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Journal articles on the topic 'Knapping'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

McPherron, Shannon. "Stone knapping." Before Farming 2007, no. 2 (2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bfarm.2007.2.6.

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2

Lombard, Marlize, Anders Högberg, and Miriam N. Haidle. "Cognition: From Capuchin Rock Pounding to Lomekwian Flake Production." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 2 (2018): 201–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000550.

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Although it is sometimes suggested that modern-day chimpanzee nut-cracking behaviour is cognitively similar to early stone-tool-knapping behaviour, few systematic comparative studies have tested this assumption. Recently, two further techno-behaviours were reported that could both represent intermediary phases in hominin cognitive evolution pertaining to our ultimate technological astuteness. These behaviours are that of bearded capuchin monkeys pounding rocks and very early stone-tool knapping from Lomekwi 3. Here we use a multi-model approach to directly compare cognitive aspects required for 11 techno-behaviours, ranging from the simplest capuchin pounding behaviour to the most complex chimpanzee nut-cracking and Lomekwi 3 knapping behaviours. We demonstrate a marked difference in broad-spectrum cognitive requirements between capuchin pounding on the one hand and Lomekwian bipolar knapping on the other. Whereas the contrast is less pronounced between chimpanzee nut-cracking scenarios and basic passive-hammer knapping at Lomekwi 3, the escalation in cognitive requirement between nut cracking and bipolar knapping is a good indication that early hominin flaking techniques are cognitively more taxing than chimpanzee nut-cracking behaviour today.

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3

Clarkson, Chris. "Teaching Complex Flint Knapping Strategies in the Classroom Using “Potato Knapping”." Lithic Technology 42, no. 4 (2017): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2017.1385213.

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4

Eskova, Daria, and Sergey Lev. "Examples of Apprentice Flint Knapping at the Zaraysk B Site." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2316581.

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The paper presents the evidence of flint knapping by people with different skill levels at the Eastern Gravettian site of Zaraysk B on the Russian Plain. The basic methodological approach used in this study is the analysis of “deviations from the technological norm”. In addition, the results are verified via more traditional methods of spatial and technological analysis of the refit sets. The analysis of the totality of cores and core preforms leads to the conclusion that flint knapping was carried out by both expert craftsmen and novices, as well as intermediate-level knappers. All core preforms and most cores in the collection appear to have been the result of knapping by craftsmen with a low or intermediate level of knapping skills.

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5

Masojć, Mirosław, and Jens-Henrik Bech. "Cult Houses & Flint Knapping." Acta Archaeologica 82, no. 1 (2011): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-08201009.

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6

Whittaker, John C. "Knapping Building Flints in Norfolk." Lithic Technology 26, no. 1 (2001): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2001.11720976.

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7

Mateos, Ana, Marcos Terradillos-Bernal, and Jesús Rodríguez. "Energy Cost of Stone Knapping." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 26, no. 2 (2018): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-018-9382-2.

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8

Seletskiy, Maxim V., Svetlana V. Shnaider, and Alexander Yu Fedorchenko. "Techniques for Processing Lithic Material during Epipalaeolithic in the Eastern Elbrus Region (On Materials of the Naves Badynoko Site)." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 7 (2019): 112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-112-131.

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Purpose. The rock shelter Badynoko site is one of the key archaeological sites of the Eastern Elbrus region, which contains stratified archaeological complexes of the Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Stone industries at this site are the most important evidence for studying the cultural dynamics, economic and technological transformations that took place during the Epipalaeolithic time in Northern Caucasus. We aimed at conducting technological analysis of the Badynoko’s archaeological complexes using experimental data on knapping flint and obsidian raw materials. To achieve this goal, we analyzed available information on morphometric criteria to identify knapping techniques. Our research interests included experimental modelling of the main methods which were used at the rock shelter Badynoko site for producing obsidian lamellar blanks; we also identified knapping techniques for producing blanks from other lithic materials. Results. We described the main strategies used in processing lithic materials which existed during the Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene periods at the rock shelter Badynoko site. Identified are basic techniques applied in the fracture zone and methods for producing lamellar blanks of several types, namely microblades, bladelets, and blades. The common feature of all the assemblages is that primary flaking was meant to obtain bladelets and microblades from volumetric cores mainly by unidirectional knapping. The technological and morphological study of each type of the blanks has allowed us to link the production of these items with different stages of utilizing cores and determine knapping techniques used, such as direct hitting with a soft mineral chipper tool and pressure. Conclusion. Based on our technological reconstructions, we provide a more detailed description of the evolution of strategies and knapping techniques used to process lithic materials during various stages at the rock shelter Badynoko site.

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9

de la Peña, Paloma, Marc Thomas, and Tumelo R. Molefyane. "Particle size distribution: An experimental study using southern African reduction methods and raw materials." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0278867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278867.

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We experimentally created a particle size dataset that is based on reduction sequences and raw materials typical of the Middle and Later Stone Age in southern Africa. The reason for creating this new dataset is that current particle size frameworks are based, almost exclusively, on flint and western European knapping methods. We produced the dataset using knapping methods and raw materials frequently encountered in the southern African archaeological record because we wanted to test whether it has the same distribution as particle size datasets experimentally created in Europe, and to initialise the production of a database for use in the analysis of lithic assemblages from southern African Late Pleistocene deposits. We reduced 117 cores of quartz, quartzite, jasper, chalcedony, hornfels, and rhyolite. The knapping methods selected were unidirectional, discoidal, Levallois recurrent and bipolar flaking. In this article we compare this new particle size distribution dataset with the results obtained from previous experiments. We found that the southern African dataset shows a wider size range distribution, which seems to be explained by differences in knapping methods and raw materials. Our results show that there is overlap between the distribution of the southern African experimental knapping dataset and the sorting experiment conducted by Lenoble on flint artefacts in a runoff context. This article shows that a particle size analysis is not sufficient on its own to assess the perturbation of an archaeological assemblage and must be coupled with other analytical tools.

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10

Moore, Mark W. "The Tula Adze: manufacture and purpose." Antiquity 78, no. 299 (2004): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092930.

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Toolmakers in Queensland Australia used ingenious knapping techniques to produce an implement with a large bulb of percussion and a gouge-shaped cutting edge: the “gull-wing tula adze”. The author concludes that the tool results from a unique compromise between an inefficient knapping technique and a peculiar – but in this case desirable – phenomenon of fracture mechanics

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11

Whittaker, John C., and Michael Stafford. "Replicas, Fakes, and Art: The Twentieth Century Stone Age and Its Effects on Archaeology." American Antiquity 64, no. 2 (1999): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694274.

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In addition to archaeologists who make stone tools for experimental purposes, there is a growing number of flintknappers who make lithic artifacts for fun and for profit. The scale of non-academic knapping is little known to archaeologists, and is connected to a flourishing market for antiquities, fakes, replicas, and modern lithic art. Modern stone tools are being produced in vast numbers, and are inevitably muddling the prehistoric record. Modern knappers exploit some material sources heavily, and their debitage creates new sites and contaminates old quarry areas. Modern knapping is, however, a potential source of archaeological insights, and a bridge between the professional community and the interested public. Modern knapping also is creating a “twentieth-century stone age,” and archaeologists working with lithic artifacts need to be aware of the problems and potentials.

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12

Whittaker, John. "Report on Knapping Activities in America." Lithic Technology 37, no. 1 (2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lit.2012.37.1.51.

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13

Rein, Robert, Blandine Bril, and Tetsushi Nonaka. "Coordination strategies used in stone knapping." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150, no. 4 (2013): 539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22224.

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14

Clark, John E. "Prismatic Blademaking, Craftsmanship, and Production." Ancient Mesoamerica 8, no. 1 (1997): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001620.

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AbstractArtifacts from an obsidian-blade workshop dump from Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico, are analyzed to determine levels of craftsmanship and craft specialization. Detailed consideration of knapping errors and rejuvenation flakes reveals that the blademaker at Ojo de Agua was moderately skilled at his craft, which he practiced on a part-time basis. The maximum level of output from his workshop was 26,000, or fewer, fine blades per year, or the equivalent of part-time work during a three-month period. Analysis of knapping strategies evident in the workshop debris suggests that the blademaker's overriding strategy was to achieve a balance between effort and knapping risk at the expense of raw material. Access to obsidian cores does not appear to have been a concern, as little effort was made to economize in this respect, and thousands of usable, irregular blades were discarded in the workshop refuse.

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15

Castañeda, Nuria. "An Operative Sequences Network: The Technical Organization at Casa Montero Early Neolithic Flint Mine (Madrid, Spain)." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (2021): 986–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0181.

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Abstract The purpose of this work is to analyze in which way the technical system of the Early Neolithic flint mine of Casa Montero (5350–5220 cal. BC) was organized to manage different flint-based reduction sequences. The particular features and genesis of Casa Montero’s flint limited the efficiency of one of the main goals of the mine: blade production. As a result, a great amount of the extracted raw material was discarded throughout the process. However, an efficiently planned management allowed its reuse for other purposes. One of the key social activities that took place at the mine was knapping apprenticeship. Younger community members were progressively introduced to this complex technical system, taking part in a many-sided set of tasks and parts of the whole production process, from extraction to recycling and waste management. However, knapping learning, as an operative sequence itself, needs a great amount of raw material. By means of the factorial analysis of the relationships between skill levels and raw material varieties and features of blanks, we can understand the complex organization of this technical system in which some strategies were carried out to avoid competition for raw material and allow motivation of apprentices. The spheres of mining, knapping, and learning coexist harmonically and benefit each other. Younger people of the community participated in mining as a workforce, knapping offers them abundant waste to practice, and learning allows social reproduction.

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16

Roux, V., B. Bril, and G. Dietrich. "Skills and learning difficulties involved in stone knapping: The case of stone‐bead knapping in Khambhat, India." World Archaeology 27, no. 1 (1995): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1995.9980293.

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17

Morse, Dan F. "Two Chert Knapping Kits from Northeast Arkansas." Lithic Technology 24, no. 2 (1999): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.1999.11720951.

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18

Tsirk, Are. "A Knapping Dilemma with Transverse Blade Breakage." Lithic Technology 34, no. 2 (2009): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2009.11721076.

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19

Molin, Fredrik, Mattias Pettersson, and Roger Wikell. "Mesolithic Quartz Knapping in Eastern Middle Sweden." Lithic Technology 36, no. 2 (2011): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lit.2011.36.2.153.

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20

Nickel, Klaus G., and Patrick Schmidt. "Knapping force as a function of stone heat treatment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0278643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278643.

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We propose a quantitative framework for understanding the knapping force requirements imposed by different raw materials in their unheated and heat-treated states. Our model interprets stone tool knapping as being the result of cracks formed during the first impact with a hammer stone, followed by continued stressing of these cracks that eventually leads to flake detachment. We combine bending strength, indentation fracture resistance and “Griffith” crack lengths of flint and silcrete to obtain functions identifying critical forces for flaking without or after heat treatment. We argue that these forces are a key factor for understanding the “knappability” of different raw materials, because only forces with 100N or less can be used for very precise strike control. Our model explains for the first time why experimental knappers frequently observe that flint (a stronger material, which, in our case, has a strength above 100 MPa) is easier to knap than silcretes (which is relatively weaker with strength values at or below 60 MPa). Our findings allow for understanding the differences between heat-treated and untreated flint and silcrete in terms of knapping quality, and they allow to compare the qualities of different raw materials.

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21

Macchi, R., G. Daver, M. Brenet, et al. "Biomechanical demands of percussive techniques in the context of early stone toolmaking." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 178 (2021): 20201044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.1044.

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Recent discoveries in archaeology and palaeoanthropology highlight that stone tool knapping could have emerged first within the genera Australopithecus or Kenyanthropus rather than Homo . To explore the implications of this hypothesis determining the physical demands and motor control needed for performing the percussive movements during the oldest stone toolmaking technology (i.e. Lomekwian) would help. We analysed the joint angle patterns and muscle activity of a knapping expert using three stone tool replication techniques: unipolar flaking on the passive hammer (PH), bipolar (BP) flaking on the anvil, and multidirectional and multifacial flaking with free hand (FH). PH presents high levels of activity for Biceps brachii and wrist extensors and flexors. By contrast, BP and FH are characterized by high solicitation of forearm pronation. The synergy analyses depict a high muscular and kinematic coordination. Whereas the muscle pattern is very close between the techniques, the kinematic pattern is more variable, especially for PH. FH displays better muscle coordination and conversely lesser joint angle coordination. These observations suggest that the transition from anvil and hammer to freehand knapping techniques in early hominins would have been made possible by the acquisition of a behavioural repertoire producing an evolutionary advantage that gradually would have been beneficial for stone tool production.

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22

Lin, Sam C., Zeljko Rezek, Aylar Abdolahzadeh, et al. "The mediating effect of platform width on the size and shape of stone flakes." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0262920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262920.

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To understand the ways in which past stone knappers controlled the morphology of the flakes they produced, archaeologists have focused on examining the effects of striking platform attributes on flake size and shape. Among the variables commonly considered, platform width has routinely been noted to correlate with flake size and hence used to explain past knapping behaviors. Yet, the influence of platform width on flake variation remains equivocal due to the fact that the attribute is not under the direct control of the knapper. Instead, platform width tends to be treated as a by-product of other independent knapping parameters, such as platform depth. In this study, we hypothesize that platform width acts as an intermediary that intervenes the effect of other independent variables on flake attributes. By analyzing experimental flakes produced under both controlled and replicative settings, the results support the hypothesis that platform width mediates the effect of platform depth on flake width, such that flakes with relatively larger platform widths are generally wider but no longer. This finding provides a way to incorporate platform width into discussions of the interrelationships among knapping variables, and highlights the importance of platform width for investigating how past knappers controlled flake production through platform manipulation.

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23

Bradbury, Andrew P. "Lithic Analysis of an Early Archaic Knapping Area." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 32, no. 1 (2007): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mca.2007.002.

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24

Pavlenok, K. K., E. N. Bocharova, S. P. Medvedev, S. A. Kogai, and G. D. Pavlenok. "Technological Lithic Production Variability of the Teshik-Tash Grotto Industry." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 7 (2022): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-7-37-52.

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Purpose. For the Central Asian territories, only the discovery of a burial from Teshik-Tash has an indisputable connection with the Neanderthal population confirmed by genetic studies. In this situation, it is important to fully characterize the technological repertoire of this hominin species through a detailed study of the lithic industry of TeshikTash. One of the parts of the Teshik-Tash collection, kept in the collections of the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg, Russia), was previously analyzed. Observations regarding the operation of radial and disc-shaped cores at the late stages of utilization, as well as the identified features in the morphology of points, again identified the problem of the presence / absence of the Levallois component in the Teshik-Tash industry.Materials and Methods. Attributive analysis was chosen as a research tool, which was previously applied to the collection from the Kunstkamera. It allows reconstructing the entire “operational chain” of knapping lithic raw materials at the site and identifying the technological features of the production of different types of blanks.Results. The performed analysis allows identifying some features of the knapping technology in the Teshik-Tash industry, such as: the dominant knapping system is centripetal; the using of Levallois technology is recorded in the one core; a method of shaping the core front by creating a rib at the base and using lateral spalls; a case of the volumetric concept of knapping has been identified; the strategies used in the industry resulted in a low standardized product; the rare design of percussion platforms and their reduction. The tool kit is characterized by the using of cores as the tools; the presence of two groups of “special purpose” tools; the irregularly retouched flakes as a background tool category; the presence of truncated and truncated-faceted pieces.Discussion. The knapping approach was quite flexible, and this implies the possibility of switching from one model to another at different stages of core utilization. For this reason, some cores fall into the “grey zone” between radial, discoid, and Levallois types. At the same time, the Levallois technique occupies a clearly subordinate position in the industry, was extremely rarely used in the early stages of core utilization, and had almost no effect on the overall appearance of blanks. For this reason, we believe that Levallois technique should be considered as a one of the significant characteristics of the Teshik-Tash industry with great caution, as well as direct analogies with the new Middle Paleolithic complexes of the Tien Shan low mountains.Conclusion. The processing of the Teshik-Tash collection made it possible to fix the dominance of the centripetal model of lithic knapping, the use of which is imprinted in the morphology of products of all main categories. At the same time, a number of artifacts point to the existence of technological variability in lithic production in the industry, both at the stage of making blanks (the use of sub-wedge-shaped and volumetric cores) and at the stage of designing tools (truncated-faceted products). These circumstances expand our understanding of the behavioral characteristics of the Neanderthals who lived in the west of Central Asia.

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25

Bello, Silvia M., Lucile Crété, Julia Galway-Witham, and Simon A. Parfitt. "Knapping tools in Magdalenian contexts: New evidence from Gough’s Cave (Somerset, UK)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0261031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261031.

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Our knowledge of the recolonization of north-west Europe at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum depends to a large extent on finds from Gough’s Cave (Somerset, UK). Ultra-high resolution radiocarbon determinations suggest that the cave was occupied seasonally by Magdalenian hunters for perhaps no more than two or three human generations, centred on 12,600 BP (~14,950–14,750 cal BP). They left behind a rich and diverse assemblage of Magdalenian lithic and osseous artefacts, butchered animal bones, and cannibalised human remains. The faunal assemblage from Gough’s Cave is one of the most comprehensively studied from any Magdalenian site, yet new and unexpected discoveries continue to be made. Here, we record previously unrecognized flint-knapping tools that were identified during a survey of the Gough’s Cave faunal collection at the Natural History Museum (London). We identified bones used as hammers and teeth manipulated as pressure-flakers to manufacture flint tools. Most of the pieces appear to be ad hoc (single-use?) tools, but a horse molar was almost certainly a curated object that was used over an extended period to work many stone tools. This paper explores how these knapping tools were used to support a more nuanced understanding of Magdalenian stone-tool manufacturing processes. Moreover, we provide a standard for identifying minimally-used knapping tools that will help to establish whether retouchers and other organic stone-working tools are as rare in the Magdalenian archaeological record as current studies suggest.

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26

Diez-Martín, Fernando, Policarpo Sánchez Yustos, Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, and Mary E. Prendergast. "An Experimental Study of Bipolar and Freehand Knapping of Naibor Soit Quartz from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)." American Antiquity 76, no. 4 (2011): 690–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.690.

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Recent excavations carried out in several Bed I and Bed II sites have shown that hominins at Olduvai Gorge used both bipolar and freehand knapping methods for quartz reduction. Due to the petrographic nature of quartz and to its heterogeneous response to fracture, the identification of bipolar knapping at any given site can be ambiguous and controversial. This work aims to overcome this problem by developing an experimental referential framework for the recognition of characteristic features of flakes produced through both bipolar and freehand reduction of Naibor Soit quartz cores. The final goal of this work is to use a set of variables related to the response of local Olduvai quartz to freehand and bipolar fracture, obtained through two independent controlled experiments, in order to statistically differentiate the diagnostic technological traits that best indicate bipolar reduction on this raw material type.

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27

Pavlenok, K. K., A. I. Krivoshapkin та G. D. Pavlenok. "Поздний этап обирахматской культурной традиции: некоторые аспекты технологии расщепления камня". Izvestiya of Altai State University, № 5 (2018): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2018)5-35.

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28

Zutovski, Katia, and Shay Bar. "Canaanean Blade Knapping Waste Pit from Fazael 4, Israel." Lithic Technology 42, no. 2-3 (2017): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2017.1347337.

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29

Szilágyi, Kata. "Lithic Raw Material Procurement in the Late Neolithic Southern-Transdanubian Region: A Case Study From the Site of Alsónyék-Bátaszék." Archaeologia Polona 56 (January 1, 2018): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa56.2018.009.

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This article summarizes the current state of research on the flaked stone assemblages from the Late Neolithic site Alsónyék‒Bátaszék, Tolna district. The raw material distribution of the nearly 6100 pieces that make up the stone tool assemblage is the focus of this paper, with a particular emphasis placed on the dominance of the local raw material. The research addresses the question of the method of procurement of the lithic raw material in the case of this enormous, extended Neolithic site. To supply an answer, basic geoarchaeological research was necessary. To that end, a field survey aimed at detecting those geological formations and lithic variations convenient for knapping was undertaken. The results of the survey reported in the second part of this paper help in our understanding of the selection strategy of the ancient knapping specialists. From these strategies, it is possible to recognize the cultural tradition and raw material manipulation of this Late Neolithic community and, in a wider sense, the southeastern group of the Lengyel culture

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30

Schreve, D. C., P. Harding, M. J. White, et al. "A Levallois Knapping Site at West Thurrock, Lower Thames, UK: its Quaternary Context, Environment and Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72 (2006): 21–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000773.

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Levallois knapping debris is present beneath the sides of a disused tramway cutting connected to Lion Pit, West Thurrock, Essex. This occurrence, first recorded during the early 20th century, is in the basal gravel of the Taplow/Mucking Formation, which dates from the end of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 8. The relatively undisturbed nature of this knapping debris is confirmed by the incidence of refitting material, although finer debitage is absent, presumably winnowed out. The Levallois character of the assemblage is demonstrated by the occurrence of characteristic ‘tortoise’ cores and flakes with faceted striking platforms. The artefact-bearing gravel is overlain by >10 m of predominantly fine-grained sediments, including fossiliferous sands and massive clayey silt, as well as laminated silts, clays, and sands of possible estuarine origin. These are attributed to deposition under temperate conditions during MIS 7. To the south, a younger fluvial gravel, attributed to MIS 6, has been incised into the interglacial sequence. The top of the estuarine sequence has been affected by pedogenesis, both before and after its burial by an unbedded solifluction gravel.

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31

Mangalam, Madhur, Matheus Maia Pacheco, Patrícia Izar, Elisabetta Visalberghi, and Dorothy Munkenbeck Fragaszy. "Unique perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild monkeys." Biology Letters 14, no. 1 (2018): 20170587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0587.

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We analysed the patterns of coordination of striking movement and perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus as they cracked open palm nut using hammers of different mass, a habitual behaviour in our study population. We aimed to determine why these monkeys cannot produce conchoidally fractured flakes as do contemporary human knappers or as did prehistoric hominin knappers. We found that the monkeys altered their patterns of coordination of movement to accommodate changes in hammer mass. By altering their patterns of coordination, the monkeys kept the strike's amplitude and the hammer's velocity at impact constant with respect to hammer mass. In doing so, the hammer's kinetic energy at impact—which determines the propagation of a fracture/crack in a nut—varied across hammers of different mass. The monkeys did not control the hammer's kinetic energy at impact, the key parameter a perceiver-actor should control while knapping stones. These findings support the hypothesis that the perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys is inadequate to produce conchoidally fractured flakes by knapping stones, as do humans.

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32

Whittaker, John C. "FIRE-AND-WATER KNAPPING: ORIGINS OF A LITHIC FOLK TALE." Lithic Technology 40, no. 1 (2015): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2051618514y.0000000006.

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33

Gómez Coutouly, Yan Axel. "The Emergence of Pressure Knapping Microblade Technology in Northeast Asia." Radiocarbon 60, no. 3 (2018): 821–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.30.

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AbstractThis article is a critical review of published data from the earliest evidence of pressure knapped microblade technology from various regions in Northeast Asia (Siberia, Korea, China, Mongolia, Japan, Sakhalin, and Russian Far East), including discussions not only on published dates, but also on published artifacts (drawings and photos) relating to these assemblages. The issue concerning the geographical and chronological origin of microblade technology in Northeast Asia remains a widely debated concern, not only as new data emerge, but also due to researchers having different definitions of the term “microblade” and “microblade core”. In this case, by microblade technology, I refer to the systematic production of microblades using the pressure knapping technique. I therefore review the data in light of this defining feature and conclude that, based on the present state of research, pressure knapping microblade technology probably emerged in the Far East (China, Korea, or Japan) around 30,000–25,000 cal BP, in spite of most authors considering that microblade technology emerged in southern Siberia 40,000–35,000 years ago. In the discussion section, I argue about the potential role of obsidian in the emergence of pressure knapped microblade technology.

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Olausson, Deborah. "Knapping Skill and Craft Specialization in Late Neolithic Flint Daggers." Lithic Technology 42, no. 4 (2017): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2017.1364328.

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Cueva-Temprana, Arturo, Diego Lombao, Juan Ignacio Morales, Nuria Geribàs, and Marina Mosquera. "Gestures During Knapping: A Two-perspective Approach to Pleistocene Technologies." Lithic Technology 44, no. 2 (2019): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2019.1587255.

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Masters, Rich, and Jon Maxwell. "Was early man caught knapping during the cognitive (r)evolution?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (2002): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02320077.

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Wynn describes a revolution in cognitive abilities some 500,000 years ago, which added new sophistication to the curiosity of early man – the ability to form hypotheses. This derivative of archaic curiosity is a fundamental feature of learning, and it is our contention that the naive hypothesis testing behavior of early man will have left a distinctive trail in the archaeological record.

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de la Peña, Paloma. "The Interpretation of Bipolar Knapping in African Stone Age Studies." Current Anthropology 56, no. 6 (2015): 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/684071.

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Humphrey, Diane. "Symmetry in knapped stones is real, not romanced." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (2002): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0229007x.

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It appears that knappers intentionally produced symmetrical stones. Use of the dorsal pathways in knapping does not preclude shape perception, nor does it obviate use of ventral pathways in other tasks in Homo sapiens 400,000 years ago. Shape perception precedes production in present-day human infants, suggesting that symmetry perception was used by knappers of symmetrical stones.

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Healey, Elizabeth, John Piprani, Osamu Maeda, Ellon Souter, and Julie Birchenall. "Introduction: Immersed in Lithics." Journal of Lithic Studies 8, no. 3 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/jls.6169.

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The idea of holding a conference to discuss how we can explore what affects our approaches to, and understanding of, lithic artefacts and their analysis emerged from a hands-on workshop entitled Northern Knap-in in November 2014. In that workshop we wanted to explore how prehistoric people in the north of England, which is perceived by many as being a (lithic)resource-poor region, might have adapted to the lack of good quality flint and chert for tool manufacture and so we experimented with the working of non-flint raw materials. Many things emerged from that day including how the experimental knapping of materials other than flint allowed us to think outside the conventional box, and how communal knapping and grinding demonstrated some of the different ways that people interacted and adapted to each other’s rhythm when making artefacts. We were also struck (excuse the pun) by how much non-lithic specialists contributed to the questions we raise in lithic analysis. This brought home to us the importance of finding other, sometimes non- conventional, ways in which we can engage with the past. This eventually led to the Immersed in Lithics Conference in February 2016.

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Stout, Dietrich. "Thinking and doing in cognitive archaeology: Giving skill its due." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (2002): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02400076.

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Wynn shows that intentionally standardized artifacts (handaxes) provide evidence of the ability to conceptualize form (symmetry). However, such conceptual ability is not sufficient for the actual production of these forms. Stone knapping is a concrete skill that is acquired in the real world. Appreciation of its perceptual-motor foundations and the broader issues surrounding skill acquisition may lead to further important insights into human cognitive evolution.

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Copeland, Lorraine. "The Late Acheulean Knapping-floor at C-Spring, Azraq Oasis, Jordan." Levant 23, no. 1 (1991): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.1991.23.1.1.

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de la Peña, Paloma. "A QUALITATIVE GUIDE TO RECOGNIZE BIPOLAR KNAPPING FOR FLINT AND QUARTZ." Lithic Technology 40, no. 4 (2015): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2015.1123947.

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Pargeter, Justin, Nada Khreisheh, John J. Shea, and Dietrich Stout. "Knowledge vs. know-how? Dissecting the foundations of stone knapping skill." Journal of Human Evolution 145 (August 2020): 102807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102807.

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Damlien, Hege. "Striking a difference? The effect of knapping techniques on blade attributes." Journal of Archaeological Science 63 (November 2015): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.020.

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White, Mark J. "The earlier Palaeolithic occupation of the Chilterns (southern England): re-assessing the sites of Worthington G. Smith." Antiquity 71, no. 274 (1997): 912–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00085823.

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Boxgrove in Sussex has been in the headlines for its human bone (‘the first Englishman’); more to the research point is its superb in-place deposits of debris from handaxe-knapping. This is a timely moment to look once again at the reports of Worthington G. Smith, who a century ago recognized, amongst the scores of sites with river-rolled handaxes, rare deposits of a more informative character.

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Maystrenko, Dmitriy A., and Victor N. Karmanov. "Stone Industry of the Bronze and Iron Ages Border (case study of the Oralovskoe Ozero II settlement on the Vishera River)." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 3, no. 41 (2022): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.3.41.170.187.

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The authors publish the data on the stone assemblage of the Oralovskoe Ozero II settlement, 9th – 8th century B.C., the Kama River basin, Perm Krai, Russian Federation. Examination of the traces of processing on the ﬂint artefacts made it possible to determine its basic characteristics. These are a stadial knapping; secondary bifacial thinning; heat treatment of the raw material to prepare it for knapping; leaf-shaped bifaces with a straight base – arrowheads and dart/spear points, decorated at the fnal stage with «serrated» retouching; unifacial scrapers. The search for assemblages with similar characteristics allowed to determine in the extreme north-east of Europe (the basins of the Pechora, Vychegda and Mezen rivers) a special tradition of the ﬂint tools production of the Bronze and Iron Ages boundary. Reference stone assemblages accompany different types of pottery and their combinations: Korshak and Lebyazhskaya cultures, Ananyino cultural-historical community and ceramics with “cross-like” ornamentation. This indicates that mobile foragers established links with tundra and taiga cultures, uniting them into a single network of the Bronze and Iron Age boundary in the north-east of Europe. A detailed analysis of the identifed stone-working tradition, its naming, the search for origins and spatial and temporal variants is needed in the future.

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De Wilde, David, and Marc De Bie. "On the origin and significance of microburins: an experimental approach." Antiquity 85, no. 329 (2011): 729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068277.

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The authors used knapping experiments to study the way that microburins are produced. Once thought of as signature pieces of the Mesolithic, these experiments suggest that they were by-products of a gradual technological development by knappers trying to make arrowheads that had no bulb of percussion — and were thus easier to haft. They make a case for an evolution already present in the late Palaeolithic and determined by practical, rather than cultural, social or environmental imperatives.

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Zorrilla-Revilla, Guillermo, Marco Vidal-Cordasco, Olalla Prado-Nóvoa, and Marcos Terradillos-Bernal. "Know-how, or How Knapping Experience Can Affect a Prehistoric Lithic Workshop." Lithic Technology 46, no. 3 (2021): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2021.1911207.

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Nedomolkin, Andrey G. "Knapping technology at the Epipalaeolithic site in Mezmay cave, the Northwest Caucasus." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, no. 2 (2020): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086960630009070-6.

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de la Peña Alonso, Paloma, and L. Gerardo Vega Toscano. "Bipolar Knapping in Gravettian Occupations at El Palomar Rockshelter (Yeste, Southeastern Spain)." Journal of Anthropological Research 69, no. 1 (2013): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/jar.0521004.0069.103.

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