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Journal articles on the topic 'Knoevenagel condensation reactions'

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Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Hu, Xiao Mei, Yang Zhao, Yun Fei Gao, Yi Bo Xiao, and Bi Xian Zhang. "Knoevenagel Reactions in Ionic Liquids." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.557.

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Ionic liquids (ILs) as “green solvents” provided an effective and efficient procedure for Knoevenagel condensation reactions. It is applicable for a large range of aldehydes, ketones with active methylene compounds. ILs can significantly promote the reaction rates. High yields and selectivity of products have been observed. ILs can be recycled and reused. In this paper, the recent achievements of Knoevenagel condensation reactions promoted by ILs are reviewed.
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2

Badiger, Krishnappa B., and Kantharaju Kamanna. "Knoevenagel condensation reaction catalysed by agro-waste extract as a greener solvent catalyst." Organic Communications 14, no. 1 (2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/acg.oc.99.21.01.1948.

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This paper present a novel Knoevenagel reaction protocol for the condensation of aromatic/heteroaromatic aldehydes with malononitrile to give α, β–unsaturated benzylidene derivatives. The main focus of this work is to reveal the usability of agro-waste extracts as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation. The present protocol proceeds efficiently for various substituted aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes in the Knoevenagel reactions. In addition, the present method describes direct isolation of the formed products without using organic solvent extraction gave good yields product.
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3

Jimenez, David Esteban Quintero, Lucas Lima Zanin, Luan Farinelli Diniz, Javier Ellena, and André Luiz Meleiro Porto. "Green Synthetic Methodology of (E)-2-cyano-3-aryl Selective Knoevenagel Adducts Under Microwave Irradiation." Current Microwave Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2019): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335606666190906123431.

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Background: The Knoevenagel condensation is an important reaction in organic chemistry because of its capacity to form new C-C bonds and its products are mainly used in organic synthesis as intermediates, due to the large number of reactions they can undergo. Based on the importance of the Knoevenagel adducts, a sustainable synthetic methodology was developed employing microwave irradiation. Objective: Develop a synthetic methodology employing microwave irradiation and green solvents to obtain Knoevenagel adducts with high yields. Methods: Knoevenagel condensation reactions were evaluated with
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4

Fan, Xuesen, Xueyuan Hu, Xinying Zhang, and Jianji Wang. "Ionic Liquid Promoted Knoevenagel and Michael Reactions." Australian Journal of Chemistry 57, no. 11 (2004): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04060.

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The utilization of the ionic liquid [bmim][BF4] as both reaction medium and promoter for the Knoevenagel condensation and Michael addition reactions is described in this paper. Through these reactions, several useful electrophilic alkenes and chromene derivatives are obtained in high yields. The advantages of these two novel procedures include their environmentally benign nature, atom economy, simple operation process, and mild reaction conditions.
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5

Hayashi, Shun, Seiji Yamazoe, Kiichirou Koyasu, and Tatsuya Tsukuda. "Application of group V polyoxometalate as an efficient base catalyst: a case study of decaniobate clusters." RSC Advances 6, no. 20 (2016): 16239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00338a.

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We demonstrated for the first time that [Nb<sub>10</sub>O<sub>28</sub>]<sup>6−</sup> exhibited base catalytic activity for aldol-type condensation reactions including Knoevenagel and Claisen–Schmidt condensation reactions.
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6

Gouda, Moustafa. "LiOH.H2O as a catalyst for Knoevenagel and Gewald reactions." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 12, no. 4 (2010): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-010-0046-6.

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LiOH.H2O as a catalyst for Knoevenagel and Gewald reactions Commercial available lithium hydroxide monohydrate LiOH.H2O was found to be a novel ‘dual activation’ catalyst for tandem cross Knoevenagel condensation between malononitrile or ethylcyanoacetate and aromatic aldehydes leading to an efficient and easy synthesis of the corresponding arylidenes at room temperature in a short reaction time. In the case of salicyaldehyde the reaction lead to the formation of 3-substituted coumarins. The high efficacy, cheapness and easy availability of LiOH.H2O prompted us to investigate its validity as a
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7

Lv, Hongxiao, Liming Fan, Hongtai Chen, Xiutang Zhang, and Yanpeng Gao. "Nanochannel-based {BaZn}–organic framework for catalytic activity on the cycloaddition reaction of epoxides with CO2 and deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 9 (2022): 3546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt04231a.

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Nanochannel-based {[(CH3)2NH2]2[BaZn(TDP)(H2O)]×DMF×5H2O}n (NUC-51) is synthesized and displays a high catalytic activity on the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides with CO2 and the deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
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8

Nagaraju, Sakkani, Neeli Satyanarayana, Banoth Paplal, et al. "One-pot synthesis of functionalized isoxazole–thiolane hybrids via Knoevenagel condensation and domino sulfa-1,6-Michael/intramolecular vinylogous Henry reactions." RSC Advances 5, no. 114 (2015): 94474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra16721c.

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One-pot synthesis of isoxazole–thiolane hybrids are reported via the Knoevenagel condensation, domino sulfa-1,6-Michael/intramolecular vinylogous Henry reactions using piperidine (30 mol%) with &gt;95% yields in 2–2.5 h overall reaction time.
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9

Hinde, Christopher S., William R. Webb, Benny K. J. Chew, et al. "Utilisation of gold nanoparticles on amine-functionalised UiO-66 (NH2-UiO-66) nanocrystals for selective tandem catalytic reactions." Chemical Communications 52, no. 39 (2016): 6557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc02169g.

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10

Bahammou, Imane, Ayoub Esaady, Said Boukhris, et al. "Direct use of mineral fertilizers MAP, DAP, and TSP as heterogeneous catalysts in organic reactions." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 6 (2016): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc56/01607062219-souizi.

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In this paper, we reported the first use of phosphate fertilizers (MAP, DAP, and TSP) as heterogeneous catalysts for organic reactions. Their catalytic activities were investigated in the first time in Knoevenagel condensation of various aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile at room temperature. These minerals phosphate showed high catalytic activities and ability to be recovering and reusing without a significant loss in their catalytic activities. In order to reach the optimal reaction conditions for Knoevenagel condensation, we carried out a kinetic study of the effect of reaction time,
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11

Yuan, Xiaofeng, Zijuan Wang, Qiang Zhang, and Jun Luo. "An intramolecular relay catalysis strategy for Knoevenagel condensation and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition domino reactions." RSC Advances 9, no. 41 (2019): 23614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04081a.

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12

Zhang, Jing, Hao Yu, Caixia Zhang, Cheng He, and Chunying Duan. "Cerium-based M4L4 tetrahedrons containing hydrogen bond groups as functional molecular flasks for selective reaction prompting." New J. Chem. 38, no. 7 (2014): 3137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj00062e.

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13

Ang, Wei Jie, Yong Sheng Chng, and Yulin Lam. "Fluorous bispidine: a bifunctional reagent for copper-catalyzed oxidation and knoevenagel condensation reactions in water." RSC Advances 5, no. 99 (2015): 81415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17093a.

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Fluorous bispidine-type ligands have been developed to demonstrate its bifunctional property as a ligand and base in copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation, the Knoevenagel condensation and tandem oxidation/condensation in water under mild conditions.
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14

Liu, Chang, Changyan Cao, Jian Liu, Xiaoshi Wang, Yanan Zhu, and Weiguo Song. "One methyl group makes a major difference: shape-selective catalysis by zeolite nanoreactors in liquid-phase condensation reactions." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 33 (2017): 17464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04187j.

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15

Watson, Geert, Parviz Gohari Derakhshandeh, Sara Abednatanzi, Johannes Schmidt, Karen Leus, and Pascal Van Der Voort. "A Ru-Complex Tethered to a N-Rich Covalent Triazine Framework for Tandem Aerobic Oxidation-Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions." Molecules 26, no. 4 (2021): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040838.

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Herein, a highly N-rich covalent triazine framework (CTF) is applied as support for a RuIII complex. The bipyridine sites within the CTF provide excellent anchoring points for the [Ru(acac)2(CH3CN)2]PF6 complex. The obtained robust RuIII@bipy-CTF material was applied for the selective tandem aerobic oxidation-Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The presented system shows a high catalytic performance (&gt;80% conversion of alcohols to α, β-unsaturated nitriles) without the use of expensive noble metals. The bipy-CTF not only acts as the catalyst support but also provides the active sites for bot
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16

Burgoyne, Andrew R., and Reinout Meijboom. "Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions Catalysed by Metal-Organic Frameworks." Catalysis Letters 143, no. 6 (2013): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-013-0995-5.

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17

Wyvratt, Brian M., Jonathan P. McMullen, and Shane T. Grosser. "Multidimensional dynamic experiments for data-rich process development of reactions in flow." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 9 (2019): 1637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9re00078j.

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18

Bora, Manisha A., Vasant V. Chabukswar та Manu Vashishtha. "A Recoverable PANI/α-Fe2O3 Nanocatalyst for Ultrasound-Assisted Knovenagel Condensation". Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, № 4 (2023): 942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27585.

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In this research work, a new PANI/α-Fe2O3 (PANI = polyaniline) nanocatalyst was prepared and applied to ultrasound-assisted Knoevenagel condensation reaction using ultrasound waves at ambient temperature. The ultrasound-assisted synthesis is a quick, green and efficient C–C bond formation reaction method. Many parameters of the condensation reaction were optimized, such as irradiation time, types of solvent, screening of catalyst and its amount. The results showed that the yields from the ultrasound-assisted reactions were higher than from non-irradiated responses as well as other conventional
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19

Soliman, Ahmed I. A., Ameena Bacchus, Rozita Zare, Shrikanta Sutradhar, and Pedram Fatehi. "Cationic lignin as an efficient and sustainable homogenous catalyst for aqueous Knoevenagel condensation reactions." RSC Advances 14, no. 40 (2024): 29595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra05763e.

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20

Zhang, Lina, Hao Wang, Zhangfeng Qin, Jianguo Wang, and Weibin Fan. "Synthesis of two-dimensional mesoporous carbon nitride under different carbonization temperatures and investigation of its catalytic properties in Knoevenagel condensations." RSC Advances 5, no. 29 (2015): 22838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00225g.

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Ordered two-dimensional mesoporous carbon nitride materials with tunable surface area, pore volume and nitrogen content were prepared under different carbonization temperatures and tested for Knoevenagel condensation reactions.
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21

Sun, Qi, Briana Aguila, and Shengqian Ma. "A bifunctional covalent organic framework as an efficient platform for cascade catalysis." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 1, no. 7 (2017): 1310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qm00363j.

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A covalent organic framework bearing pyridine moieties, which serves as a promising platform for cascade catalysis, exhibits extraordinary catalytic properties as exemplified by aerobic oxidation–Knoevenagel condensation reactions.
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22

Yi, Xiu-Chun, Fu-Gui Xi, Yan Qi, and En-Qing Gao. "Synthesis and click modification of an azido-functionalized Zr(iv) metal–organic framework and a catalytic study." RSC Advances 5, no. 2 (2015): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09883h.

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23

Zhou, Yingjie, Jingjing Liu, Rongcai Huang, et al. "Covalently immobilized ionic liquids on single layer nanosheets for heterogeneous catalysis applications." Dalton Trans. 46, no. 38 (2017): 13126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt01510k.

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Covalently immobilized ionic liquids on sinlge layer α-zirconium phosphate nanosheets can serve as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for various reactions, such as Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate.
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24

Karmakar, Anirban, Mohamed M. A. Soliman, Guilherme M. D. M. Rúbio, M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, and Armando J. L. Pombeiro. "Synthesis and catalytic activities of a Zn(ii) based metallomacrocycle and a metal–organic framework towards one-pot deacetalization-Knoevenagel tandem reactions under different strategies: a comparative study." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 24 (2020): 8075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01312a.

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4,4′-{(Pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl)bis(azanediyl)}dibenzoic acid is used to synthesize macrocycle and MOF which act as catalysts for tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation reactions under heating, microwave or ultrasonic irradiation.
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25

Meng, Dan, Yongsheng Qiao, Xin Wang, Wei Wen, and Sanhu Zhao. "DABCO-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes with ethyl cyanoacetate using hydroxy ionic liquid as a promoter." RSC Advances 8, no. 53 (2018): 30180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06506c.

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N-(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-pyridinium chloride ([HyEtPy]Cl) was synthesized and explored as a novel promoter for 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO)-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reactions, excellent catalytic activity was obtained.
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26

Karchgaudhuri, Nilay, Aparna De, and Alok Kumar Mitra. "Microwave-Assisted Condensation Reactions Exploiting Hexamethylenetetramine as a Catalyst under Solvent-Free Conditions." Journal of Chemical Research 2002, no. 4 (2002): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823402103171591.

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Hexamethylenetetramine has been exploited for the first time successfully as a catalyst for the Doebner reaction and Knoevenagel condensation along with the rate enhancement by microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions.
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27

Zhao, Xian-Liang, Ke-Fang Yang, Xuan-Gan Liu, Chun-Lin Ye, Li-Wen Xu, and Guo-Qiao Lai. "Polyguanidine as a Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions in Water." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 4 (2013): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12507.

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Polyguanidine is used as a novel and highly efficient catalyst in the Knoevenagel reaction of aldehydes with active methylene compounds in water to afford substituted electrophilic alkenes. This method is applicable for a wide range of aldehydes including aromatic and heterocyclic substrates. The polyguanidine catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused many times for the aqueous Knoevenagel reaction without loss of activity.
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28

Nagaraju, Sakkani, Neeli Satyanarayana, Banoth Paplal, et al. "Correction: One-pot synthesis of functionalized isoxazole–thiolane hybrids via Knoevenagel condensation and domino sulfa-1,6-Michael/intramolecular vinylogous Henry reactions." RSC Advances 5, no. 124 (2015): 102399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra90105g.

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Correction for 'One-pot synthesis of functionalized isoxazole–thiolane hybrids via Knoevenagel condensation and domino sulfa-1,6-Michael/intramolecular vinylogous Henry reactions' by Sakkani Nagaraju et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 94474–94478.
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29

Abdolahi, Sahar, and Mohammad Soleiman-Beigi. "Exploring the catalytic activity of –NHSO3H functionalized natural asphalt: a sustainable and efficient catalyst for condensation reactions in water." RSC Advances 15, no. 12 (2025): 9280–94. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra00870k.

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Natural asphalt sulfamic acid (NA-NHSO3H) was synthesized through the functionalization of natural asphalt (NA). The catalytic performance of NA-NHSO3H was evaluated in Knoevenagel and Claisen–Schmidt condensation reactions under mild conditions.
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30

Yue, Liu-Juan, Ying-Ying Liu, Guo-Hai Xu, and Jian-Fang Ma. "Calix[4]arene-based polyoxometalate organic–inorganic hybrid and coordination polymer as heterogeneous catalysts for azide–alkyne cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation reaction." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 40 (2019): 15871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03930a.

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One POM-based Cu(i)-hybrid and one Cd(ii) compound have been achieved by a calix[4]arene ligand. They exhibit efficient catalytic abilities for azide–alkyne cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation reactions, respectively.
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31

Hangarge, Rajkumar V., Dilip V. Jarikote, and Murlidhar S. Shingare. "Knoevenagel condensation reactions in an ionic liquidSee ref. 1." Green Chemistry 4, no. 3 (2002): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b111634g.

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32

Madasamy, Kanagaraj, Shanmugasundaram Kumaraguru, Velayutham Sankar, Subramaniyan Mannathan, and Murugavel Kathiresan. "A Zn based metal organic framework as a heterogeneous catalyst for C–C bond formation reactions." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 9 (2019): 3793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj05953e.

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33

Jumal, Juliana, and Norhanis Sakinah. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Coumarin Derivatives: A Short Review." Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology 7, no. 1 (2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/mjosht.v7i1.145.

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Coumarin and its derivatives represent one of the most active curriculums of compound possessing a broad spectrum of biological activity along with other applications such as insecticide and fragrance. There are various methodologies developed for the synthesis of coumarins. Classical routes to coumarins include Pechmann condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, Perkin reaction, and Wittig condensation reactions. Researchers have carried out adjustments and improvements to increase the efficacy and overcome the limitations from the classical route. In this review outline, coumarin derivatives we
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34

Neves, Fernando B., Lucas L. Zanin, Rayanne R. Pereira, et al. "Chitin and Silk Fibroin Biopolymers Modified by Oxone: Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Knoevenagel Reaction." Catalysts 12, no. 8 (2022): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12080904.

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New materials from silk fibroin (FS-Ox) and chitin (CT-Ox) functionalized with Oxone® salt were developed for application in the synthesis of Knoevenagel adducts. The experiments were performed using benzaldehyde derivatives, malononitrile, and a mixture of water and ethanol as green solvents. The efficiency of conventional and microwave irradiation as heating sources for this reaction was also investigated. When the reactions were performed for 60 min under optimized conditions with conventional heating, twelve Knoevenagel adducts 2a–l were obtained, with good yields for both catalysts (CT-Ox
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35

Su, Junjun, Xin Wen, Weiping Chen, Yang Miao, Fenghong Li, and Yue Wang. "Benzothiadiazole-oligothiophene flanked dicyanomethylenated quinacridone for non-fullerene acceptors in polymer solar cells." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 7 (2018): 5005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj00102b.

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A new class of benzothiadiazole-oligo(3-hexylthiophene) flanked dicyanomethylenated quinacridone derivatives DCNQA-BT-Tn (n = 1–3) has been designed and synthesized in good yield by iterative bromination and Suzuki coupling reactions, followed by Knoevenagel condensation.
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36

Choudhary, Priyanka, Arghya Sen, Ajay Kumar, Suman Dhingra, C. M. Nagaraja, and Venkata Krishnan. "Sulfonic acid functionalized graphitic carbon nitride as solid acid–base bifunctional catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation and multicomponent tandem reactions." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 16 (2021): 6265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00650a.

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A highly efficient, non-toxic, metal-free, low-cost, acid–base bifunctional sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride (S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) nanosheets for Knoevenagel condensation and multicomponent tandem reactions under environmentally benign conditions.
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37

Riemann, I., W. D. Fessner, M. A. Papadopoulos та M. Knorst. "C-Glycosides by Aqueous Condensation of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds with Unprotected Sugars". Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, № 2 (2002): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02012.

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Condensation of 1,3-diketones with unprotected aldoses in water, under mildly alkaline conditions, provides a�convenient and effective route to C-glycosidic ketones in high yields. Reactions usually proceed with high β`anomeric' stereoselectivity because product composition is determined by thermodynamic control. Mechanistically, the condensation follows a typical Knoevenagel scheme, after which an intramolecular oxa-Michael cyclization determines C-glycoside configuration by following an exo- or endo-trig pathway. With open-chain 1,3-diketones, an ensuing retro-Claisen fragmentation occurs to
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38

Bazgir, Ayoob, and Hossein Yazdani. "Lewis Acid Catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiroisoxazolines via One-Pot Sequential Knoevenagel Condensation/1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction." Synthesis 51, no. 07 (2019): 1669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610676.

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A ZnCl2-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective one-pot sequential Knoevenagel condensation/1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of CH acids (oxindole, 1,3-indandione, and 3H-pyrazol-3-one), aldehydes, and dibromoformaldoxime has been established. The method allows the synthesis of diversely functionalized spiroisoxazolines in good isolated yields under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the preparation of spiroindene-isoxazole-1,3-diones containing benzoimidazole or benzothiazole moieties as new ligands for the metal-catalyzed coupling reactions and C–H activation is demonstrated.
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39

Mali, Snehali, Sachin Shinde, Shashikant Damte, and Suresh Patil. "Synergistic effect of natural chickpea leaf exudates acids in heterocyclization: a greener protocol for benzopyran synthesis." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (2018): 170333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170333.

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Without using any toxic or hazardous reagent, ligand, acid, transition metal catalyst, additives/promoters and organic solvent, green Knoevenagel condensation and tandem Knoevenagel–Michael reactions have been successfully carried out by using chickpea leaf exudates as a naturally sourced Bronsted acid type bio-catalyst. The reaction proceeds in neat chickpea leaf exudates at room temperature in aqueous conditions in very short reaction times, and therefore, it is an evergreen and environmentally sound alternative to the existing protocols for benzopyran synthesis. In comparison to the convent
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40

Arafa, Wael A. A., AbdElAziz A. Nayl, Ismail M. Ahmed, Ayman M. S. Youssef, Asmaa K. Mourad, and Stefan Bräse. "A Ru-Based Complex for Sustainable One-Pot Tandem Aerobic Oxidation-Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions." Molecules 29, no. 21 (2024): 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29215114.

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Our novel binuclear complex-anchored Ru(III) catalyst, designed and assembled by sonicating 2,2′-(4,6-dihydroxy-1,3-phenylene)bis(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid), Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 and 4-methylpyridine, demonstrates remarkable efficiency and selectivity. It promotes one-pot reactions, including active methylenes and benzyl alcohols in water, via a tandem aerobic oxidation/Knoevenagel condensation process, yielding benzylidene malononitrile in excellent yields. The catalyst’s ability to oxidize benzyl alcohols to aldehydes, which then undergo Knoevenagel condensation with active methylenes,
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41

Marjani, Ahmad Poursattar, Jabbar Khalafy, and Somayeh Akbarzadeh. "Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives by one-pot, three-component reactions of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide." Green Processing and Synthesis 8, no. 1 (2019): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0022.

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Abstract Pyrazolopyridine and pyrazoloquinoline derivatives were obtained by a one-pot, three-component reaction of arylglyoxals, 3-methyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide at 80°C in water through Knoevenagel and Micheal reactions, followed by intramolecular condensation, unexpected dearoylation and oxidation. Mild reaction conditions, high yields, simplicity of work up procedure, starting materials availability and clean product formation are some of the main advantages of this synthetic strategy.
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42

Zhai, Zhi-Wei, Shuang-Hua Yang, Ya-Ru Lv, Chen-Xia Du, Lin-Ke Li, and Shuang-Quan Zang. "Amino functionalized Zn/Cd-metal–organic frameworks for selective CO2 adsorption and Knoevenagel condensation reactions." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 12 (2019): 4007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt00391f.

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43

Gali, Rajitha, Janardhan Banothu, Mahendar Porika, Ravibabu Velpula, Rajitha Bavantula, and Sadanandam Abbagani. "Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity of novel coumarinylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives." RSC Adv. 4, no. 96 (2014): 53812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11428k.

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A series of novel coumarinylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives were synthesized by the treatment of 3-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one with phenacyl bromides followed by Vilsmeier–Haack and Knoevenagel condensation reactions. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity.
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44

Salami, Sodeeq Aderotimi, Vincent J. Smith, and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause. "Aqua/Mechanochemical Mediated Synthesis of Novel Spiro [Indole–Pyrrolidine] Derivatives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (2023): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032307.

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Spirocyclic scaffolds are found in many pharmacologically active natural and synthetic compounds. From time to time, efforts have been made to develop new or better processes for the synthesis of spirocyclic compounds. Spiro [Indole–pyrrolidine] Derivatives are readily synthesized in high to excellent yields by the Michael condensation of 3-dicyanomethylene-2H-indol-2-ones (produced via the Knoevenagel condensation of indole-2,3-dione with malononitrile) with isothiocyanate derivatives under aqueous and mechanochemical conditions. The advantages of this protocol are that the reactions are solv
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45

Zanin, Lucas Lima, David Esteban Quintero Jimenez, Luis Pina Fonseca, and Andre Luiz Meleiro Porto. "Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions of Cyano Malononitrile-Derivatives Under Microwave Radiation." Current Organic Chemistry 22, no. 6 (2018): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272822666180123145819.

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46

Shrikhande, Janhavi J., Manoj B. Gawande, and Radha V. Jayaram. "Cross-aldol and Knoevenagel condensation reactions in aqueous micellar media." Catalysis Communications 9, no. 6 (2008): 1010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2007.10.001.

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47

Rodriguez, I., G. Sastre, A. Corma, and S. Iborra. "Catalytic Activity of Proton Sponge: Application to Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions." Journal of Catalysis 183, no. 1 (1999): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1998.2380.

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48

Rachid., MAHY, OULMIDI Abdelkader., and CHALLIOUI Allal. "Synthesis of Cinnamic Derivatives using Pyridine and Piperidine via Simple Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction." Chemistry Research Journal 3, no. 6 (2018): 28–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13753979.

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Cinnamic derivatives were easily prepared in good yield, by<strong> </strong>using<strong> </strong>Knoevenagel condensation between aromatic aldehydes and compounds containing an active methylene group. Reactions were performed in pyridine and in presence of piperidine as a basic catalyst. The structures were determined using IR and NMR spectroscopy.
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49

P, Paliwal, Mujalda V, Rao Jetti S, Babu G.N., and S. Jain. "Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of 2,4-diamino-8,8-dimethyl-6-oxo-5-(heteroaryl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-chromeno[2,3-b] pyridine-3-carbonitrile." International Journal of Drug Design and Discovery 3, no. 4 (2025): 930–34. https://doi.org/10.37285/ijddd.3.4.7.

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Four-component one pot cyclocondensation of heteroaromatic aldehyde1, malononitrile2, 5,5-dimethyl-cyclohexane-1,3-dione (dimedone)3 and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane4 in aqueous-ethanol after initial Knoevenagel condensation, subsequent Michael and final heterocyclization reactions gave substituted and functionalized pyrano(c)chromene derivatives.5 These pyrano(c)chromenes on reaction with malononirile result in the formation of diversely substituted linear tricyclic chromenopyridine6, via cyclocondensation followed by heterocyclization. All the compounds are biologically active against var
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Michenzi, Cinzia, Francesca Scaramuzzo, Chiara Salvitti, Federico Pepi, Anna Troiani, and Isabella Chiarotto. "Photo-Activated Carbon Dots as Catalysts in Knoevenagel Condensation: An Advance in the Synthetic Field." Photochem 4, no. 3 (2024): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem4030022.

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Photoinduced chemical reactions and the development of new materials represent a current and significant topic. We present a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to the Knoevenagel condensation reaction involving carbonyl and active methylene compounds. Our method utilizes photo-activated carbon dots (CDs) derived from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF) within an aqueous medium and does not require acidic, basic, or thermal conditions. This protocol operates effectively with aromatic, aliphatic, and heteroaromatic aldehydes and ketones. The 5HMF-derived-CDs can be reused four times without signif
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