Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Laminaria High'

The present work seeks to fully investigate, describe and characterize the distinct flow regimes existing within a mixing vessel at various rotational speeds. This investigation is computational in nature and simulates the flow within a baffled tank containing a Rushton turbine of the standard configuration. For a Re based on impeller diameter and blade rotational speed (Re â ¡ Ï ND2/μ) the following flow regimes were identified and investigated in detail: Reverse/reciprocating flows at very low Re (<10); stalled flows at low Re (â 10); laminar pumping flow for higher Re and transitional pumping flow (10 squared < Re <10 to the 4th). For the three Re numbers 1, 10 and 28, it was found that for the higher Re number (28), the flow exhibited the familiar outward pumping action associated with radial impellers under turbulent flow conditions. However, as the Re number decreases, the net radial flow during one impeller revolution was reduced and for the lowest Re number a reciprocating motion with negligible net pumping was observed. In order to elucidate the physical mechanism responsible for the observed flow pattern at low Re, the forces acting on a fluid element in the radial direction were analyzed. Based on this analysis, a simplified quasi-analytic model of the flow was developed that gives a satisfactory qualitative, as well as quantitative representation of the flow at very low Re. Investigation of the transitional flow regime (Re â 3000) includes a compilation and characterization of ensemble and turbulent quantities such as the Reynolds stress components, dissipation length η and time scales Ï , as well a detailed investigation of the near-impeller flow and trailing vortex. Calculation and compilation of all terms in the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation was performed (including generation and the illusive turbulent pressure work). Specifically, the most important transport mechanism was turbulent convection/diffusion from the impeller disk-plane/trailing vortex region. Mean flow transport of turbulent kinetic energy was primarily towards the impeller disk-plane and radially outward from the trailing vortex region. The turbulent pressure work was found to partially counteract turbulent convection. Turbulent dissipation followed by turbulent viscous work were found to be the least important mechanism responsible for turbulent transport with both terms being maximized within the vortex region and at the disk-plane down-stream from the vortices.<br>Ph. D.

La vitesse de flamme laminaire représente une grandeur physique clé à mesurer car elle permet d'obtenir des données fondamentales sur la réactivité, la diffusivité et l'exothermicité du carburant. Elle est également un des paramètres utilisés pour le développement et la validation des mécanismes réactionnels détaillés ainsi que pour la modélisation de la combustion turbulente. Bien que cette grandeur physique ait fait l'objet de nombreuses études expérimentales depuis plusieurs décennies, sa méconnaissance sur des carburants multi-composant dans des conditions haute-pression et haute-température similaires à celles existantes dans les chambres de combustion reste un sujet d'actualité pour les industriels des secteurs automobile et aéronautique. Au cours de cette thèse, un brûleur de configuration bec Bunsen fonctionnant avec un prémélange gazeux combustible/air a été conçu pour produire une flamme laminaire à pression élevée tout en permettant la mesure par voie optique de la vitesse de flamme laminaire de carburants multi-composant (kérosène, biocarburants de seconde génération...). La mesure est basée sur la détection du contour de flamme par diverses diagnostics optiques comme la chimiluminescence OH*, la PLIF-OH et la PLIF-acétone/aromatique. En premier lieu, les mélanges de carburants purs gazeux (CH4) ou liquide (acétone) avec de l'air ont été étudiés pour valider le brûleur expérimental et la méthodologie de mesure de la vitesse de flamme laminaire par voie optique. Les évolutions de la vitesse de flamme laminaire pour des carburants de type kérosène (composants purs, surrogate LUCHE et Jet A-1) en fonction de la pression, température de préchauffage et richesse ont été ensuite étudiées et comparées avec des simulations numériques utilisant un mécanisme réactionnel détaillé. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'influence des composés oxygénés présents dans un biocarburant de seconde génération de type d'essence sur la vitesse de flamme laminaire. Après avoir mesuré la vitesse de flamme laminaire de différentes molécules oxygénées, les effets d'addition de ces composés oxygénés dans le carburant ont été quantifiés<br>Laminar flame speed is one of the key parameters for understanding reactivity, diffusivity and exothermicity of fuels. It is also useful to validate both the kinetic chemical mechanisms as well as turbulent models. Although laminar flame speeds of many types of fuels have been investigated over many decades using various combustion methodologies, accurate measurements of laminar flame speeds of multicomponent liquid fuels in high-pressure and high-temperature conditions similar to the operating conditions encountered in aircraft/automobile combustion engines are still required. In this current study, a high-pressure combustion chamber was specifically developed to measure the laminar flame speed of multicomponent liquid fuels such as kerosene and second generation of biofuels. The architecture of the burner is based on a preheated premixed Bunsen flame burner operated in elevated pressure and temperature conditions. The optical diagnostics used to measure the laminar flame speed are based on the detection of the flame contour by using OH* chemiluminescence, OH- and acetone/aromatic- Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). The laminar flame speed of gaseous CH4/air and acetone/air premixed laminar flames were first measured for validating the experimental setup and the measurement methodologies. Then, the laminar flame speeds of kerosene or surrogate fuels (neat kerosene compounds, LUCHE surrogate kerosene and Jet A-1) were investigated and compared with simulation results using detailed kinetic mechanisms over a large range of conditions including pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The last part of the thesis was devoted to study the effect of oxygenated compounds contained in the second generation of biofuels on the laminar flame speeds. After measuring the laminar flame speeds of various oxygenated components present in partially hydro-processed lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis oils, the effect of these oxygenates on the flame speeds of these fuels were quantitatively investigated

This thesis investigates the laminar flame speed of C₁-C₃ alkanes and their binary mixtures at conditions of interest in natural gas based gas turbines viz. high temperature, pressure and dilution. Laminar flame speed has been found useful not only for validating chemical kinetics mechanisms but also for developing empirical scaling laws for practical combustion systems. The thesis addresses the lack of laminar flame speed data of C₁-C₃ alkanes at preheat (300-650 K), pressure (1-10 atm) and significant oxidizer dilution (15-21 vol% O₂). Over 400 measurements are reported over a wide range of conditions along with comparison to predictions from leading chemical mechanisms. Unstretched flame speed measurements were performed using a modified Bunsen flame technique based on reaction zone area from chemiluminescence imaging, whereas the strain sensitivity measurements were performed using a bluff-body stabilized stagnation flame with high resolution PIV. These measurements are used to: (i) discern the uncertainties associated with the measurements, (ii) understand the effect of fuel mixture and vitiation on flame speed, and (iii) validate the performance of the leading chemical kinetics mechanisms. Extensive testing shows the unstretched flame speed measurements from the modified Bunsen technique are reasonably accurate. Vitiation studies for methane and propane flames at high preheat show the reduction in flame speed results primarily from the thermal effect of the diluent and that the relative change in flame speed from the undiluted mixture is well correlated to the fractional change in the adiabatic flame temperature over a range of conditions. Significant difference in the measured and predicted flame speeds were observed for rich, atmospheric pressure, propane and lean, high pressure, methane/ethane mixtures with dilution. This highlights possible avenues for improvements in the chemical kinetics mechanisms. Systematic errors were also identified in the Bunsen flame measurements at certain conditions, such as for rich flames with dilution, indicating a need for better understanding of the Bunsen flame technique at these conditions. The difference in the measured and predicted flame speed does not show any clear correlation with the flame height or the strain sensitivity of the mixture. Finally previously proposed mixing rules for estimating flame speed of fuel mixtures from pure fuel components are shown to be reasonably accurate over a range of pressure, reactant temperature and dilution conditions.

Numerical simulations of incompressible flows are unequivocally important due to their numerous industrial applications. These applications ranges from the large-scale fluid's flow modelling such as aerodynamics [1], atmospheric-ocean modelling [2] to a simple pipe flows in the petroleum industry [3]. This study is devoted to develop a provably stable and high order approximation for the incompressible laminar boundary layer equations. A new set of energystable boundary conditions are derived using the energy method. It is shown that both the weak and strong implementation of these boundary conditions yields an energy estimate. The semidiscrete problem is formulated by discretizing the continuous spatial derivatives using high order finite difference approximations on summation-by-parts form. The boundary conditions are implemented weakly using the simultaneous approximation terms methods. The discrete energy estimate is derived by mimicking the continuous analysis and hence, the numerical approximation is proved to be stable. The accuracy and linear stability of the developed scheme is also validated by solving the celebrated laminar flat plate flow problem. This is done by injecting the Blasius solution into the coefficient matrix as well as weak boundary conditions

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992.<br>On t.p. "x̳" is subscript. Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-97). Also available via the Internet.

Coal derived synthetic gas (syngas) fuel is a promising solution for today s increasing demand for clean and reliable power. Syngas fuels are primarily mixtures of H2 and CO, often with large amounts of diluents such as N2, CO2, and H2O. The specific composition depends upon the fuel source and gasification technique. This requires gas turbine designers to develop fuel flexible combustors capable of operating with high conversion efficiency while maintaining low emissions for a wide range of syngas fuel mixtures. Design tools often used in combustor development require data on various fundamental gas combustion properties. For example, laminar flame speed is often an input as it has a significant impact upon the size and static stability of the combustor. Moreover it serves as a good validation parameter for leading kinetic models used for detailed combustion simulations. Thus the primary objective of this thesis is measurement of laminar flame speeds of syngas fuel mixtures at conditions relevant to ground-power gas turbines. To accomplish this goal, two flame speed measurement approaches were developed: a Bunsen flame approach modified to use the reaction zone area in order to reduce the influence of flame curvature on the measured flame speed and a stagnation flame approach employing a rounded bluff body. The modified Bunsen flame approach was validated against stretch-corrected approaches over a range of fuels and test conditions; the agreement is very good (less than 10% difference). Using the two measurement approaches, extensive flame speed information were obtained for lean syngas mixtures at a range of conditions: 1) 5 to 100% H2 in the H2/CO fuel mixture; 2) 300-700 K preheat temperature; 3) 1 to 15 atm pressure, and 4) 0-70% dilution with CO2 or N2. The second objective of this thesis is to use the flame speed data to validate leading kinetic mechanisms for syngas combustion. Comparisons of the experimental flame speeds to those predicted using detailed numerical simulations of strained and unstrained laminar flames indicate that all the current kinetic mechanisms tend to over predict the increase in flame speed with preheat temperature for medium and high H2 content fuel mixtures. A sensitivity analysis that includes reported uncertainties in rate constants reveals that the errors in the rate constants of the reactions involving HO2 seem to be the most likely cause for the observed higher preheat temperature dependence of the flame speeds. To enhance the accuracy of the current models, a more detailed sensitivity analysis based on temperature dependent reaction rate parameters should be considered as the problem seems to be in the intermediate temperature range (~800-1200 K).

Le monoxyde d’azote (NO) est un polluant atmosphérique responsable d’effets nuisibles sur l’environnement et la santé. Afin de mieux contrôler ces émissions, il est indispensable de comprendre et de maîtriser leur formation,en particulier lors de la combustion à haute pression, domaine d’application industrielle (cas des turbines à gaz,des moteurs…). On distingue quatre voies principales de formation de NO : la voie thermique, la voie du NO précoce, la voie NNH et la voie N2O. L’objectif de cette thèse à caractère expérimentale est de compléter la base de données expérimentale déjà existante nécessaire à la compréhension et à l’identification de la contribution de chaque voie à la formation du NO à haute pression.Dans cette thèse, un dispositif de brûleurs à contre-courants a été utilisé pour étudier la structure de flammes laminaires, prémélangées à haute pression. Les profils de concentration de NO dans les flammes CH4/O2/N2 à différentes richesses (Фc =0,7-1,2) et différentes pressions (P=0,1-0,7 MPa) ont été mesurés par Fluorescence Induite par Laser. L’effet de l’ajout d’hydrogène (80%CH4/20%H2 : Application Hythane®) sur la formation de NO a également été étudié dans les flammes pauvres CH4/O2/N2. Le mécanisme cinétique GDF-Kin®3.0_NCN a été comparé aux mesures de NO disponibles dans la littérature ainsi qu’aux simulations des mécanismes cinétiques du Gaz Research Institute (version 2.11 et 3.0). Ces trois mécanismes ont été ensuite comparés aux mesures expérimentales réalisées dans ces travaux de thèse<br>The nitric oxide (NO) is a pollutant responsible of detrimental effects on the environment and health. To better control these emissions, it’s crucial to understand and to control their formation, in particular during the combustion process at high pressure, area of industrial applications (gas turbines, engines…).There are four major routes of the NO formation: the thermal route, the prompt-NO route, the NNH route and theN2O route. The aim of this experimental thesis is to complete the existing experimental database which isnecessary to the understanding and the identification of the contribution from each route to the NO formation at high pressure.In this thesis, a facility of two twin counter-flow burners was used to study the structure of the laminar, premixed flames at high pressure. Experimental NO concentration profiles have been measured in CH4/O2/N2 flames for arange of equivalence ratio (from 0.7 to 1.2) and pressures (from 0.1 to 0.7 MPa) by Laser Induced Fluorescence.The effect of adding hydrogen (80%CH4/20%H2: Hythane® application) on the NO formation has been also studied in lean CH4/O2/N2 flames. The GDF-Kin®3.0_NCN kinetic mechanism has been compared to experimental data from the literature and also compared to the simulations from the Gas Research Institute mechanisms (version 2.11 and 3.0). These three mechanisms have been finally compared to the experimental data from this thesis

Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate laminar-turbulent transition in a boundary layer on a sharp cone at Mach 6. The main objective of this dissertation research is to explore which nonlinear breakdown mechanisms may be dominant in a broad--band "natural" disturbance environment and then use this knowledge to perform controlled transition simulations to investigate these mechanisms in great detail. Towards this end, a "natural" transition scenario was modeled and investigated by generating wave packet disturbances. The evolution of a three-dimensional wave packet in a boundary layer has typically been used as an idealized model for "natural" transition to turbulence, since it represents the impulse response of the boundary layer and, thus, includes the interactions between all frequencies and wave numbers. These wave packet simulations provided strong evidence for a possible presence of fundamental and subharmonic resonance mechanisms in the nonlinear transition regime. However, the fundamental resonance was much stronger than the subharmonic. In addition to these two resonance mechanisms, the wave packet simulations also indicated the possible presence of oblique breakdown mechanism. To gain more insight into the nonlinear mechanisms, controlled transition simulations were performed of these mechanisms. Several small and medium scale simulations were performed to scan the parameter space for fundamental and subharmonic resonance. These simulations confirmed the findings of the wave packet simulations, namely that, fundamental resonance is much stronger compared to the subharmonic resonance. Subsequently a set of highly resolved fundamental and oblique breakdown simulations were performed. In these DNS, remarkable streamwise arranged "hot'' streaks were observed for both fundamental and oblique breakdown. The streaks were a consequence of the large amplitude steady longitudinal vortex modes in the nonlinear régime. These simulations demonstrated that both second--mode fundamental breakdown and oblique breakdown may indeed be viable paths to complete breakdown to turbulence in hypersonic boundary layers at Mach 6.

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TRANSIENT LAMINAR NATURAL CONVECTION OF HIGH PRANDTL NUMBER FLUIDS IN A CUBICAL CAVITY<br/>Obai Younis Taha Elamin<br/><br/>La convección natural en espacios cerrados, se encuentra ampliamente en sistemas naturales e industriales. El objetivo general de este trabajo es desarrollar y validar una herramienta de simulación capaz de predecir las tasas de enfriamiento de aceite en un tanque. Esta herramienta ha de tener en cuenta la variación de la viscosidad del aceite para dar información detallada de las tasas de enfriamiento del aceite bajo diferentes condiciones de contorno térmicas realisticas. <br/>En primer lugar, la influencia de diferentes condiciones de contorno térmicas en las paredes, la variación de la viscosidad y la conductividad de la pared en la convección natural del flujo laminar transitorio en una cavidad cúbica con seis paredes térmicamente activo están analizadas.<br/>Para analizar el efecto individual de las paredes laterales de la cavidad en el proceso de enfriamiento, la segunda parte de este estudio considera que, tanto numéricamente como experimentalmente, la transición de la convección natural laminar en una cavidad cúbica con dos paredes opuestas frías y verticales.<br/>Nuevas relaciones de escala que tengan en cuenta la variación de la viscosidad con la temperatura, no publicadas anteriormente en la literatura, se derivan de las velocidades de la capa límite, por el tiempo necesario para la capa límite para alcanzar el estado estacionario y para la velocidad y el espesor de las intrusiones horizontales.<br/>NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TRANSIENT LAMINAR NATURAL CONVECTION OF HIGH PRANDTL NUMBER FLUIDS IN A CUBICAL CAVITY<br/>Obai Younis Taha Elamin<br/><br/>Free convection in enclosed spaces is found widely in natural and industrial systems. The general objective of this work is to develop and validate a simulation tool able to predict the cooling rates of oil in a tank. This tool has to take into account the variation of the oil viscosity to give detailed information of the cooling rates of the oil under different realistic thermal boundary conditions.<br/> First, the influence of different thermal wall boundary conditions, the variation of the viscosity and the wall conductivity on the transient laminar natural convection flow in a cubical cavity with the six walls thermally active is studied numerically. <br/>To analyze the individual effect of the side walls of the cavity on the cooling process, the second part of this study considers, numerically and experimentally, the transient laminar natural convection in a cubical cavity with two cold opposite vertical walls. The shadowgraph technique is employed to visualize the development of the transient convective flow. New scaling relations that take into account the viscosity variation with temperature, not reported previously in the literature, are derived for the boundary layer velocities, for the time needed for the boundary layer to reach the steady state and for the velocity and thickness of the horizontal intrusions.

This thesis aims at analysing the predictive capabilities of statistical URANS and hybrid RANS-LES methods to model complex flows at high Reynolds numbers and carrying out a physical analysis of the near-region turbulence and coherent structures. This study handles configurations included in the European research programmes ATAAC (Advanced Turbulent Simulation for Aerodynamics Application Challenges) and TFAST (Transition Location Effect on Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction). First, the detached flow in a configuration of a tandem of cylinders, positionned behind one another, is investigated at Reynolds number 166000. A static case, corresponding to the layout of the support of a landing gear, is initially considered. The fluid-structure interaction is then studied in a dynamic case where the downstream cylinder, situated in the wake of the upstream one, is given one degree of freedom in translation in the crosswise direction. A parametric study of the structural parameters is carried out to identify the various regimes of interaction. Secondly, the physics of the transonic buffet is studied by means of time-frequency analysis and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), in the Mach number range 0.70–0.75. The interactions between the main shock wave, the alternately detached boundary layer and the vortices developing in the wake are analysed. A stochastic forcing, based on reinjection of synthetic turbulence in the transport equations of kinetic energy and dissipation rate by using POD reconstruction, has been introduced in the so-called organised-eddy simulation (OES) approach. This method introduces an upscale turbulence modelling, acting as an eddy-blocking mechanism able to capture thin shear-layer and turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces around the body. This method highly improves the aerodynamic forces prediction and opens new ensemble-averaged approaches able to model the coherent and random processes at high Reynolds number. Finally, the shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) is investigated in the case of an oblique shock wave at Mach number 1.7 in order to contribute to the so-called "laminar wing design" studies at European level. The performance of statistical URANS and hybrid RANS-LES models is analysed with comparison, with experimental results, of integral boundary-layer values (displacement and momentum thicknesses) and wall quantities (friction coefficient). The influence of a transitional boundary layer on the SWBLI is featured.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar e comparar as microestruturas de diferentes regiões de uma chapa de aço microligado para tubo API 5L X65, empregado no transporte de gás natural e petróleo, como recebido e submetido a tratamentos térmicos de austenitização e resfriamento contínuo sob diferentes taxas de resfriamento. O aço em estudo apresenta uma linha de segregação central, originada durante o processo de produção do aço. Corpos de prova de dilatometria foram usinados da região central e de outras regiões da chapa. As amostras foram previamente austenitizadas a 1200°C e temperadas em água, visando solubilizar grande parte dos precipitados presentes no aço. Após este tratamento, as amostras foram austenitizadas em um dilatômetro de têmpera a 950°C por 180s, e em seguida resfriadas nas seguintes taxas de resfriamento: 0,5°C/s, 1°C/s, 5°C/s, 10°C/s, 20°C/s, 30°C/s, 40°C/s, 50ºC/s e 60ºC/s. Valores de temperatura e tempo correspondentes a inflexões da curva dilatométrica foram obtidas e correlacionadas com a microestrutura, para cada taxa de resfriamento. Com base nesta análise foi traçado um diagrama de Transformação por Resfriamento Contínuo (TRC) do material.<br>This work aims to characterize and compare the microstructures of different regions of a plate of microalloyed pipeline steel that conforms to API 5L X65, employed in the transportation of natural gas and oil, as received and after being subjected to heat treatments of austenitization and continuous cooling under different cooling rates. The steel under study presents a central line of segregation that was originated during production. Specimens for dilatometry were machined from the central region and from different regions of the plate. The samples were austenitized at 1200°C and in quenched in water, with the purpose of solubilizing most of the precipitates in the steel. After the preliminary heat treatment, the specimens were austenitized at 950°C for 180s and cooled under the cooling rates: 0.5°C/s, 1°C/s, 5°C/s, 10°C/s, 20°C/s, 30°C/s, 40°C/s, 50ºC/s and 60ºC/s in a quench dilatometer. Values of temperature and time correspond of transformation for each rate of cooling were used for the determination of the Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagram.

The purpose of this work is the development of a numerical tool devoted to the study of the flow field in the components of aerospace propulsion systems. The goal is to obtain a code which can efficiently deal with both steady and unsteady problems, even in the presence of complex geometries. Several physical models have been implemented and tested, starting from Euler equations up to a three equations RANS model. Numerical results have been compared with experimental data for several real life applications in order to understand the range of applicability of the code. Performance optimization has been considered with particular care thanks to the participation to two international Workshops in which the results were compared with other groups from all over the world. As far as the numerical aspect is concerned, state-of-art algorithms have been implemented in order to make the tool competitive with respect to existing softwares. The features of the chosen discretization have been exploited to develop adaptive algorithms (p, h and hp adaptivity) which can automatically refine the discretization. Furthermore, two new algorithms have been developed during the research activity. In particular, a new technique (Feedback filtering [1]) for shock capturing in the framework of Discontinuous Galerkin methods has been introduced. It is based on an adaptive filter and can be efficiently used with explicit time integration schemes. Furthermore, a new method (Enhance Stability Recovery [2]) for the computation of diffusive fluxes in Discontinuous Galerkin discretizations has been developed. It derives from the original recovery approach proposed by van Leer and Nomura [3] in 2005 but it uses a different recovery basis and a different approach for the imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions. The performed numerical comparisons showed that the ESR method has a larger stability limit in explicit time integration with respect to other existing methods (BR2 [4] and original recovery [3]). In conclusion, several well known test cases were studied in order to evaluate the behavior of the implemented physical models and the performance of the developed numerical schemes.

Em diversos escoamentos sobre superfícies há a presença de protuberâncias, como por exemplo rebites, parafusos e juntas. Estas protuberâncias podem influenciar a camada limite, acelerando a transição do escoamento do estado laminar para o estado turbulento. Em alguns casos isto pode ser indesejável, já que o escoamento turbulento implica necessariamente em uma força de atrito maior do que aquela referente ao escoamento laminar. Existem alguns aspectos neste tipo de escoamento que ainda não estão bem compreendidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a influência de uma rugosidade isolada no escoamento sobre uma superfície. Este estudo contribui para se entender o que ocorre em casos de maior complexidade. O estudo é de natureza computacional, em que se utiliza simulação numérica direta das equações de Navier-Stokes. A técnica de fronteiras imersas é utilizada para representar a rugosidade no escoamento sobre a superfície. O código numérico é verificado por meio do método de soluções manufaturadas. Comparações entre resultados experimentais, da teoria de estabilidade linear e numéricos também são utilizados para a validação do código. Resultados obtidos com diferentes alturas de rugosidade e variações no gradiente de pressão permitiram analisar a influência de elemento rugoso tridimensional em escoamentos de camada limite.<br>The presence of protuberances on surfaces, for example, rivets, screws and gaskets, can influence the boundary layer by accelerating the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow. In some cases this may be undesirable, since the turbulent flow involves frictional forces greater than the ones at the laminar regime. There are some aspects of the flow in the boundary layer perturbed by a single roughness element that are not well understood. The aim of this work is to study the influence of an isolated roughness on the boundary layer. This study is a step towards to the understanding of what can happen in more complex cases. The nature of this study is computational, therefore a Direct Numerical Simulation code is used. The immersed boundary method is used to represent the roughness in the flow on the surface. The numerical code is verified via theMethod ofManufactured Solutions. Comparisons between experimental data, Linear Stability Theory and numerical results are also used for the validation of the code. Results obtained with different roughness heights and variations in the pressure gradient allowed the analysis of the influence of a three-dimensional roughness element in boundary layer flows.

Apesar de as EDPS que modelam leis de conservação e problemas em dinâmica dos fluídos serem bem estabelecidas, suas soluções numéricas continuam ainda desafiadoras. Em particular, há dois desafios associados à computação e ao entendimento desses problemas: um deles é a formação de descontinuidades (choques) e o outro é o fenômeno turbulência. Ambos os desafios podem ser atribuídos ao tratamento dos termos advectivos não lineares nessas equações de transporte. Dentro deste canário, esta tese apresenta o estudo do desenvolvimento de um novo esquema \"upwind\" de alta resolução e sua associação com modelagem da turbulência. O desempenho do esquema é investigado nas soluções da equação de advecção 1D com dados iniciais descontínuos e de problemas de Riemann 1D para as equações de Burgers, Euler e águas rasas. Além disso, são apresentados resultados numéricos de escoamentos incompressíveis 2D e 3D no regime laminar a altos números de Reynolds. O novo esquema é então associado à modelagem \'capa\' - \'epsilon\' da turbulência para a simulação numérica de escoamentos incompressíveis turbulentos 2D e 3D com superfícies livres móveis. Aplicação, verificação e validação dos métodos numéricos são também fornecidas<br>Althought the PDEs that model conservation laws and fluid dynamics problems are well established, their numerical solutions have presented a continuing challenge. In particular, there are two challenges associated with the computation and the understanding of these problems, namely, formation of shocks and turbulence. Both challenges can be attributed to the nonlinear advection terms of these transport equations. In this scenario, this thesis presents the study of the development of a new high-resolution upwind scheme and its association with turbulence modelling. The performance of the scheme is investigated by solving the 1D advection equation with discontinuous initial data 1D Riemann problems for Burgers, Euler and shallow water equations. Besides, numerical results for 2D and 3D incompressible laminar flows at high Reynolds number are presented. The new scheme is then associated with the \'capa - \' epsilon\' turbulence model for the simulation of 2D and 3D incompressible turbulent flows with moving free surfaces. Application, verification and validation of the numerical methods are also provided

This research is aimed to develop a homogenized model for practical applications of the fluid flow over and through the microstructured surfaces, which prescribed reliable estimates of the linear response of overall structures. The up-scaling method based on asymptotic theories is used to treat the fluid flow problems where various spatial scales (microscopic and macroscopic) are present. The goal of this work is to provide an in-expensive high-order homogenized framework for the flows over complex textures such as elastic and rigid rough surfaces, isotropic and orthotropic porous media, with periodic internal distributions, independent of the material properties and the constituent's geometrical arrangement in a reliable way. The framework includes effective conditions corrected up to the high-order as a replacement of the micro-textured surfaces, producing sizeable effects on the overlaying flow as compared to the classical Navier's conditions. These effective conditions contain parameters that are non-empirical and stems from the numerical solution of auxiliary Stokes-like problems. These conditions developed for different applications are tested on the classical problems such as Hiemenz stagnation point flow over a rough plate, Hiemenz stagnation point flow over isotropic and orthotropic porous bed, backward-facing step with porous step region, and flow over the permeable channel, to test the accuracy and working capability of the framework for different flow situations. For simulation purposes, commercial software COMSOL academic version 5.4, open-source solver FreeFEM, and commercial software Star-CCM+ by are used. The outcomes of the model simulations are compared with exact simulations of our own and with literature. The overall results suggested that the homogenized model is computationally inexpensive compared to the feature-resolving simulations and can provide a quick design of drag-altering micro-textured surfaces. Moreover, the present model is flexible for further amendments to tackle complex engineered and industrial fluid flow problems.

Considering the importance of combustion characteristics in combustion applications including spark ignition engines and gas turbines, both laminar and turbulent burning velocities were measured for gasoline related fuels. The first part of the present work focused on the measurements of laminar burning velocities of Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) gasolines and their surrogates using a spherical constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) that can provide high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) combustion mode up to 0.6 MPa, 395 K, and the equivalence ratios ranging 0.7-1.6. The data reduction was based on the linear and nonlinear extrapolation models considering flame stretch effect. The effect of flame instability was investigated based on critical Peclet and Karlovitz, and Markstein numbers. The sensitivity of the laminar burning velocity of the aforementioned fuels to various fuel additives being knows as octane boosters and gasoline extenders including alcohols, olfins, and SuperButol was investigated. This part of the study was further extended by examining exhaust gas re-circulation effect. Tertiary mixtures of toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF) were shown to successfully emulate the laminar burning characteristics of FACE gasolines associated with different RONs under various experimental conditions. A noticeable enhancement of laminar burning velocities was observed for blends with high ethanol content (vol ≥ 45 %). However, such enhancement effect diminished as the pressure increased. The reduction of laminar burning velocity cause by real EGR showed insensitivity to the variation of the equivalence ratio. The second part focused on turbulent burning velocities of FACE-C gasoline and its surrogates subjected to a wide range of turbulence intensities measured in a fan-stirred CVCC dedicated to turbulent combustion up to initial pressure of 1.0 MP. A Mie scattering imaging technique was applied revealing the mutual flame-turbulence interaction. Furthermore, considerable efforts were made towards designing and commissioning a new optically-accessible fan-stirred HPHT combustion vessel. A time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) technique was applied for the characterization of turbulent flow revealing homogeneous-isotropic turbulence in the central region to be utilized successfully for turbulent burning velocity measurement. Turbulent burning velocities were measured for FACE-C and TPRF surrogate fuels along with the effect of ethanol addition for a wide range of initial pressure and turbulent intensity. FACE-C gasoline was found to be more sensitive to both primarily the primary contribution of turbulence intensification and secondarily from pressure in enhancing its turbulent burning velocity. Several correlations were validated revealing a satisfactory scaling with turbulence and thermodynamic parameters. The final part focused on the turbulent burning characteristics of piloted lean methane-air jet flames subjected to a wide range of turbulence intensity by adopting TR-SPIV and OH-planar laser-induced florescence (OH-PLIF) techniques. Both of the flame front thickness and volume increased reasonably linearly as normalized turbulence intensity, u^'/ S_L^0, increased. As u^'/ S_L^0 increased, the flame front exhibited more fractalized structure and occasionally localized extinction (intermittency). Probability density functions of flame curvature exhibited a Gaussian like distribution at all u^'/ S_L^0. Two-dimensional flame surface density (2D-FSD) decreased for low and moderate u^'/ S_L^0, while it increased for high u^'/ S_L^0Turbulent burning velocity was estimated using flame area and fractal dimension methods showing a satisfactory agreement with the flamelet models by Peters and Zimont. Mean stretch factor was estimated and found to increase linearly as u^'/ S_L^0increased. Conditioned velocity statistics were obtained revealing the mutual flame-turbulence interaction.

Fuel flexibility in gas turbines is of particular importance because of the main fuel source, natural gas. Blends of methane, ethane, and propane are big constituents in natural gas and consequently are of particular interest. With this level of importance comes the need for baseline data such as laminar flame speed of said fuels. While flame speeds at standard temperature and pressure have been extensively studied in the literature, experimental data at turbine-like conditions are still lacking currently. This thesis discusses the theory behind laminar flames; new data acquisition techniques; temperature and pressure capability improvements; measured flame speeds; and a discussion of the results including stability analysis. The measured flame speeds were those of methane, ethane, and propane fuel blends, as well as pure methane, at an elevated pressure of 5 atm and temperatures of 298 and 473 K, using a constant-volume, cylindrical combustion vessel. The current Aramco mechanism developed in conjunction with National University of Ireland Galway compared favorably with the data, while the literature data showed discrepancies at stoichiometric to rich conditions. An in-depth flame speed uncertainty analysis yielded a wide range of values from 0.5 cm/s to 21.5 cm/s. It is well known that high-pressure experiments develop flame instabilities when air is used as the oxidizer. In this study, the hydrodynamic instabilities were restrained by using a high diluent-to-oxygen ratio. The thermal-diffusive instabilities were inhibited by using helium as the diluent. To characterize this flame stability, the Markstein length and Lewis number were calculated for the presented conditions. The resultant positive Markstein lengths showed a low propensity of flame speed to flame stretch, while the larger-than-unity Lewis numbers showed the relatively higher diffusivity of helium to that of nitrogen.

An experimental study was conducted using axisymmetric co-flow laminar diffusion flames of methane-air, methane-oxygen and ethylene-air to examine the effect of pressure on soot formation and the structure of the temperature field. A liquid fuel burner was designed and built to observe the sooting behavior of methanol-air and n-heptane-air laminar diffusion flames at elevated pressures up to 50 atm. A non-intrusive, line-of-sight spectral soot emission (SSE) diagnostic technique was used to determine the temperature and the soot volume fraction of methane-air flames up to 60 atm, methane-oxygen flames up to 90 atm and ethylene-air flames up to 35 atm. The physical flame structure of the methane-air and methane-oxygen diffusion flames were characterized over the pressure range of 10 to 100 atm and up to 35 atm for ethylene-air flames. The flame height, marked by the visible soot radiation emission, remained relatively constant for methane-air and ethylene-air flames over their respected pressure ranges, while the visible flame height for the methane-oxygen flames was reduced by over 50 % between 10 and 100 atm. During methane-air experiments, observations of anomalous occurrence of liquid material formation at 60 atm and above were recorded. The maximum conversion of the carbon in the fuel to soot exhibited a strong power-law dependence on pressure. At pressures 10 to 30 atm, the pressure exponent is approximately 0.73 for methane-air flames. At higher pressures, between 30 and 60 atm, the pressure exponent is approximately 0.33. The maximum fuel carbon conversion to soot is 12.6 % at 60 atm. For methane-oxygen flames, the pressure exponent is approximately 1.2 for pressures between 10 and 40 atm. At pressures between 50 and 70 atm, the pressure exponent is about -3.8 and approximately -12 for 70 to 90 atm. The maximum fuel carbon conversion to soot is 2 % at 40 atm. For ethylene-air flames, the pressure exponent is approximately 1.4 between 10 and 30 atm. The maximum carbon conversion to soot is approximately 6.5 % at 30 atm and remained constant at higher pressures.

Synthetic gas, syngas, is a popular alternative fuel for the gas turbine industry, but the composition of syngas can contain different types and amounts of contaminants, such as carbon dioxide, methane, moisture, and nitrogen, depending on the industrial process involved in its manufacturing. The presence of steam in syngas blends is of particular interest from a thermo-chemical perspective as there is limited information available in the literature. This study investigates the effect of moisture content (0 ? 15% by volume), temperature (323 ? 423 K), and pressure (1 ? 10 atm) on syngas mixtures by measuring the laminar flame speed in a newly developed constant-volume, heated experimental facility. This heated vessel also broadens the experimental field of study in the authors? laboratory to low vapor pressure fuels and other vaporized liquids. The new facility is capable of performing flame speed experiments at an initial pressure as high as 30 atm and an initial temperature up to 600 K. Several validation experiments were performed to demonstrate the complete functionality of the flame speed facility. Additionally, a design-of-experiments methodology was used to study the mentioned syngas conditions that are relevant to the gas turbine industry. The design-of-experiments methodology provided the capability to identify the most influential factor on the laminar flame speed of the conditions studied. The experimental flame speed data are compared to the most up-to-date C4 mechanism developed through collaboration between Texas A&M and the National University of Ireland Galway. Along with good model agreement shown with all presented data, a rigorous uncertainty analysis of the flame speed has been performed showing an extensive range of values from 4.0 cm/s to 16.7 cm/s. The amount of carbon monoxide dilution in the fuel was shown to be the most influential factor on the laminar flame speed from fuel lean to fuel rich. This is verified by comparing the laminar flame speed of the atmospheric mixtures. Also, the measured Markstein lengths of the atmospheric mixtures are compared and do not demonstrate a strong impact from any one factor but the ratio of hydrogen and carbon monoxide plays a key role. Mixtures with high levels of CO appear to stabilize the flame structure of thermal-diffusive instability. The increase of steam dilution has only a small effect on the laminar flame speed of high-CO mixtures, while more hydrogen-dominated mixtures demonstrate a much larger and negative effect of increasing water content on the laminar flame speed.

Fully understanding soot formation in flames is critical to the development of practical combustion devices, which typically operate at high pressures, and fire suppression systems in space. Flames display significant changes under microgravity and high-pressure conditions as compared to normal-gravity flames at atmospheric pressure, but the exact causes of these changes are not well-characterized. As such, the effects of gravity and pressure on the stability characteristics and sooting behavior of laminar coflow diffusion flames were investigated. To study these effects, a new highly-scalable combustion modelling tool was developed specifically for use on large multi-processor computer architectures. The tool is capable of capturing complex processes such as detailed chemistry, molecular transport, radiation, and soot formation/destruction in laminar diffusion flames. The proposed algorithm represents the current state of the art in combustion modelling, making use of a second-order accurate finite-volume scheme and a parallel adaptive mesh refinement algorithm on body-fitted, multi-block meshes. An acetylene-based, semi-empirical model was used to predict the nucleation, growth, and oxidation of soot particles. Reasonable agreement with experimental measurements for different fuels and pressures was obtained for predictions of flame height, temperature and soot volume fraction. Overall, the algorithm displayed excellent strong scaling performance by achieving a parallel efficiency of 70% on 384 processors. The effects of pressure and gravity were studied for flames of two different fuels: ethylene-air flames between pressures of 0.5–5 atm and methane-air flames between 1–60 atm. Based on the numerical predictions, zero-gravity flames had lower temperatures, broader soot-containing zones, and higher soot concentrations than normal-gravity flames at the same pressure. Buoyant forces caused the normal-gravity flames to narrow with increasing pressure while the increased soot concentrations and radiation at high pressures lengthened the zero-gravity flames. Low-pressure flames at both gravity levels exhibited a similar power-law dependence of the maximum carbon conversion on pressure which weakened as pressure was increased. This dependence decayed at a faster rate in zero gravity when pressure was increased beyond 1–10 atm.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>機械工程研究所<br>97<br>This thesis measures the effect of elevated pressure on centrally-ignited premixed flame propagation speeds (SF). We study methane-air mixture at three different equivalence ratios (? = 0.8、1.0、1.2), because methane has the lowest C/H ratio among all hydrocarbon fuels. At each value of ???both laminar and turbulent combustion experiments with initial pressure varying from 0.1 ~ 1 MPa are conducted. All combustion experiments using spark ignition are carried out in the centre of a high-pressure cruciform burner. The high-pressure cruciform burner has two major parts: a huge outer high-pressure absorbing safety chamber and a large inner cruciform burner. Both inner and outer chambers have four optically-accessed quartz windows on their top, bottom, front, and back sides. Thus, visualizations of flame kernel formation and its subsequent flame propagation interacting with turbulence can be recorded by a high-speed, high-resolution camcorder. Using a pair of counter-rotating fans and perforated plates equipped to the two ends of the large horizontal vessel, a near-isotropic turbulent flow field having 150 × 150 × 150 mm3 can be generated in the central region of the inner cruciform burner. In it the maximum value of turbulent fluctuating velocities u'' can be up to 8 m/s with the corresponding turbulent Reynolds number ReT = LIu''/ν = 24,850, where LI is the integral length scale and ν is kinematic viscosity of reactants. The dimensionless Lewis number (Le = αT/D) and/or Markstein number (Ma = LM /?F) are used to discuss the effect of diffusion-thermal instability, where αT is the thermal diffusivity, D is the molecular diffusivity, LM is Markstein length, and ?F is flame thickness, respectively. Results show that, at?? = 0.8, where Le > 1 and Ma is either very close to zero or becomes negative under laminar condition, the unstretched laminar burning velocity (SL,0) is about 0.31 m/s when P = 0.1 MPa, of which the cellular structure is observed on the outwardly-propagating flame surface. Such cellularity becomes even more obviously when the pressure increases to 1MPa, where SL,0 ≈ 0.09 m/s with a decrease of 71% compared to that at 0.1 MPa. As P increases, ?F decreases making the flame more vulnerable to the diffusion-thermal instability. At ? = 1.2, where Le > 1 and Ma 1.81, the diffusion-thermal instability is not observed, but the outwardly-propagating flame surface can be slightly wrinkle by the hydrodynamic instability where SL,0 is about 0.34 m/s at P = 0.1 MPa. When increasing the initial pressure to 1 MPa, SL,0 drops to 0.13 m/s. And the flame surface appears more wrinkling due to the decrease of ?F. For laminar case, our SL,0 data can be fitted by an empirical relation, SL,p = SL,0(Pb/P0)β, proposed by Metghalchi et al, where SL,p is the laminar burning velocity under different initial pressures, Pb is the initial pressure, P0 is the reference pressure at 0.1 MPa, and β is a function of ?. The response of turbulent burning velocity (ST) with increasing pressure shows an opposite trend. For example, when ? = 0.8 with f = 30Hz, the normalized value of ST at P = 1 MPa is 7 times larger than that at P = 0.1 MPa case, suggesting that the effect of elevated pressure promotes the interactions between turbulence and flame instabilities resulting in an increase of ST.

Natural gas is the primary fuel used in industrial gas turbines for power generation. Hydrocarbon blends of methane, ethane, and propane make up a large portion of natural gas and it has been shown that dimethyl ether can be used as a supplement or in its pure form for gas turbine combustion. Because of this, a fundamental understanding of the physical characteristics such as the laminar flame speed is necessary, especially at elevated pressures to have the most relevance to the gas turbine industry. This thesis discusses the equations governing premixed laminar flames, historical methods used to measure the laminar flame speed, the experimental device used in this study, the procedure for converting the measured data into the flame speed, the results of the measurements, and a discussion of the results. The results presented in this thesis include the flame speeds for binary blends of methane, ethane, propane, and dimethyl ether performed at elevated pressures, up to 10-atm initial pressure, using a spherically expanding flame in a constant-volume vessel. Also included in this thesis is a comparison between the experimental measurements and four chemical kinetic models. The C4 mechanism, developed in part through collaboration between the National University of Ireland Galway and Texas A&M, was improved using the data presented herein, showing good agreement for all cases. The effect of blending ethane, propane, and dimethyl ether with methane in binary form is emphasized in this study, with the resulting Markstein length, Lewis number (Le), and flame stability characterized and discussed. It was noticed in this study, as well as in other studies, that the critical radius of the flame typically decreased as the Le decreased, and that the critical radius of the flame increased as the Le increased. Also, a rigorous uncertainty analysis has been performed, showing a range of 0.3 cm/s to 3.5 cm/s depending on equivalence ratio and initial pressure.

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Civil (área de especialização em Estruturas e Geotecnia)<br>The concrete precasting industry is frequently requested to produce structural elements of reinforced concrete with high geometric complexity. These geometric conditions introduce difficulties on the placement of reinforcement, resulting in a large consuming time phase of the industrial process, causing delays in the construction schedule. Moreover, when high percentage of reinforcement is used, there are difficulties on assuring the desired concrete pouring quality, once the compaction process may be very difficult to execute, although all the great advances in compaction techniques and equipments. Most of the times, in these conditions and in the absence of rigorous quality control and specialized workers, the elements present deficiencies that can compromise the mechanical behaviour and the visual appearance of the final structure. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as concrete that is able to flow in the interior of the formwork, passing through the reinforcement and filling it in a natural manner, being consolidated under the action of its own weight. Adding the benefits of SCC to those resulting from the addition of discrete fibres to cement based materials, a high performance material, designated by steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC), is obtained. Steel fibre reinforcement greatly increases ductility of concrete, retards crack coalescence and propagation, increases pronouncedly the after-cracking energy absorption and decreases the width of the cracks. Although all the advantages already known and recognized, the technology of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) still deserving a certain rejection from structural engineers solutions: not only to applications that involve safety considerations but also where the fibres are used as secondary reinforcement. In the present work, an evaluation of the bending and shear behaviour of laminar structures in high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete (HPSFRC) will be carried out. Two wide research programs were developed in order to find out the influence of steel fibres reinforcement in the mechanical behaviour of these structures. The influence of the strength class, fck, in the load carrying capacity and its influence in the reinforcing mechanisms that steel fibres can develop within a composition of HPSFRC were also studied. The performance of the analytical approach for the prediction of the fibre reinforcement contribution in terms of shear resistance of concrete beams recommended by RILEM TC 162 TDF was assessed. A numerical simulation of the tests carried out with HSSFRC beams failing in shear was done, under the framework of the material nonlinear finite element analysis, in order to evince the influence of using a softening constitutive law for modeling the crack shear sliding. The experimental programs and the numerical research are described, and the main results are presented and discussed.<br>A indústria de pré-fabricados de betão depara-se, frequentemente, com a necessidade de produzir elementos estruturais de elevada complexidade geométrica. Essa complexidade geométrica dificulta significativamente a introdução das armaduras de reforço nas cofragens, o que aumenta consideravelmente o tempo de produção das peças podendo, inclusivamente, ser causadora de atrasos no processo de fabricação. Ademais, quando a percentagem de armadura é elevada, existe uma maior dificuldade em garantir a qualidade de betonagem desejada, uma vez que a operação de vibração pode tornar-se numa tarefa árdua ou mesmo impossível, apesar de todos os avanços que vêm conhecendo a tecnologia e os equipamentos de vibração ao longo dos últimos anos. Na maior parte das vezes, nestas condições, e na falta de um controlo de qualidade rigoroso, bem como de mão-de-obra especializada, os elementos pré-fabricados apresentam deficiências que podem comprometer o comportamento mecânico e a aparência da estrutura final. O betão auto-compactável (BAC) pode ser definido como sendo um material capaz de fluir no interior da cofragem e de passar através da armadura, unicamente sob acção do seu peso próprio, ou seja, sem vibração. Conjugando as vantagens do betão auto-compactável com as que advêm da adição de fibras a materiais de matriz cimentícia, obtém-se um material com desempenho elevado, designado de betão auto-compactável reforçado com fibras de aço (BACRFA). A utilização de fibras de aço aumenta a ductilidade do betão, retarda ao aparecimento e a propagação de fendas, aumenta significativamente a absorção de energia na fase pós-fendilhada e reduz a largura de fendas. Apesar de todas as vantagens já reconhecidas, a tecnologia do Betão Reforçado com Fibras de Aço continua a ser alvo de alguma rejeição por parte dos engenheiros de estruturas, à hora de a eleger como solução estrutural: não apenas em aplicações de alta responsabilidade do ponto de vista estrutural mas também em aplicações em que as fibras de aço são usadas como reforço secundário. No presente trabalho é feita uma avaliação do comportamento à flexão e ao corte de estruturas laminares de betão de elevado desempenho reforçado com fibras de aço (BEDRFA). Foram realizados dois extensos programas de investigação para avaliar a influência do reforço proporcionado pelas fibras de aço no comportamento destas estruturas. Foram também avaliadas a influência da classe de resistência do betão, fck, na capacidade de carga dos elementos, bem como a sua influência nos mecanismos que as fibras podem desenvolver dentro de uma composição de BEDRFA. Foi avaliado o modelo analítico para a previsão da contribuição das fibras de aço no reforço ao corte de vigas de betão proposto pelo RILEM TC 162 TDF. Foi levada a cabo a simulação numérica dos ensaios realizados com vigas de betão de alta resistência reforçado com fibras de aço (BARRFA), simulação esta realizada através de uma análise não-linear material com o método dos elementos finitos, utilizando uma lei de amolecimento para modelar o desenvolvimento das fendas de corte. No presente trabalho é feita uma descrição dos programas experimentais realizados; os principais resultados serão apresentados e discutidos.<br>La industria del la prefabricación se depara, muchas veces, con la necesidad de producir elementos estructurales de elevada complejidad geométrica. Esa complejidad dificulta significativamente la introducción de las armaduras de refuerzo en los encofrados, aumentando considerablemente el tiempo de producción de las piezas pudendo, incluso, ser la causa de retrasos en el proceso de fabricación. Además, cuando el porcentaje de armadura es elevado, existe una mayor dificultad en garantizar la calidad del hormigonado, ya que la vibración puede ser una tarea complicada o hasta imposible, a pesar de todos los avances en la tecnología y los equipos de vibración a lo largo de los últimos años. En la mayor parte de las veces, en estas circunstancias y, en la falta de un control de calidad riguroso bien como de mano de obra especializada, los elementos prefabricados presentan defectos que pueden comprometer su comportamiento mecánico y la apariencia de la estructura final. El hormigón auto compactante (HAC) puede definirse como un material con la capacidad de fluir en el interior del encofrado y de pasar a través de las armaduras, únicamente bajo la acción de su peso propio, es decir, sin vibración. Conjugando las ventajas del hormigón auto compactante con las ventajas de la adición de fibras a materiales de matriz cementicia, se obtiene un material con elevado desempeño, que se designa de hormigón auto compactante reforzado con fibras de acero (HACRFA). La utilización de fibras de acero aumenta la ductilidad del hormigón, retrasa el aparecimiento y la propagación de grietas, aumenta de forma significativa la absorción de energía en la fase pos fisurada y reduce el ancho de las grietas. No obstante todas las ventajas ya conocidas, la tecnología del hormigón reforzado con fibras de acero sigue sin gran aceptación por parte de los ingenieros de estructuras, a la hora de elegirla como solución estructural: no solo en aplicaciones de alta responsabilidad del punto de vista estructural sino en aplicaciones en las cuales las fibras de acero se usan como refuerzo secundario. En el presente trabajo se hace una evaluación del comportamiento en flexión y a cortante de estructuras laminares de hormigones de elevado desempeño reforzados con fibras de acero (HEDRFA). Dos extensos programas de investigación se han llevado a cabo para evaluar la influencia del refuerzo proporcionado por las fibras de acero en el comportamiento de estas estructuras. Se ha evaluado también la influencia de la clase de resistencia del hormigón, fck, en la capacidad de carga de los elementos, bien como su influencia en los mecanismos que las fibras pueden desarrollar dentro de una composición de HEDRFA. Se hizo la evaluación del modelo analítico propuesto por el RILEM TC 162 TDF para la previsión de la contribución de las fibras de acero en el refuerzo a cortante de vigas de hormigón. Se ha llevado a cabo la simulación numérica de los ensayos realizados con vigas de hormigón de alta resistencia reforzado con fibras de acero, simulación hecha con recurso a un análisis no-lineal material con el método de los elementos finitos, utilizando una ley de softening para modelizar la propagación de las grietas de cortante. En el presente trabajo se hace una descripción de los programas experimentales realizados; los principales resultados serán presentados y discutidos.

The quenching of undesired flames by cold surfaces has been investigated for more than a century. The current quenching theory can predict simple configurations, this is not the case for real environments such as fuel management systems. Flames are sensitive to numerous parameters, such as fuel, mixture fraction, pressure, temperature, flow properties, acoustics, radiation, and surface interactions. The effects of some of these parameters are very well documented but there is a lack of information regarding the effects of acoustics and flow. This dissertation work will focus on improving the understanding of flow effect on the quenching of premixed gaseous flames. First, the effect of apparent velocity on flame quenching was investigated for different fuels and equivalence ratios. An experimental facility is designed such that the apparent flame velocity at which the flame enters and propagates through the channel can be varied without changing the initial mixture condition. High-speed (15,000 frames per second (FPS)) Schlieren and dynamic pressure measurement were used to measure the apparent flame velocity and to assess the flame quenching, respectively. This study showed that the high-speed laminar flames are harder to quench compared to self-propagating and turbulent flames. A similar trend was obtained for all the conditions investigated, lean and stoichiometric methane-air, lean propane-air, and lean ethylene-air mixtures. Further investigation was carried out to understand the quenching of high-speed laminar flames. The flame propagation through the channel was investigated using Hydroxyl (OH) planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). This study showed that the OH intensity fell below the detection threshold in the later part of the channel when quenching is observed. Then, the influence of heat transfer was investigated using spatial and temporal evolution of the temperature in the quenching channel. A high-speed (10 kHz) filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) technique was used to measure the one-dimensional time-resolved temperature profile. Three different channel heights (H = 1.3, 1.5, 2.0 mm) were investigated. Based on the evolution of the temperature profile in the quenching channel, a new parameter was identified and the importance of its evolution on the flame quenching was discussed.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>生醫科學與工程學系<br>105<br>Hyperglycemia has been widely demonstrated as one of major risk factors for tumor deterioration such as tumor metastasis. However, the definite mechanism of how glucose affects tumor development in vivo remains unclear since the interstitial fluid; one of key physiological factors in cellular microenvironment, is usually ignored in most of prior in vitro studies. To address the above issue, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of interstitial fluid-induced laminar shear stress (LSS) on human urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BFTC-905), in respects of cellular migration and invasion, in the presence of high glucose concentration. Based on the results of Giemsa and Calcein-AM staining assays, we found that the cells with 25-mM glucose for 24 h exhibited 2.03-fold enhanced migration efficiency (P < 0.01), while the migrated cell number with 12 dynes/cm2 LSS for 4 h significantly decreased ~63% (P < 0.01) as compared with the one without glucose. On the other hand, the migrated cell number with both LSS (12 dynes/cm2) and high glucose (25 mM) is significantly decreased 63% (P < 0.01) as compared to the group treated with glucose alone, indicating that high glucose promotes cellular migration while it was inhibited by LSS. Furthermore, our data showed that the cells with 25-mM glucose for 24 h exhibited 3.6-fold (P < 0.01) enhanced invasive cell number rate, while the invasive cell number with 12 dynes/cm2 LSS for 4 h is not significant difference as compared with the one without glucose. Moreover, the invasive cell number of the BFTC-905 treated with both LSS and 25-mM glucose significantly decreased 59% as compared to the group with glucose alone. According to the Western blot analyses, we investigate the mechanism of tumor metastasis caused by synergistic effect of LSS and glucose, expressions of AKT, Cav-1 and MT1-MMP were examined. We found that expressions of both p-AKT and p-Cav-1 exhibited significantly enhanced (P < 0.01) with glucose alone, and the expressions of MT1-MMP decreased slightly. Augmented along with exposure of LSS only that the expressions of p-AKT is no significant difference, whereas LSS enabled to further decreased the p-Cav-1 (P < 0.05) but increased the MT1-MMP (P < 0.01) expression. However, the results that the expressions of p-AKT and p-Cav-1 with both LSS and glucose exhibited significant decreased, the results show that LSS has an inhibitory effect on the regulation of p-AKT and p-Cav-1 in bladder cancer cells with a high glucose environment. In addition to the expressions of MT1-MMP significant decreased with both LSS and high glucose. In our study show that cell migration of bladder cancer decreased significantly under the laminar shear stress (12 dynes/cm2) in the high glucose environment, and through the Cav-1 pathway regulate the AKT. The tumor invasion also has a decreased significantly, but it's the less relevant with the laminar shear stress. We suppose that MT1-MMP maybe have affected by other pathways. These results showed that the LSS of tumor metastasis in bladder cancer cells suggest that mechanical microenvironment of tumor cells may play important roles, and it should be taken into account in tumor therapy and management.

碩士<br>中華科技大學<br>土木防災工程研究所在職專班<br>99<br>In recent years, rapid economic development in Taiwan. High-tech industries for the needs of the economic effects is better than traditional industries. Domestic technological plant construction has increased year by year, technology-based plant construction and clean room with a closed air circulation characteristics, a fire will interrupt the processing and cause significant losses. Currently there is no fire safety equipment standard for the clean room in the high-tech factory building to provide domestic design and engineering as a planning device configuration compliance purposes. In this study, fire detector settings for clean room return air plenum in the high-tech factory building is investigated, to review the relevant international standards fire clean room design, and use a set of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software published by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and use Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) simulation of fire scenarios and fire reconstruction analysis. The results can be the relevant reference to the public department, and the importance of clean room design and accelerate the study of advanced security equipment, disaster prevention, preparation plant clean room technology. Set standards for fire safety equipment to improve the plant's safety factor and to protect human life and property.

High-pressure experiments and chemical kinetics modeling were performed for laminar spherically expanding flames for methane/air, ethane/air, methane/ethane/air and propane/air mixtures at pressures between 1 and 10 atm and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.7 to 1.3. All experiments were performed in a new flame speed facility capable of withstanding initial pressures up to 15 atm. The facility consists of a cylindrical pressure vessel rated up to 2200 psi. Vacuums down to 30 mTorr were produced before each experiment, and mixtures were created using the partial pressure method. Ignition was obtained by an automotive coil and a constant current power supply capable of reducing the spark energy close to the minimum ignition energy. Optical cine-photography was provided via a Z-type schlieren set up and a high-speed camera (2000 fps). A full description of the facility is given including a pressure rating and a computational conjugate heat transfer analysis predicting temperature rises at the walls. Additionally, a detailed uncertainty analysis revealed total uncertainty in measured flame speed of approximately +-0.7 cm/s. This study includes first-ever measurements of methane/ethane flame speeds at elevated pressures as well as unique high pressure ethane flame speed measurements. Three chemical kinetic models were used and compared against measured flame velocities. GRI 3.0 performed remarkably well even for high-pressure ethane flames. The C5 mechanism performed acceptably at low pressure conditions and under-predicted the experimental data at elevated pressures. Measured Markstein lengths of atmospheric methane/air flames were compared against values found in the literature. In this study, Markstein lengths increased for methane/air flames from fuel lean to fuel rich. A reverse trend was observed for ethane/air mixtures with the Markstein length decreasing from fuel lean to fuel rich conditions. Flame cellularity was observed for mixtures at elevated pressures. For both methane and ethane, hydrodynamic instabilities dominated at stoichiometric conditions. Flame acceleration was clearly visible and used to determine the onset of cellular instabilities. The onset of flame acceleration for each high-pressure experiment was recorded.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>This thesis concentrates on the study of hybrid gas journal bearings (bearings with externally pressurized mass addition). It differs from most work in that it goes back to “basics” to explore the hydrodynamic phenomena in the bearing gap. The thesis compares geometrically identical bearings with 2 configurations of external pressurization, porous liners where mass-addition compensation is varied by varying the liner’s permeability, and bushings with 2 rows of 6 feedholes where the mass-addition compensation is varied by the feedhole diameter. Experimentally, prototype bearings with mass-addition compensation that spans 2 orders of magnitude with differing clearances are built and their aerostatic properties and mass addition characteristics are thoroughly tested. The fundamental equations for compressible, laminar, Poiseuille flow are used to suggest how the mass flow “compensation” should be mathematically modeled. This is back-checked against the experimental mass flow measurements and is used to determine a mass-addition compensation parameter (called Kmeas) for each prototype bushing. In so doing, the methodology of modeling and measuring the mass addition in a hybrid gas bearing is re-examined and an innovative, practical, and simple method is found that makes it possible to make an “apples-to-apples” comparison between different configurations of external pressurization. This mass addition model is used in conjunction with the Reynolds equation to perform theory-based numerical analysis of virtual hybrid gas journal bearings (CFD experiments). The first CFD experiments performed use virtual bearings modeled to be identical to the experimental prototypes and replicate the experimental work. The results are compared and the CFD model is validated. The ontological significance of appropriate dimensionless similitude parameters is re-examined and a, previously lacking, complete set of similitude factors is found for hybrid bearings. A new practical method is developed to study in unprecedented detail the aerostatic component of the hybrid bearings. It is used to definitively compare the feedhole bearings to the porous liner bearings. The hydrostatic bearing efficiency (HBE) is defined and it is determined that the maximum achievable hydrostatic bearing efficiency (MAHBE) is determined solely by the bearing’s mass addition configuration. The MAHBE of the porous liner bearings is determined to be over 5 times that of the feedhole bearings. The method also presents a means to tune the Kmeas to the clearance to achieve the MAHBE as well as giving a complete mapping of the hitherto misunderstood complex shapes of aerostatic load versus radial deflection curves. This method also rediscovers the obscure phenomenon of static instability which is called in this thesis the “near surface effect” and appears to be the first work to present a practical method to predict the range of static instability and quantify its resultant stiffness fall-off. It determines that porous liner type bearings are not subject to the phenomenon which appears for feedhole type bearings when the clearance exceeds a critical value relative to its mass-addition compensation. The standing pressure waves of hydrostatic and hybrid bearings with the 2 configurations of external pressurization as well as a geometrically identical hydrodynamic bearing are studied in detail under the methodology of the “CFD microscope”. This method is used to characterize and identify the development, growth, and movement of the pressure wave extrema with increased hydrodynamic action (either increasing speed or increasing eccentricity). This method is also used to determine the “cause” of the “near surface effect”. A gedanken experiment is performed based on these results which indicates that a bearing with a “stronger aerostatic strength” component should be more stable than one with a low aerostatic strength component. Numerical instability “speed limits” are found that are also related to the hydrostatic strength of the bearing. The local conditions in the standing waves are characterized in terms of their local Mach number, Knudsen number, Reynolds number, and Taylor Number. It is concluded that low eccentricity bearing whirl can be attributed to the off load-line orientation of the bearing load force caused by the overlay of the hydrodynamic bearing standing wave onto the hydrostatic bearing wave of the hybrid bearing, whereas it is hypothesized that aperiodic and random self-excited vibration which occurs at high eccentricity, as reported in the literature, is probably due to shock waves, turbulence, near surface effect, and slip at local areas of the standing wave.