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Journal articles on the topic 'Ladle metallurgy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Duruiheme, Ogochukwu Queeneth, Xipeng Guo, Nicholas Walla, and Chenn Zhou. "Dissolution of Microalloying Elements in a Ladle Metallurgy Furnace." Metals 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020421.

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Industrial fusion of microalloying elements in steelmaking is imperative in defining and optimizing certain steel properties due to their strengthening and significant grain refinements effects at minute quantities. Copper, vanadium, and columbium are explored in this investigation to monitor their respective dissolution processes in a ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF), with concise parametric studies on effects of number of plugs and variations in argon gas flow rates for stirring. To track particle disintegration in the molten bath inside, intricate numerical processing was carried out with the use of mathematical models and to simulate the mixing process; turbulent multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were combined with a user-defined function. The numerical findings highlight the connection between mixing time and gas blowing since the quantity of stirring plugs employed and the gas flow rates directly affect mixing effectiveness. The amount of particles to be injected and their total injection time were validated using industrial measurement; an average difference of 9.9% was achieved. In order to establish the need for an exceptionally high flow rate and inevitably reduce resource waste, extreme charging of flow rates for gas stirring were compared to lesser gas flow rates in both dual- and single-plug ladles. The results show that a single-plug ladle with a flow rate of 0.85 m3/min and a dual-plug ladle with a total flow rate of 1.13 m3/min have the same mixing time of 5.6 min, which was the shortest among all scenarios.

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2

Burty, M., C. Pussé, C. Bertoletti, P. Wetta, and E. Cariola. "Kettlor: efficient stirring in ladle metallurgy." Revue de Métallurgie 103, no. 11 (November 2006): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2006128.

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3

Zhang, Han, Hong Lei, Changyou Ding, Shifu Chen, Yuanyou Xiao, and Qiang Li. "Two-Way PBM–Euler Model for Gas and Liquid Flow in the Ladle." Materials 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 3782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103782.

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Ladle metallurgy is an important steelmaking technology in high-quality steel production. The blowing of argon at the ladle bottom has been applied in ladle metallurgy for several decades. Until now, the issue of breakage and coalescence among bubbles was still far from being solved. In order to have a deep insight into the complex process of fluid flow in the gas-stirred ladle, the Euler–Euler model and population balance model (PBM) are coupled to investigate the complex fluid flow in the gas-stirred ladle. Here, the Euler–Euler model is applied to predict the two-phase flow, and PBM is applied to predict the bubble and size distribution. The coalescence model, which considers turbulent eddy and bubble wake entrainment, is taken into account to determine the evolution of the bubble size. The numerical results show that if the mathematical model ignores the breakage of bubbles, the mathematical model gives the wrong bubble distribution. For bubble coalescence in the ladle, turbulent eddy coalescence is the main mode, and wake entrainment coalescence is the minor mode. Additionally, the number of the bubble-size group is a key parameter for describing the bubble behavior. The size group number 10 is recommended to predict the bubble-size distribution.

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4

Ervina Efzan, Mhd Noor, and Hao Jie Kong. "The Properties and Microstructure of Na2CO3 and Al-10Sr Alloy Hybrid Modified LM6 Using Ladle Metallurgy Method." Materials 16, no. 20 (October 20, 2023): 6780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16206780.

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In this work, Al-10Sr alloy and Na2CO3 were added to LM6 (reference alloy) as hybrid modifiers through ladle metallurgy. The microstructure enhancement was analyzed using an optical microscope (OM). The results were further confirmed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The results showed that Na2CO3 and Al-10Sr alloy successfully hybrid modified the sharp needle-like eutectic Si into fibrous eutectic Si. Soft primary Al dendrites were also discovered after the hybrid modification. The formation of β-Fe flakes was suppressed, and α-Fe sludge was transformed into Chinese script morphology. A 2.13% density reduction was recorded. A hardness test was also performed to investigate the mechanical improvement of the hybrid-modified LM6. 2.3% of hardness reduction was recorded in the hybrid-modified LM6 through ladle metallurgy. Brittle cracks were not observed, while ductile pile-ups were the main features that appeared on the indentations of hybrid-modified LM6, indicating a brittle to ductile transformation after hybrid modification of LM6 by Na2CO3 and Al-10Sr alloy through ladle metallurgy.

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5

Huang, Bang Fu, Xiao Lei Zhou, Gui Fang Zhang, and Zhe Shi. "Calculation Model of Torpedo Ladle Number." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.267.

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In order to predict scientific and reasonable torpedo ladle number and optimize torpedo ladle scheduling, this article analyzed operation process and turnover cycle of torpedo ladle in K steel plant as the research object. The relationship between blast furnace supply and continuous caster demand is analyzed. Based on relationship between supply and demand, the calculation model of torpedo ladle number is put forward under the conditions of blast furnace supply greater than, less than, and equal to the continuous caster demand. The control model can calculate the number of normal ladle and saving ladle and casting ladle. Satisfactory effects are obtained after applying the calculation model in production. The torpedo ladle number of different relationships between supply and demand can decrease. The research results supplies new methods for optimization and control of ironmaking and steelmaking interface system. The research methods enrich the theory of integration and optimization of metallurgy process system.

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6

Subagyo, G. A. Brooks, and G. A. Irons. "Spout Eyes Area Correlation in Ladle Metallurgy." ISIJ International 43, no. 2 (2003): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.262.

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7

Mietz, Jürgen, Stefan Schneider, and Franz Oeters. "Emulsification and mass transfer in ladle metallurgy." Steel Research 62, no. 1 (January 1991): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199101720.

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8

M. A., Mikheenkov, Sheshukov O. Yu., and Lobanov D. A. "Reduction Of Environmental Pressure By Giving Cementing Material Properties To The Ferrous Slags." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.948.

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There are two main kinds of slag in modern steelmaking industry: the electric arc furnace slag (the EAF slag) which is produced in the manufacture of crude steel by the electric arc furnace process and the ladle furnace basic slag (the LF slag) which is produced at the final stages of steelmaking, when the steel is desulfurized in the transport ladle, during what is generally known as the secondary metallurgy process.

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9

Jojo-Cunningham, Yasmeen, Xipeng Guo, Chenn Zhou, and Yun Liu. "Volumetric Flow Field inside a Gas Stirred Cylindrical Water Tank." Fluids 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010011.

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Ladle metallurgy serves as a crucial component of the steelmaking industry, where it plays a pivotal role in manipulating the molten steel to exercise precise control over its composition and properties. Turbulence in ladle metallurgy influences various important aspects of the steelmaking process, including mixing and distribution of additives, alongside the transport and removal of inclusions within the ladle. Consequently, gaining a clear understanding of the stirred flow field holds the potential of optimizing ladle design, improving control strategies, and enhancing the overall efficiency and steel quality. In this project, an advanced Particle-Tracking-Velocimetry system known as “Shake-the-Box” is implemented on a cylindrical water ladle model while compressed air injections through two circular plugs positioned at the bottom of the model are employed to actively stir the flow. To mitigate the particle images distortion caused by the cylindrical plexi-glass walls, the method of refractive matching is utilized with an outer polygon tank filled with a sodium iodide solution. The volumetric flow measurement is achieved on a 6 × 6 × 2 cm domain between the two plugs inside the cylindrical container while the flow rate of gas injection is set from 0.1 to 0.4 L per minute. The volumetric flow field result suggests double gas injection at low flow rate (0.1 L per minute) produce the least disturbed flow while highly disturbed and turbulent flow can be created at higher flow rate of gas injection.

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10

Liu, Shi Wei, Jing Kun Yu, and Fei Xiong Mao. "Thermal Behavior Modeling of Interior Refractory Lining of Torpedo-Ladle by Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 282-283 (July 2011): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.282-283.444.

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Torpedo-ladle was widely used in hot metal transportation. As its insulation properties had deep influence on the quality of iron and steel during the metallurgy process, the method to improve the insulation properties of torpedo-ladle was concerned widely. The results of this paper showed that either using lower thermal conductivity or increasing the thickness of insulation lining could effectively improve torpedo thermal insulation properties by solving the 3-D model with ANSYS.

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11

Li, Shan, Bo Gao, Yu Qi Wang, and Lei Wang. "Research on UG Overturning Characteristic of 75t Iron Ladle." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 2037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.2037.

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The iron ladle is a kind of large metallurgy equipments and used for collecting and carrying iron water. According to the factual demand of produce, some corporation wanted to enlarge the capacity of the idle from 65t to 75t only by increasing the height of ladle. This paper is aimed at the changing idle which the capacity is 75t and built up its 3D numerical model. According to the constant of the iron water capacity, it used the method of modeling to find the angle of the ladle taphole and made sure the ladle couldn't overturn automatically by studying the process of overturning. Then this paper worked out the overturning moment so that it could provide mechanics data for the analysis of the finite element and the reformation of the corporation.

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12

Xu, Xiaodong, Geoffrey A. Brooks, and William Yang. "Online Analysis of Stirring Processes in Ladle Metallurgy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 41, no. 5 (July 3, 2010): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-010-9394-0.

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13

Mietz, Jürgen, Stefan Schneider, and Franz Oeters. "Model experiments on mass transfer in ladle metallurgy." Steel Research 62, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199101719.

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14

Lampa, Martin, and Lenka Mokrošová. "Optimisation of the Thermal Process in Ladle Metallurgy in Terms of the Impact on Energy Consumption and the Environmental Burden During Steel Production." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 24 (2022): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2022.018.

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The paper focuses on reducing the energy intensity of ladle metallurgy as part of steel production and the associated reduction of pollutant emissions. This can be achieved by optimising the thermal work of metallurgical aggregates in terms of the impact on energy consumption and the environmental burden of steel production. It is about minimising the heat loss of liquid steel in the casting ladle throughout the entire process from the melting equipment, through the extra-furnace processing, to the continuous casting of the steel.

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15

Davydov, S. V., and O. A. Gorlenko. "Nonwaste Recycling of Nonferrous Metallurgy Slags in Iron Casting." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.1053.

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It is proposed to use waste slags of copper, nickel and titanium production at mining and metallurgical enterprises for their full recycling in graphite iron castings as a charge component, as well as an active additive in ladle and furnace inoculation of iron melt.

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16

Subagyo and G. A. Brooks. "Online Monitoring of Dynamic Slag Behavior in Ladle Metallurgy." ISIJ International 43, no. 8 (2003): 1286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.1286.

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17

Irons, Gordon, Anand Senguttuvan, and Krishnakumar Krishnapisharody. "Recent Advances in the Fluid Dynamics of Ladle Metallurgy." ISIJ International 55, no. 1 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.55.1.

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18

O. Yu., Sheshukov, Mikheenkov M.A., Egiazaryan D.K., Ovchinnikova L.A., and Lobanov D.A. "Chemical Stabilization Features Of Ladle Furnace Slag In Ferrous Metallurgy." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.947.

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<p class="TNR">Nowadays due to the application expansion of secondary steel processing methods, which provide high-degree metal desulfurization, a problem of the ladle furnace slag (or high-calcium refining slag) stabilization arose in the ferrous metallurgy. This slag cannot be stabilized because of its self-disintegrating properties.</p>

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19

Yonezawa, Kimitoshi, and Klaus Schwerdtfeger. "Correlation for Area of Spout Eyes in Ladle Metallurgy (Comments on "Spout Eye Area Correlation in Ladle Metallurgy" by Subagyo, Brooks and Irons)." ISIJ International 44, no. 1 (2004): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.217.

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20

Hernández, Victor H., Fidel Reyes, Juliana Gutiérrez, Gabriel Plascencia, and Fernando Martínez. "Kinetic Description of the Mass Transfer in Ladle Metallurgy Operations." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.491.

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In this work a kinetic model which describes the main refining reactions in a ladle furnace is depicted. The main difference between this work and other models previously reported relies on a formal quantification of the multi-component diffusion kinetics expressed as an analytical solution. Results from this model reproduce/predict adequately the chemical steps involved in an integrated steel shop.

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21

Hicks, K. B. "The electrical design and considerations for a ladle metallurgy facility." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 26, no. 4 (1990): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.55980.

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22

Fruehan, R. J. "Physical Chemistry and Process Dynamics of Reactions in Ladle Metallurgy." JOM 37, no. 3 (March 1985): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258665.

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23

Krishnapisharody, Krishnakumar, and Gordon A. Irons. "An Extended Model for Slag Eye Size in Ladle Metallurgy." ISIJ International 48, no. 12 (2008): 1807–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.48.1807.

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24

Mietz, Jürgen, and Michael Brühl. "Model calculations for mass transfer with mixing in ladle metallurgy." Steel Research 61, no. 3 (March 1990): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199000311.

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25

Kalandyk, B., and W. Wojtal. "Effects of Steel – Applied for Large-Dimension Castings for the Power Engineering – Refining in The Ladle-Furnace." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0071.

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Abstract The changes of a sulphur content during refining in melting low-alloy and high-alloy steels (G17CrMoV5-10; GX12CrMoNiVNbN9-1) applied for large-dimension castings for the power engineering are presented in the hereby paper. The investigated steel was melted in the oxygen-recovery melting technology with an application of maximum 70% of the process scrap. In addition, after steel melting in the electric arc furnace (EAF), the secondary metallurgy was performed in the ladle furnace (LF). It was shown that the application of the secondary metallurgy by a synthetic slag in the ladle furnace and argon bubbling of a metal bath leads to obtaining in the final analysis: 0.0043-0.0046% of sulphur (a decrease of S content during refining in LF reached 40%). Current measurements of FeO in the slag and maintaining its content below 0.8%, support obtaining such low sulphur content in steel. So low level of the slag oxidizing is one of the necessary conditions for a deep desulphurisation of the metal bath. Without the secondary metallurgy the sulphur content in low-alloy cast steel was 0.007%, while 0.01% in high-alloy cast steel. Controlling of the gas (oxygen, nitrogen) content during steel melting and correcting the amount of additions (e.g. deoxidants), allowed to obtain the low oxygen content (below 45 ppm for two investigated steel grades) and nitrogen content (88 ppm for low-alloy steel and 330 ppm for high-alloy steel), which warrants a good combination of strength and plastic properties.

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26

B, Boychenko, Kirilenko Y, Stoianov O, Niziaiev K, Synehin Ye, and Sukhovetskyi S. "Oxygen distribution between phases during ladle processing of aluminum killed bof steels." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 5, 2021 (September 1, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.5.2021.02.

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The modern state of secondary metallurgy is characterized by the sustainable development of technologies that ensure high metal quality by reducing the number of non-metallic inclusions, the which is closely related to the oxygen content in steel after smelting. Therefore, the issues of regularities of oxygen distribution between phases at the stage, BOF - CCM. Purpose. The aim of the research was to determine the conditions of redistribution of oxygen dissolved in the metal depending on the stages of steel processing, to determine the degree of approach of deoxidation processes to thermodynamic equilibrium. Methodology. Research was carried out in industrial scale. Steel grades 34Cr and 36CrB were smelted in BOF of 170-t capacity. Processing of crude steel was carried out in a LF unit with further vacuum degassing and wi thout it and transfer of steel to CCM. At each stage of steel treatment, metal and slag samples were taken using an automatic sampler to determine the chemical composition, and the temperature. Oxygen content were monitored using a "Celox" analyzer. Findings. The carried-out studies showed that before the end of metal processing in the ladle, it is possible to detect individual reoxidation processes caused by unwanted ingress of oxygen from the air and from ladle slag oxides. Accor ding to calculations, in the second half of processing in the ladle and during casting, there is a slight deoxidation of steel with aluminum due to a decrease in temperature. Even if during this time due to the exchange reaction between steel and slag, a small amount of Mn and Si is recovered from the ladle slag, while its composition is practically constant throughout the period of steel processing in the ladle, while the metallurgical reactions proceed in the region of thermodynamic equilibrium. Originality. It has been determined that oxygen activity in steel varies unevenly over time and decreases to 3 ppm by the end of treatment in the ladle. While in each case it is in the Fe – a[O] – Al system near the calculated values of thermodynamic equilibrium. Practical value. The use of the obtained regularities makes it possible to obtain the specified content of aluminum in steel for the studied assortment and to predict the burning of deoxidizers and alloying elements, ensuring the reliability of obtaining the required chemical composition of steel with a high degree of purity. Key words: reoxidation, deoxidation, oxygen activity, slag, metal, non-metallic inclusion After blowing end in the converter, the oxygen activity in steel is in the range of 1000-1500 ppm [1-3]. After tapping from the vessel to a teeming ladle, the oxygen content in the metal is reduced by secondary metallurgy processes in order to provide high-quality of continuously cast billets and high purity of steel. At this stage steel reaches necessary temperature and chemical composition. Important for theory and practice are patterns of oxygen distribution between phases at each stage of secondary metallurgy, studied directly under production conditions. This distribution determines the removal efficiency of harmful impurities, non-metallic inclusions and gases from the steel. It is advisable to compare the measured oxygen contents with equilibrium states, which can be easily achievable in practice, and their calculation can be carried by metallurgical scientists.

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27

Babenko, Anatoly A., Leonid A. Smirnov, and Alena G. Upolovnikova. "Fundamental Research as a Basis for the Creation of New Technologies in Steel Ladle Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.493.

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Theoretical and experimental studies including a study of slag viscosity of the CaO-SiO2-B2O3 system containing 25% Al2O3 and 8% MgO and equilibrium interphase distribution of sulfur and boron between slag and a low-carbon metal were carried out using a simplex-lattice experiment design and HSC 6.1 Chemistry software (Outokumpu). Fundamental research has contributed to the development of technology of basic boron-containing slags formation in ladle at ladle-furnace. These slags have a low viscosity, retaining high refining properties and providing direct microalloying of steel by boron. This technology has no analogues in domestic and foreign practice. The development of technology in the converter plant AO "ArcelorMittal Temirtau" (Kazakhstan) provided low-carbon steel production in wide grade composition, containing 0.001-0.008% boron and 0.004-0.014% sulfur, decreased consumption of manganese, high mechanical properties of rolled metal and improved environmental conditions.

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28

Brand, Alexander S., Punit Singhvi, Ebenezer O. Fanijo, and Erol Tutumluer. "Stabilization of a Clayey Soil with Ladle Metallurgy Furnace Slag Fines." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 4251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194251.

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The research study described in this paper investigated the potential to use steel furnace slag (SFS) as a stabilizing additive for clayey soils. Even though SFS has limited applications in civil engineering infrastructure due to the formation of deleterious expansion in the presence of water, the free CaO and free MgO contents allow for the SFS to be a potentially suitable candidate for clayey soil stabilization and improvement. In this investigation, a kaolinite clay was stabilized with 10% and 15% ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag fines by weight. This experimental study also included testing of the SFS mixtures with the activator calcium chloride (CaCl2), which was hypothesized to accelerate the hydration of the dicalcium silicate phase in the SFS, but the results show that the addition of CaCl2 was not found to be effective. Relative to the unmodified clay, the unconfined compressive strength increased by 67% and 91% when 10% and 15% LMF slag were utilized, respectively. Likewise, the dynamic modulus increased by 212% and 221% by adding 10% and 15% LMF slag, respectively. Specifically, the LMF slag fines are posited to primarily contribute to a mechanical rather than chemical stabilization mechanism. Overall, these findings suggest the effective utilization of SFS as a soil stabilization admixture to overcome problems associated with dispersive soils, but further research is required.

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29

Russell, R. D., J. D. Lewis, and H. Reiter. "Refractory performance at LTV Steel's ladle metallurgy facility, Indiana Harbor Works." Revue de Métallurgie 87, no. 6 (June 1990): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/199087060559.

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30

Tang, Haiyan, Jinwen Liu, Shuo Zhang, Xiaochen Guo, and Jiaquan Zhang. "A novel dual plugs gas blowing mode for efficient ladle metallurgy." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 46, no. 5 (February 10, 2019): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2019.1576270.

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31

Mazumdar, D., and R. I. L. Guthrie. "Hydrodynamic modeling of some gas injection procedures in ladle metallurgy operations." Metallurgical Transactions B 16, no. 1 (December 1985): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02657492.

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32

Krishnapisharody, K., and G. A. Irons. "A Critical Review of the Modified Froude Number in Ladle Metallurgy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 44, no. 6 (September 24, 2013): 1486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-013-9943-4.

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33

Vrbek, K., J. Lamut, M. Marolt, and M. Knap. "Changes in Hydrogen Content During Steelmaking." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0047.

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Abstract Štore Steel produces steel grades for spring, forging and engineering industry applications. Steelmaking technology consists of scrap melting in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), secondary metallurgy in Ladle Furnace (LF) and continuous casting of billets (CC). Hydrogen content during steelmaking of various steel grades and steelmaking technologies was measured. Samples of steel melt from EAF, LF and CC were collected and investigated. Sampling from Electric Arc Furnace and Ladle Furnace was carried out using vacuum pin tubes. Regular measurements of hydrogen content in steel melt were made using Hydris device. Hydrogen content results measured in tundish by Hydris device were compared with results from pin tube samples. Based on the measurement results it was established that hydrogen content during steelmaking increases. The highest values were determined in tundish during casting. Factors that influence the hydrogen content in liquid steel the most were steelmaking technology and alloying elements.

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34

Mikheenkov, M. A., O. Yu Sheshukov, and D. A. Lobanov. "Slag Technogenic Formations as a Material for the Production of Silicate Products and Pig Iron." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1119.

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The EAF and LF slag processing became an actual issue at the present day metallurgy. The possibility of joint and complete utilization of both electric furnace and ladle slag is considered in this paper. The purpose of the work was to develop a method for joint processing of EAF and LF slag with the production of marketable products. A simplex-lattice planning method was used during the work. The raw mixture consisted from EAF slag, ladle slag and limestone. The components of the raw mixture were mixed according to the experimental design, heated and melted under reducing conditions. The phase and chemical composition of melting products, obtained during the experiment, were determined. The results of the experiment showed that both slags and lime can be used together to produce Portland clinker and pig iron. These products are in good agreement with normative documents and thus, they can be used in further production.

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35

Zhang, Jian, Jing Long Bu, Li Ren Wang, and Rong Lin Wang. "Phase Composition Analysis of Recycled MgO-C Ladle Lining Materials." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 2236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.2236.

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With the iron and steel metallurgy, cement, ceramic and other industries making a rapid development, the refractory consumption in our country is quite large. So how to recycle the used refractory materials effectively is more and more important. In this experiment, the phase composition of ladle lining bricks at slag line, rampart and bottom were researched systematically, to determine the phase composition change between the unused and recycled materials. It turned out that the low melting point minerals CaMgSiO4 and Ca3Mg (SiO4)2 formed due to the reaction between MgO and the impurity compositions like SiO2 and CaO from the melted slag and liquid steel. On the one hand, the formation of these low melting point minerals was one of the main reason for the damage of the recycled MgO-C ladle lining bricks. On the other hand, the alkaline magnesium carbon bricks had purification effect for the liquid steel as a result of the content reduction of SiO2 and CaO.

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36

Rykalová, Eva, Zdeněk Peřina, Radek Fabian, and Petr Jonšta. "Possibilities of Use of the Thermographic Measurement as a Tool for Detecting Defects and Improving the Production Process." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.23.

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Infrared radiometric long-waved systems are widely used in various industries as well as in research and development. This long-waved system is the perfect tool for quick diagnosis of the state of the equipment, easy defect detection, which is reflected by higher temperatures due to increased friction and wear. Infrared radiometric long-waved systems are used especially in civil engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgy and many other industries. They are also used to optimize and improve of the production processes. The series of measurements using the infrared radiometric long-waved system in steel plant were carried out due to prepared research project. Images of temperature fields of ladles with liquid steel, cooled exhaust knee of electric arc furnace and ingot mould were obtained during solidification of steel ingot. Information about the state of wear of the refractory lining of the ladle, exhaust knee can be gained from obtained images. The obtained results can be used for more accurate numerical simulations of the process of casting and solidification of steel ingots.

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37

Guo, D., and G. A. Irons. "Modeling of gas-liquid reactions in ladle metallurgy: Part I. Physical modeling." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 31, no. 6 (December 2000): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-000-0029-8.

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Guo, D., and G. A. Irons. "Modeling of gas-liquid reactions in ladle metallurgy: Part II. Numerical simulation." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 31, no. 6 (December 2000): 1457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-000-0030-2.

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Engell, Hans-Jürgen. "Kinetic model for the influence of carry-over slag in ladle metallurgy." Steel Research 59, no. 12 (December 1988): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198801552.

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40

Baum, Rudolf, Kurt Böhnke, Tilman Boeckers, and Harald Klemp. "Properties of through hardening bearing steels produced by BOF blowing metallurgy and by electric arc furnace with ladle metallurgy." Steel Research 58, no. 9 (September 1987): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198700243.

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41

Sigarev, Е., D. Yeskov, A. Pohvalityi, and Т. Manukian. "DISTRIBUTION OF METAL DROPLETS BETWEEN GAS AND SLAG PHASES DURING BUCKET BATH BLOWING." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 41 (December 19, 2022): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.41.2022.1.

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Losses of metal with slag falling from the surface of the molten cast iron at the loading plants after the end of the ladle desulfurization process and losses with metal drops leaving the ladle bath when gas bubbles exit and break on its surface affect the cost and energy efficiency of the operation. Blowing a mixture of dispersed magnesium with lime into the ladle bath in the conditions of cast iron desulphurization plant PrJSC "KAMET—STEEL" leads to an increase in both the viscosity and the mass of the ladle slag, with an increase in the metal content in the form of balls in the ladle slag to 65— 80 %. The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of the removal of metal drops into the surrounding space, which are formed after the bursting of gas bubbles, when they fall on the surface of the ladle bath. To realize the set goal, a series of high—temperature experiments with simulation of bath purging during bucket desulfurization of cast iron were conducted in the laboratory conditions of the Department of metallurgy of ferrous metals and pressure metal processing of DSTU. A study of the features of removal and loss of cast iron with drops during overflows of the latter shows that some of the drops explode in flight with the release of brown smoke and the formation of drops of smaller sizes than the "mother" drop. Despite favorable conditions, part of the drops reach the surface of the bath or fly beyond it without exploding. Using the obtained experimental data, a model of the release of gas bubbles on the surface of the bath and an algorithm for calculating the indicators of the movement of metal drops formed from a metal film on the surface of gas bubbles after their rupture are proposed. It was determined that the most probable condition for blowing out the bath in a 230-ton bucket is the departure of metal drops from the surface of the bath at angles in the range of 35...45 degrees. The decisive role of the physicochemical properties of the slag cover and the expediency of further improvement of the blowing mode and slag regime of ladle desulphurization of processing cast iron have been confirmed.

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Zambrano, Héctor, Alfonso Bencomo, and Orlaynie Alén. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Gas Stirred Ladle Used in the Secondary Metallurgy." International Review of Chemical Engineering (IRECHE) 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/ireche.v13i1.20638.

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Zhang, Jiangshan, Qing Liu, Shufeng Yang, Zhixin Chen, Jingshe Li, and Zhengyi Jiang. "Advances in Ladle Shroud as A Functional Device in Tundish Metallurgy: A Review." ISIJ International 59, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2019-044.

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Mazumdar, D., and R. I. L. Guthrie. "Numerical computation of flow and mixing in ladle metallurgy steelmaking operations (C.A.S. method)." Applied Mathematical Modelling 10, no. 1 (February 1986): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(86)90005-3.

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Owusu, Kwaku B., Tim Haas, Prince Gajjar, Moritz Eickhoff, Pruet Kowitwarangkul, and Herbert Pfeifer. "Interaction of Injector Design, Bubble Size, Flow Structure, and Turbulence in Ladle Metallurgy." steel research international 90, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 1800346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201800346.

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Conejo, Alberto N. "Physical and Mathematical Modelling of Mass Transfer in Ladles due to Bottom Gas Stirring: A Review." Processes 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070750.

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Steelmaking involves high-temperature processing. At high temperatures mass transport is usually the rate limiting step. In steelmaking there are several mass transport phenomena occurring simultaneously such as melting and dissolution of additions, decarburization, refining (De-P and De-S), etc. In ladle metallurgy, refining is one of the most important operations. To improve the rate of mass transfer bottom gas injection is applied. In the past, most relationships between the mass transfer coefficient (mtc) and gas injection have been associated with stirring energy as the dominant variable. The current review analyzes a broad range of physical and mathematical modeling investigations to expose that a large number of variables contribute to define the final value of the mtc. Since bottom gas injection attempts to improve mixing phenomena in the whole slag/steel system, our current knowledge shows limitations to improve mixing conditions in both phases simultaneously. Nevertheless, some variables can be optimized to reach a better performance in metallurgical ladles. In addition to this, the review also provides a state of the art on liquid–liquid mass transfer and suggests the current challenges in this field.

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Picon, Artzai, Asier Vicente, Sergio Rodriguez-Vaamonde, Jorge Armentia, Jose Antonio Arteche, and Inaki Macaya. "Ladle Furnace Slag Characterization Through Hyperspectral Reflectance Regression Model for Secondary Metallurgy Process Optimization." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14, no. 8 (August 2018): 3506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2017.2773068.

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Krishnapisharody, Krishnakumar, and Gordon A. Irons. "A Unified Approach to the Fluid Dynamics of Gas–Liquid Plumes in Ladle Metallurgy." ISIJ International 50, no. 10 (2010): 1413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.1413.

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49

Smirnov, O., V. Osypenko, S. Semiryagin, M. Goryuk, A. Semenko, and Yu Skorobagatko. "Stirring of metal melts for improving the efficiency of the «ladle – furnace» units. Message 1. Methods and systems for stirring of liquid alloys in metallurgical aggregates (review)." Casting processes 151, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.01.003.

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Based on the global trends in the metallurgy, the features of the further development of technologies for the cast metal productions are predicted. At the same time, there is considered the constant tightening of requirements for energy and resource saving, environmental and work safety, with the simultaneous need to improve the quality of casting, widening the range of obtained alloys and products from them. Also, ensuring reliable operation and expanding the functional capabilities of “ladle – furnace” units has particular importance, since they provide the complex out-of-furnace processing of melts, including averaging on temperature and chemical composition (at alloying and modifying too), removal gases and non-metallic inclusions, etc. It is noted that for the successful implementation of the listed technological operations, “ladle – furnace” units are equipped with additional devices and systems for heating the melt, vacuuming, blowing with inert gas (argon) and electromagnetic stirring. A comparative analysis of different methods of liquid metal stirring (by gas blowing and under the action of an external alternating electromagnetic field) showed that electromagnetic stirring is more effective and appropriate, especially at manufacturing relatively small batches of high-quality and special alloys on metallurgical mini- mills. At that, the most common at metallurgical enterprises and among research developments are electromagnetic stirrers of travelling magnetic field.There are indicated that applications of such stirrers have certain limitations due to physical characteristics. It relates to the need (in most cases) to supply them with a low frequency, making changes to the design of operating metallurgical aggregates for installation of the stirrer, as well as with not always rational hydrodynamic modes of melt stirring.The requirements concerning the development and application of electromagnetic stirrers for “ladle – furnace” units were formulated. Such devices should be simpler in design and operation, ensuring their long-term reliable working at obtaining a wide range of high-quality alloys. Keywords: “ladle – furnace” unit, metallic melt, gas blowing, electromagnetic stirring.

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Ramasetti, Eshwar Kumar, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, Petri Sulasalmi, Timo Fabritius, Tommi Saatio, Mingming Li, and Lei Shao. "Numerical Modeling of Open-Eye Formation and Mixing Time in Argon Stirred Industrial Ladle." Metals 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080829.

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In secondary metallurgy, argon gas stirring and alloying of elements are very important in determining the quality of steel. Argon gas is injected through the nozzle located at the bottom of the ladle into the molten steel bath; this gas breaks up into gas bubbles, rising upwards and breaking the slag layer at high gas flow rates, creating an open-eye. Alloy elements are added to the molten steel through the open-eye to attain the desired steel composition. In this work, experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of argon gas flow rate on the open-eye size and mixing time. An Eulerian volume of fluid (VOF) approach was employed to simulate the argon/steel/slag interface in the ladle, while a species transport model was used to calculate the mixing time of the nickel alloy. The simulation results showed that the time-averaged value of the open-eye area changed from 0.66 to 2.36 m2 when the flow rate of argon was varied from 100 to 500 NL/min. The mixing time (95% criterion) of tracer addition into the metal bath decreased from 139 s to 96 s, when the argon flow rate was increased from 100 to 500 NL/min. The model validation was verified by comparing with measured experimental results.

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