V and the General Resident will lead France to the withdrawal of dahir of May 1930, perceived by the intellectuals of the time as an attempt to divide the Moroccan people
Al-Zaum, Abdulmalek. "La part de la Syrie dans la littérature de voyage dans les pays du Levant du XIXe siècle." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR2026/document.
Full textThe a priori anti-Ottoman position, developed by philosophers such as Volney and Montesquieu, in Syria, was largely shared by travelers in the 19th century. This preconceived philosophy was reinforced and "completed" by the entire collection of works written throughout the 19th century. Traveling scientists, philosophers, consuls, journalists, and even poets were almost all involved in developing and circulating ideas and clichés regarding Syria and the idea that Turkish rule in Syria was tyrannous. Travelers, as well as their writings, directly or indirectly perpetuated the vision of "Oriental tyranny." This vision, developed by predecessors, was first communicated in writing by Volney. In 1783, he had barely just arrived in Syria, when he began denouncing the misery he encountered, forwhich he held Turkish officials immediately responsible. Other travelers almost all supported the idea of "Oriental Tyranny" and agreed with the author of Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie in their writings.Generally speaking, Syria makes travelers think of their forefathers and reminds them of the past (in both a historic and religious context) that is in reality not that distant from the present. Moreover, those in search of getting back to the basics and the exotic; traveling writers, tourists, and scientists, took a particular interest in the exotic, mythic or picturesque Syria
Kenbib, Mohammed. "Les relations judéo-musulmanes au Maroc de 1859 à 1948." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010619.
Full textAn increasing gap became the main feature of muslim-jewish relations in Morocco from mid-nineteenth century onwards. This process was part of a more general change that affected moroccan state and society. Colonial pressures, integration of the country into the world market, interference of european and american jewish associations, and successive years of devastating drought had determining effects in this regard. Particularly corrosive were also the capitulary privileges granted to upper groups of the jewish communities. Under the protectorate regime, this situation was accentuated by the modernisation of the country's economy, the creation of new means of communication, the "native policy" followed by the colonial authorities, and the deep changes that followed the second world war. A general tendancy to economic marginality, disappointment of the "evolues" who expected french or spanish naturalisation, and defiance towards muslim nationalists prevailed amongst the moroccan jews during this period. These conditions paved the way to their zionisation and, subsequently, transfer of most of them to israel after 1948
Esseili, Ahmad. "La peinture contemporaine au Moyen-Orient arabe et ses sources traditionnelles islamiques." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040412.
Full textThis study aims to establish the relationship between the contemporaneousness in Arabic painting and the traditionalism in Islamic art through a synthetic, analytical and methodological vision. My dissertation consists of three parts : the first part discusses the influences of modernism and the European orientalism : negative influences upon popular arts but positive ones upon the birth of the contemporary Arabic painting in its relation to the modern Arabic renaissance in the nineteenth century. The second part probes the Islamic influences in the painting of Lebanon, Egypt, Syria and Iraq. In addition, we have examined those Islamic influences within the occidental current - from academicism to abstractionism. In the third part, our methodology starts from the factors of sociopolitical, cultural and artistic ones in order to establish a wholly and objective vision that respects the aesthetical, historical and critical dimensions of work leading us to three categories of Arabic painting : 1. It is completely occidentalized. 2. It is an Arabic orientalist's vision. 3. It is more authentic i. E. It comes from the fusion of both traditional Islamic aesthetic and modern occidental one. The most important elements in the general conclusion are the following: 1. We showed up the subject - content (in painting) as an Arabic, Islamic and aesthetic notion. 2. We discovered three stages within the current of Arabic painting. 3. We examined the attitude of contemporary Arabic painting vis-a-vis the limitation (interdiction) in the figurative painting
Choplin, Cédric. "La représentation des peuples exotiques et des missions dans Feiz ha Breiz (1865-1884)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370510.
Full textLahgazi, Alaoui Abdelaziz. "L'expérience du désert et de l'Islam chez René Caillé, Charles de Foucauld, Ernest Psichari et Saint-Exupéry." Aix-Marseille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX10042.
Full textOur research entited : the experience of the desert and of islam according to rene caille, charles de foucauld, ernest psichari and saint-exupery, is above all a comparative study attempting to qhow the original and specific character at the time of the afore mentioned experience, relative to each author. Written in the general context of firstly penetration followed by pacification of the morrocan, mauritanian and algerian sahara from 1860 to 1934, this experience offers a triple aspect. It is caracterised first of all by its scientific aspect : discovery of land, of bedouin populations, of their way of life, their habits and beliefs by rene caille, from 1824 to 1828, in senegal, mali, touat and morocco, and by charles de foucauld from 1883 to 1884 in the south of morocco. It is also caracterised by its military aspect: ernest psichari and charles de foucauld were military officers having participated in the french penetration of the sahara. Il is singularised above all by its spiritual aspect dimension: less so with saint-exupery, this spiritual dimension of the desert is felt most strongly in psichari and charles de foucauld, after having been moved by the spirituality of the maures and by their simplicity. Foucauld remains the one who has felt this experience along the lines of the purest biblical tradition
Sissoko, Boubacar. "Le cheikh al-Mukhtâr al-Saghîr al-Kuntî (1790-1847) : médiation entre l'Etat peul du Macina et les Touaregs de Tombouctou de 1826 à 1847 : édition, traduction et commentaire de manuscrits." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2028.
Full textThe Fulani state of Macina was founded in 1818 the shepherd Sékou Amadou (1845), who had epistolary relations with the Kunta family of Timbuktu. The reported information from the oral tradition considers the relationship between these two parties as conflictual. According to the latter, the Kunta were agitators attempting to rise up the Tuaregs against the Fulani rulers of Macina. Now, according to their different epistolary exchanges, it seemed to us that this relation had known two distinct periods the nature of which varies, according to that which extends from the rise to power of Sekou Amadou until 1847, or that which opens with Aḥmad al-Bakkāy al-Kuntī, especially from 1851/2 until the victory of al-Ḥāğğ cUmar Tall on the last emir, Amadou Amadou, in 1862.One of the Kunta chiefs of the first period was Sheikh al-Muḫtār al-ṣaġīr (1847). He accompanied the Fulani dynasty of Macina, maintained the good relationship that his predecessors had forged with the Fulani and undertook good offices between them and the Touaregs of Timbuktu. However, during the mediation of Sheikh Kunta between the Fulani and the Tuaregs, some difficulties arose, differences of opinion and interpretation without having noticeable consequences on their mutual relations. His correspondences with the Fulani rulers of Macina made it possible to treat the burning topics of his time, some of whichare still relevant in Mali.Our work proposes to publish, to comment, to treat the few handwritten epistles that these men, religious and political, have exchanged, to demonstrate to what extent the two traditions, oral and written, converge or diverge, and to make a historical study of the Tuareg question in Mali, which has become a recurrent conflict