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1
Biggins, J. D., B. M. Hambly, and O. D. Jones. "Multifractal spectra for random self-similar measures via branching processes." Advances in Applied Probability 43, no. 1 (2011): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1300198510.
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Start with a compact set K ⊂ Rd. This has a random number of daughter sets, each of which is a (rotated and scaled) copy of K and all of which are inside K. The random mechanism for producing daughter sets is used independently on each of the daughter sets to produce the second generation of sets, and so on, repeatedly. The random fractal set F is the limit, as n goes to ∞, of the union of the nth generation sets. In addition, K has a (suitable, random) mass which is divided randomly between the daughter sets, and this random division of mass is also repeated independently, indefinitely. This division of mass will correspond to a random self-similar measure on F. The multifractal spectrum of this measure is studied here. Our main contributions are dealing with the geometry of realisations in Rd and drawing systematically on known results for general branching processes. In this way we generalise considerably the results of Arbeiter and Patzschke (1996) and Patzschke (1997).
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Kabluchko, Zakhar. "Persistence and Equilibria of Branching Populations with Exponential Intensity." Journal of Applied Probability 49, no. 01 (2012): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200008962.
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We consider a system of independent branching random walks on R which start from a Poisson point process with intensity of the form e λ(du) = e-λu du, where λ ∈ R is chosen in such a way that the overall intensity of particles is preserved. Denote by χ the cluster distribution, and let φ be the log-Laplace transform of the intensity of χ. If λφ'(λ) > 0, we show that the system is persistent, meaning that the point process formed by the particles in the nth generation converges as n → ∞ to a non-trivial point process Πeλ χ with intensity e λ. If λφ'(λ) < 0 then the branching population suffers local extinction, meaning that the limiting point process is empty. We characterize point processes on R which are cluster invariant with respect to the cluster distribution χ as mixtures of the point processes Π ce λ χ over c > 0 and λ ∈ K st, where K st = {λ ∈ R: φ(λ) = 0, λφ'(λ) > 0}.
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ITO, AKIRA, KATSUSHI INOUE, ITSUO TAKANAMI, and YASUYOSHI INAGAKI. "CONSTANT LEAF-SIZE HIERARCHY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ALTERNATING TURING MACHINES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 08, no. 02 (1994): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000267.
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“Leaf-size” (or “branching”) is the minimum number of leaves of some accepting computation trees of alternating devices. For example, one leaf corresponds to nondeterministic computation. In this paper, we investigate the effect of constant leaves of two-dimensional alternating Turing machines, and show the following facts: (1) For any function L(m, n), k leaf- and L(m, n) space-bounded two-dimensional alternating Turing machines which have only universal states are equivalent to the same space bounded deterministic Turing machines for any integer k≥1, where m (n) is the number of rows (columns) of the rectangular input tapes. (2) For square input tapes, k+1 leaf- and o(log m) space-bounded two-dimensional alternating Turing machines are more powerful than k leaf-bounded ones for each k≥1. (3) The necessary and sufficient space for three-way deterministic Turing machines to simulate k leaf-bounded two-dimensional alternating finite automata is nk+1, where we restrict the space function of three-way deterministic Turing machines to depend only on the number of columns of the given input tapes.
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Chang, Qin, Jie Zhu, Na Wang та Ru-Min Wang. "Probing the Effects of New Physics in B¯⁎→Plν¯l Decays". Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (27 вересня 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7231354.
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The significant divergence between the SM predictions and experimental measurements for the ratios, RD(⁎)≡B(B¯→D(⁎)τ-ν¯τ)/B(B¯→D(⁎)l′-ν¯l′) with (l′=e,μ), implies possible hint of new physics in the flavor sector. In this paper, motivated by the “RD(⁎) puzzle” and abundant B⁎ data samples at high-luminosity heavy-flavor experiments in the future, we try to probe possible effects of new physics in the semileptonic B¯u,d,s⁎→Pl-ν¯l (P=D,Ds,π,K) decays induced by b→(u,c)l-ν¯l transitions in the model-independent vector and scalar scenarios. Using the spaces of NP parameters obtained by fitting to the data of RD and RD⁎, the NP effects on the observables including branching fraction, ratio RP⁎, lepton spin asymmetry, and lepton forward-backward asymmetry are studied in detail. We find that the vector type couplings have large effects on the branching fraction and ratio RP⁎. Meanwhile, the scalar type couplings provide significant contributions to all of the observables. The future measurements of these observables in the B¯⁎→Pl-ν¯l decays at the LHCb and Belle-II could provide a way to crosscheck the various NP solutions to the “RD(⁎) puzzle”.
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Fomin, Fedor V., and Torstein J. F. Strømme. "Time-Inconsistent Planning: Simple Motivation Is Hard to Find." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 06 (2020): 9843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i06.6537.
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People sometimes act differently when making decisions affecting the present moment versus decisions affecting the future only. This is referred to as time-inconsistent behaviour, and can be modeled as agents exhibiting present bias. A resulting phenomenon is abandonment, which is when an agent initially pursues a task, but ultimately gives up before reaping the rewards. With the introduction of the graph-theoretic time-inconsistent planning model due to Kleinberg and Oren, it has been possible to investigate the computational complexity of how a task designer best can support a present-biased agent in completing the task. In this paper, we study the complexity of finding a choice reduction for the agent; that is, how to remove edges and vertices from the task graph such that a present-biased agent will remain motivated to reach his target even for a limited reward. While this problem is NP-complete in general, this is not necessarily true for instances which occur in practice, or for solutions which are of interest to task designers. For instance, a task designer may desire to find the best task graph which is not too complicated. We therefore investigate the problem of finding simple motivating subgraphs. These are structures where the agent will modify his plan at most k times along the way. We quantify this simplicity in the time-inconsistency model as a structural parameter: The number of branching vertices (vertices with out-degree at least 2) in a minimal motivating subgraph. Our results are as follows: We give a linear algorithm for finding an optimal motivating path, i. e. when k = 0. On the negative side, we show that finding a simple motivating subgraph is NP-complete even if we allow only a single branching vertex — revealing that simple motivating subgraphs are indeed hard to find. However, we give a pseudo-polynomial algorithm for the case when k is fixed and edge weights are rationals, which might be a reasonable assumption in practice.
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Kozachuk, Anastasiia, and Dmitri Melikhov. "Constraints on the Anomalous Wtb Couplings from B-Physics Experiments." Symmetry 12, no. 9 (2020): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091506.
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We analyze constraints on the anomalous Wtb couplings from B-physics experiments, performing a correlated analysis and allowing all anomalous couplings to differ simultaneously from their Standard Model (SM) values. The B-physics observables allow one to probe three linear combinations out of the four anomalous couplings, which parameterize the Wtb vertex under the assumption that the SM symmetries remain the symmetries of the effective theory. The constraints in this work are obtained by taking into account the following B-physics observables: the B¯0−B0 oscillations, the leptonic B→μ+μ− decays, the inclusive radiative B→Xsγ decays, and the differential branching fractions in the semileptonic inclusive B→Xsμ+μ− and exclusive B→(K,K*)μ+μ− decays at small q2, with q the momentum of the μ+μ− pair. We find that the SM values of the anomalous couplings belong to the 95% CL allowed region obtained this way, but lie beyond the 68% allowed region. We also report that the distributions of the anomalous couplings obtained within our scenario differ from the results of the 1D scenario, when only one of the couplings is allowed to deviate from its SM value.
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Romdhane, Leila, Anna Panozzo, Leila Radhouane, Cristian Dal Cortivo, Giuseppe Barion, and Teofilo Vamerali. "Root Characteristics and Metal Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Extreme Soil Contamination." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010178.
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Root characteristics and metal uptake in the maize hybrid Naudi were studied in a pot trial, using soil artificially highly polluted with Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, and Pb. The addition of these metals as sulfates decreased the soil pH and increased electrical conductivity. As a result of increased bioavailability in the soil pore water, significantly higher concentrations of metals, particularly Pb, Cu, and Co, were found in the shoot tissues of maize at the 3–4 leaf stage. While the lowest increase was in Cd (0.89 mg kg−1 vs. 0.33 mg kg−1 for controls), Zn reached a critical threshold of 75 mg kg−1 vs. 2.76 mg kg−1. Fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, as well as root length, were markedly reduced, whereas root diameter, tip density, and the branching index increased considerably. A significant adaptation strategy by maize in the polluted soil was an increased fraction of coarse root length and a decreased fraction of finer roots. We conclude that maize is very sensitive to multiple metal pollution, suggesting its potential use as a test plant to evaluate contaminated soils. As length was the most affected root characteristic, measurement of this parameter could be a way of screening genotypes for tolerance to metal contamination and possibly salinity. There also is future scope for investigating whether K fertilization might mitigate metal phytotoxicity, in view of the negative correlations between the shoot K concentration and concentrations of the supplied metals.
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Krause, Martin G. H., Donna Rodgers-Lee, James E. Dale, Roland Diehl, and Chiaki Kobayashi. "Galactic 26Al traces metal loss through hot chimneys." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 501, no. 1 (2020): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3612.
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ABSTRACT Radioactive 26Al is an excellent tracer for metal ejection in the Milky Way, and can provide a direct constraint on the modelling of supernova feedback in galaxy evolution. Gamma-ray observations of the 26Al decay line have found high velocities and hence require a significant fraction of the Galactic 26Al in the hot component. At the same time, meteoritic data combined with simulation results suggest that a significant amount of 26Al makes its way into stars before decay. We investigated the distribution into hot and cold channels with a simulation of a Milky-Way-like galaxy with massive-star feedback in superbubbles and with ejecta traced by 26Al. About 30–40 per cent of the ejecta remain hot, with typical cooling times of the order Gyr. 26Al traces the footpoints of a chimney-fed outflow that mixes metals turbulently into the halo of the model galaxy on a scale of at least 50 kpc. The rest diffuses into cold gas ≲ 104 K, and may therefore be quickly available for star formation. We discuss the robustness of the result by comparison to a simulation with a different global flow pattern. The branching ratio into hot and cold components is comparable to that of longer term average results from chemical evolution modelling of galaxies, clusters, and the intracluster medium.
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White, Justin S., and Christoph Adami. "Bifurcation into Functional Niches in Adaptation." Artificial Life 10, no. 2 (2004): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454604773563568.
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One of the central questions in evolutionary biology concerns the dynamics of adaptation and diversification. This issue can be addressed experimentally if replicate populations adapting to identical environments can be investigated in detail. We have studied 501 such replicas using digital organisms adapting to at least two fundamentally different functional niches (survival strategies) present in the same environment: one in which fast replication is the way to live, and another where exploitation of the environment's complexity leads to complex organisms with longer life spans and smaller replication rates. While these two modes of survival are closely analogous to those expected to emerge in so-called r and K selection scenarios respectively, the bifurcation of evolutionary histories according to these functional niches occurs in identical environments, under identical selective pressures. We find that the branching occurs early, and leads to drastic phenotypic differences (in fitness, sequence length, and gestation time) that are permanent and irreversible. This study confirms an earlier experimental effort using microorganisms, in that diversification can be understood at least in part in terms of bifurcations on saddle points leading to peak shifts, as in the picture drawn by Sewall Wright.
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Jagers, Peter, and Sergei Zuyev. "Populations in environments with a soft carrying capacity are eventually extinct." Journal of Mathematical Biology 81, no. 3 (2020): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-020-01527-5.
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Abstract Consider a population whose size changes stepwise by its members reproducing or dying (disappearing), but is otherwise quite general. Denote the initial (non-random) size by $$Z_0$$ Z 0 and the size of the nth change by $$C_n$$ C n , $$n= 1, 2, \ldots $$ n = 1 , 2 , … . Population sizes hence develop successively as $$Z_1=Z_0+C_1,\ Z_2=Z_1+C_2$$ Z 1 = Z 0 + C 1 , Z 2 = Z 1 + C 2 and so on, indefinitely or until there are no further size changes, due to extinction. Extinction is thus assumed final, so that $$Z_n=0$$ Z n = 0 implies that $$Z_{n+1}=0$$ Z n + 1 = 0 , without there being any other finite absorbing class of population sizes. We make no assumptions about the time durations between the successive changes. In the real world, or more specific models, those may be of varying length, depending upon individual life span distributions and their interdependencies, the age-distribution at hand and intervening circumstances. We could consider toy models of Galton–Watson type generation counting or of the birth-and-death type, with one individual acting per change, until extinction, or the most general multitype CMJ branching processes with, say, population size dependence of reproduction. Changes may have quite varying distributions. The basic assumption is that there is a carrying capacity, i.e. a non-negative number K such that the conditional expectation of the change, given the complete past history, is non-positive whenever the population exceeds the carrying capacity. Further, to avoid unnecessary technicalities, we assume that the change $$C_n$$ C n equals -1 (one individual dying) with a conditional (given the past) probability uniformly bounded away from 0. It is a simple and not very restrictive way to avoid parity phenomena, it is related to irreducibility in Markov settings. The straightforward, but in contents and implications far-reaching, consequence is that all such populations must die out. Mathematically, it follows by a supermartingale convergence property and positive probability of reaching the absorbing extinction state.
11
Piccini, M. "Status of the NA62 Experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 234 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023401012.
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The decay $ {K^ + } \to {\pi ^ + }v\bar v $, with a very precisely predicted branching ratio of less than 10−10 in the Standard Model framework, is one of the best candidates to reveal indirect effects of new physics at the highest mass scales. The NA62 experiment at CERN SPS is designed to measure the branching ratio of such decay with a decay-in-flight technique, novel for this channel. The main goal of NA62 is to measure such Branching Ratio of $ {K^ + } \to {\pi ^ + }v\bar v $ with an accuracy better than 20%. This will be achieved by collecting up to 100 $ {K^ + } \to {\pi ^ + }v\bar v $ events with a background contamination at the level of 10%. The NA62 detector was commissioned in 2014 and 2015 and the experiment took physics data from 2015 to 2018. NA62 has already published the result of the 2016 data analysis. The 2017 data analysis is in progress, the single event sensitivity reached and the evaluation of the main backgrounds will be shown in this contribution.
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Talebtash, Mohammad Rahim, та Hossein Mehraban. "Final state interaction effect in the pure annihilation B→ϕϕ decay". Canadian Journal of Physics 93, № 11 (2015): 1235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0472.
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We analyzed the process of [Formula: see text] decay in quantum chromodynamics factorization (QCDF) and final state interaction (FSI). In QCDF for this decay we have only the annihilation graph and we expected small branching ratio. Then we considered FSI effect as a sizable correction where the intermediate states are [Formula: see text], K+ K–, and [Formula: see text] mesons. To consider the amplitudes of these intermediate states, the QCDF approach was used. The experimental branching ratio of [Formula: see text] is less than 2 × 10–7 and our results are 0.04 × 10–7 and 1.54 × 10–7 from QCDF and FSI, respectively.
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Issadykov, Aidos. "Bs → K*0 decay form factors from covariant confined quark model." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920408003.
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We evaluate Bs → K*0 transition form factors in the full kinematical region within the covariant confined quark model. The calculated form factors can be used to calculate the Bs → K*0 μ+μ– rare decay branching ratio, which was recently measured by LHCb collaboration.
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Ban, Xiaofeng, Caiming Li, Zhengbiao Gu, et al. "Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Thermostable Branching Enzyme from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 26, no. 5 (2016): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446582.
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The branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18) catalyzes the formation of α-1,6 branch points in starch. In this study, the <i>Geobacillus thermoglucosidans</i> gene-encoding branching enzyme was expressed in <i>Escherichia coli </i>BL21 (DE3) and the protein was isolated and characterized. <i>G. thermoglucosidans </i>branching enzyme is a thermostable enzyme with an optimal reaction temperature of nearly 60°C and a half-life at 65°C of approximately 1.1 h. The activity of the recombinant enzyme is optimal at pH 7.5, with broad stability between pH 5.5 and 9.0. Its thermostability, relatively broad pH stability and optimal temperature near the temperature at which starch begins to gelatinize may make it easy to use in industrial production. Furthermore, the enzyme is activated by Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> in a concentration-dependent manner and dramatically inhibited by Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Co<sup>2+</sup>. Its substrate dependence, using amylopectin as the substrate, could be adequately fitted using the Michaelis-Menten equation, yielding a<i> K</i><sub>m</sub> of 0.99 mg/ml. High-performance anion exchange chromatography results showed that the chain length distribution of branching enzyme-treated waxy corn starch is indistinguishable from that of the branching enzyme-treated common corn starch. This enzyme may therefore be a promising tool for the enzymatic modification of starch.
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Chui, Tin-Ki, and Hak-Fun Chow. "New Triazole-Containing Branched Bis(dipeptidomimetic) – Switching from Self-Dimerization to Anion-Binding Properties." Synlett 28, no. 20 (2017): 2807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590884.
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A triazole-containing branched bis(dipeptidomimetic) 2 using l-lysine as a flexible branching unit was synthesized and characterized. The compound was found to form weak dimers (K dim = 19 M–1) in chloroform as shown by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) and concentration-dependent 1H NMR studies. On the other hand, the compound was capable of binding chloride and monobasic diethyl phosphate (DEP) in chloroform. Job plot analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and NMR titration studies revealed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry with good binding affinities (K a ≈ 640–780 M–1). Structural studies using ROESY NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling on the 2–DEP complex indicated the adoption of a helix-like conformation by the host with the guest situated near the branching juncture.
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MASI, C. E. A., and J. W. MARANVILLE. "Evaluation of sorghum root branching using fractals." Journal of Agricultural Science 131, no. 3 (1998): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005826.
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Root branching and architecture play a significant role in water and nutrient uptake, but description of these parameters has not been easy due to the difficulty of observing roots in their natural arrangement. Fractal geometry offers a novel method for studying the branching patterns of roots. Plants of ten diverse sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes (five of African origin, three of US origin and two hybrids composed of African×US lines) were grown in root boxes containing 80% sand and 20% fine-textured Sharpsburg silty clay loam topsoil. The root fractal dimension (D) and abundance (log K) were determined at nine regions within the profile. Roots were washed free of growth media and photographic slides were taken of each region. Values of D and log K were determined by projecting photographs onto grids of progressively increasing sizes. The number of intersects was regressed on log grid size. Differences in D were found among genotypes (1·44[les ]D[les ]1·89) suggesting that these sorghum genotypes may be associated with greater root branching patterns. Greater fractal dimension (branching) and abundance values occurred in the 0–35 and 35–70 cm depths of the soil profile within the root box, indicating a greater root distribution in that part of the profile. Significant differences were also noted in branching patterns for sorghum genotypes derived from different sources. In general, the African sorghums were more branched and deeper rooted than the US-derived genotypes. Results indicated that fractal dimension can be used for the description of sorghum root system morphology and provides a good measure of branching patterns which can be distinguished.
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Ueland, Joseph M., Jane Gwira, Zhen-Xiang Liu, and Lloyd G. Cantley. "The chemokine KC regulates HGF-stimulated epithelial cell morphogenesis." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 286, no. 3 (2004): F581—F589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00289.2003.
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Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces migration, proliferation, and branching in renal epithelial cells from the inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD-3 cells). Microarray analysis after HGF stimulation of these cells revealed upregulation of the chemokine KC. We found that both the message and protein levels of KC are increased after HGF treatment and that mIMCD-3 cells express the KC receptor CXCR2. Treatment with KC results in stimulation of mIMCD-3 cell proliferation but has no effect on basal rates of cell migration or branching morphogenesis. In contrast to its known stimulatory effect on neutrophil migration, KC markedly inhibits HGF-mediated cell migration and branching morphogenesis, resulting in shorter tubules with fewer branch points. Examination of the mechanism of this effect reveals that KC does not alter phosphorylation of the c-met receptor or the initial activation of the MAPK or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) signaling pathways. However, sustained activation of the PI 3-K pathway by HGF was inhibited by treatment with KC, and mimicking this effect by treatment with LY-294002 2 h after HGF stimulation reproduced the inhibition of HGF-stimulated branching morphogenesis. These data demonstrate that HGF-mediated KC production can act in an autocrine fashion to downregulate excessive branching and migration of renal epithelial cells in response to HGF, while still supporting cell proliferation. These characteristics may play a role in modulating the response to HGF during developmental tubule formation and/or during the repair of the tubular architecture following injury.
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CHOI, B. H., S. J. KIM, J. K. AHN, K. MIWA, C. J. YOON, and K. IMAI. "PRODUCTION OF DOUBLE STRANGENESS HYPERNUCLEI IN 12C(K-,K+) REACTION AT 1.67 GeV/c." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 11n13 (2009): 907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309000279.
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We have measured (K-,K+) reaction at 1.67 GeV/cK- at the KEK proton synchrotron. A scintillating fiber active target was employed to view both secondary interactions and decays of particles produced in the (K-,K+) reaction. This tracking capability for the vertex region provides us for studying the fate of Ξ- hypernuclei, which is advantageous over the previous two experiments. We present a preliminary result on the production cross sections for [Formula: see text], and also on the branching fractions into the decay modes with charged particles and/or Λ hyperon(s).
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Burnett, Timothy L., N. J. Henry Holroyd, Geoffrey M. Scamans, Xiaorong Zhou, George E. Thompson, and Philip J. Withers. "The role of crack branching in stress corrosion cracking of aluminium alloys." Corrosion Reviews 33, no. 6 (2015): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0050.
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AbstractStress corrosion cracks of all types are characterised by extensive crack branching, and this is frequently used as the key failure analysis characteristic to identify this type of cracking. For aluminium alloys, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is almost exclusively an intergranular failure mechanism. For plate and extruded components, this had led to the development of test procedures using double cantilever beam and compact tension precracked specimens that rely on the pancake grain shape to constrain cracking, so that fracture mechanics can be applied to the analysis of stress intensity and crack velocity and the evolution of a characteristic performance curve. We have used X-ray computed tomography to examine in detail SCC in aluminium alloys in three dimensions for the first time. We have found that crack branching limits the stress intensity at the crack tip as the applied stress is shared amongst a number of cracks that are held together by uncracked ligaments. We propose that the plateau region observed in the v-K curve is an artefact due to crack branching, and at the crack tips of the many crack branches, cracking essentially occurs at constant K almost irrespective of the crack length. We have amplified the crack branching effect by examining a sample where the long axis of the pancake grains was inclined to the applied stressing direction. Our results have profound implications for the future use of precracked specimens for SCC susceptibility testing and the interpretation of results from these tests.
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Ivanov, Vyacheslav, Evgeny Solodov, Evgeny Kozyrev та Georgiy Razuvaev. "Recent results at the ϕ-meson region from the CMD-3 detector at the VEPP-2000 collider". EPJ Web of Conferences 166 (2018): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816600019.
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This report is devoted to the recent results of the study of the processes e+e− → KSKL, K+K−, π+π−2π0, 2π+2π−, ηγ at the ϕ-meson region with the CMD-3 detector at the VEPP-2000 collider. From the combined analysis of KSKL and K+K− final states the ϕ-meson parameters were measured, and the obtained ratio of gϕK+K− and gϕKSKL couplings was found to be compatible with the isospin symmetry. From the analyzes of the π+π−2π0 and 2π+2π− final states the branching ratios ℬ(ϕ → π+π−2π0) and ℬ(ϕ → 2π+2π−) were determined.
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Dracup, Miles, Nick Galwey, and Bob Thomson. "Restricted branching narrow-leafed lupin. I. Population density." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 8 (2000): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00024.
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Narrow-leafed lupin is a major grain crop in southern Australia. Its freely branching growth habit is often seen as a limitation to grain yield, so genotypes with restricted branching are being investigated. Since agronomic recommendations for lupins have been developed with conventional, normal branching cultivars, agronomy, particularly population density, may need adjustment for restricted branching types. Here we report a study of population density requirements of 3 restricted branching genotypes that cover the range of variation available in degree of branching restriction, and a normal branching cultivar, Merrit, which is widely grown and has good general adaptation. The experiments were performed during 3 growing seasons at a number of sites throughout Western Australia. Data were analysed using recently developed statistical techniques, including spatial analysis to reduce error variation and a smoothing spline to minimise assumptions made about the form of the response to density. Generally, responsiveness to density was similar for all genotypes, as were optimal densities, which, with only one exception, were achieved at 35–57 plants/m 2 . At higher densities there were fewer pods per plant and seeds per pod but heavier seeds; these effects were similar for all genotypes except in the case of pods per plant, which was reduced more by high density in the restricted branching types. Apart from yield, other advantages of high density were taller plants, larger grain, and slightly higher grain protein concentration. Yields were highly correlated with shoot dry mass, but not with harvest index. Shoot dry mass tended to be lower in restricted branching genotypes, but harvest indices were similar. However, for yield, shoot mass, and especially harvest index, interactions between genotype and environment were generally highly significant. These results indicate that the restricted branching genotypes currently available do not have wide suitability, but in environments where harvest index in normal branching lupins is poor or unstable and yield is not as strongly limited by growth, they could provide higher or more stable yields. Further work is required to identify ‘niche’ environments. Grain from restricted branching genotypes was generally less variable in size and had higher concentrations of P, K, S, Mg, and Mn, whereas some genotypes also had higher Ca, Cu, Na, and protein. Some of these changes in grain quality might be related to grain filling earlier in the season, under less stressful conditions and with less competition from concurrent vegetative growth than in normal branching genotypes.
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SATO, M., H. BHANG, J. CHIBA, et al. "SEARCH FOR STRANGE TRIBARYON STATES IN THE 4He(STOPPED K-, p) REACTION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 02n03 (2009): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09043808.
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We have measured a proton energy from the stopped K- reaction on 4 He to search for strange tribaryon states at KEK 12 GeV PS. No statistically significant signal was observed in the missing mass spectrum obtained by the inclusive 4 He ( stopped K-, p) measurement. Upper limits of the formation branching ratio at the 95 % C.L. were derived for neutral tribaryon states with strangeness -1 to be (0.4 ~ 6) × 10-4, (0.2 ~ 6) × 10-3 and (0.06 ~ 5) × 10-2/(stopped K-) for assumed natural widths of 0, 20 and 40 MeV /c2, respectively.
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Winiberg, F. A. F., T. J. Dillon, S. C. Orr, et al. "Direct measurements of OH and other product yields from the HO<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sub>2</sub> reaction." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 20 (2015): 28815–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-28815-2015.
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Abstract. The reaction CH3C(O)O2 + HO2 &amp;rightarrow; CH3C(O)OOH + O2 (Reaction R5a), CH3C(O)OH + O3 (Reaction R5b), CH3 + CO2 + OH + O2 (Reaction R5c) was studied in a series of experiments conducted at 1000 mbar and (293 ± 2) K in the HIRAC simulation chamber. For the first time, products, (CH3C(O)OOH, CH3C(O)OH, O3 and OH) from all three branching pathways of the reaction have been detected directly and simultaneously. Measurements of radical precursors (CH3OH, CH3CHO), HO2 and some secondary products HCHO and HCOOH further constrained the system. Fitting a comprehensive model to the experimental data, obtained over a range of conditions, determined the branching ratios α(R5a) = 0.37 ± 0.10, α(R5b) = 0.12 ± 0.04 and α(R5c) = 0.51 ± 0.12 (errors at 2σ level). Improved measurement/model agreement was achieved using k(R5) = (2.4 ± 0.4) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, which is within the large uncertainty of the current IUPAC and JPL recommended rate coefficients for the title reaction. The rate coefficient and branching ratios are in good agreement with a recent study performed by Groß et al. (2014b); taken together, these two studies show that the rate of OH regeneration through Reaction (R5) is more rapid than previously thought. GEOS-Chem has been used to assess the implications of the revised rate coefficients and branching ratios; the modelling shows an enhancement of up to 5 % in OH concentrations in tropical rainforest areas and increases of up to 10 % at altitudes of 6–8 km above the equator, compared to calculations based on the IUPAC recommended rate coefficient and yield. The enhanced rate of acetylperoxy consumption significantly reduces PAN in remote regions (up to 30 %) with commensurate reductions in background NOx.
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Winiberg, Frank A. F., Terry J. Dillon, Stephanie C. Orr, et al. "Direct measurements of OH and other product yields from the HO<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sub>2</sub> reaction." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 6 (2016): 4023–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4023-2016.
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Abstract. The reaction CH3C(O)O2 + HO2 → CH3C(O)OOH + O2 (Reaction R5a), CH3C(O)OH + O3 (Reaction R5b), CH3 + CO2 + OH + O2 (Reaction R5c) was studied in a series of experiments conducted at 1000 mbar and (293 ± 2) K in the HIRAC simulation chamber. For the first time, products, (CH3C(O)OOH, CH3C(O)OH, O3 and OH) from all three branching pathways of the reaction have been detected directly and simultaneously. Measurements of radical precursors (CH3OH, CH3CHO), HO2 and some secondary products HCHO and HCOOH further constrained the system. Fitting a comprehensive model to the experimental data, obtained over a range of conditions, determined the branching ratios α(R5a) = 0.37 ± 0.10, α(R5b) = 0.12 ± 0.04 and α(R5c) = 0.51 ± 0.12 (errors at 2σ level). Improved measurement/model agreement was achieved using k(R5) = (2.4 ± 0.4) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, which is within the large uncertainty of the current IUPAC and JPL recommended rate coefficients for the title reaction. The rate coefficient and branching ratios are in good agreement with a recent study performed by Groß et al. (2014b); taken together, these two studies show that the rate of OH regeneration through Reaction (R5) is more rapid than previously thought. GEOS-Chem has been used to assess the implications of the revised rate coefficients and branching ratios; the modelling shows an enhancement of up to 5 % in OH concentrations in tropical rainforest areas and increases of up to 10 % at altitudes of 6–8 km above the equator, compared to calculations based on the IUPAC recommended rate coefficient and yield. The enhanced rate of acetylperoxy consumption significantly reduces PAN in remote regions (up to 30 %) with commensurate reductions in background NOx.
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Furukawa, Fumiya, Soichi Watanabe, Keigo Kakumura, Junya Hiroi, and Toyoji Kaneko. "Gene expression and cellular localization of ROMKs in the gills and kidney of Mozambique tilapia acclimated to fresh water with high potassium concentration." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 11 (2014): R1303—R1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00071.2014.
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Regulation of plasma K+ levels in narrow ranges is vital to vertebrate animals. Since seawater (SW) teleosts are loaded with excess K+, they constantly excrete K+ from the gills. However, the K+ regulatory mechanisms in freshwater (FW)-acclimated teleosts are still unclear. We aimed to identify the possible K+ regulatory mechanisms in the gills and kidney, the two major osmoregulatory organs, of FW-acclimated Mozambique tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus). As a potential molecular candidate for renal K+ handling, a putative renal outer medullary K+ channel (ROMK) was cloned from the tilapia kidney and tentatively named “ROMKb”; another ROMK previously cloned from the tilapia gills was thus renamed “ROMKa”. The fish were acclimated to control FW or to high-K+ (H-K) FW for 1 wk, and we assessed physiological responses of tilapia to H-K treatment. As a result, urinary K+ levels were slightly higher in H-K fish, implying a role of the kidney in K+ excretion. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ROMKa and ROMKb were very low in the kidney, while that of K+/Cl− cotransporter 1 (KCC1) was robust. In the gills, ROMKa mRNA was markedly upregulated in H-K fish. Immunofluorescence staining showed that branchial ROMKa was expressed at the apical membrane of type I and type III ionocytes, and the ROMKa immunosignals were more intense in H-K fish than in control fish. The present study suggests that branchial ROMKa takes a central role for K+ regulation in FW conditions and that K+ excretion via the gills is activated irrespective of environmental salinity.
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Bracht, Jillian, Niki Karachaliou, Richard B. Lanman, et al. "Tracking plasma KRAS mutations (mu) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAC) patients (p) and branching evolution." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (2019): 9055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.9055.
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9055 Background: KRAS m in LUAC p are recalcitrant to therapy. In mice models and p, STK11 m confer poor prognosis. Patients with KRAS, or KRAS with TP53 m, benefit from immunotherapy (IO). We used a cell free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing platform to sub-group 53 LUAC p with KRAS m from the Spanish Lung Liquid versus Invasive biopsy Program (SLLIP, NCT03248089), according to the coexistence of TP53 and STK11 m. We evaluated the treatment outcome in the KRAS subgroups and we explored the mutational evolution at 2 weeks (w), and at the end of the study (EOS). Methods: SLLIP was a multi-center observational study in patients with treatment-naïve metastatic LUAC. Genotyping, with a clinically validated cfDNA assay (Guardant360) was performed at 3 time points: before start of treatment, at 2 w, and upon progression or at 12 months (mo). Oncoprints were constructed based on mutation status and variant allele frequency (VAF). Results: 53 p with KRAS alterations were included. 36 male; median age 59; 46 current/ex-smokers; 64% received 1st line platinum-based chemotherapy (CT), 4% platinum-based CT+IO, 8% platinum-based CT plus bevacizumab, and 24% other or no therapy. 13 p had only KRAS m (K-only group), 25 p had KRAS + TP53 m (KP group), and 15 p had KRAS + STK11 with or without TP53 m (KS group). Median progression-free survival was 3.5 mo for all 53 p, 4.8 mo for the K-only group, 4.4 mo for the KP group, and only 2.6 mo for the KS group (p = 0.05 for KS versus K-only). The average VAF for K-only, KP, and KS groups at EOS were 6.4%, 9.7%, and 46%, respectively. When looking at p with cfDNA analysis at the three time points, the following were observed: In the K-only group, 25% lost KRAS m at 2 w and 50% at EOS. 50% and 75% gained TP53 m, at 2 w and EOS, respectively. None gained STK11 at the 2 time points. In the KP group, 40% lost KRAS m at 2 w but all had KRAS m at EOS. 20% and 10% lost TP53 m, at 2 w and EOS, respectively. 10% gained STK11 m at the 2 time points. In the KS group, 33% lost KRAS m at the 2 time points. All and 33% lost STK11 m at 2 w and EOS, respectively. 66% gained TP53 at the 2 time points. Conclusions: Subgroups of KRAS m traced in cfDNA confirm dismal prognosis to 1st line therapies. These findings prompt us to tailor IO for K-only or KP subgroups. For p with STK11 m, restoration of the STK11 function is warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT03248089.
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Wilson, Jonathan Mark, José Carlos Antunes, Patricío Duro Bouça, and João Coimbra. "Osmoregulatory plasticity of the glass eel of Anguilla anguilla: freshwater entry and changes in branchial ion-transport protein expression." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 3 (2004): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-010.
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The glass-eel stage of the life history of Anguillid eels (Anguilla spp.) makes the important physiological transition from seawater (SW) to freshwater (FW) osmoregulation. Central to successful adaptation to fresh water is the switch from active hypoosmoregulation (ion excretion) to active hyperosmoregulation (ion uptake) to counter passive fluxes imposed by concentration gradients. Anguilla anguilla (L.) glass eels, captured from the lower Minho River estuary and maintained in brackish water (BW; 24), were fully capable of adapting to FW following acute transfer. In a comparison between SW- (34) and FW-adapted glass eels, gill Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+:K+:2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) expression were both markedly reduced in the FW group. Branchial mitochondria-rich chloride cells (MRCs) were also significantly larger in SW-adapted glass eels. Apical CFTR Cl channel immunoreactivity associated with branchial MRCs was also only present in SW-adapted glass eels. The expression of these three ion-transport proteins is strongly associated with active ion excretion in SW teleost fishes. In FW-adapted glass eels, cortisol treatment increased branchial Na+/K+-ATPase expression but was without effect on NKCC expression. Glucocorticoid receptor blockade by RU-486 had no effect on Na+/K+-ATPase or NKCC expression.
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Li, J., J. Eygensteyn, R. Lock, et al. "Branchial chloride cells in larvae and juveniles of freshwater tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 10 (1995): 2177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.10.2177.
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Branchial chloride cells in the developing larvae and juveniles of freshwater tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were identified and the membrane Na+/K+-ATPase was localized in situ through binding of the fluorescent dye anthroylouabain. After co-labelling of the cells with the fluorescent probes DASPMI and Con-A-FITC, the mitochondria and apical crypt in the same chloride cells were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The high density of apical crypts indicated that many chloride cells were functional. The density of branchial chloride cells in larvae 10 days after hatching was approximately 6000 mm-2. An extremely high Na+/K+-ATPase specific activity of approximately 1500 &micro;mol Pi h-1 mg-1 was measured in the gills 10 days after hatching. With the development of secondary lamellae and hence an increase in the amount of branchial epithelial protein, a concomitant decrease in the specific activity of the enzyme in the gill tissues was observed. Total Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased markedly in the early life stages. Our data indicate that in larval stages of fish the gills form a functional ionoregulatory organ before they start functioning as a gas-exchange organ.
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Iksanov, Alexander, and Zakhar Kabluchko. "Weak convergence of the number of vertices at intermediate levels of random recursive trees." Journal of Applied Probability 55, no. 4 (2018): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2018.75.
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Abstract Let Xn(k) be the number of vertices at level k in a random recursive tree with n+1 vertices. We are interested in the asymptotic behavior of Xn(k) for intermediate levels k=kn satisfying kn→∞ and kn=o(logn) as n→∞. In particular, we prove weak convergence of finite-dimensional distributions for the process (Xn ([knu]))u>0, properly normalized and centered, as n→∞. The limit is a centered Gaussian process with covariance (u,v)↦(u+v)−1. One-dimensional distributional convergence of Xn(kn), properly normalized and centered, was obtained with the help of analytic tools by Fuchs et al. (2006). In contrast, our proofs, which are probabilistic in nature, exploit a connection of our model with certain Crump–Mode–Jagers branching processes.
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Gola, Edyta. "Phyllotaxis diversity in Lycopodium clavatum L. and Lycopodium annotinum L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 65, no. 3-4 (2014): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1996.036.
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In shoots of <em>Lycopodium microphyllous</em> phyllotaxis is extremely diverse. 24 various patterns were found in anisotomous <em>L. clavatum</em> and "only" 11 in isotomous <em>L. annotinum</em>. Spiral patterns expressed by k:(k+1 ) parastichy numbers were present together with typically whorled k:k patterns. In both species k number was higher in plagiotropic shoots than in orthotropic. It was also higher in <em>L. clavatum</em> than in <em>L. annotinum</em>. In the first species phyllotactic spectrum was wider with many patterns almost equally frequent, whereas narrow spectrum of <em>L. annotinum</em> showed clear dominance of only one pattern. The patterns, which are the most frequent in other plants, such as Fibonacci or Lucas, were uncommon in studied <em>Lycopodium</em> species. Discontinuous phyllotactic transitions occurred typically in two locations on the shoot: just below the dichotomic branching or above the borders, that separate the annual increments of the axis. Transitions were moderately frequent occurring in more than 7% of developmentally independent shoot segments. Dichotomous branching, resulting in variable shoot diameter, seasonal fluctuations of growth as well as a small size of microphylls relative to the shoot circumference are proposed to be the main factors contributing to the high phyllotactic diversity in studied species.
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Ip, Yuen K., Ai M. Loong, Jie S. Kuah та ін. "Roles of three branchial Na+-K+-ATPase α-subunit isoforms in freshwater adaptation, seawater acclimation, and active ammonia excretion in Anabas testudineus". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 303, № 1 (2012): R112—R125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00618.2011.
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Three Na+-K+-ATPase ( nka) α-subunit isoforms, nka α1a, nka α1b, and nka α1c, were identified from gills of the freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus. The cDNA sequences of nka α1a and nka α1b consisted of 3,069 bp, coding for 1,023 amino acids, whereas nka α1c was shorter by 22 nucleotides at the 5′ end. In freshwater, the quantity of nka α1c mRNA transcripts present in the gills was the highest followed by nka α1a and nka α1b that was almost undetectable. The mRNA expression of nka α1a was downregulated in the gills of fish acclimated to seawater, indicating that it could be involved in branchial Na+ absorption in a hypoosmotic environment. By contrast, seawater acclimation led to an upregulation of the mRNA expression of nka α1b and to a lesser extent nka α1c, indicating that they could be essential for ion secretion in a hyperosmotic environment. More importantly, ammonia exposure led to a significant upregulation of the mRNA expression of nka α1c, which might be involved in active ammonia excretion. Both seawater acclimation and ammonia exposure led to significant increases in the protein abundance and changes in the kinetic properties of branchial Na+-K+-ATPase (Nka), but they involved two different types of Nka-immunoreactive cells. Since there was a decrease in the effectiveness of NH4+ to substitute for K+ to activate branchial Nka from fish exposed to ammonia, Nka probably functioned to remove excess Na+ and to transport K+ instead of NH4+ into the cell to maintain intracellular Na+ and K+ homeostasis during active ammonia excretion.
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Pavlova, Anna, Robert O. Stuart, Martin Pohl, and Sanjay K. Nigam. "Evolution of gene expression patterns in a model of branching morphogenesis." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 277, no. 4 (1999): F650—F663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.4.f650.
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Branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud in response to unknown signals from the metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to the urinary collecting system and, via inductive signals from the ureteric bud, to recruitment of nephrons from undifferentiated mesenchyme. An established cell culture model for this process employs cells of ureteric bud origin (UB) cultured in extracellular matrix and stimulated with conditioned media (BSN-CM) from a metanephric mesenchymal cell line (H. Sakurai, E. J. Barros, T. Tsukamoto, J. Barasch, and S. K. Nigam. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 6279–6284, 1997.). In the presence of BSN-CM, the UB cells form branching tubular structures reminiscent of the branching ureteric bud. The pattern of gene regulation in this model of branching morphogenesis of the kidney collecting system was investigated using high-density cDNA arrays. Software and analytical methods were developed for the quantification and clustering of genes. With the use of a computational method termed “vector analysis,” genes were clustered according to the direction and magnitude of differential expression in n-dimensional log-space. Changes in gene expression in response to the BSN-CM consisted primarily of differential expression of transcription factors with previously described roles in morphogenesis, downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes accompanied by upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes, and upregulation of a small group of secreted products including growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular proteinases. Changes in expression are discussed in the context of a general model for epithelial branching morphogenesis. In addition, the cDNA arrays were used to survey expression of epithelial markers and secreted factors in UB and BSN cells, confirming the largely epithelial character of the former and largely mesenchymal character of the later. Specific morphologies (cellular processes, branching multicellular cords, etc.) were shown to correlate with the expression of different, but overlapping, genomic subsets, suggesting differences in morphogenetic mechanisms at these various steps in the evolution of branching tubules.
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Lucu, Čedomil, and Gert Flik. "Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+/Ca2+exchange activities in gills of hyperregulatingCarcinus maenas." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, no. 2 (1999): R490—R499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r490.
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Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+/Ca2+exchange activities were studied in gills of Carcinus maenas in seawater (SW) and after transfer to dilute seawater (DSW). Carcinushyperregulates its hemolymph osmolarity through active uptake of Na+, Cl−, and Ca2+. In DSW total Na+-K+-ATPase activity in posterior gills quadrupled; Na+/Ca2+exchange specific activity was unaffected, and total activity increased 1.67-fold. Short-circuit current ( Isc) in voltage-clamped posterior gill hemilamellae was −181 μA/cm2in SW and −290 μA/cm2in DSW and up to 90% ouabain sensitive; conductivity was similar in SW or DSW (42 and 46 mS/cm2, respectively) and representative of a leaky epithelium. The new steady state of hemolymph osmolarity 24 h after DSW transfer was preceded, already 3 h after transfer, by increased Na+-K+-ATPase but not Na+/Ca2+exchange activity. Western blot analysis indicated that the amount of Na+-K+-ATPase protein had increased 2.1-fold in crabs acclimated 3 wk to DSW; however, 4 h after DSW transfer no difference in the amount of Na+-K+-ATPase protein was observed. After DSW transfer branchial cAMP content decreased. A negative correlation between branchial Na+-K+-ATPase activity and cAMP content points to rapid regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase through cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activity. Ca2+transport may depend on the high-capacity Na+/Ca2+exchanger coupled to the versatile sodium pump.
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Erviana, Renanda Nur, Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo, and Supriharyono Supriharyono. "Class Conservation Morfologi Karang berdasarkan Kedalaman pada Struktur Terumbu Karang di Pulau Kemujan dan Pulau Sintok, Karimunjawa, Jawa Tengah Coral Morphology Class Conservation Based on Depth of Coral Reef Structure in Kemujan and Sintok Islands, Karimunjawa, Central Java." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 9, no. 2 (2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v9i2.27768.
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ABSTRAKKemujan dan Sintok merupakan pulau yang termasuk ke dalam zona pemanfaatan sebagai wisata bahari dan memiliki keanekaragaman bentuk pertumbuhan karang yang tinggi. Bentuk pertumbuhan karang dibedakan menjadi karang acropora dan non-acopora dengan perbedaan morfologi seperti tipe branching, massive, encruisting, foliose, dan digitae. Analisis morfologi karang sebagai pendukung status penutupan karang dapat mengetahui kondisi terumbu karang sesuai class conservation. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui kualitas perairan, struktur terumbu karang, morfologi karang berdasarkan class conservation dan pengaruh kedalaman terhadap struktur serta morfologi karang di Pulau Kemujan dan Sintok. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) dengan menggunakan transek sepanjang 30 meter. Data yang diambil adalah parameter kualitas perairan dan foto underwater karang. Data hasil penelitian diolah menggunakan aplikasi CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions) dan uji non parametrik dengan SPSS serta dianalisis menggunakan diagram r-K-S. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas perairan pada lokasi penelitian masih dalam keadaan normal. Persentase kelimpahan karang hidup termasuk dalam kategori sedang sampai dengan sangat baik yaitu berkisar 25,56 -76,22%. Persentase morfologi karang berdasarkan Class conservation secara umum memiliki dominasi kelompok kompetitors (K) atau CC=2 yang berkisar 48,72 – 76,5%, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada lokasi penelitian didominasi karang bentuk branching maupun foliose serta tidak ada pengaruh signifikan kedalaman air terhadap morfologi karang. ABSTRACTKemujan and Sintok are islands in the utilization zone as marine tourism and have high diversity of coral growth forms. The coral’s life form can be grouped into acropora and non-acopora corals with morphological differences such as branching, massive, encruisting, foliose, and digitae types. Morphological analysis of corals as supporting the status of coral cover can determine the condition of coral reefs according to class conservation. The purpose of this study are to determine the quality of the waters, the structure of coral reefs, coral morphology based on class conservation and the influence of depth on the structure and morphology of corals in Kemujan and Sintok Islands. Data collection was carried out in November 2019. The research method used was the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method using a 30 meter transect. The data collected the parameters of water quality and underwater coral photos. The research data were processed using the CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions) application and non-parametric tests with SPSS and analyzed using the r-K-S diagram. The results showed that the water quality at the study area was still in a normal condition. However, there was no significant effect of water depth on coral morphology. The percentage of live coral abundance was included in the moderate to very good category, ranging from 25.56 to 76.22%. Percentage of coral morphology based on Class conservation generally has a predominance of competitor groups (K) or CC = 2 ranging from 48.72 - 76.5%. Moreover, the results show that based on the coral growth forms at the study sites were dominated by branching and foliose corals and there was no significant effect of water depth on coral morphology.
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Ali, Enas, Fatemeh Sharifpanah, Maria Wartenberg, and Heinrich Sauer. "Silibinin from Silybum marianum Stimulates Embryonic Stem Cell Vascular Differentiation via the STAT3/PI3-K/AKT Axis and Nitric Oxide." Planta Medica 84, no. 11 (2018): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-100043.
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AbstractSilibinin, the bioactive compound of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), exerts tissue protective and regenerative effects that may include stem cell differentiation toward vascular cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether silibinin stimulates blood vessel formation from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and to unravel the underlying signaling cascade. Vascular branching points were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and computer-assisted image analysis of CD31-positive cell structures. Protein expression of vascular markers and activation of protein kinases were determined by western blot. Nitric oxide (NO) generation was investigated by use of the fluorescent dye 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate. Silibinin dose-dependently increased CD31-positive vascular branching points in embryoid bodies cultivated from ES cells. This was paralleled by increase of protein expression levels for the endothelial-specific markers vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Moreover, silibinin increased activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which boosted generation of NO in embryoid bodies and enhanced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as well as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) and AKT. Vasculogenesis, VE-cadherin expression, STAT3 and AKT phosphorylation, NO generation, and eNOS phosphorylation were inhibited by the small molecule STAT3 inhibitor Stattic, AKT inhibitor VIII, the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002, or the NOS inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride. In conclusion, our findings indicate that silibinin induces vasculogenesis of ES cells via activation of STAT3, PI3-K, and AKT, which regulate NO generation by eNOS.
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Hayashi, Mari, Ryuichiro Suzuki, Christophe Colleoni, Steven G. Ball, Naoko Fujita, and Eiji Suzuki. "Crystallization and crystallographic analysis of branching enzymes fromCyanothecesp. ATCC 51142." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 71, no. 8 (2015): 1109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x1501198x.
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Several cyanobacterial species, includingCyanothecesp. ATCC 51142, remarkably have four isoforms of α-glucan branching enzymes (BEs). Based on their primary structures, they are classified into glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 (BE1, BE2 and BE3) or family 57 (GH57 BE). In the present study, GH13-type BEs fromCyanothecesp. ATCC 51142 (BE1, BE2 and BE3) have been overexpressed inEscherichia coliand biochemically characterized. The recombinant BE1 was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Crystals of BE1 were obtained at 293 K in the presence of 0.2 MMg2+, 7–10%(w/v) ethanol, 0.1 MHEPES–NaOH pH 7.2–7.9. The crystals belonged to the tetragonal space groupP41212, with unit-cell parametersa = b = 133.75,c= 185.90 Å, and diffracted to beyond 1.85 Å resolution. Matthews coefficient calculations suggested that the crystals of BE1 contained two molecules in the asymmetric unit.
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Schaeper, Ute, Niels H. Gehring, Klaus P. Fuchs, Martin Sachs, Bettina Kempkes, and Walter Birchmeier. "Coupling of Gab1 to C-Met, Grb2, and Shp2 Mediates Biological Responses." Journal of Cell Biology 149, no. 7 (2000): 1419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.149.7.1419.
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Gab1 is a substrate of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met and involved in c-Met–specific branching morphogenesis. It associates directly with c-Met via the c-Met–binding domain, which is not related to known phosphotyrosine-binding domains. In addition, Gab1 is engaged in a constitutive complex with the adaptor protein Grb2. We have now mapped the c-Met and Grb2 interaction sites using reverse yeast two-hybrid technology. The c-Met–binding site is localized to a 13–amino acid region unique to Gab1. Insertion of this site into the Gab1-related protein p97/Gab2 was sufficient to confer c-Met–binding activity. Association with Grb2 was mapped to two sites: a classical SH3-binding site (PXXP) and a novel Grb2 SH3 consensus-binding motif (PX(V/I)(D/N)RXXKP). To detect phosphorylation-dependent interactions of Gab1 with downstream substrates, we developed a modified yeast two-hybrid assay and identified PI(3)K, Shc, Shp2, and CRKL as interaction partners of Gab1. In a trk-met-Gab1–specific branching morphogenesis assay, association of Gab1 with Shp2, but not PI(3)K, CRKL, or Shc was essential to induce a biological response in MDCK cells. Overexpression of a Gab1 mutant deficient in Shp2 interaction could also block HGF/SF-induced activation of the MAPK pathway, suggesting that Shp2 is critical for c-Met/Gab1-specific signaling.
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Piscicchia, K., M. Bazzi, G. Belloti, et al. "Low Energy Antikaon-nucleon/nuclei interaction studies by AMADEUS." EPJ Web of Conferences 199 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919901014.
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The AMADEUS experiment at the DAΦNE collider of LNF-INFN deals with the investigation of the at-rest, or low-momentum, K− interactions in light nuclear targets, with the aim to constrain the low energy QCD models in the strangeness sector. The 0 step of the experiment consisted in the reanalysis of the 2004/2005 KLOE data, exploiting K− absorptions in H, 4He, 9Be and 12C, leading to the first invariant mass spectroscopic study with very low momentum (about 100 MeV) in-flight K− captures. With AMADEUS step 1 a dedicated pure Carbon target was implemented in the central region of the KLOE detector, providing a high statistic sample of pure at-rest K− nuclear interaction. The first measurement of the non-resonant transition amplitude $\left| {{A_{{K^ - }n \to \Lambda {\pi ^ - }}}} \right|$ at $\sqrt s = 33\,MeV$ below the K̄N threshold is presented, in relation with the Λ(1405) properties studies. The analysis procedure adopted in the serarch for K− multi-nucleon absorption cross sections and Branching Ratios will be also described.
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Emricha, Martin, and Peter Warneck. "Branching Ratio For The Self-Reaction Of Acetonyl Peroxy Radicals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 58, no. 7-8 (2003): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2003-7-807.
Full textAbstract:
Mixtures in air of chlorine, acetone, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric oxide (partly) were photolysed at 330 nm wavelength to produce acetonyl peroxy radicals and to determine the fraction of acetonoxy radicals formed in one of the two branches of the self-reaction of acetonyl peroxy, 2CH3COCH2OO· → CH3COCHO + CH3COCH2OH + O2 (3a) and 2CH3COCH2OO· → 2CH3COCH3O· + O2 (3b). In these experiments the decomposition of acetonoxy gives rise to acetyl peroxy radicals, which react with NO2 to form peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN). The quantum yield of PAN was measured as a function of time. Computer simulations were used to explore the effect of acetonyl peroxy nitrate as an unstable intermediate formed in the reaction CH3COCH2OO· +NO2 ⇄ CH3COCH2OONO2 (9). The experimental data were evaluated to derive for the rate coefficients associated with reaction (3) the branching ratio k3b/(k3a + k3b) = 0.50 ± 0.05 and for the reverse path of reaction (9) the rate coefficient k−9 = 10.0 ± 3 s−1.
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Twu, Yuh-Ching, Chie-Pein Chen, Chuang-Yi Hsieh та ін. "I branching formation in erythroid differentiation is regulated by transcription factor C/EBPα". Blood 110, № 13 (2007): 4526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-01-067801.
Full textAbstract:
The histo-blood group i and I antigens have been characterized as straight and branched repeats of N-acetyllactosamine, respectively, and the conversion of the straight-chain i to the branched-chain I structure on red cells is regulated to occur after birth. It has been demonstrated that the human I locus expresses 3 IGnT transcripts, IGnTA, IGnTB, and IGnTC, and that the last of these is responsible for the I branching formation on red cells. In the present investigation, the K-562 cell line was used as a model to show that the i-to-I transition in erythroid differentiation is determined by the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), which enhances transcription of the IGnTC gene, consequently leading to formation of the I antigen. Further investigation suggested that C/EBPα IGnTC-activation activity is modulated at a posttranslational level, and that the phosphorylation status of C/EBPα may have a crucial effect. Results from studies using adult and cord erythropoietic cells agreed with those derived using the K-562 cell model, with lentiviral expression of C/EBPα in CD34+ hemopoietic cells demonstrating the determining role of C/EBPα in the induction of the IGnTC gene as well as in I antigen expression.
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Bhagat, Payal, and Sanjeev Maken. "Study of Intermolecular Interactions of Binary Mixture of sec- and tert-Amines with Alkanols (C1-C3): Refractive Indices." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 10 (2020): 2443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22719.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, the refractive indices (nD) of binary mixture of diisopropylamine (DIPA) and tributylamine (TBA) (as sec- and tert-amines) with alkanol (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol) were measured from 298.15 K to 318.15 K. The sec- and tert-amines were selected to study the effect of branching at N-atom of amine on intermolecular interactions with alkanols having different chain length. It was found that the TBA interacts strongly with alkanol in comparison to DIPA due to steric hindrance offered by isopropyl group at N-atom. Various mixing rules were applied to evaluate the refractive index compared well with the experimental refractive indices data for the present binary mixtures. The experimental refractive indices was also fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial.
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Speak, Thomas H., Mark A. Blitz, Daniel Stone, and Paul W. Seakins. "A new instrument for time-resolved measurement of HO<sub>2</sub> radicals." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 2 (2020): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-839-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. OH and HO2 radicals are closely coupled in the atmospheric oxidation and combustion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Simultaneous measurement of HO2 yields and OH kinetics can provide the ability to assign site-specific rate coefficients that are important for understanding the oxidation mechanisms of VOCs. By coupling a fluorescence assay by gaseous expansion (FAGE) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection system for OH and HO2 with a high-pressure laser flash photolysis system, it is possible to accurately measure OH pseudo-1st-order loss processes up to ∼100 000 s−1 and to determine HO2 yields via time-resolved measurements. This time resolution allows discrimination between primary HO2 from the target reaction and secondary production from side reactions. The apparatus was characterized by measuring yields from the reactions of OH with H2O2 (1:1 link between OH and HO2), with C2H4∕O2 (where secondary chemistry can generate HO2), with C2H6∕O2 (where there should be zero HO2 yield), and with CH3OH∕O2 (where there is a well-defined HO2 yield). As an application of the new instrument, the reaction of OH with n-butanol has been studied at 293 and 616 K. The bimolecular rate coefficient at 293 K, (9.24±0.21)×10-12 cm3 molec.−1 s−1, is in good agreement with recent literature, verifying that this instrument can measure accurate OH kinetics. At 616 K the regeneration of OH in the absence of O2, from the decomposition of the β-hydroxy radical, was observed, which allowed the determination of the fraction of OH reacting at the β site (0.23±0.04). Direct observation of the HO2 product in the presence of oxygen has allowed the assignment of the α-branching fractions (0.57±0.06) at 293 K and (0.54±0.04) at 616 K, again in good agreement with recent literature; branching ratios are key to modelling the ignition delay times of this potential “drop-in” biofuel.
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Tripković, A. V., K. Dj Popović, J. D. Lović, N. M. Marković, and Velimir Radmilović. "Formic Acid Oxidation on Pt/Ru Nanoparticles: Temperature Effects." Materials Science Forum 494 (September 2005): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.494.223.
Full textAbstract:
The formic acid oxidation on Pt/Ru nanoparticles in acid solution over the temperature range 298-333 K has been studied by thin-film rotating disk method (RDE). Transmission electron microscopy in combination with scanning tunneling microscopy was used to determine the size (4.3 ± 0.3 nm) and shape (cuboctahedral) of the particles. Kinetic analysis revealed that at elevated temperatures (313 K, 333 K) the reaction rate is much higher than at room temperature (295 K), indicating that formic acid oxidation on supported Pt/Ru catalyst is a highly activated process. Based on experimental kinetic parameters we propose that the HCOOH oxidation on the PtRu alloy most likely follows a dual pathway, but the branching ratio is still very high, i.e. Pt-like. The principal effect of opening the dehydration channel at steady-state (via the presence of Ru in the surface) is to lower the coverage of COads on Pt sites and permit the dehydrogenation path to increase in rate.
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Spry, Douglas J., and Chris M. Wood. "Ion Flux Rates, Acid–Base Status, and Blood Gases in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Exposed to Toxic Zinc in Natural Soft Water." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 8 (1985): 1332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-168.
Full textAbstract:
Exposure to 0.8 mg Zn2+/L in natural soft water for up to 72 h was toxic to rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, causing an acid–base disturbance and net branchial ion losses. Mean arterial pH fell from 7.78 to 7.58. Both [Formula: see text] and lactate rose, indicating a mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis, despite maintenance of high [Formula: see text] Net branchial uptake of Na+ and Cl− became a net loss immediately following exposure to Zn2+, and this continued during 60 h of exposure. Net K+ loss was exacerbated, and net Ca2+ uptake was abolished. Unidirectional flux measurements with 22Na+ and 36Cl− indicated an increased efflux immediately following zinc exposure. Both influx and efflux of Na+ and Cl− were stimulated after 48–60 h in Zn2+. Both net branchial ammonia excretion and net branchial uptake of acidic equivalents from the water (=base loss) were greatly stimulated, the latter contributing to metabolic acidosis. Kidney function, as measured by urine flow rate and excretion of ammonia, acidic equivalents, Na+, Cl−, K+, and Zn2+, was relatively insensitive to the effects of zinc. The only renal component to be affected was Ca2+ excretion, which decreased during a single flux period, possibly in response to the reduced entry of Ca2+ at the gill. We conclude that toxic concentrations of zinc are capable of altering gill function so as to cause ionoregulatory and acid–base disturbances without disturbance of [Formula: see text].
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Twu, Yuh-Ching, Chuang-Yi Hsieh, Marie Lin, Cheng-Hwai Tzeng, Chien-Feng Sun та Lung-Chih Yu. "Phosphorylation status of transcription factor C/EBPα determines cell-surface poly-LacNAc branching (I antigen) formation in erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis". Blood 115, № 12 (2010): 2491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-07-231993.
Full textAbstract:
The cell-surface straight and branched repeats of N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) units, called poly-LacNAc chains, characterize the histo-blood group i and I antigens, respectively. The transition of straight to branched poly-LacNAc chain (i to I) is determined by the I locus, which expresses 3 IGnT transcripts, IGnTA, IGnTB, and IGnTC. Our previous investigation demonstrated that the i-to-I transition in erythroid differentiation is regulated by the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα). In the present investigation, the K-562 cell line was used as a model to show that the i-to-I transition is determined by the phosphorylation status of the C/EBPα Ser-21 residue, with dephosphorylated C/EBPα Ser-21 stimulating the transcription of the IGnTC gene, consequently resulting in I branching. Results from studies using adult erythropoietic and granulopoietic progenitor cells agreed with those derived using the K-562 cell model, with lentiviral expression of C/EBPα in CD34+ hematopoietic cells demonstrating that the dephosphorylated form of C/EBPα Ser-21 induced the expression of I antigen, granulocytic CD15, and also erythroid CD71 antigens. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the regulation of poly-LacNAc branching (I antigen) formation in erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis share a common mechanism, with dephosphorylation of the Ser-21 residue on C/EBPα playing the critical role.
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Farmer Jr., Robert E., Gwenoth O'Reilly, and Deng Shaotang. "Genetic variation in juvenile growth of tamarack (Larixlaricina) in northwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 9 (1993): 1852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-235.
Full textAbstract:
Nested designs incorporating provenances and families and clones within provenances were used in two common garden tests near Thunder Bay, Ont. (48°N, 84°W) to evaluate genetic variation in growth and sylleptic branching among and within populations of tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) from 46°N, 80°W to 53°N, 93°W. At 7 and 8 years there was a north-south trend of increasing height among provenances. Genetic variation in height was related to both rate and duration of shoot elongation, but latitudinal variation in shoot growth mainly resulted from differences in late-season elongation. There was substantial genetic variance in height within populations, and broad-sense heritability based on pooled variances was 0.23 for one test population at 8 years and 0.11 for the second at 7 years. The more vigorous southern provenances had a greater potential for sylleptic branching in the test area than northern sources, and wide within-population variation in syllepsis was under stronger genetic control than growth (broad-sense heritability = 0.47 in year 6). Patterns of genetic variation observed in the study were not congruent with patterns of morphological and allozyme variation previously reported for the sampled populations.
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FLIK, GERT, JEANNE H. VAN RIJS, and SJOERD E. WENDELAAR BONGA. "Evidence for High-Affinity Ca2+-ATPase Activity and ATP-Driven Ca2+-Transport in Membrane Preparations of the Gill Epithelium of the Cichlid Fish Oreochromis Mossambicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 119, no. 1 (1985): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.119.1.335.
Full textAbstract:
A high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity was demonstrated among the phosphatase activities in plasma membranes of tilapia branchial epithelium: its characteristics (K0.5 = 0.063 μmol l−1 Ca2+, Vmax = 6.02 -mol P1h−;1 mg−1 protein at 37°C) resemble those of Ca2+-translocating enzymes present in mammalian erythrocytes or enterocytes. The ratio of this Ca2+-ATPase activity to Na+/K+-ATPase activity was 1:20.4. Radioimmunoassayable calmodulin was demonstrated in the Ca2+-ATPase-containing membrane fraction. ATP-dependent Ca2+-transport was demonstrated in tight-vesicle preparations of the branchial cell membranes; 30 % of the vesicles in the preparation were inside-out, 44 % were right-side-out and 26 % were leaky. The characteristics of the active Ca2+-transport activity are consistent with a Ca2+-extrusion mechanism involving high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity. The branchial Ca2+-transport activity per fish, as calculated on the basis of the transport activity determined for the vesicle preparation, is of the order of the branchial Ca2+-influx rates observed in vivo. The data provide the first biochemical evidence for active Ca2+ -transport in plasma membranes of branchial epithelium. A model is presented for the mechanism of active transepithelial Ca2+-transport in fish gills.
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Yamashita, K., M. Hiraoka, and H. Adaniya. "Conduction blocks in and around preferential pathway of dog right atrium." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 1 (1987): H16—H24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.1.h16.
Full textAbstract:
We studied conduction properties and histological findings at branching sites of the pectinate muscle (PM) from the crista terminalis (CT) in the dog right atrium. Propagation was faster in the longitudinal direction along CT than along PM. When the rate of stimulation was increased, conduction blocks to PM occurred at a longer cycle length than those to CT in 10 of 19 cases without differences in the refractory period. There were two block sites, one at the lateral edge within CT and the other at the branching site of PM from CT. The former was dominant with normal solution and the latter with high K+ solution. Histological studies showed no apparent differences between the two groups. CT consisted of a number of unit bundles in a longitudinal direction. The unit bundles continuing from the edge of CT proceeded into PM. Their orientation in PM, however, became irregular and tangled. Between the branches of PM, conduction block occurred unpredictably without regard to direction. These observations indicated the importance of the arrangement and orientation of the unit bundles in the appearance of the preferential conduction and block.
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McCurdy, W. D., and G. R. Powell. "Syllepsis in Larixlaricina: association of sylleptic branching with cross-sectional stem growth and stem form of saplings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 12 (1987): 1609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-246.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of sylleptic branching on past stem growth of 8-year-old Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch saplings was investigated in relation to the lengths of long shoots borne on sylleptically and proleptically originated lateral branches over a 4-year period. Over time, the sylleptic crown component accounted for increasing proportions of the total crowns of saplings exhibiting syllepsis. The total length of all long shoots in the crown increased linearly from lightly to heavily sylleptic saplings. However, groups of branches of sylleptic origin declined in average shoot vigour more rapidly than did groups of branches of proleptic origin in the same height-growth increment. Annual wood ring production and total stem cross-sectional areas at various positions along the main stem were positively correlated with the proleptic, sylleptic, and total branching components occurring above those positions. Wood production along the stem was greater, more uniform and the resultant stem more conical in heavily sylleptic saplings than in lightly sylleptic saplings. The role of syllepsis in crown and main stem development was discussed in relation to plus-tree selection for tree improvement purposes.
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Tamura, Hirokazu, Ryugo S. Hayano, Haruhiko Outa та Toshimitsu Yamazaki. "Study of Λ-Hypernuclei with Stopped K− Reaction". Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 117 (1 березня 1994): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptps.117.1.
Full textAbstract:
We summarize studies of Λ hypernuclei with stopped K− reaction carried out at KEK. The π− momentum spectra in the (stopped K−, π−) reaction were measured with light nuclear targets (4He, 7Li, 9Be, 12C and 16O). The ground and excited states of Λ4He, Λ12C and Λ16O were identified and their formation probabilities were measured. The branching ratios of π0-mesonic decay of Λ4He, Λ11B and Λ12C were measured for the first time with π0 coincidence. The lifetime of Λ4H was also determined with an improved accuracy. The π− peak intensity from Λ4H→4He+π− decay gave the Λ4H formation probabilities on these targets, where Λ4H is produced as hyperfragment except for the case of the 4He target. Concerning the formation mechanism of hyperfragments and their application to hypernuclear γ-ray spectroscopy, the running experiments and future prospects are also described.