Journal articles: 'Land use and transport modelling'

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Owens, Susan. "Integrated land use and transport modelling: Decision chains and hierarchies." Utilities Policy 3, no. 1 (1993): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-1787(93)90035-u.

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Juhász, M., and Cs Koren. "Creating a two-way Land-Use and Transport Interaction model for Budapest." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 10, no. 2 (2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.v10.n2.432.

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This paper intends to show that despite limited data availability it is still possible to elaborate semi-sophisticated LUTI models which can be a stepping stone for countries that are less developed in terms of transport modelling practice but eager to improve. It provides an outline of the model and of the calibrating process which was based on data from the city of Budapest. Based on the results it is undeniable that excluding land-use effects of transport in modelling could cause a serious distortion even in a shorter time period. It seems that such land-use effects and feedbacks can no longer be disregarded as it is not in accordance with the desire of improving transport modelling practice. From this aspect, the proposed approach is practical and can overcome general obstacles of time, cost and data availability issues. The next step should be to carry out tests for the estimation of real transport investments and compare the results with other models.

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Tanczos, Katalin, and Arpad Torok. "INTRODUCING DECISIVE DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATIONS INTO TRANSPORT MODELLING." TRANSPORT 23, no. 4 (2008): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.330-334.

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To effectuate a consistent methodology for urban planning taking into consideration the viewpoints of land use and transportation, we need to approach the subject and consider complex social and economical aspects. To handle both of the above mentioned urban planning areas, we shall develop models able to pay attention to all of their restrictive factors within temporal properties.

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Hunt, J. D., and D. C. Simmonds. "Theory and application of an integrated land-use and transport modelling framework." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20, no. 2 (1993): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b200221.

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Zhuge, Chengxiang, and Chunfu Shao. "Agent-based modelling of office market for a land use and transport model." Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics 7, no. 1 (2019): 1232–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2019.1589599.

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Dunn, S. M., A. J. A. Vinten, A. Lilly, J. DeGroote, and M. McGechan. "Modelling nitrate losses from agricultural activities on a national scale." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (2005): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0606.

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The Nitrogen Risk Assessment Model for Scotland (NIRAMS) has been developed as a screening tool for prediction of streamwater N concentrations draining from agricultural land in Scotland. The objective of the model is to be able to predict N concentrations for ungauged catchments, to fill gaps in monitoring data and provide guidance in relation to policy development. The model uses national land use, soils and meteorology data sets and has been developed within an ArcView GIS user interface. The model includes modules to calculate N inputs to the land, residual N remaining at the end of the growing season, weekly time-series of leached N and transport of N at the catchment scale. The N leaching and transport are controlled by hydrological modules, including a national water balance model and a catchment scale transport model. Preliminary testing of NIRAMS has been carried out on eight Scottish catchments, diverse in terms of geographic location as well as land use. The model is capable of predicting the correct mean level of stream N concentrations, as well as the basic characteristics of seasonal variation. As such the model can be of value for providing estimates of N concentrations in ungauged areas.

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Settesoldi, D., F. Preti, C. Lubello, and I. Becchi. "ALGORITHMS FOR PESTICIDES TRANSPORT DISTRIBUTED MODELLING." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (1994): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0036.

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In order to build up distributed models which require a proper evaluation of the different hydrological, sedimentological and chemical variables, various algorithms developed and based on results obtained in former experiences are here presented. A digital model which divides the catchment with a square grid to obtain a set of cells, called rasters, is adopted and all quantities playing a role in the model are represented according to this methodology. They are geographic (elevation, watersheds, channels network, exposure, flowing index, etc.), geological and pedological (gravitational and capillary water storage, erodibility, etc.), climatic (rainfalls. temperature, humidity. etc.) and anthropic (land use, agricultural nonpoint pollution, etc.). A limited set of parameters that regulates the dynamics of water. sediments and pollutants are common fop the whole basin. Grid dimensions and balance time-step are not fixed in advance, but they depend on information accuracy.

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Mackett, R. L. "Comparative Analysis of Modelling Land-Use Transport Interaction at the Micro and Macro Levels." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 22, no. 4 (1990): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a220459.

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Zhong, Ming, Bilin Yu, Shaobo Liu, John Douglas Hunt, and Huini Wang. "A method for estimating localised space-use pattern and its applications in integrated land-use transport modelling." Urban Studies 55, no. 16 (2018): 3708–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018760108.

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Contemporary integrated land-use transport models (ILUTMs) explicitly consider interactions between floorspace demand/supply and rent at fine spatial scales, which requires a good understanding between floorspace use pattern and competition of locations among socioeconomic activities. Floorspace use patterns are usually represented by space use coefficients (SUCs) by activity type by zone, which are then used to develop theoretical space-use-rent curves (SURCs), in order to reflect the elasticity between rent and floorspace consumption rates. Literature review indicates that existing studies mostly use borrowed SUCs or subjective judgement methods for synthesising base-year floorspace and developing SURCs. In general, their accuracy is largely unknown and synthesised floorspace could be highly inaccurate. In this study, a linear programming method is proposed to estimate localised SUCs by assuming that zonal population, employment and floorspace total data are available. Study results show that the method can provide localised SUCs and better SURCs than traditional methods. It is found that, as the size of the homogeneous optimisation areas (HOAs) decreases, the accuracy of zonal space totals estimated increases considerably. For example, the estimation error between the observed and estimated zonal space totals reduces from 76.2% under the most aggregate case to 24.7% under the most disaggregate case. The sum of square errors (SSEs) between the optimised SUCs and the SURCs also reduces to about one-quarter of their original values. The method proposed contributes to a procedural process to estimate localised SUCs with known accuracy, which is proved to be a better alternative to traditional synthesis methods.

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Convery, Sheila, and Brendan Williams. "Determinants of Transport Mode Choice for Non-Commuting Trips: The Roles of Transport, Land Use and Socio-Demographic Characteristics." Urban Science 3, no. 3 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030082.

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Despite rapid changes in vehicle technology and the expansion of IT-based mobility solutions, travel habits must be changed to address the environmental and health implications of increasing car dependency. A significant amount of research focuses on commuting, which comprises the largest share of annual vehicle miles travelled. However, non-work trips are also significant, especially when considering trip frequency. Using empirical data (N = 1298) from an urban-rural region and bivariate statistical analysis, the relationship between the land use–transport configuration (6 types) and travel behaviour patterns is examined for 14 non-work destinations. The land use characterisation used in this research includes an updated means of representing a land use mix. By defining the typologies of land use and transport for use in the analysis, the findings can be directed towards contrasting area types in the region. A strong statistically significant association between the land use–transport configuration and mode-share for 14 non-work journey purposes is found. Using regression modelling, income and car ownership are identified as key influences on travel behaviour patterns. The results of both analyses show that, for non-work trips, the transport–land use relationship is as important as key socio-demographic indicators. However, the results for reductions in car travel are relatively small for the area typologies outside the inner-city core. This indicates that efforts to provide alternatives to car travel in order to mitigate car dependency should be prioritised in these outer urban areas. Appropriate management of spatial structure for non-work activity types such that active mode use is possible is essential. This will resolve some of the important environmental and health impacts of car dependency.

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Palšová, Lucia, Katarína Melichová, and Ina Melišková. "Modelling Development, Territorial and Legislative Factors Impacting the Changes in Use of Agricultural Land in Slovakia." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (2019): 3893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143893.

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The conflict of interests in agricultural land use based on the diversity of needs of private and public interest is the main problem of the current protection of agricultural land in Slovakia. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to identify factors affecting the withdrawal of agricultural land, i.e., conversion of the agricultural land to non-agricultural purposes, and to initiate a professional discussion on the concept of protection and use of the agricultural land in Slovakia. Through panel regression models, the developmental, territorial, and legislative factors affecting land withdrawal for the purpose of housing, industry, transport, mining, and other purposes were analyzed. Research has shown that developmental factors, compared to legislative ones, affect the total volume of agricultural land withdrawn in bigger scope. From the perspective of the conflict of interests between the individuals and state regarding land protection, the private interest prevails over the public one. As a consequence, agricultural land is withdrawn in suburbanized and attractive areas, where the land of the highest quality is mostly located. In accordance with the precautionary principle, the state should adopt a long-term conceptual document defining the areas of agricultural land use taking into account the impact of the developmental factors on the land protection.

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Huynh, Nam, Pascal Perez, Matthew Berryman, and Johan Barthélemy. "Simulating Transport and Land Use Interdependencies for Strategic Urban Planning—An Agent Based Modelling Approach." Systems 3, no. 4 (2015): 177–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems3040177.

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Hayashi, Yoshitsugu, Tomohiko Isobe, and Yasuo Tomita. "Modelling the long-term effects of transport and land use policies on industrial locational behaviour." Regional Science and Urban Economics 16, no. 1 (1986): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(86)90016-5.

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Graham, L. P., and S. Bergström. "Land surface modelling in hydrology and meteorology – lessons learned from the Baltic Basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 1 (2000): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-13-2000.

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Abstract. By both tradition and purpose, the land parameterization schemes of hydrological and meteorological models differ greatly. Meteorologists are concerned primarily with solving the energy balance, whereas hydrologists are most interested in the water balance. Meteorological climate models typically have multi-layered soil parameterisation that solves temperature fluxes numerically with diffusive equations. The same approach is carried over to a similar treatment of water transport. Hydrological models are not usually so interested in soil temperatures, but must provide a reasonable representation of soil moisture to get runoff right. To treat the heterogeneity of the soil, many hydrological models use only one layer with a statistical representation of soil variability. Such a hydrological model can be used on large scales while taking subgrid variability into account. Hydrological models also include lateral transport of water – an imperative if' river discharge is to be estimated. The concept of a complexity chain for coupled modelling systems is introduced, together with considerations for mixing model components. Under BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment) and SWECLIM (Swedish Regional Climate Modelling Programme), a large-scale hydrological model of runoff in the Baltic Basin is used to review atmospheric climate model simulations. This incorporates both the runoff record and hydrological modelling experience into atmospheric model development. Results from two models are shown. A conclusion is that the key to improved models may be less complexity. Perhaps the meteorological models should keep their multi-layered approach for modelling soil temperature, but add a simpler, yet physically consistent, hydrological approach for modelling snow processes and water transport in the soil. Keywords: land surface modelling; hydrological modelling; atmospheric climate models; subgrid variability; Baltic Basin

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Guzman, Luis A. "A strategic and dynamic land-use transport interaction model for Bogotá and its region." Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics 7, no. 1 (2018): 707–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2018.1477636.

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Scholefield, Graham P. "de la Barra, Thomas, "Integrated Land Use and Transport Modelling: Decision Chains and Hierarchies" (Book Review)." Town Planning Review 61, no. 2 (1990): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.61.2.928235u6k773j048.

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Man, Chun-Yin, Oliver F. Shyr, Yi-Ya Hsu, Simon Shepherd, Han-Liang Lin, and Chien-Hung Tu. "Tourism, transport, and land use: a dynamic impact assessment for Kaohsiung’s Asia New Bay Area." Journal of Simulation 14, no. 4 (2020): 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2020.1806748.

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ZHONG, Ming, John Douglas HUNT, and John Edward ABRAHAM. "Design and Development of a Statewide Land Use Transport Model for Alberta." Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 7, no. 1 (2007): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-6672(07)60010-5.

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Massawe, Ezrael J., Richard Kimwaga, and Fredrick Mwanuzi. "Modelling Transport of Nitrogen Compounds in Geita Wetland along Mtakuja River." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 37, no. 2 (2018): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v37i2.486.

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The impacts of excessive nitrogen loading to streams in a watershed occur in the receiving waters such as rivers at the outlet of the watershed. To quantify the impacts of land use and management practices on the nitrogen loading at the watershed outlet, simulation models are needed that can both predict the nitrogen loading at the edge of individual fields and predict the fate of nitrogen as it moves through the river network to the watershed outlet. This paper presents the results of a model analysis for describing the processes governing transformations and transport of nitrogen compounds (NO3-N and NH4-N) through Mtakuja River in the Geita wetland. The model was made in Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a watershed model developed to assess the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields with varying soils, land use and management conditions. Two monitoring stations namely MTSP1 and MTSP2 were established along Mtakuja River. A set of SWAT model inputs representative of the water conditions was collected from the established monitoring stations. The model was calibrated and validated for the prediction of flow and nitrogen compounds (NO3-N and NH4-N) transport, against a set of measured mean monthly monitoring data. Sensitive model parameters were adjusted within their feasible ranges during calibration to minimize model prediction errors. At the gauging station MTSP2, the calibration results showed that the model predicted mean monthly flow within 18% of the measured mean monthly flow with the r2 coefficient and Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) were 0.84 and 0.82, respectively. At the water quality monitoring station MTSP2, the calibration results showed the model predicted nitrogen compounds (NO3-N and NH4-N) loadings within 21% and 23% of their respective measured mean monthly loadings. The mean monthly comparisons of r 2 values for nitrogen compounds ranged from 0.77 to 0.81 while the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values were between 0.72 and 0.73. The model results and field measurements demonstrated that about 70% of the annual nitrogen compounds loadings which would otherwise reach Lake Victoria are retained in the wetland. The Mtakuja river model can therefore be used for prediction of nitrogen compounds (NO3-N and NH4-N) transformation processes in the Geita wetland.

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Szymkiewicz, Adam, Dawid Potrykus, Beata Jaworska-Szulc, Anna Gumuła-Kawęcka, Małgorzata Pruszkowska-Caceres, and Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka. "Evaluation of the Influence of Farming Practices and Land Use on Groundwater Resources in a Coastal Multi-Aquifer System in Puck Region (Northern Poland)." Water 12, no. 4 (2020): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041042.

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This study focuses on the modeling of groundwater flow and nitrate transport in a multi-aquifer hydrosystem in northern Poland, adjacent to Puck Bay (Baltic sea). The main goal was to investigate how changes in land use and farming practices may affect groundwater recharge and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to the sea and the associated N-NO3 fluxes. An integrated modelling approach has been developed, which couples the SWAT hydrologic model, MODFLOW-NWT groundwater flow model, and MT3DMS transport model. Transient simulations were performed for a 10 y period, assuming 10 different scenarios of land use (farming, grassland, forest) and crop types. Both recharge and SGD showed a distinct pattern of seasonal time variability. In terms of the average flow rates, the effect of varying crop type was more significant than that of land use change, with the minimum recharge and SGD corresponding to winter wheat and the maximum for peas and potatoes. Nitrate loads were strongly affected by both land use and crop type, with minimum values obtained for grassland and maximum values for canola.

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Alonso, Andrea, Andrés Monzón, and Yang Wang. "Modelling Land Use and Transport Policies to Measure Their Contribution to Urban Challenges: The Case of Madrid." Sustainability 9, no. 3 (2017): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9030378.

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Pfaffenbichler, Paul, Günter Emberger, and Simon Shepherd. "A system dynamics approach to land use transport interaction modelling: the strategic model MARS and its application." System Dynamics Review 26, no. 3 (2010): 262–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdr.451.

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Habib, Muhammad Ahsanul, and Md Asif Hasan Anik. "Examining the long term impacts of COVID-19 using an integrated transport and land-use modelling system." International Journal of Urban Sciences 25, no. 3 (2021): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2021.1951821.

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Bärlund, I., H. Lehtonen, and S. Tattari. "Assessment of environmental impacts following alternative agricultural policy scenarios." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (2005): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0582.

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Finnish agriculture is likely to undergo major changes in the near and intermediate future. The future policy context can be examined at a general level by strategic scenario building. Computer-based modelling in combination with agricultural policy scenarios can in turn create a basis for the assessments of changes in environmental quality following possible changes in Finnish agriculture. The analysis of economic consequences is based on the DREMFIA model, which is applied to study effects of various agricultural policies on land use, animal production, and farmers' income. The model is suitable for an impact analysis covering an extended time span – here up to the year 2015. The changes in land use, obtained with the DREMFIA model assuming rational economic behaviour, form the basis when evaluating environmental impacts of different agricultural policies. The environmental impact assessment is performed using the field scale nutrient transport model ICECREAM. The modelled variables are nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff and percolation. In this paper the modelling strategy will be presented and highlighted using two case study catchments with varying environmental conditions and land use as an example. In addition, the paper identifies issues arising when connecting policy scenarios with impact modelling.

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Jayasinghe, Amila, N. B. S. Madusanka, Chethika Abenayake, and P. K. S. Mahanama. "A Modeling Framework: To Analyze the Relationship between Accessibility, Land Use and Densities in Urban Areas." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020467.

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The study proposes a framework to model the three-dimensional relationship among density, land use, and accessibility in urban areas constructively contributing to overcome the limitations noted in the domains of urban planning and transport planning. First, most of the existing studies have focused on the topological characteristics in capturing the accessibility, but a limited attention has been given on measuring the accessibility by considering both topological and roadway characteristics. Second, the existing research studies have acknowledged the relationship among density, land use, and accessibility while a limited attention has been given to develop a modeling framework to capture the three-dimensional relationship. The modelling framework was tested in three urban areas in Sri Lanka. The research first analyzed the three-dimensional link among density, land use, and accessibility in the case studies. Then, the study developed a set of regression models to capture the density from the land use and accesability. The proposed model recorded a satisfactory level of accuracy (i.e., R2 > 0.70) on a par with internationally accepted standards. The relationship was further elaborated through a decision tree analysis and 4D plot diagrams. Findings of the study can be utilized to model the density of a given land use and the correspondent accessibility scenarios. The proposed model is capable of quantifying the impact of the changes in the density correspondent to the accessibility and land use. Therefore, the study concludes that this will be an effective tool for decision-makers in the fields of land-use planning and transport planning for scenario building, impact analysis, and the formulation of land use zoning and urban development plans aiming at the overarching sustainability of future cities.

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Forgie, Vicky. "Making Planning Support Systems Matter: Improving the Use of Planning Support Systems for Integrated Land Use and Transport Strategy-Making." Environmental Modelling & Software 26, no. 12 (2011): 1772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.06.002.

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Pulido-Velazquez, M., S. Peña-Haro, A. Garcia-Prats, et al. "Integrated assessment of the impact of climate and land use changes on groundwater quantity and quality in Mancha Oriental (Spain)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 9 (2014): 10319–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10319-2014.

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Abstract. Climate and land use change (global change) impacts on groundwater systems cannot be studied in isolation, as various and complex interactions in the hydrological cycle take part. Land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes have a great impact on the water cycle and contaminant production and transport. Groundwater flow and storage are changing in response not only to climatic changes but also to human impacts on land uses and demands (global change). Changes in future climate and land uses will alter the hydrologic cycles and subsequently impact the quantity and quality of regional water systems. Predicting the behavior of recharge and discharge conditions under future climatic and land use changes is essential for integrated water management and adaptation. In the Mancha Oriental system in Spain, in the last decades the transformation from dry to irrigated lands has led to a significant drop of the groundwater table in one of the largest groundwater bodies in Spain, with the consequent effect on stream-aquifer interaction in the connected Jucar River. Streamflow depletion is compromising the related ecosystems and the supply to the downstream demands, provoking a complex management issue. The intense use of fertilizer in agriculture is also leading to locally high groundwater nitrate concentrations. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of water availability and water quality is essential for a proper management of the system. In this paper we analyze the potential impact of climate and land use change in the system by using an integrated modelling framework consisting of the sequentially coupling of a watershed agriculturally-based hydrological model (SWAT) with the ground-water model MODFLOW and mass-transport model MT3D. SWAT model outputs (mainly groundwater recharge and pumping, considering new irrigation needs under changing ET and precipitation) are used as MODFLOW inputs to simulate changes in groundwater flow and storage and impacts on stream-aquifer interaction. SWAT and MODFLOW outputs (nitrate loads from SWAT, groundwater velocity field from MODFLOW) are used as MT3D inputs for assessing the fate and transport of nitrate leached from the topsoil. Results on river discharge, crop yields, groundwater levels and groundwater nitrate concentrations obtained from simulation fit well to the observed values. Three climate change scenarios have been considered, corresponding to 3 different GCMs for emission scenario A1B, covering the control period, and short, medium and long-term future periods. A multi-temporal analysis of LULC change was carried out, helped by the study of historical trends by remote sensing images and key driving forces to explain LULC transitions. Markov chains and European scenarios and projections have been used to quantify trends in the future. The cellular automata technique was applied for stochastic modeling future LULC maps. The results show the sensitivity of groundwater quantity and quality (nitrate pollution) to climate and land use changes, and the need to implement adaptation measures in order to prevent further groundwater level declines and increasing nitrate concentrations. The sequential modelling chain has been proved to be a valuable assessment and management tool for supporting the development of sustainable management strategies.

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Futter, M. N., M. A. Erlandsson, D. Butterfield, P. G. Whitehead, S. K. Oni, and A. J. Wade. "PERSiST: a flexible rainfall-runoff modelling toolkit for use with the INCA family of models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (2014): 855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-855-2014.

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Abstract. Runoff generation processes and pathways vary widely between catchments. Credible simulations of solute and pollutant transport in surface waters are dependent on models which facilitate appropriate, catchment-specific representations of perceptual models of the runoff generation process. Here, we present a flexible, semi-distributed landscape-scale rainfall-runoff modelling toolkit suitable for simulating a broad range of user-specified perceptual models of runoff generation and stream flow occurring in different climatic regions and landscape types. PERSiST (the Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and Runoff Simulator for Solute Transport) is designed for simulating present-day hydrology; projecting possible future effects of climate or land use change on runoff and catchment water storage; and generating hydrologic inputs for the Integrated Catchments (INCA) family of models. PERSiST has limited data requirements and is calibrated using observed time series of precipitation, air temperature and runoff at one or more points in a river network. Here, we apply PERSiST to the river Thames in the UK and describe a Monte Carlo tool for model calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.

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Quilbé, R., and A. N. Rousseau. "GIBSI: an integrated modelling system for watershed management – sample applications and current developments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (2007): 1301–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1301-2007.

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Abstract. Hydrological and pollutant fate models have long been developed for research purposes. Today, they find an application in integrated watershed management, as decision support systems (DSS). GIBSI is such a DSS designed to assist stakeholders in watershed management. It includes a watershed database coupled to a GIS and accessible through a user-friendly interface, as well as modelling tools that simulate, on a daily time step, hydrological processes, soil erosion, agricultural pollutant transport and surface water quality. Therefore, GIBSI can be used to assess a priori the effect of management scenarios (reservoirs, land use, waste water effluents, diffuse sources of pollution that is agricultural pollution) on surface hydrology and water quality. For illustration purposes, this paper presents several management-oriented applications using GIBSI on the 6680 km2 Chaudière River watershed, located near Quebec City (Canada). They include impact assessments of: (i) timber harvesting; (ii) municipal clean water program; (iii) agricultural nutrient management scenarios; (iv) past land use evolution; (v) possible future agricultural land use evolution under climate change, as well as (vi) determination of achievable performance standards of pesticides management practices. Current and future developments of GIBSI are also presented as these will extend current uses of this tool and make it useable and applicable by stakeholders on other watersheds. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes some of the challenges that remain for a better use of DSS in integrated watershed management.

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Mueller, E. N., A. Güntner, T. Francke, and G. Mamede. "Modelling water availability, sediment export and reservoir sedimentation in drylands with the WASA-SED Model." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 1, no. 1 (2008): 285–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-1-285-2008.

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Abstract. The process-based, spatially semi-distributed modelling framework WASA-SED for water and sediment transport in large dryland catchments is presented. The WASA-SED model simulates the runoff and erosion processes at the hillslope scale, the transport processes of suspended and bedload fluxes in the river reaches and the retention and remobilisation processes of sediments in reservoirs. The modelling tool enables the evaluation of management options both for sustainable land-use change scenarios to reduce erosion in the headwater catchments as well as adequate reservoir management options to lessen sedimentation in large reservoirs and reservoir networks. The model concept, its spatial discretisation and the numerical components of the hillslope, river and reservoir processes are summarised and current model applications are reviewed to demonstrate the capabilities, strengths and limits of the model framework.

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Refsgaard, A., T. Jacobsen, B. Jacobsen, and J. E. Ørum. "Integrated modelling of nitrate loads to coastal waters and land rent applied to catchment-scale water management." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (2007): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.434.

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The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires an integrated approach to river basin management in order to meet environmental and ecological objectives. This paper presents concepts and full-scale application of an integrated modelling framework. The Ringkoebing Fjord basin is characterized by intensive agricultural production and leakage of nitrate constitute a major pollution problem with respect groundwater aquifers (drinking water), fresh surface water systems (water quality of lakes) and coastal receiving waters (eutrophication). The case study presented illustrates an advanced modelling approach applied in river basin management. Point sources (e.g. sewage treatment plant discharges) and distributed diffuse sources (nitrate leakage) are included to provide a modelling tool capable of simulating pollution transport from source to recipient to analyse the effects of specific, localized basin water management plans. The paper also includes a land rent modelling approach which can be used to choose the most cost-effective measures and the location of these measures. As a forerunner to the use of basin-scale models in WFD basin water management plans this project demonstrates the potential and limitations of comprehensive, integrated modelling tools.

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Heinold, Bernd, and Ina Tegen. "Modelling mineral dust in the Central Asian region." E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199902012.

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In Central Asia, climate and air quality are largely affected by local and long-travelled mineral dust. For the last century, the area has experienced severe land-use changes and water exploitation producing new dust sources. Today global warming causes rapid shrinking of mountain glaciers with yet unknow consequences for dust and its climate effects. Despite the importance for a growing population, only little is known about sources, transport pathways and properties of Central Asian dust. A transport study with a global aerosol-climate model is undertaken to investigate the life cycle of mineral dust in Central Asia for the period of a remote-sensing campaign in Tajikistan in 2015–2016. An initial evaluation with sun photometer measurements shows reasonable agreement for the average amount of dust, but a significant weakness of the model in reproducing the seasonality of local dust with maximum activity in summer. Source apportionment reveals a major contribution from Arabia throughout the year in accordance with observations. In the model, local sources mainly contribute in spring and autumn while summer-time dust production is underestimated. The results underline the importance of considering long-range transport and, locally, a detailed representation of atmospheric dynamics and surface characteristics for modelling dust in Central Asia.

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Vanderschuren, Marianne, Robert Cameron, Alexandra Newlands, and Herrie Schalekamp. "Geographical Modelling of Transit Deserts in Cape Town." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020997.

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The World Bank calculated South Africa’s 2018 Gini Coefficient to be 0.63, which made it the world’s most unequal country. Such inequality is perpetuated by land-use patterns still influenced by the apartheid past. The resulting urban form necessitates long travel distances, often relying on fragmented transit modes, each with their own geographical and temporal constraints. This study applies work on transit deserts in cities in the global north to Cape Town, aiming to assess the methodological transferability to the global south, and generating case study results. In the Cape Town case, the study first analyses transit deserts based on formal public transport supply (bus rapid transit, traditional bus and train), identifying that ten out of 18 traffic analysis zones were classified as transit gaps (some unserved demand), while three of these zones qualified as transit deserts (significant undersupply). Like its U.S. counterparts, excess supply is found near Cape Town’s city centre. In Cape Town, the transit gaps/deserts are partly filled by unscheduled minibus-taxis. When this informal public transport service is added, the transit deserts disappear; however, half of the transport analysis zones still qualify as having transit gaps. It is, therefore, concluded that informal public transit in Cape Town reduces the transit gap, but does not eliminate it.

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Bussi, Gianbattista, Simon J. Dadson, Christel Prudhomme, and Paul G. Whitehead. "Modelling the future impacts of climate and land-use change on suspended sediment transport in the River Thames (UK)." Journal of Hydrology 542 (November 2016): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.010.

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Siltecho, S., C. Hammecker, V. Sriboonlue, et al. "Use of field and laboratory methods for estimating unsaturated hydraulic properties under different land-use." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (2014): 6099–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-6099-2014.

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Abstract. Adequate water management is required to improve the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural systems when water is scarce or over-abundant, especially in the case of land-use changes. In order to quantify, to predict and eventually to control water and solute transport into soil, soil hydraulic properties need to be determined precisely. As their determination is often tedious, expensive and time-consuming, many alternative field and laboratory techniques are now available. The aim of this study was to determine unsaturated soil hydraulic properties under different land-uses and to compare the results obtained with different measurement methods (Beerkan, Disk infiltrometer, Evaporation, pedotransfer function). The study has been realised on a tropical sandy soil in a mini watershed in NE Thailand. The experimental plots were positioned in a rubber tree plantation in different positions along a slope, in ruzi grass pasture and in an original forest site. Non parametric statistics demonstrated that van Genuchten unsaturated soil parameters (Ks, α and n), were significantly different according to the measurement methods employed whereas location was not a significant discriminating factor when all methods were considered together. However within each method, parameters n and α were statistically different according to the sites. These parameters were used with Hydrus1D for a one year simulation and computed pressure head did not show noticeable differences for the various sets of parameters, highlighting the fact that for modelling, any of these measurement method could be employed. The choice of the measurement method would therefore be motivated by the simplicity, robustness and its low cost.

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Oppong-Yeboah, Nana Yaw, and Tae-Hyoung Tommy Gim. "Does urban form influence automobile trip frequency in Accra, Ghana?" Journal of Transport and Land Use 13, no. 1 (2020): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2020.1411.

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Sustainable mobility is gaining increasing attention as it is seen as an approach to effectively reduce automobile travel and simultaneously encourage other modes of travel. To this end, it is imperative that scholars provide planners and policymakers with adequate empirical evidence to enable them to make informed decisions. In this sense, this study attempts to understand how socio-demographics, urban form (town center proximity-walk accessibility and other locational characteristics), perception and satisfaction pertaining to public transport influence automobile trip frequency. It particularly employs a partial least square structural equation modelling approach with the aim of appreciating the complexities in the land use-travel behavior interaction with the aid of data from the 2012 National Household Travel Survey of Ghana. The paper finds that the main explanatory factors identified in the land use-transportation-travel behavior literature are deemed significant in the case of Accra with socio-demographics yielding the largest magnitude. Also, public transport satisfaction turns out to have a negative influence on automobile trips.

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Rahman, Mohammad Lutfur, Antoni Moore, Melody Smith, John Lieswyn, and Sandra Mandic. "A Conceptual Framework for Modelling Safe Walking and Cycling Routes to High Schools." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (2020): 3318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093318.

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Active transport to or from school presents an opportunity for adolescents to engage in daily physical activity. Multiple factors influence whether adolescents actively travel to/from school. Creating safe walking and cycling routes to school is a promising strategy to increase rates of active transport. This article presents a comprehensive conceptual framework for modelling safe walking and cycling routes to high schools. The framework has been developed based on several existing relevant frameworks including (a) ecological models, (b) the “Five Es” (engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, and evaluation) framework of transport planning, and (c) a travel mode choice framework for school travel. The framework identifies built environment features (land use mix, pedestrian/cycling infrastructure, neighbourhood aesthetics, and accessibility to local facilities) and traffic safety factors (traffic volume and speed, safe road crossings, and quality of path surface) to be considered when modelling safe walking/cycling routes to high schools. Future research should test this framework using real-world data in different geographical settings and with a combination of tools for the assessment of both macro-scale and micro-scale built environment features. To be effective, the modelling and creation of safe routes to high schools should be complemented by other interventions, including education, enforcement, and encouragement in order to minimise safety concerns and promote active transport.

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Lindgren, G. A., S. Wrede, J. Seibert, and M. Wallin. "Nitrogen source apportionment modeling and the effect of land-use class related runoff contributions." Hydrology Research 38, no. 4-5 (2007): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.015.

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Models simulating nutrient transport at the catchment scale are frequently used for source apportionment and thereby for finding cost-efficient management strategies for water quality improvements. One typical modelling approach at the catchment scale is the use of leaching coefficients (mass per unit flow of water) to compute the nutrient input based on land-use information. In this study two different such model approaches, the lumped Fyrismodel and the distributed HBV-N-D model, were compared based on simulations for the River Fyris catchment in central Sweden. A major difference between the models were different assumptions of specific runoff variations between different land-use classes. These differences had a considerable effect on the computed source apportionment. The higher specific runoff from agricultural areas in the HBV-N-D model compared to the Fyrismodel resulted in a larger contribution of agricultural areas to the total nitrogen export. These results demonstrate the importance of the assumptions of the spatial variation of specific runoff on source apportionment HBV-N-D model estimations.

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François, Cyrille, Natacha Gondran, Jean-Pierre Nicolas, and David Parsons. "Environmental assessment of urban mobility: Combining life cycle assessment with land-use and transport interaction modelling—Application to Lyon (France)." Ecological Indicators 72 (January 2017): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.014.

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Makar, P. A., R. Nissen, A. Teakles, et al. "Turbulent transport, emissions and the role of compensating errors in chemical transport models." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 3 (2014): 1001–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1001-2014.

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Abstract. The balance between turbulent transport and emissions is a key issue in understanding the formation of O3 and particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Discrepancies between observed and simulated concentrations for these species have, in the past, been ascribed to insufficient turbulent mixing, particularly for atmospherically stable environments. This assumption may be simplistic – turbulent mixing deficiencies may explain only part of these discrepancies, and as turbulence parameterizations are improved, the timing of primary PM2.5 emissions may play a much more significant role in the further reduction of model error. In a study of these issues, two regional air-quality models, the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model (CMAQ, version 4.6) and A Unified Regional Air-quality Modelling System (AURAMS, version 1.4.2), were compared to observations for a domain in north-western North America. The air-quality models made use of the same emissions inventory, emissions processing system, meteorological driving model, and model domain, map projection and horizontal grid, eliminating these factors as potential sources of discrepancies between model predictions. The initial statistical comparison between the models and monitoring network data showed that AURAMS' O3 simulations outperformed those of this version of CMAQ4.6, while CMAQ4.6 outperformed AURAMS for most PM2.5 statistical measures. A process analysis of the models revealed that many of the differences between the models' results could be attributed to the strength of turbulent diffusion, via the choice of an a priori lower limit in the magnitude of vertical diffusion coefficients, with AURAMS using 0.1 m2 s−1 and CMAQ4.6 using 1.0 m2 s−1. The use of the larger CMAQ4.6 value for the lower limit of vertical diffusivity within AURAMS resulted in a similar performance for the two models (with AURAMS also showing improved PM2.5, yet degraded O3, and a similar time series as CMAQ4.6). The differences between model results were most noticeable at night, when the higher minimum turbulent diffusivity resulted in an erroneous secondary peak in predicted night-time O3. A spatially invariant and relatively high lower limit in diffusivity could not reduce errors in both O3 and PM2.5 fields, implying that other factors aside from the strength of turbulence might be responsible for the PM2.5 over-predictions. Further investigation showed that the magnitude, timing and spatial allocation of area source emissions could result in improvements to PM2.5 performance with minimal O3 performance degradation. AURAMS was then used to investigate a land-use-dependant lower limit in diffusivity of 1.0 m2 s−1 in urban regions, linearly scaling to 0.01 m2s−1 in rural areas, as employed in CMAQ5.0.1. This strategy was found to significantly improve mean statistics for PM2.5 throughout the day and mean O3 statistics at night, while significantly degrading (halving) midday PM2.5 correlation coefficients and slope of observed to model simulations. Time series of domain-wide model error statistics aggregated by local hour were shown to be a useful tool for performance analysis, with significant variations in performance occurring at different hours of the day. The use of the land-use-dependant lower limit in diffusivity was also shown to reduce the model's sensitivity to the temporal allocation of its emissions inputs. The modelling scenarios suggest that while turbulence plays a key role in O3 and PM2.5 formation in urban regions, and in their downwind transport, the spatial and temporal allocation of primary PM2.5 emissions also has a potentially significant impact on PM2.5 concentration levels. The results show the complex nature of the interactions between turbulence and emissions, and the potential of the strength of the former to mask the impact of changes in the latter.

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Pérez-Landa, G., P. Ciais, G. Gangoiti, et al. "Mesoscale circulations over complex terrain in the Valencia coastal region, Spain – Part 2: Modeling CO<sub>2</sub> transport using idealized surface fluxes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 7 (2007): 1851–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1851-2007.

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Abstract. Vertical profiles of CO2 concentration were collected during an intensive summer campaign in a coastal complex-terrain region within the frame of the European Project RECAB (Regional Assessment and Modelling of the Carbon Balance in Europe). The region presents marked diurnal mesoscale circulation patterns. These circulations result in a specific coupling between atmospherically transported CO2 and its surface fluxes. To understand the effects of this interaction on the spatial variability of the observed CO2 concentrations, we applied a high-resolution transport simulation to an idealized model of land biotic fluxes. The regional Net Ecosystem Exchange fluxes were extrapolated for different land-use classes by using a set of eddy-covariance measurements. The atmospheric transport model is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, driven by a simulation of the RAMS mesoscale model. Our simulations were able to successfully reproduce some of the processes controlling the mesoscale transport of CO2. A semi-quantitative comparison between simulations and data allowed us to characterize how the coupling between mesoscale transport and surface fluxes produced CO2 spatial gradients in the domain. Temporal averages in the simulated CO2 field show a covariance between flux and transport consisting of: 1) horizontally, a CO2 deficit over land, mirrored by a CO2 excess over the sea and 2) vertically, the prevalence of a mean CO2 depletion between 500 and 2000 m, and a permanent build-up of CO2 in the lower levels.

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Nickel, Stefan, and Winfried Schröder. "Bestimmung von Schwermetalleinträgen in Waldgebiete mit Modellierung und Moosmonitoring." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 2 (2017): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0092.

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Determination of heavy metal deposition in forests by use of modelling and moss biomonitoring Atmospheric deposition of elements such as heavy metals, to which environmental systems are exposed, can be determined by means of technical samplers, biological samplers such as moss and deposition modelling. This article aims at comparing heavy metal deposition as computed by two chemical transport models with empiric measurements of respective concentrations in moss collected in 2005. For Cd and Pb, the correlations (Spearman) were between 0.31 and 0.81 across Europe and across Germany. Thereby, highest correlations were determined for specific land use classes. For As, Cr, Cu, Ni, V and Zn lower correlations were found. It could be shown that heavy metals emission inventories should be complemented by spatial and ecosystem type-specific biomonitoring with moss and modelling at high spatial resolution. This should apply even if emission and atmospheric deposition of heavy metal are low since heavy metals are persistent and, therefore, accumulate in ecosystems.

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Moser, Andreas, Devon Wemyss, Ruth Scheidegger, Fabrizio Fenicia, Mark Honti, and Christian Stamm. "Modelling biocide and herbicide concentrations in catchments of the Rhine basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 8 (2018): 4229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4229-2018.

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Abstract. Impairment of water quality by organic micropollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals or household chemicals is a problem in many catchments worldwide. These chemicals originate from different urban and agricultural usages and are transferred to surface waters from point or diffuse sources by a number of transport pathways. The quantification of this form of pollution in streams is challenging and especially demanding for diffuse pollution due to the high spatio-temporal concentration dynamics, which require large sampling and analytical efforts to obtain representative data on the actual water quality. Models can also be used to predict to what degree streams are affected by these pollutants. However, spatially distributed modelling of water quality is challenging for a number of reasons. Key issues are the lack of such models that incorporate both urban and agricultural sources of organic micropollutants, the large number of parameters to be estimated for many available water quality models, and the difficulty to transfer parameter estimates from calibration sites to areas where predictions are needed. To overcome these difficulties, we used the parsimonious iWaQa model that simulates herbicide transport from agricultural fields and diffuse biocide losses from urban areas (mainly façades and roof materials) and tested its predictive capabilities in the Rhine River basin. The model only requires between one and eight global model parameters per compound that need to be calibrated. Most of the data requirements relate to spatially distributed land use and comprehensive time series of precipitation, air temperature and spatial data on discharge. For larger catchments, routing was explicitly considered by coupling the iWaQa to the AQUASIM model. The model was calibrated with datasets from three different small catchments (0.5–24.6 km2) for three agricultural herbicides (isoproturon, S-metolachlor, terbuthylazine) and two urban biocides (carbendazim, diuron). Subsequently, it was validated for herbicides and biocides in Switzerland for different years on 12 catchments of much larger size (31–35 899 km2) and for herbicides for the entire Rhine basin upstream of the Dutch–German border (160 000 km2) without any modification. For most compound–catchment combinations, the model predictions revealed a satisfactory correlation (median r2: 0.5) with the observations. The peak concentrations were mostly predicted within a factor of 2 to 4 (median: 2.1 fold difference for herbicides and 3.2 for biocides respectively). The seasonality of the peak concentration was also well simulated; the predictions of the actual timing of peak concentrations, however, was generally poor. Limited spatio-temporal data, first on the use of the selected pesticides and second on their concentrations in the river network, restrict the possibilities to scrutinize model performance. Nevertheless, the results strongly suggest that input data and model structure are major sources of predictive uncertainty. The latter is for example seen in background concentrations that are systematically overestimated in certain regions, which is most probably linked to the modelled coupling of background concentrations to land use intensity. Despite these limitations the findings indicate that key drivers and processes are reasonably well approximated by the model and that such a simple model that includes land use as a proxy for compound use, weather data for the timing of herbicide applications and discharge or precipitation as drivers for transport is sufficient to predict the timing and level of peak concentrations within a factor of 2 to 3 in a spatially distributed manner at the scale of large river basins.

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Quilbé, R., and A. N. Rousseau. "GIBSI: an integrated modelling system for watershed management – sample applications and current developments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 6 (2007): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1785-2007.

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Abstract. Hydrological and pollutant fate models have long been developed for research purposes. Today, they find an application in integrated watershed management, as decision support systems (DSS). GIBSI is such a DSS designed to assist stakeholders in watershed management. It includes a watershed database coupled to a GIS and accessible through a user-friendly interface, as well as modelling tools that simulate, on a daily time step, hydrological processes such as evapotranspiration, runoff, soil erosion, agricultural pollutant transport and surface water quality. Therefore, GIBSI can be used to assess a priori the effect of management scenarios (reservoirs, land use, waste water effluents, diffuse sources of pollution that is agricultural pollution) on surface hydrology and water quality. For illustration purposes, this paper presents several management-oriented applications using GIBSI on the 6680 km2 Chaudière River watershed, located near Quebec City (Canada). They include impact assessments of: (i) municipal clean water program; (ii) agricultural nutrient management scenarios; (iii) past and future land use changes, as well as (iv) determination of achievable performance standards of pesticides management practices. Current and future developments of GIBSI are also presented as these will extend current uses of this tool and make it useable and applicable by stakeholders on other watersheds. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes some of the challenges that remain for a better use of DSS in integrated watershed management.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Land use and transport modelling'

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