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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Japanese grammar'
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1
Cardinal, Kumi. "An algebraic study of Japanese grammar /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29419.
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I present an algebraic language model for Japanese within the framework of a type grammar. The analysis pays attention to both inflectional morphology and to syntax. The mathematics for checking the sentencehood of strings of words invokes a generalization of the notorious group concept.
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Hara, Yurie. "Grammar of knowledge representation Japanese discourse items at interfaces/." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.81 Mb., 200 p, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3205429.
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Takeda, Tomoko. "Interaction between interlocutor relationship and grammar in Japanese conversations /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1196393791&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-137). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Fujita, Naoya. "The genitive subject in Japanese and universal grammar." Connect to resource, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1116863002.
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Todoriki, Sakurako. "Epistemology in grammar : a study of -guru in Japanese." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/136156.
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The difficulty of making assertions about other minds has
continued to exercise a special fascination over philosophers and
students of language precisely because of some of the problems
outlined in the above quotation from the philosopher of language,
Austin. The issues are at the heart of Epistemology - the study of
knowledge. This study focuses on one linguistic device employed in
Japanese to resolve, so to speak, some questions concerning what is in
the mind of others. That mechanism is the bound morpheme -GARU, which
is attached to a group of adjectives to verbalise them and which is
usually glossed as 'show signs of'.
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Kaiser, Stefan Konrad Friedrich Franz. "Headless relative clauses in Japanese." Thesis, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281966.
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Kumashiro, Toshiyuki. "The conceptual basis of grammar : a cognitive approach to Japanese clausal structure /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975039.
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Nomura, Masuhiro. "The internally-headed relative clause construction in Japanese : a cognitive grammar approach /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9992383.
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Fukuhara, Midori. "Cohesion and participant tracking in Japanese an interpretation based on five registers /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/82502.
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"May 2002"<br>Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of English, Linguistics and Media, Department of Linguistics, 2003.<br>Bibliography: p. 399-419.<br>Introduction -- Brief overview of above-clause analysis in Japanese -- Methodology and conventions of analysis -- Marco Polo text -- Bean Scattering Day text -- University lecture text -- Family conversation text -- Generalisation and a university tutorial text -- Conclusion.<br>This thesis is concerned with the construction of texture in Japanese, in particular with resources related to the general area of cohesion and particular aspects of participant tracking. An investigation is here presented as to the degree to which conventional views adequately represent Japanese in the light of authentic data. Such statements as "WA marks Given information", "GA marks New information", "zero is a pronoun in Japanese" are common throughout the literature characterising Japanese texts, but there is reason to believe that they stem, at least in part, from a naive transfer of English grammars, in particular, those with a narrow focus on the sentence. This thesis proposes a new framework for the description of Japanese; and in this proposal, an essential dimension is a detailed account of relevant contextual factors, both linguistic and nonlinguistic. The aim is to offer a description of Japanese more defensible to Japanese speakers, that is, to represent Japanese "in its own terms". -- Chapter 1 sets out problems and issues in the related literature on Japanese cohesion. It also addresses issues that are seen to be most pressing in relation to the description of Japanese. The chapter gives a brief account of the resources for cohesion and referential tracking and the particular deployment in Japanese, so that it offers a provisional account of the meaning potential for Japanese speakers. -- Chapter 2 reviews several standard treatments of cohesion and participant tracking in Japanese. This review is organised around two different kinds of resources, that is, those pre-predicate elements (such as WA, GA and other particles), and those post-predicate elements (such as conjunctive particles and certain sentence final expressions). -- Chapter 3 explains the method undertaken here and the conventions of analysis employed in subsequent desclipiions of texts from five separate contexts. Methods are set so as not only to view choices synoptically, but also to try to give careful description of choices in the logogenetic reality of text. That means the choices are viewed as being available to the speaker, writer or reader, as they unfold in text time. -- In each of Chapters 4,5,6 and 7, one of the following four texts, a (1) Marco Polo Text, (2) Bean Scattering Day Text, (3) University Lecture Text and (4) Family Conversation Text, is analysed and discussed in detail. The texts are chosen for the detailed examination of four different registers, representing a continuum from most written-like to most spoken-like, as well as continua of other kinds (like hierarchically differentiated social distance and formality differentiated). Each chapter has two major components, the first of which looks at subject realisations from the perspective of referential progression, and the second of which looks at the text from the perspective of subjectJreferent sequencing. Furthermore, these issues concerning subject are mapped against the macro structures individually for the three "writerly" texts (Texts (1) - (3)). -- In Chapter 8, generalisations are proposed, based on the results of the investigations of these four texts; and then, those principles, as they have emerged from the preceding arguments, are tested on a further study: (5) the University Tutorial Text, a text which combines characteristics across the continuum from most written to most spoken. (It is both strongly dialogic as well as involving sustained spoken 'turns'.) In Chapter 9, findings of the analytical chapters are further distilled. The outline for a new, although provisional, model of cohesion in Japanese is set out. These findings suggest future directions for research projects as well.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.<br>xix, 591 p
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Uechi, Akihiko. "An interface approach to topic/focus structure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0004/NQ34637.pdf.
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Umeda, Mari. "Second language acquisition of Japanese wh-constructions." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112128.
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Note:<br>This dissertation investigates the second language (L2) acquisition of Japanese wh-constructions by Chinese- and English-speaking learners. The focus of this study is twofold; first, it examines whether parameter resetting is possible in L2 acquisition, as both Chinese and English wh-constructions are parametrically different from Japanese wh-constructions. Second, it examines whether parameter resetting is affected by the learners' first language (Ll). Not only do Chinese and English wh-constructions differ from Japanese wh-constructions, but they also differ from each other. Chinese is, like Japanese, a wh-in-situ language, while English is a wh-movement language. Chinese wh-constructions, therefore, can be said to be more similar to Japanese wh-constructions than English wh-constructions. It is investigated whether the similarity between Chinese and Japanese and dissimilarity between English and Japanese affect the course and/or the ultimate attainment in the acquisition ofwh-constructions in Japanese.[...]<br>Cette dissertation enquete sur l’acquisition des constructions wh du japonais appris comme langue seconde (L2) par les anglophones et les sinophones. Le point de mire de cette etude est double. Dans un premier temps, elle cherche a savoir si le changement parametrique est possible en acquisition L2, puisque les constructions wh de l’anglais et du chinois sont parametriquement opposees a celles du japonais. Deuxiemement, elle cherche a savoir si le changement parametrique est affecte par 1a langue matemelle de l’apprenant. Non seulement les constructions wh de l’anglais et du chinois sont differentes de celles du japonais, elles different egalement l’une de l’autre. Le chinois, comme le japonais, est une langue wh-in-situ, alors que l’anglais est une langue a movement wh. Les constructions wh du chinois peuvent done etre decrites comme etant plus semblables a celles du japonais qu’a celles de l’anglais. Ce travail cherche a sa voir si la similarite entre le chino is et le japonais et la dissimilarite entre l’anglais et le japonais ont un effet sur le processus et/ou le resultat final de 1’acquisition de ces constructions en japonais.[...]
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Park, Tae-kyung 1957. "A comparative study of Japanese and Korean anaphora." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276612.
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This thesis shows the different features of Korean reflexives compared to Japanese reflexives. In Chapter 1, the differences of Japanese and Korean reflexives are discussed morphologically and syntactically. The general referential relationship of Japanese and Korean reflexives is discussed. In Chapter 2, empathy expressions of the Japanese reflexive zibun and Korean reflexive caki is discussed. In Chapter 3, the semantic interpretation of the plural form of Japanese and Korean reflexive, zibun-tati and caki-tul, is discussed. In Chapter 4, a brief conclusion is presented. Further work on Korean reflexives is necessary to account for Korean anaphora.
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Fukuda, Suzy E. "Grammaire comparée du français et du japonais parlés : phrase et sujet." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23722.
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The object of this thesis is to present a comprehensive analysis of the phrase structure and the properties of the subject in spoken French and Japanese. Consulting histories, grammars, and a corpus of transcribed speech from each language, a comparative examination of the oral codes of both languages is conducted, which highlights not only the significant distinctions between the two but also the similarities. These distinctions are not just the result of structural differences between the two languages, but are more that of a distinct classification of our experiences. By pointing out the distinguishing characteristics of the oral codes of the two languages, this study attempts to bring us to a better understanding of the two languages and equally of the cultures from which they are inseparable.
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Sawada, Miyuki. "Topics in Japanese clause structure : where Kokugogaku and generative grammar meet." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340189.
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Hayashi, Atsuko. "Lexicalization of motion events in Japanese /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3072586.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-165). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Field, Deborah. "Patterns of lexical synaesthesia in Japanese." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/132952.
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The phenomenon known as Tsynaesthesia' -- "the
translation of attributes of sensation from one sensory
domain to another" (Marks, 1975:303) .-- is one of
the most intriguing products of the human mind, and
represents one area of study which extends into a
number of academic disciplines, including physiology,
psychology, philosophy, aesthetics, literary criticism,
and linguistics. Perhaps the most commonplace of
all synaesthetic correspondences is the conjunction
of the sense modality of sight (colour) and touch
(thermal sensations): Blue and green are often perceived
and described as cool colours , red and yellow as
warm.
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Fukuhara, Midori. "Cohesion and participant tracking in Japanese : an interpretation based on five registers /." Online version, 2002. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/33300.
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Hirata, Yu. "Genitive particles, historical change, and grammar: Issues in Japanese and broader implications." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486399160107681.
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大野, 誠寛, Tomohiro Ohno, 茂樹 松原, et al. "Robust Dependency Parsing of Spontaneous Japanese Speech and Its Evaluation." International Speech Communication Association, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/94.
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Otaka, Hiromi. "The mora, foot and geminate consonants in Japanese /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19450.pdf.
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Rudy, TOET. "An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of the Japanese Passive." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253004.
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Ohno, Sachiko. "Synchronically Unified Ranking and Distribution of Voice in Japanese." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227247.
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It is well known that there are four classes of Japanese vocabulary with respect to its origin; Yamato vocabulary consists of native morphemes, Sino- Japanese consists of borrowed morphemes from Chinese, Foreign is a loanword from a language other than Chinese, and Mimetic describes sounds or manners. Each of these classes has different phonological properties.1 There are three phenomena with respect to the distribution of voice in Japanese. One of them is that post-nasal obstruents in Yamato vocabulary and Mimetic are mostly voiced while those in Sino-Japanese and Foreign are not. I will mainly focus on this property in this paper. However, I will also discuss the other phenomena, namely the compound voicing alternation (Rendaku) and the restriction of voiced sounds in a morpheme (Lyman's Law). These phenomena typically occur with Yamato vocabulary only. Although the domain of each phenomenon largely overlaps with a certain class of lexical origin, they do not match completely with each other. The purpose of this paper is to account for the distribution of voice in Japanese by establishing a constraint ranking that covers Japanese vocabulary of any origin. The organization of the paper is as follows. In section 2, I will present data and four problems to be solved. General tendency of Yamato vocabulary are summarized in 2.1, and many exceptions to the generalization are presented in 2.2. In section 3, I will give an analysis using a unified ranking rather than different rankings depending on origins of the vocabulary. In section 4, I will present two pieces of evidence --- historical and acquisional---to support my claim that Japanese has only one ranking.
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Kubota, Yusuke. "(In)flexibility of Constituency in Japanese in Multi-Modal Categorial Grammar with Structured Phonology." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1268057943.
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Riley, Barbara E. "Aspects of the genetic relationship of the Korean and Japanese languages." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/3070.
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I offer evidence from a variety of fields in order to strengthen the hypothesis that Japonic and Korean are linguistically genetically related to one another. Non-linguistic evidence supports the hypothesis that the Japonic language was introduced into the Japanese Archipelago approximately 2,500 years ago over a thousand year period, where a culturally and technologically advanced group began migrating into the Japanese Archipelago from the Korean Peninsula through Northern Kyushu. A constant and steady influx of Continental culture, language, and people, resulted in the near-complete extinction of the original language. The linguistic evidence comes from Middle Korean texts, written in the Silla-descended language of the 15th century-the kingdom that overwhelmed the Puyo, Koguryo, and Paekche territory and languages, thought to be more closely related to Japonic-and 8th century Old Japanese texts. I hypothesize that there were two "thalossocracies": one with lzumo and Silla, and the second with Yamato and Paekche/Kaya Japonic elements were incorporated into the Silla language when Silla folded Kaya and Paekche into the new kingdom. In the same way, Yamato incorporated Silla-type elements into itself when Yamato overtook Izumo. I introduce evidence that supports Serafim's Labiovelar hypothesis; i.e. MK k : OJ p, reconstructing PKJ *kw1. I also found a "reverse" correspondence set: that is, MKp : OJ k, for which I reconstruct *kw2. I hypothesize that this reverse correspondence is due to dialect borrowing. When Silla conquered the Korean Peninsula, it incorporated into itself Kaya, Paekche, and Koguryo, which were closer in genetic relationship to Japonic, and therefore would have (*kw > ) p. As these three languages were overcome, dialect borrowing likely occurred, which means that words with p instead of (*kw > ) k were borrowed into Silla, sometimes replacing and sometimes forming doublets with words retaining k. The second posited case of dialect borrowing occurred when Yamato overtook lzumo; since Silla had close contact with lzumo, words with (*kw > ) k were borrowed into Yamato, replacing, and sometimes forming doublets with, some words with p. Further research will surely lead to more understanding of the measurable effects of dialect borrowing and Proto-Koreo-Japonic.<br>Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-243).<br>Electronic reproduction.<br>Also available by subscription via World Wide Web<br>vii, 246 leaves, bound 29 cm
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Thomson, Elizabeth Anne. "Exploring the textual metafunction in Japanese a case study of selected written texts /." Access electronically, 2001. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070927.134630/index.html.
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Hoye, Masako Oku. "Why the Japanese double-ga construction cannot be scrambled." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4319/.
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This thesis presents a comprehensive study of the Japanese double-ga construction and offers an explanation as to why the Japanese double-ga construction does not allow scrambling. In chapter 2, the particle-ga and the particle-wa are defined as the focus marker and the topic marker respectively. The different shades of meaning that both particles have are also explained. Chapter 3 illustrates the Japanese double -ga construction. Chapter 4 deals with the impossibility of scrambling in the double-particle constructions. A strong parallelism is shown between the double-ga construction and the double-wa construction. The claim is that there are three "pragmatic slots" that the particle-ga and -wa can occupy in the sentence. The rigid-fixed-order of these three slots contributes to the prohibition of scrambling.
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Kanda, Kosuke. "Effects of the First Language on Japanese ESL Learners' Answers to Negative Questions." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1704.
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This study investigates how Japanese learners of English respond to English negative questions. Previous research has reported that Japanese learners of English make errors in yes/no responses to English negative questions due to the first language (L1) influence (Kang & Lim-chang, 1998; Takashima, 1989). From the perspective of L1 influence, there are two learning pitfalls: different functions of the yes/no response and different interpretations of negative questions. Both of these influences were examined in this study.
This study involved 8 Japanese learners of English, 4 females and 4 males, attending Portland State University (PSU). In order to elicit data that reflect the effect of Japanese English Language Teaching (ELT), the subjects were chosen so that at the time of data elicitation, they had less than 6 months of experience in an English-speaking environment. In addition, all the participants had English instruction in Japan at least through high school.
In order to see how the L1 influenced their yes/no answers to negative questions, I used two data elicitation methods: an oral interview with a native speaker and a retrospective protocol analysis of the interview. The results indicated the following: First, the participants appeared to respond to English negative questions fairly consistently with the English norm. Deviation was observed only when a negative question had a negative expected answer. Particularly, the stronger the expectation for a negative answer was, the more likely it was that the negative question elicited an incorrect yes/no response. Secondly, the participants interpreted the polarity of the expected answer based on the Japanese norm. With the help of context, they usually interpreted the stimulus sentence correctly. However, when an expected answer was ambiguous for any reason, the participants interpreted the stimulus sentence as having a negative expected answer, which is the default interpretation for Japanese negative questions.
This study shows that the influence of the L1 on answers to negative questions requires complex analysis. That is, superficially the participants appeared to answer questions correctly, but a deeper analysis revealed that they still relied on an L1 interpretation norm.
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Sano, Motoki. "A linguistic exploration of persuasion in written Japanese discourse a systemic functional interpretation /." Access electronically, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/21.
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Iida, Eri. "Hedges in Japanese English and American English medical research articles." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99723.
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The present study analysed the use of hedges in English medical research articles written by Japanese and American researchers. The study also examined the relationship between Japanese medical professionals' employment of hedges and their writing process. Sixteen English medical articles: eight written by Japanese and eight by Americans were examined. Four of the Japanese authors discussed their writing process through questionnaires and telephone interviews.<br>The overall ratio of hedges in articles written by the two groups differed only slightly; however, analyses revealed a number of specific differences in the use of hedges between the groups. For example, Japanese researchers used epistemic adverbs and adjectives less frequently than the American researchers. The results were discussed in relation to the problems of nonnative speakers' grammatical competence, cultural differences in rhetorical features, and the amount of experience in the use of medical English.
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Sekiguchi, Tomoko. "The syntax and interpretation of resultative constructions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8378.
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Fukushima, Kazuhiko. "Generalized floating quantifiers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185424.
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A syntactic and semantic treatment of Japanese floating quantifiers is provided from a perspective of unification based grammatical theories and model theoretic semantics. The inventory of floating quantifiers under consideration includes not only familiar cardinals but also other quantificational elements such as universals. Syntactically, floating quantifiers are taken to be adverbial endocentric modifiers for some V-projections. Scrambling phenomena involving multiple floating quantifiers will also be accounted for without employing movement rules of any sort. Floating quantifiers function as semantic (but not syntactic) determiners (seen in the Generalized Quantifier theory) which establish a proper relationship between two sets (corresponding to a common noun and a one-place predicate) one of which functions as a domain of quantification. In addition to presenting the specifics of the syntactic and semantic accounts for the phenomena in question, this thesis considers consequences of the proposed account and offers a new perspective on a universal theory of quantification. A typological classification of language is proposed which establishes the opposition between 'floating quantifier oriented' vs. 'determiner oriented' languages. From this perspective, a comparison between Japanese and English is carried out and some typological differences between the two are shown to follow from the envisaged opposition.
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MARIOTTI, Marcella Maria. "Il piacere della grammatica: dizionario grammaticale di base della lingua giapponese per madrelingua italiani. - Tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca in Studi Orientali, XIX ciclo, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia (tesi depositata secondo gli obblighi previsti dalla L. 14/4/2004, n.106 e dal Regolamento emanato con D.P.R. 3/5/2006, n). Tutor Prof. B. Ruperti." Doctoral thesis, country:ITA, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10278/22631.
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Kondo, Sachihiko. "Empire of rhetorics : a discursive/rhetorical approach to the study of Japanese monarchism." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13809.
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This thesis takes a discursive/rhetorical approach to the topic of support for modern constitutional monarchy. It examines in detail some of the rhetorical devices used by modern Japanese speakers when they discuss monarchism. In so doing the thesis highlights both the discursive and social dilemmas involved in contemporary monarchism. In Britain, another constitutional monarchical state, critical psychologists have analysed what have been called 'dilemmas of lived ideology' (BiIIig et al., 1988). Billig (1992) analysed ordinary people's discourses about British monarchism. He points out that people employ dilemmatic themes as they justifY, mitigate and make sense of their own non-privileged positions under egalitarianism. I use Billig's work as a main reference, and apply his analytical frameworks (discursive psychology) for my investigation ofJapanese monarchism. Amongst several features ofJapanese conversation, I focus on its complicated naming and honorific systems. These systems almost always encode power structures amongst speaker-addressee, speaker-referent as well as addressee-referent relationships. Analysing people's mundane (family) conversations about the Emperor system, I have found contradictory rhetorical common-places, which are not always voiced explicitly, but are often formulated implicitly through these linguistic implications (i.e. naming, honorifics). Moreover, these codes have to be managed in their particular discursive contexts where the different systems of showing honour can conflict. By analysing news articles, in addition, I focus on a terminology which is employed exclusively to describe an Emperor's death. Lookingat the contexts in which terms are used (and not used), the process of construction ofthe social reality (i.e. monarchism under egalitarian social norm) is illustrated. Through my analysis, I believe, a new perspective for Japanese monarchism is introduced: people represent the institutional reality and accept the inequality simultaneously through mundane discursive interaction.
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Tomioka, Naoko. "Resultative constructions : cross-linguistic variation and the syntax-semantics interface." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102217.
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This thesis examines constructions known as resultative constructions. In addition to the well-known adjectival resultative construction in English, I investigate the resultative V-V compound, found in Japanese, and the resultative serial verb construction, found in Edo.<br>I propose a new classification of these constructions, which focuses on the argument structure of the construction. In Japanese resultative V-V compounds, the argument structure of a compound reflects the argument structure of the second verb only, while in Edo, the argument structure of the construction reflects the argument structure of both verbs involved. With this criterion, English resultative constructions are divided into two classes---a resultative construction containing an intransitive verb is classified with Japanese resultative V-V compounds, and a resultative construction containing an object-selecting verb is classified with Edo resultative serial verb constructions.<br>Based on the classification provided here, I investigate two types of syntactic operations which license the concatenation of the predicates in resultative constructions. I argue that English intransitive resultative constructions and Japanese resultative V-V compounds are formed by adjoining one of the predicates on the other. The adjunction structure is then interpreted as conjunction called event identification. In contrast, English transitive resultative constructions and Edo resultative serial verb constructions are licensed by treating one of the predicates as a causative predicate. I argue that one of the predicates in these constructions undergoes lexical coercion, and acquires a causative meaning. The newly-formed causative verb takes the other predicate of the construction as its complement. This structure is then interpreted with function-application. I hence argue that the structural difference between the two types of resultative constructions also mirrors the difference in the type of semantic operations used to interpret these constructions.
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Otsuki, Kyoko. "Cross-linguistic study of elliptical utterances in task-oriented dialogues with classroom implications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5821.
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Ellipsis is a phenomenon whereby constituents which are normally obligatory in the grammar are omitted in actual discourse. It is found in all types of discourse, from everyday conversation to poetry. The omitted constituents can range from one word to an entire clause, and recovery of the ellipted item depends sometimes on the linguistic and sometimes on the non-linguistic context. From a practical point of view, the contribution of ellipsis in the context is twofold. First, it is one of several important means of achieving cohesion in a text. Secondly, ellipsis contributes to communicative appropriateness determined by the type of linguistic activity (e.g., narrative, casual conversation), the mode of communication (e.g., written / spoken) and the relationship between participants. The aim of this research is to provide a description of the functions of elliptical utterances – textual and interpersonal – in English and Japanese, based on a cross-linguistic analysis of dialogues in the English and Japanese map task corpora. In order to analyse ellipsis in relation to its two key functions, elliptical clauses in the map task dialogues were examined. I discuss how ellipsis is used to realise cohesion in the map task dialogues. The findings challenge the well-known claim that topics are established by full noun phrases, which are subsequently realised by pronouns (English) and null pronouns (Japanese). Rather, the results suggest that full noun phrases are used for topic continuity in both languages. Constituents which are ellipted in an utterance are identified and related to the moves types which the utterance realises within the exchange structure. The ellipted elements will be categorised according to the constituent types (Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement and Adjunct), using the systemic functional approach. This analysis reveals that whereas in the English dialogues the most common types of ellipsis are that of Subject and Finite elements, in the Japanese dialogues the most common type is that of Subject. Types of ellipsis are also correlated with speech acts in the dialogues. The relation between types of ellipsis and particular speech acts associated with them is strikingly similar in the English and Japanese dialogues, despite the notable difference in grammar and pragmatics between the two languages. This analysis also shows how these types of ellipsis are associated with interpersonal effects in particular speech acts: ellipsis of Subject and Finite can contribute to a sharp contrast in the question and answer sequence, while Subject ellipsis in Japanese can contribute to modifying the command-like force in giving instructions. These effects can be summed up as epistemic and deontic modality respectively. Ultimately, it is argued that some types of ellipsis can serve as modality expressions. Additionally, in comparison to the way of realising the speech act of giving instructions in the English dialogues, it emerges that the Japanese speakers exploit ellipsis, which seems to be associated with lowering the degree of the speaker’s commitment to the proposition. As implications for pedagogical settings, I present pedagogical descriptions of ellipsis for Japanese learners of English and English learners of Japanese. Since the description is for specific learners, the approach which takes the difference in grammar and pragmatics between the two languages is made possible. Although descriptions state some detailed facts of ellipsis in English and Japanese, primarily highlighted is the importance of raising awareness of elliptical forms for particular functions in particular contexts. As ellipsis is a product of forms, functions and contexts, it is a most remarkable feature of spoken language. Spoken language is claimed by some researchers to show similar linguistic features among languages because of the restrictions inherent in the medium on communication. In the form of pedagogical description, I show the similarities and differences in ellipsis which derive from the grammar and pragmatics of each language, which are observed in the preceding linguistic research. Through the presentation of the findings which are modified for learners, learners will know how languages show convergence and divergence cross-linguistically.
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Kumashiro, Fumiko. "Phonotactic interactions : a non-reductionist approach to phonology /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9963655.
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Takizawa, Kumiko. "Stance-taking: JFL Learners and Benefactive Verbs." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4481.
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This study explores how JFL learners take a benefactive stance in Japanese. As Jaffe (2009) observes, stance-taking "plays a complex role with respect to the naturalization of social and linguistic ideologies and the social structures they legitimate." The way in which language is used to take a stance always concerns the social context in which a speaker finds her/himself. In Japanese, benefactive verbs (kureru, ageru, morau and their honorific and humble equivalents) are indispensable stance indicators for showing gratitude or indebtedness. Such expressions do not really exist in English and their grammar is complex. It is assumed that JFL learners will struggle with taking a benefactive stance using those expressions. In order to analyze JFL learners' stance-taking, data were collected from narrative interviews with ten JFL learners who are currently in 300- and 400-level university courses. In order to explore how learners attempt to show stance-reflecting benefaction, they were asked questions that aimed to elicit a speaker's feelings of gratitude. Some examples of such questions are, "Who do you appreciate the most in your life?" or "Who is the most generous person you know?"
The data show that (1) learners do use (or attempt to use) benefactive verbs to indicate stance, (2) they also fail to use benefactive verbs in contexts where they are called for, and (3) they misuse benefactive verbs, e.g., using ageru instead of kureru. Furthermore, it revealed that learners tend to show stance using evaluation such as adjectives, adverbs, or ritual expressions that show appreciation but they fail to utilize benefactive verbs. This failure to project a benefactive stance can lead to miscommunication and/or misunderstanding between learners and Japanese speakers. I offer possible ways to promote learners' awareness of the benefaction in Japanese culture.
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Siegel, Melanie [Verfasser]. "JACY - a grammar for annotating syntax, semantics and pragmatics of written and spoken japanese for NLP application purposes / Melanie Siegel." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1150958553/34.
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Kizu, Mika. "Unbounded dependencies in cleft constructions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64589.pdf.
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Watanabe, Tomoko. "Corpus-based study of the use of English general extenders spoken by Japanese users of English across speaking proficiency levels and task types." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19549.
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There is a pronounced shift in English language teaching policy in Japan with the recognition not only of the importance of spoken English and interactional competence in a globalised world, but also the need to emphasise it within English language pedagogy. Given this imperative to improve the oral communication skills of Japanese users of English (JUEs), it is vital for teachers of English to understand the cultural complexities surrounding the language, one of which is the use of vague language, which has been shown to serve both interpersonal and interactional functions in communications. One element of English vague language is the general extender (for example, or something). The use of general extenders by users of English as a second language (L2) has been studied extensively. However, there is a lack of research into the use of general extenders by JUEs, and their functional differences across speaking proficiency levels and contexts. This study sought to address the knowledge gap, critically exploring the use of general extenders spoken by JUEs across speaking proficiency levels and task types. The study drew on quantitative and qualitative corpus-based tools and methodologies using the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Japanese Learner English Corpus (Izumi, Uchimoto, & Isahara, 2004), which contains transcriptions of a speaking test. An in-depth analysis of individual frequently-occurring general extenders was carried out across speaking proficiency levels and test tasks (description, narrative, interview and role-play) in order to reveal the frequency, and the textual and functional complexity of general extenders used by JUEs. In order to ensure the relevance of the application of the findings to the context of language education, the study also sought language teachers’ beliefs on the use of general extenders by JUEs. Three general extenders (or something (like that), and stuff, and and so on) were explored due to their high frequency within the corpus. The study showed that the use of these forms differed widely across the JUEs’ speaking proficiency levels and task types undertaken: or something (like that) is typically used in description tasks at the higher level and in interview and description tasks at the intermediate level; and stuff is typical of the interview at the higher level; and so on of the interview at the lower-intermediate level. The study also revealed that a greater proportion of the higher level JUEs use general extenders than do those at lower levels, while those with lower speaking proficiency level who do use general extenders, do so at an high density. A qualitative exploration of concordance lines and extracts revealed a number of interpersonal and discourse-oriented functions across speaking proficiency levels: or something (like that) functions to show uncertainty about information or linguistic choice and helps the JUEs to hold their turn; and stuff serves to make the JUEs’ expression emphatic; and so on appears to show the JUEs’ lack of confidence in their language use, and signals the desire to give up their turn. The findings suggest that the use of general extenders by JUEs is multifunctional, and that this multi-functionality is linked to various elements, such as the level of language proficiency, the nature of the task, the real time processing of their speech and the power asymmetry where the time and floor are mainly managed by the examiners. The study contributes to extending understanding of how JUEs use general extenders to convey interpersonal and discourse-oriented functions in the context of language education, in speaking tests and possibly also in classrooms, and provides new insights into the dynamics of L2 users’ use of general extenders. It brings into questions the generally-held view that the use of general extenders by L2 users as a group is homogenous. The findings from this study could assist teachers to understand JUEs’ intentions in their speech and to aid their speech production. More importantly, it may raise language educators’ awareness of how the use of general extenders by JUEs varies across speaking proficiency levels and task types. These findings should have pedagogical implications in the context of language education, and assist teachers in improving interactional competence, in line with emerging English language teaching policy in Japan.
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Nishitani, Atsuko. "A Hierarchy of Grammatical Difficulty for Japanese EFL Learners: Multiple-Choice Items and Processability Theory." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/176422.
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CITE/Language Arts<br>Ed.D.<br>This study investigated the difficulty order of 38 grammar structures obtained from an analysis of multiple-choice items using a Rasch analysis. The order was compared with the order predicted by processability theory and the order in which the structures appear in junior and senior high school textbooks in Japan. Because processability theory is based on natural speech data, a sentence repetition test was also conducted in order to compare the result with the order obtained from the multiple-choice tests and the order predicted by processability theory. The participants were 872 Japanese university students, whose TOEIC scores ranged from 200 to 875. The difficulty order of the 38 structures was displayed according to their Rasch difficulty estimates: The most difficult structure was subjunctive and the easiest one was present perfect with since in the sentence. The order was not in accord with the order predicted by processability theory, and the difficulty order derived from the sentence repetition test was not accounted for by processability theory either. In other words, the results suggest that processability theory only accounts for natural speech data, and not elicited data. Although the order derived from the repetition test differed from the order derived from the written tests, they correlated strongly when the repetition test used ungrammatical sentences. This study tentatively concluded that the students could have used their implicit knowledge when answering the written tests, but it is also possible that students used their explicit knowledge when correcting ungrammatical sentences in the repetition test. The difficulty order of grammatical structures derived from this study was not in accord with the order in which the structures appear in junior and senior high school textbooks in Japan. Their correlation was extremely low, which suggests that there is no empirical basis for textbook makers'/writers' policy regarding the ordering of grammar items. This study also demonstrated the difficulty of writing items testing the knowledge of the same grammar point that show similar Rasch difficulty estimates. Even though the vocabulary and the sentence positions were carefully controlled and the two items looked parallel to teachers, they often displayed very different difficulty estimates. A questionnaire was administered concerning such items, and the students' responses suggested that they seemed to look at the items differently than teachers and what they notice and how they interpret what they notice strongly influences item difficulty. Teachers or test-writers should be aware that it is difficult to write items that produce similar difficulty estimates and their own intuition or experience might not be the best guide for writing effective grammar test items. It is recommended to pilot test items to get statistical information about item functioning and qualitative data from students using a think-aloud protocol, interviews, or a questionnaire.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Anderson, Mark Robert. "Emergent language shift in Okinawa." Thesis, Faculty of Arts, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15513.
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Kurihara, Yui. "Les énoncés nominaux en français au regard du japonais." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA060/document.
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Le travail présenté dans cette thèse traite les séquences nominales en français écrit employées seules en dehors des énoncés verbaux, munies cependant d’une référence au monde. Dans le but d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur de telles séquences nominales, traitées traditionnellement dans le cadre de la phrase, i.e. d’une relation prédicative entre deux termes, nous les appelons énoncés nominaux et adoptons la perspective de la grammaire japonaise qui n’est que partiellement influencée par la logique occidentale. Dans la théorie des Jutsu-tai/ Kan-tai (énoncés verbaux/ énoncés nominaux) de YAMADA Yoshio 山田孝雄 (1936), l’un des précurseurs de la grammaire japonaise, à laquelle nous recourons particulièrement, l’énonciation nominale s’explique, et ainsi s’oppose à l’énonciation verbale, par son mode d’embrayage particulier ; alors que la référence au monde des Jutsu-tai (énoncés verbaux) se définit au plan sémantico-syntaxique par la présence d’un verbe saturé et conjugué, les Kan-tai, les énoncés composés d’une séquence nominale qui n’a en soi aucune prédilection pour une fonction syntaxique spécifique, acquièrent leur énonçabilité en énonciation, par le mode même de l’énonciation. Ce mode, « Yobikake shij-suru yôtai (mode de désigner par appellation) » (YAMADA), que nous traduisons plutôt « désignation in situ », se caractérise par la mise en relation in situ entre l’énonciateur et l’entité désignée par la séquence nominale. Ce qui distingue l’énonciation nominale d’avec l’énonciation verbale qui n’est autre chose qu’une mise en relation prédicative entre deux termes du même niveau sémantico-syntaxique<br>The purpose of this study is to investigate the noun phrases in written French outside of the context of verbal utterances, but nevertheless referring to the world. In order to illuminate such nominal phrases from a new angle, which have traditionally only been considered with respect to the sentence, i.e. to the predication between a subject and a predicate, this study calls them nominal utterances and adopts the perspective of Japanese grammar, which has not been influenced by the logic of Occidental grammar. In the definitions of Jutsu-tai and Kan-tai put forth by YAMADA Yoshio 山田孝雄 (1936), — verbal utterance and nominal utterance, respectively — a foundational text on Japanese grammar to which this study engages with, YAMADA defines nominal enunciations in contrast to verbal enunciations as a specific mode of anchoring. Whereas the reference to the world of Jutsu-tai (verbal utterances) is defined at the semantic-syntactic level by the presence of a conjugated verb with its arguments, (Kan-tai), utterances consisting of a noun phrase, which are not intended to assume a specific syntactic role per se, acquire the possibility of functioning as an utterance by the mode of enunciation itself. This mode, called « Yobikake shij-suru yôtai (mode of designation by naming) » (YAMADA), which this study translates as “designation in situ,” is characterised by establishing the relationship between the utterer and the referent of the noun phrase. This relationship distinguishes the nominal enunciation from the verbal enunciation by establishing the relationship between two arguments at semantic-syntactic level
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Liang, Yu-Chang. "Nominal phrases in English and Japanese speakers' L2 Mandarin grammars." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265481.
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This thesis aims to examine the extent to which native languages (Ll) influence interlanguage development and whether there exis,ts a direct link between the suppliance of appropriate morphemes and the presence of their syntactic properties in interlanguage grammars. To answer these questions, this thesis investigates adult second language (L2) acquisition of Mandarin nominal phrases by Japanese and English learners. Four nominal prope1iies shared by Mandarin and Japanese are the classifier projection (ClP), the incompatibility of . \ . the numeral-classifier phrase with the plural marker, adjectival possessives and the co-occurrence of determinative elements, all of which differentiate these two languages from English. T.h is study involves 80 Japanese learners and 80 . English learners (placed at four proficiency levels) and 20 Mandarin native speakers as controls. Two data-collecting tasks are employed in this study: an acceptability judgment task for the four Mandarin nominal prope1iies and a � fill-in-the-blank task for. the semantic selection of Mandarin classifiers. Our results from the acceptability judgment task suggest that Ll transfer is not absolute in L2 Mandarin. More specifically, Japanese learners only transfer adjectival possessives, but not ClP and the co-occurrence of determinative elements, to their initial L2 Mandarin. This absence of Ll transfer of ClP and the co-occurrence of determinative . elements is likely to be due to the markedness in terms of the implicational universal. Intriguingly, it is found that ClP and its associated syntactic specifications are gradually developed in English and Japanese learners' L2 Mandarin. Initially, English and Japanese measure words are incorrectly used to accommodate classifiers, and then ClP is projected without any syntactic specifications. Subsequently, the syntactic specifications of ClP are gradually specified. However, the incompatibility of the numeral-classifier phrase with the plural marker is still underspecified in English and Japanese learners' advanced L2 Mandarin. Remarkably, our results from the fill-in-the-blank task demonstrate that English and Japanese learners' failure to use semantically appropriate Mandarin classifiers does not hinder the presence of ClP and its syntactic specifications in their L2 Mandarin, which suggests that there is no direct linl( between these two. Moreover, the rarity of the positive evidence is argued to play a crucial role in English and Japanese L2ers' acquisition of the co-occurrence of determinative elements, which highlights the importance of input frequency in L2 acquisition. It is also believed to be responsible for a discrepa~cy observed in English learners' acquisition of two adjectival possessive constructions in Mandarin. This dissertation is my own work and contains nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, except specified in the text and Acknowledgements. The dissertation does not exceed the regulation length, including footnotes, references and appendices but excluding the bibliography.
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Zhao, Yang. "Causativity in Chinese and its representations in English, Japanese and Korean speakers' L2 Chinese grammars." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265468.
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Chinese does not allow causative alternating unaccusative verbs or object-Experiencer psych verbs. It employs analytical causative (headed by shi 'make'), resultative (headed by de) and compound causative (with an activity predicate V1 and a result predicate V2 forming a V1-V2 compound) constructions to represent causativity. The present study explores syntactic and semantic properties of these verbs and constructions within the generative framework. It is proposed that Chinese unaccusative verbs and psych verbs involve a single VP and that Chinese resultative and compound causative constructions involve a functional category AspP. An empirical study is conducted to look into the mental representations of these Chinese verbs and constructions in English-, Japanese- and Korean-speaking learners' L2 Chinese grammars. The aim of the research is to find out whether Ll transfer persists in L2 Chinese and whether L2 learners can acquire the functional AspP involved in Chinese resultative and compound causative constructions. The experiment consists of a cloze test, a production test, an acceptability judgment test and a comprehension test. It involves 55 English speakers, 56 Japanese speakers, 73 Korean speakers and 28 native Chinese as controls. Both developmental patterns and variations between different language groups are examined to see whether L2 Chinese learners can acquire native-like mental representations of the structures examined and whether L2 groups from different Lls show any variation in their L2 Chinese mental representations. The results suggest that L2 Chinese learners are more likely to make causative errors with Chinese unaccusative verbs than with psych verbs and that compound causative constructions are more difficult to acquire than resultative constructions in L2 acquisition of Chinese. It is concluded that Ll transfer does not happen everywhere and that functional categories unavailable in the learners' Lls can be properly represented in L2 Chinese grammars.
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Liu, Ting-Chi, and 劉定奇. "「Te-subsidiary verb」of Japanese grammar." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/va28em.
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碩士<br>東吳大學<br>日本語文學系<br>96<br>The grammar rules always reflect the particular properties of a language. The Japanese grammar reflects the particular properties vividly and it’s come from the particular vocabulary and some particular expression which exists in Japanese’s life and in Japanese’s thought. So that it’s very difficult to a Japanese learner whose a native speaker of Chinese that how to realize the Japanese grammar completely and systematically. This master’s thesis is research about the 「Te-subsidiary verb」of Japanese grammar, which reflects the particular properties of Japanese completely and trough researching the 「Te-subsidiary verb」,we can realize the Japanese grammar more wholly and deeply.
Each 「Te-subsidiary verb」 express multiple senses and functions ,but change with speaker’s thought, emotion, diction or the situation at a particular time and in a particular place. To these properties, this thesis is not only examine the sentence of the 「Te-subsidiary verb」but also analyze the requirements for all 「Te-subsidiary verb」 senses and functions.
There are fifteen 「Te-subsidiary verbs`」and according to it’s own properties, we can classify 「Te-subsidiary verb」into three varieties .Including the 「times-aspect type」, the「design type」, and the 「request expression type」.Each 「Te-subsidiary verb」 in the same classification has their own basic senses and dialect, but sometimes the functions of the 「Te-subsidiary verb」will be similar in several situation and it’s very difficult to discriminate it. This thesis also compares those similar cases and figure out the difference between the 「Te-subsidiary verb」. However, all of the 「Te-subsidiary verb」 must be contrast to the Japanese verbs or the grammar errors will be happened. It’s very important to realize the Japanese verbs so that this thesis researched about the type and the properties of the Japanese verbs and prove that the Japanese verbs will certainly influence upon the senses and functions of 「Te-subsidiary verb」.
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Suzuki, Hisami. "Multi-modularity in computational grammar /." 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3070217.
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Hsu, Yang, and 許敭. "Difference between Chinese Grammar and Japanese Grammar ： from the Viewpoint of canstative Expression." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31273446298641731271.
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碩士<br>東吳大學<br>日本語文學系<br>100<br>summary
I had been forced to study English grammar from the day I began to study English. Later, when I joined department of Japanese, I was forced to study Japanese grammar likewise. However, I am wondering what grammar is and why should we study it.
We didn’t study grammar in Chinese class. Instead, we recognized the meaning of vocabularies directly by its place in the sentence. However, many Chinese grammar books have tried to give grammatical meaning to words like what English grammar books do; furthermore, some of them have considered that there is no difference between Japanese grammar and Chinese grammar. After all, is it true?
After reviewing literature on comparison of Japanese and Chinese causative expression, I was inspired to compare the difference between Chinese grammar and Japanese grammar from the perspective of causative expression.
The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one introduces the motive, purpose, range, and method of this thesis. Chapter two discusses the nature of grammar, including its appearance and usage. Chapter three deals with causative form in Japanese and its semantics. Chapter four illustrates causative expression in Chinese and shows that the causative expression in Chinese is not expressed by the form through reviewing theories. Finally, chapter five integrates and compares the causative expression between Chinese and Japanese, and it also puts forward to my own opinion on Chinese lexical classes discussed by various theories.
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Lee, Ching-Fen, and 李靜芬. "Research on the Valiancy Grammar of Japanese NA-adjectiveCases from JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test)." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63877g.
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碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>應用日語學系碩士班<br>96<br>In the Japanese sentences there are a lot of predicate and sentences consisting of it in a Na-adjective. When Na-adjective as predicate is used in the sentences, the particle costs a grammatical position for the in front of noun. When we study Japanese, it may be said that a dictionary is indispensable. However, a completed dictionary is accuracy of a word. It cannot be said that I describe good how to use in addition, because both Japan and Taiwan use a kanji. For a Taiwanese Japanese learner. It is felt that the kanji is friendly. But the Taiwanese Japanese learner as the kanji zone has few problems on the learning about the Na-adjective. If even a kanji looks, I understand a meaning. It cannot be said that I can use the word precisely with that the Na-adjective can draw relations with the particle in a constant form by the valence grammar and know what kind of particle comes? In addition, I arrange that I say what kind of characteristic those Na-adjective have on a meaning and can analyze it, in this study. I choose 429 Na-adjectives from vocabulary appearing in "Japanese ability examination questions standard revised edition" and start it. I try development by looking for what kind of example sentence there is by a literary work and a newspaper article. Later, it is classified Na-adjectives by a value. I describe collected Na-adjective.
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Sheard, Yoshiko. "Scrambling and subject-licensing in Japanese." Phd thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/138452.
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