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1
Larsen, Daniel P. "Ownership of Historic Shipwreck in U S Law." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 9, no. 1 (1994): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180894x00304.
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Bersin, Alan D. "El Tercer Pais: Reinventing the U. S./Mexico Border." Stanford Law Review 48, no. 5 (May 1996): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229392.
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Zimmerman, Larry J., and H. Marcus Price. "Disputing the Dead: U. S. Law on Aboriginal Remains and Grave Goods." American Indian Quarterly 16, no. 4 (1992): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185304.
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Arnold, Theresa J. "What Canadian Oil and Gas Companies Need to Know about U. S. Antitrust Laws." Alberta Law Review 34, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr656.
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The author presents an introduction to and a cautionary warning about the idiosyncrasies, complexities and dangers of U.S. antitrust law for the Canadian oil and gas industry in a post-NAFTA economic and legal reality. Pre-NAFTA transborder Canadian rules, customs and business practices in the oil and gas industry may have to be reconsidered in light of the serious implications of U.S. antitrust jurisprudence to date. The reach and the scope of U.S. Title 15 Trade and Commerce legislation, such as the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act, the Robinson-Patman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act, and the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, are outlined and presented. The author also describes the powers and authority of the United States Department of Justice, the United States Federal Trade Commission, the state attorneys general, and the "private" attorneys general to launch civil actions, class actions and criminal prosecutions serially, concurrently or in combination should an unwary foreign or domestic person run afoul of US. antitrust law. In addition, the author discusses the relevant leading case law, legal tests and legal principles, remedies, penalties, consequences and pitfalls of U.S. antitrust law.
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Čizmić, Jozo, and Marija Boban. "Učinak nove EU Uredbe 2016/679 (gdpr) na zaštitu osobnih podataka u Republici Hrvatskoj." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 39, no. 1 (2018): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.39.1.13.
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Nakon više od sedam godina od početne inicijative i četiri godine pregovora, novi europski okvir za zaštitu osobnih podataka konačno je usvojen u travnju 2016. godine. Opća EU uredba o zaštiti osobnih podataka 2016/679 ili GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) zamjenjuje trenutnu EU direktivu i izravno se primjenjuje u svim državama članicama Europske unije. Mogućnost prilagodbe određenih dijelova ipak je ostavljena u nacionalnom zakonodavstvu zaključno s 25. svibnja 2018. kada se GDPR počinje primjenjivati! Ključna pretpostavka razvoja suvremene digitalne ekonomije temelji se na ubrzanom razvoju informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija, istodobno stvarajući nove izazove i ugroze privatnosti i zaštite osobnih podataka. Obrada podataka, osobito obrada osobnih podataka, novi IT alati i digitalno tržište, razvilo je potrebu za povećanjem zaštite privatnosti novih digitalnih proizvoda i usluga. Rješenje je navedeno u novoj reformi EU okviru zaštite osobnih podataka koja unosi velike promjene u načine upravljanja osobnim podacima i izravno se primjenjuje na sve organizacije koje raspolažu osobnim podacima građana Europske unije. Također, GDPR sa sobom donosi bitne promjene u pravilima koja definiraju osobne podatke te uvoodi nove pojmove kao i usklađenost, planiranje, implementaciju, održavanje usklađenosti te procjenu učinka. U nekim slučajevima organizacije će trebati imenovati i kvalificiranog službenika za zaštitu osobnih podataka (DPO – Data Protection Officer) koji će odgovarati izravno Upravi. Ustanove i tvrtke dužne su usklađivanje završiti do 25. svibnja 2018., kada se GDPR počinje primjenjivati u cijeloj Europskoj uniji. U ovom radu autori će predstaviti odredbe i primjenu nove EU Uredbe o zaštiti podataka i odredbama javnog i privatnog sektora u provedbi GDPR-a, s posebnim naglaskom na procjenu učinka koja će osigurati modernizirani okvir za zaštitu podataka u Europi. Nova će pravila uspostaviti europski zakon o zaštiti podataka, uvodeći novu definiciju osobnih podataka i zamjenjujući trenutne nedosljedne nacionalne zakone u svrhu u povećanja razine zašite podataka kao i povećanja pravne sigurnosti u rastućoj digitalnoj ekonomiji.
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Dunworth, Terence, and Joel Rogers. "Corporations in Court: Big Business Litigation in U. S. Federal Courts, 1971–1991." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 03 (1996): 497–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00090.x.
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This article provides an overview of federal litigation involving the largest 2,000 U. S. corporations over the period 1971–91. Reporting from a unique data set of the authors' construction, it finds that althugh the aggregate volume of business litigation grew during the 1970s and early 1980s, it has actually been declining in recent years in all major categories of cases; business-related litigation is heavily concentrated, with an extremely limited number of business “mega-litigants” accounting for most of the activity; this concentration is particularly evident in tort, with the result that the tort trend line outside the concentration is actually flat or declining; a good deal of the growth in litigation outside the tort area can be attributed to business itself; and big business wins overwhelmingly, as plaintiff and defendant, in cases that involve it. The general applicability of these findings is limited by the data's restriction to federal court litigation and the structure of the Integrated Federal Court Data Base from which the authors' data set was constructed. This granted, the report is by far the most comprehensive treatment of U. S. big business litigation to date, and its findings are strikingly at odds with the premises of much current policy discussion.
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McIntosh, Wayne V. "Rationalizing the Quest for Justice in the U. S. District Courts." Law & Social Inquiry 18, no. 4 (1993): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/492442.
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Shaffer, Gregory C. "An Alternative to Unilateral Immigration Controls: Toward a Coordinated U. S.-Mexico Binational Approach." Stanford Law Review 41, no. 1 (November 1988): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1228840.
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Dunworth, Terence, and Joel Rogers. "Corporations in Court: Big Business Litigation in U. S. Federal Courts, 1971-1991." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 3 (1996): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/492556.
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Halilović, Safvet. "RASPRAVA S HARIDŽIJAMA I ŠIIJAMA U HANEFIJSKOM TEFSIRU AHKĀM AL-QUR’ĀN OD AL-DŽASSASA." Zbornik radova 13, no. 13 (December 15, 2015): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2015.13.25.
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Abu Bakr al-Razi al-Jassas holds a prominent position among the Islamic scholars in general and the scholars of the Hanafi school of Islamic law in particular. He wrote many works and is especially known by his tafsir Ahkām alQur’ān (Rules from the Qur’ān), an interpretation of the Noble Qur’ān with a particular emphasis on the verses related to rules (ayāt al-ahkām), in which he applied the methodology of the Hanafi school of law (al-madhhab al-hanafi). This work is considered to be the only complete tafsir of that kind that has remained preserved in the Hanafi madhhab. With his scholarly excellence imam al-Jassas was ahead of his own era, the best proof of which is the fact that even nowadays, more than a thousand years after his death, his works are regarded as an extraordinarily important literature in several Islamic disciplines, especially in the exegesis of the Qur’ān (‘ilm at-tafsīr), Sharia law (al-fiqh) and its methodology (usūl al-fiqh). He is, therefore, greatly responsible for the recognition and preservation of the Hanafi madhhab, the law school with the greatest number of followers among Muslims today. Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the other Balkan regions are also followers of the Hanafi madhhab, so it is very important to familiarize oneself with this great man and his tafsir, the exegesis of the Qur’ān. This paper treats al-Jassas’ debate with two sects from the early period of Islam, the Kharijites and the Shi’ites. In his capital work on the exegesis of the Qur’ān, Ahkām al Qur’ān, this scholar provided extensive answers and proved, having applied a thorough scholarly analysis, that sectarian approaches to the Qur’ān are absolutely wrong, as they, actually, constitute fallacies and deviations spread by the enemies of Islam. In addition, imam al-Jassas also emphasized that Muslim scholars must not stay silent to the fallacies spread by advocates of sectarian teachings, since the scholars’ silence helps the spreading and strengthening of those fallacies, which can inflict a huge damage to Islam and Muslims. The referenced two sects that al-Jassas debated with in his tafsir are still present and active, and it is obvious that they have been disseminating their propaganda in our region as well. The paper stresses that every kind of sectarian activity in this region, in which Islam has existed on the principles of ahl al-sunna wa’l-jama‘a (the people of the sunna and congregation) for half a millennium, may cause confusion and sow disorder among its Muslims and is, therefore, unacceptable. The answers that this famous Islamic scholar offered set a good example to Muslim intellectuals and scholars for opposing the sectarian approaches in the interpretation of the Qur’ān.
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Kamel, Sarah M., Nora M. Samy, László Z. Tóth, Lajos Daróczi, and Dezső L. Beke. "Denouement of the Energy-Amplitude and Size-Amplitude Enigma for Acoustic-Emission Investigations of Materials." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 4556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134556.
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There are many systems producing crackling noise (avalanches) in materials. Temporal shapes of avalanches, U(t) (U is the detected voltage signal, t is the time), have self-similar behaviour and the normalized U(t) function (e.g., dividing both the values of U and t by S1/2, where S is the avalanche area), averaged for fixed S, should be the same, independently of the type of materials or avalanche mechanisms. However, there are experimental evidences that the temporal shapes of avalanches do not scale completely in a universal way. The self-similarity also leads to universal power-law-scaling relations, e.g., between the energy, E, and the peak amplitude, Am, or between S and Am. There are well-known enigmas, where the above exponents in acoustic emission measurements are rather close to 2 and 1, respectively, instead of E~Am3 and S~Am2, obtained from the mean field theory, MFT. We show, using a theoretically predicted averaged function for the fixed avalanche area, U(t)=atexp(−bt2) (where a and b are non-universal, material-dependent constants), that the scaling exponents can be different from the MFT values. Normalizing U by Am and t by tm (the time belonging to the Am: rise time), we obtain tm~Am1−φ (the MFT values can be obtained only if φ would be zero). Here, φ is expected to be material-independent and to be the same for the same mechanism. Using experimental results on martensitic transformations in two different shape-memory single-crystals, φ = 0.8 ± 0.1 was obtained (φ is the same for both alloys). Thus, dividing U by Am as well as t by Am1−φ (~tm) leads to the same common, normalized temporal shape for different, fixed values of S. This normalization can also be used in general for other experimental results (not only for acoustic emission), which provide information about jerky noises in materials.
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Ibrahim, Yasin, Elizabeth Singer, Regina Baronia, Terry McMahon, Jessica Nelson, and Craig Katz. "Forensic psychiatry evaluation in a U. S. immigration detention center in southwest Texas." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 66 (August 2019): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.017.
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Дундуков, Михаил, and Mikhail Dundukov. "FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT OF 1978 AND MODERN LEGAL STANDARDS IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION COLLECTION AND ACQUISITION BY U. S. INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no. 4 (October 29, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14314.
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This article reviews the development process for the legislation, regulating the U. S. intelligence agencies’ activities in the field of electronic surveillance. The article displays the reasons which prompted U. S. lawmakers to pass the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978; it analyzes the provisions of the law, governing the conditions and procedures for obtaining judicial order or Attorney General authorization on the implementation of electronic surveillance. Considerable attention is paid to the evolution of legal standards, added to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act after the events of September 11, 2001. In particular, it analyzes amendments and additions to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, introduced on the basis of the USA Patriot Act of 2001, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Protect America Act of 2007, and other laws. The article also shows the patterns of formation of the legislative balance between the interests of the intelligence services and the need to respect the constitutional rights and liberties of American citizens.
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Zaretsky, E., and G. Ben-Dor. "Thermodynamic Law of Corresponding Shock States in Flexible Polymeric Foams." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2805947.
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Based on thermodynamic considerations and experimental data on isothermal compression of elastomeric foams, a simple equation of state of flexible polymeric foams was developed. The developed equation of state is, in fact, a simple universal function relating the thermodynamic properties of the material of which the skeleton of the foam is made and the foam porosity. It was shown that the Hugoniot adiabat of foams, whose porosity is less than 0.3 and which are exposed to moderate shocks, could be expressed in a form similar to that of bulk solids, i.e., D = Co + Su, where D is the shock front velocity, Co is the speed of sound, u is the particle velocity and S is the maximum material compressibility.
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Gushevinalty, Gushevinalty, and Lely Arrianie. "Aktivitas Mahasiswa pada Media Sosial dan Tingkat Literasinya Tentang Undang-Undang Interaksi & Transaksi Elektronik." Jurnal Communicate 2, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31479/jc.v2i1.69.
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The purpose of this study is on the activities of students of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universit y of Bengkulu on social media,especially activity that leads to acts of c yber-bull ying. Furthermore, to ex plore the level of literacy of stud ents Oil legislation Interaction and Electronic Transactions (U U ITE ) governing ethics in social media. This study used a qualitative research approach. So that the data collecting technique is interview and observation as well as questionnaires o pen. lJZ formant s in this study were stud ent s of the Faculty of Social and Political S ciwces, University of Bengkulu who actively use social media. The results sl w<t•ed that the activity of stud ent s on social media uery much and epery student has a social media account for more than three accounts. Generally, the studwts explained that the post status activity in social medir. does not .1lways contai11 c yl1er bullying, lmt students are not denied ever did as 1.uell . Generall y, the l evel of literacy of stud ents at UU ITE is ver y low it is pnrved they do not know even do not understand the law.
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O'Dowd, Colin, Claire Scannell, Jane Mulcahy, and S. Gerard Jennings. "Wind Speed Influences on Marine Aerosol Optical Depth." Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/830846.
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The Mulcahy (Mulcahy et al., 2008) power-law parameterization, derived at the coastal Atlantic station Mace Head, between clean marine aerosol optical depth (AOD) and wind speed is compared to open ocean MODIS-derived AOD versus wind speed. The reported AOD versus wind speed (U) was a function of ∼U2. The open ocean MODIS-derived AOD at 550 nm and 860 nm wavelengths, while in good agreement with the general magnitude of the Mulcahy parameterization, follows a power-law with the exponent ranging from 0.72 to 2.47 for a wind speed range of 2–18 m s−1. For the four cases examined, some MODIS cases underestimated AOD while other cases overestimated AOD relative to the Mulcahy scheme. Overall, the results from MODIS support the general power-law relationship of Mulcahy, although some linear cases were also encountered in the MODIS dataset. Deviations also arise between MODIS and Mulcahy at higher wind speeds (>15 m s−1), where MODIS-derived AOD returns lower values as compared to Mulcahy. The results also support the suggestion than wind generated sea spray, under moderately high winds, can rival anthropogenic pollution plumes advecting out into marine environments with wind driven AOD contributing to AOD values approaching 0.3.
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Wilkins, David E. "The U. S. Supreme Court's Explication of "Federal Plenary Power:" An Analysis of Case Law Affecting Tribal Sovereignty, 1886-1914." American Indian Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1994): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1184741.
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Huseinspahić, Ajdin. "PATRIA POTESTAS S OSVRTOM NA NEKE ASPEKTE ODGOJA DJECE U ANTIČKOJ GRČKOJ, RIMU I SREDNJOVJEKOVNOJ ARABLJANSKOJ DRŽAVI." Zbornik radova 12 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2014.12.99.
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Few civilizations, such as ancient Roman, ancient Greek and medieval Arabian have given to humanity so many revolutionary ideas, philosophical reflections, legal solutions, and systematization of legal norms and the legal regulation of the entire social system interwoven by temporal and spiritual, religious and civil norms. Given the above, this paper will focus on the study of the legal position and the importance of the role of pater familias and its patria potestas that will become a family-legal paradigm of establishing relations between parents and children, and of an approach to raising children. Due to the impact that they had on Roman law, the author examines the socio-legal relations in Sparta and Athens, but also in Arabian country that was the cradle of science, free thought and an establishment of a new legal system in the Middle Ages. By analyzing legal solutions of that time, we cannot a priori state that the legal status of men and women was predominant in all civilizations and in all times, without defining the type of men and women in question.
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Knežević, Snežana, Branimir Dugalić, and Anđelka Dugalić. "Methadone substitution therapy: Diagnostic challenges in the general practice." Opsta medicina 27, no. 3-4 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/opmed27-32733.
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Introduction. Opioid addiction is a chronic condition related to different morbidities. The methadone substitution therapy of the opioid addict, combined with social, health, and psychological services is a gold standard of the treatment. All opioids display numerous side effects. Kidney damage in opioid addicts is due to sepsis, rhabdomyolysis, decreased glomerular filtration, hypotension, pulmonary edema, renal lipidosis, or amyloidosis. Case report. The male patient, 40, on methadone substitution therapy feels weak, sweats excessively. Lab work: potassium 9.87 mmol/L, BUN 18.3 mmol/L, creatinine 268 µmol/L, urea clearance 0,20 ml/s, creatinine clearance 0,81 ml/s, eGFR 23 ml/min/1,73m2 , creatine phosphokinase 1180 IU/L, Hgb 79 g/L, Er 2.81x1012/L, C-reactive protein 13.2 µg/ mL, Le 7.41x109 /L, PCO2 41 mmHg, HCO3 22 mmol/L, and acidosis, pH 7.21. Blood pressure 130/80 mmHg and heart rate 64 bpm, ECG shows prolonged PR interval and high T waves. He was treated with crystalloid IV solutions, 8.4% bicarbonate solutions, diuretics, calcium gluconate, short-acting insulin, antibiotics, and anticoagulants. After therapy, there is an improvement in his potassium levels, diuresis, and ECG. After 24 days of hospital treatment, he was discharged to home care. Conclusion. Patients on methadone substitution therapy have a higher risk of multiple organ damage. Kidney function is especially at risk. It is of utmost importance to raise awareness among physicians of the danger of rabdomyolysis in these patients. Regular lab checks in patients on methadone substitution therapy can timely detect severe acute and chronic kidney complications and enable timely treatment.
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Żuraw, Monika. "FUNKCJE ZNAKU TOWAROWEGO W ORZECZNICTWIE EUROPEJSKIEGO TRYBUNAŁU SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI." Zeszyty Prawnicze 7, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2007.7.2.04.
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F u n c t io n s o f a T r a d e m a r k A c c o r d in g t o t h e J u r is d ic t io n o f t h e E u r o p e a n C o u r t o f J u s t ic eSummaryThe scope of protection of the functions fulfilled by trademarks determines most of the issues of the trademark law. The formulation of relevant provisions of the First Directive 89/104/EEC of the Council, of 21 December 1988, to Approximate the Laws of the Member States Relating to Trade Marks („Directive”) leave most of the issues open for interpretation. Therefore, it is the role of the European Court of Justice („ECJ”) to define to what extent the origin, quality and advertising functions should be protected. The article presents in chronological order all ECJ’s verdicts referring to the functions of a trademark issued both before and after entering into force of the Directive. The verdicts above all regard the issues of the trademark infringement, the distinguishing capability of a trademark, exhaustion and the limitations of the right to a trademark. It transpires from the review of the verdicts that ECJ refers most of the issues to the ‘essential function of a trademark’, which is distinguishing goods originating form different enterprises, the concept worked out long before the Directive was introduced. As a result, it is still the origin function that is protected vast more broadly than other functions, which - as it seems - does not meet the needs of the contemporary turnover. Nevertheless, the formulation of most of ECJ’s rulings is so general that it allows future modifications for the benefit of broadening the protection of the quality and advertising functions.
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Mackowska, K. "The rule of decentralization equals to local self-government? General remarks on local democracy in the U. S. with a slight reference to a continental law." Адміністративне право і процес, no. 2 (20) (2017): 155–64.
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Li, Xin, and Xiang Zhang. "Analysis of Aluminum Supply and Demand Development Trend in China and the United States." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1936–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1936.
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Abstract: In this paper we use comparative method to analyze the evolution law and development trend of aluminum resources supply and demand in China and the United States, the purpose is to predict the future China aluminum supply and demand trend. This paper analyses the primary aluminum production, secondary aluminum production, import and export volume, consumption of aluminum and other data in China from 1956 to 2013, and in the United States from 1900 to 2013. The results show that: (1) the aluminum resources supply and demand trend of the United States are in line with "S" shape, while the primary aluminum development show a trend of inverted "U" curve; (2) China primary aluminum production and consumption trend both appears inverted "U" curve; (3) China begin to reduce the external dependency of secondary aluminum with its self-sufficiency ability raise; (4) China secondary aluminum production ratio will be more than primary aluminum ratio.
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Frastiawan, Devid. "TINJAUAN MAS{LAH{AH TERHADAP AMDAL." Muslim Heritage 4, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v4i1.1724.
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abstrak Secara umum banyak industri besar yang menghasilkan limbah dan mengganggu kelestarian lingkungan hidup. Amdal (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup) sebagai sebuah peraturan perundangan-undangan yang mengatur tentang studi kelayakan suatu rencana usaha dan/atau kegiatan, wajib dimiliki oleh setiap usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang berdampak penting terhadap lingkungan. Amdal disusun oleh pemrakarsa pada tahap perencanaan suatu usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang dituangkan dalam dokumen Amdal. Penelitian ini berawal dari sebuah keprihatinan bahwa dalam kitab-kitab fiqh pembahasan tentang lingkungan hidup kurang mendapat sorotan. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk menjajagi tingkat dukungan agama terhadap Amdal dengan menggunakan pendekatan mas}lah}ah. Pertama, tingkat dukungan nas}s}-nas}s} agama terhadap Amdal cenderung kepada mas}lah}ah mursalah. Amdal sebagai produk hukum dan undang-undang dengan perantara pemerintah merupakan salah satu sarana dari mas}lah}ah mursalah. Kedua, agama meletakkan peringkat kepentingan Amdal dalam mas}lah}ah d}aru>ri>yah. Amdal terkait dengan mas}lah}ah yang bersifat umum (mas}lah}ah ‘a>mmah), karena segala hal yang terjadi pada lingkungan hidup akan berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan manusia. Ketiga, agama meletakkan Amdal dalam al-kulliya>t al-khams sebagai fard}u kifa>yah, tidak termasuk dalam salah satu sektor di dalamnya dan juga tidak memasukkannya dalam sektor baru keenam untuk dibuka, karena dalam implementasinya Amdal merupakan kewajiban kolektif dalam penanganan problem lingkungan hidup yang hanya dapat dituntaskan secara bersama dengan melibatkan banyak stakeholders. abstractIn general, many large industries produce waste and interfere with environmental sustainability. EIA-Environmental Impact Assessment (in Indonesia usually called by Amdal) as a law that regulates the feasibility study of a business plan and/or activity, must be owned by every business and/or activity that has an important impact on the environment. The EIA is prepared by the initiator at the planning stage of a business and/or activity as outlined in the EIA documents. This thesis begins with a concern that in the books of fiqh the discussion of the environment is not under the spotlight. Therefore, this thesis will explore the level of religious support for EIA with the approach of mas}lah}ah. First, the support level of nas}s}-nas}s} religion against EIA tends to mas}lah}ah mursalah. EIA as a legal product and law with a government intermediary is one of the means of mas}lah}ah mursalah, because it contains a essential mas}lah}ah, in line with the intent and purpose of shara‘, does not clash with the existing shara‘ proposition, and is very necessary in the prevention of pollution and environmental destruction. Second, religion ranks EIA interest in mas}lah}ah d}aru>ri>yah. EIA is related to mas}lah}ah that are general in nature (mas}lah}ah ‘a>mmah), because everything that happens in the environment will affect human life, including di>n (religion), nafs (life), ‘aql (intellect), ‘ird}/nasl (dignity/offspring), and ma>l (wealth). The aspect of benefit in EIA is an effort to realize benefits (jalb al-mana>fi‘i) and avoid humans from damage and ugliness (dar‘ al-mafa>sidi). Third, religion puts EIA in al-kulliya>t al-khams as fard}u kifa>yah, not included in one of the sectors in it and also does not include it in the sixth new sector to be opened, because in its implementation EIA is a collective obligation in handling environmental problems that can only be resolved together by involving many stakeholders.
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Zhang, Zhida, Jiening Liang, Min Zhang, Qi Guo, and Lei Zhang. "Surface Layer Turbulent Characteristics over the Complex Terrain of the Loess Plateau Semiarid Region." Advances in Meteorology 2021 (June 11, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6618544.
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Surface layer turbulence has an important influence on land-air interactions and pollutant dispersion, and studying the characteristics of surface layer turbulence in complex terrain can contribute to understanding land-air interactions, improving model surface layer parameterization, and enhancing pollution prediction capabilities. The surface layer turbulence observations from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory (SACOL) of Lanzhou University in 2008 were processed in this study. High-quality turbulence parameters were calculated, the statistical and transfer characteristics of turbulence were analyzed, and the formation of turbulence was assessed in terms of dynamics and thermodynamics. The atmospheric stability in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau is basically dominated by neutral/near-neutral and weakly unstable/weakly stable conditions; this pattern is significantly different from the preponderance of unstable and stable layers at other sites. The turbulence intensity differs significantly in both the horizontal and vertical directions and basically shows the relationship I u ≈ I v > I w . The mean values of I u and I v are 0.42 and 0.40, respectively, and the mean value of I w is 0.14, which is different from the general pattern of I u > I v > I w , indicating that the turbulence intensity at SACOL is characterized by a large lateral wind contribution. The dimensionless standard deviations of the nonneutral wind velocity components satisfy the “1/3rd law,” and the dimensionless standard deviations of u, v , and w components are 3.35, 2.98, and 1.26, respectively, in the semiarid Loess Plateau. These values are larger than those over flat terrain. The contribution of the shear term to the formation of turbulence is greater than that of the buoyancy term, and the mean annual values of the shear term and the buoyancy in the kinetic energy budget equation in SACOL are 47.94 × 10−4 m2·s−3 and 11.32 × 10−4 m2·s−3, respectively. The annual mean values of the momentum transfer coefficient C D and the heat transfer coefficient C H under near-neutral conditions are 8.54 × 10−3 and 2.52 × 10−3, respectively.
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Cioroiu, Doinita Roxana, Oana Cristina Parvulescu, Claudia Irina Koncsag, Tanase Dobre, and Cristian Raducanu. "Rheological Characterization of Algal Suspensions for Bioethanol Processing." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 10 (November 15, 2017): 2311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.10.5875.
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The paper has aimed at studying the rheology of macroalgae aqueous suspensions in the presence of cellulase enzyme relevant to bioethanol processing by a subsequent fermentation. Rheological measurements of aqueous suspensions of Ceramium virgatum and Cladophora vagabunda macroalgae species were performed using a Couette geometry rotational viscosimeter. The effects of operation temperature (t=25, 50 �C), cellulase/dried algae ratio (R=0, 16 U/mgda), and algal suspension mass concentration (c=5-15%) on rheological behaviour and parameters were evaluated. Algal suspensions behaved as non-Newtonian fluids obeying either a Bingham plastic linear relationship or an Ostwald-de Waele power law corresponding to a pseudoplastic fluid. Characteristic dynamic viscosity of Bingham plastic fluids were in the range 0.045-0.115 Pa�s for C. virgatum suspensions and 0.021-0.114 Pa�s for C. vagabunda ones, whereas apparent viscosity varied from 0.138 Pa�s to 43.551 Pa�s for C. virgatum and from 0.181 Pa�s to 45.417 Pa�s for C. vagabunda. Data obtained in 8 rheological tests corresponding to a Bingham plastic behaviour of C. vagabunda suspensions, which were processed according to a 23 factorial experiment, emphasized an increase in suspension viscosity with all process factors. The results could be useful for optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis process in order to develop efficient and cost effective saccharification and fermentation strategies.
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King, Gary, and Robert X. Browning. "Democratic Representation and Partisan Bias in Congressional Elections." American Political Science Review 81, no. 4 (December 1987): 1251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962588.
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The translation of citizen votes into legislative seats is of central importance in democratic electoral systems. It has been a longstanding concern among scholars in political science and in numerous other disciplines. Throughout this literature, two fundamental tenets of democratic theory, partisan bias and democratic representation, have often been confused. We develop a general statistical model of the relationship between votes and seats and separate these two important concepts theoretically and empirically. In so doing, we also solve several methodological problems with the study of seats, votes, and the cube law. An application to U.S. congressional districts provides estimates of bias and representation for each state and demonstrates the model's utility. Results of this application show distinct types of representation coexisting in U. S. states. Although most states have small partisan biases, there are some with a substantial degree of bias.
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Yan, Hao, Jiafeng Li, Hassan Nouri, and Lingling Xu. "U-Model-Based Finite-Time Control for Nonlinear Valve-Controlled Hydraulic Servosystem." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (February 10, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7083639.
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Valve-controlled servosystems are widely used in dynamic tracking, but, not properly studied, nonlinearity, perturbation of internal parameters, and external disturbance have significant impacts on the control performance and challenge in the controller design. This study, with consideration of the finite pressure gain of actual servovalves, proposes a new unified nonlinear model of the valve-controlled servosystem. Based on a U-control platform, this study makes the control strategy design independent from the nonlinear plant, and a virtual nominal plant is presented to eliminate the unmodeled high-frequency characteristics, acquire the desired control performance, and enable the control variable to be explicitly expressed. Then, there follows, designing the U-model-based finite-time control in the valve-controlled systems. Simulation demonstrations show the consistency with theoretical development that the valve-controlled system can smoothly track the command signal within the specified time, and the phase lag is eliminated. Moreover, U-model’s application effectively copes with the system chattering, and with the maximum of 1 m/s the dynamic position error caused by discretization of the controller is reduced to less than 0.15%, which can satisfy the demand of general valve-controlled servosystems.
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Aljinović, Nevena. "UTJECAJ ODLUKA I NAČELA EUROPSKOG SUDA ZA LJUDSKA PRAVA NA UREĐENJE INSTITUTA POSEBNIH DOKAZNIH RADNJI U UJEDINJENOJ KRALJEVINI S POSEBNIM NAGLASKOM NA PRESRETANJE KOMUNIKACIJA." Pravni vjesnik 38, no. 2 (July 2022): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/pv/16994.
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In the United Kingdom, the regulatory mechanism for intercepting communications has undergone substantial changes in the last few decades. Until the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgment in the Malone case (1984), in which it found a violation of the right to protection of private and family life pursuant to Art. 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (ECHR), the United Kingdom did not have a concise legislative framework governing the interception of communications. Legislative frameworks governing the subject matter have also been changed by the standards set by the practice of the ECtHR. The implementation of the ECHR into the British legal system has imposed higher privacy protection standards as guaranteed by Art. 8 ECHR, in an environment where the common law approach that “the police can do whatever they want as long as it is not prohibited by law” was no longer sustainable. The specific feature of the legislative regulation of special evidentiary actions in the United Kingdom is manifested, for some special evidentiary actions, through the absence of judicial control, at least in the phase of issuing and extending orders for their implementation. Today, the area in question is governed by a special Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA), Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (IPA), and related Codes of Practice, however not by the Criminal Procedure Code, as is the case in the countries with a continental legal tradition. In this paper, the author analyses the legislative changes that preceded the enactment of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, as well as the new Investigatory Powers Act 2016 that be described as the biggest reform of British interception regulation, as it has, for the first time in the UK, incorporated a judicial element for the power to interception. In this context, the question arises as to whether recent legislative changes meet the standards as established by the ECtHR. Consequently, conclusions are presented concerning the revised concept of the subject matter.
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Goldstein, Judith, Miles Kahler, Robert O. Keohane, and Anne-Marie Slaughter. "Introduction: Legalization and World Politics." International Organization 54, no. 3 (2000): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551262.
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In many issue-areas, the world is witnessing a move to law. As the century turned, governments and individuals faced the following international legal actions. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Britain's ban on homosexuals in the armed forces violates the right to privacy, contravening Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia indicted Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic during a NATO bombing campaign to force Yugoslav forces out of Kosovo. Milosevic remains in place in Belgrade, but Austrian police, bearing a secret indictment from the International Criminal Tribunal, arrested a Bosnian Serb general who was attending a conference in Vienna. In economic affairs the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body found in favor of the United States and against the European Union (EU) regarding European discrimination against certain Latin American banana exporters. A U.S. district court upheld the constitutionality of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) against claims that its dispute-resolution provisions violated U. S. sovereignty. In a notable environmental judgment, the new Law of the Sea Tribunal ordered the Japanese to cease all fishing for southern bluefin tuna for the rest of the year.
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Tučić, Boris. "The Court of Justice of the European Union and the autonomous restrictive measures against natural and legal persons and non-state entities within the EU common foreign and security policy." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 60, no. 91 (2021): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-33261.
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As a part of its specific policies, the EU creates and implements numerous restrictive measures against different subjects. In recent years, the most interesting ones, especially from the perspective of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), have been the autonomous restrictive measures against natural and legal persons and other non-state entities within the Union`s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). After years of legal wandering in this regard, the Lisbon Treaty finally offered an explicit legal basis for this kind of measures, envisaging, as well, for the first time, the CJEU`s jurisdiction in the field of CFSP in some cases, including the one related to reviewing the legality of decisions providing for restrictive measures against natural or legal persons adopted by the Council of the EU on the basis of Chapter 2 of Title V of the Treaty of the European Union. In this regard, the subject matter of this paper are the activities of the EU courts related to the autonomous restrictive measures against individual subjects, analyzed at several relevant although inseparable levels. The first one considers the intention of the CJEU to "use" the situation regarding the autonomous restrictive measures in order to strengthen its position and competences within the CFSP. The second one is oriented to the efforts of the courts to secure the balance between the effectiveness of the CFSP instruments, on the one hand, and the protection of some of the major principles and values of the EU legal order, on the other hand, such as the rule of law, legal certainty, effective judicial protection or the protection of human rights as guaranteed by the EU Law in general. Thirdly, a very important step in this context has been the jurisprudential identification of the key procedural requirements that the Council`s decisions providing for restrictive measures must fulfill as well (aka the designation criteria, statements of reasons criteria and supporting evidence criteria). By constantly insisting on the fulfillment of these criteria, the EU courts exerted a pressure on the Council to improve its decisions providing restrictive measures in a qualitative manner. Recent jurisprudence, such as the Rosneft or Bank Refah Kargaran cases, shows that there is still enough space for the Court`s interventions in this field, and that some interesting Court`s decisions, related to its position within the CFSP or the general relation between the CFSP and other forms of Union`s external activities, could be expected in the years to come.
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Đurđević, Dejan. "Public invitation to the heirs in probate proceedings and the State as an heir in Serbian law." Pravo i privreda 58, no. 4 (2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2004007d.
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If it is unknown to the court whether the decedent has any heirs, or if the court suspects that the person who has a claim on the inheritance may not be the only or the closest relative of the decedent, the court shall publish a notice inviting people who have a claim on the inheritance to report to the court within one year from the publication of the notice. The public notice or invitation to the possible unknown heirs represents a compromise between the investigative principle in the probate proceedings and the need to bring such proceedings to an end within reasonable time. Following the public invitation by the court, the consequences of failure to identify all possible remaining inheritors shall depend on the identity of the known heir(s). If the known heir is a private entity, the court will declare them as heir. But, if the sole inheritor is the State, it will only acquire the usufruct of the estate, not legal ownership, with the possibility of acquisition of a title or right to property by uninterrupted and undisputed possession for a prescribed term of three years for movables and ten years for real estate. Th ese time limits run from the moment of the decedent's death. After examining the practical consequences of these rules, the author concludes that, by prescribing a special regime of succession for the State as inheritor when the unknown heirs are invited by public notice, the legislator has put the State in a privileged legal position in comparison to private entities. Th e special regime facilitates the transition of the estate from private to public ownership, which is contrary to the principle of the private legal nature of succession. In addition, the rules for allocating inheritance to the State are legally and dogmatically deficient because they are contrary to the principle of universal succession and ex lege inheritance (since at the moment of the decedent's death no one becomes the heir and the legal owner of the estate) and with the general rules on the acquisition of property by acquisitive prescription (as the existing rules enable the usufructuary to become the owner after the passage of the prescribed time period).
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French, Rebecca R. "A Conversation with Tibetans? Reconsidering the Relationship between Religious Beliefs and Secular Legal Discourse." Law & Social Inquiry 26, no. 01 (2001): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2001.tb00172.x.
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Over cups of chai, a conversation between U.S. law professors and Tibetan exiles about the formation of a new democratic Tibetan government under the Dalai Lama goes awry. This article investigates why the misunderstandings occurred by presenting the context of the Tibetan and U. S. concepts of sacredness and secularity. The former Tibetan government and legal system are explained in some derail as well as the Tibetan wiew of the sacred and secular spheres in society. The deistic origins of the U.S. Constitution and the pervasive religious cosmology of the Framers are then described. These two similar positions are contrasted with the current modern and postmodern positions of an all-encompassing secular sphere that defines and contains religion. The author argues that “sacred” and “secular” have changed positions, with secularity now having an unmarked positive value and being viewed by U.S. law professors as a necessity for a democratic political and legal system. As the conversation with the Tibetans demonstrates, the richness and power of an integrated sacred perspective is difficult to comprehend from a hegemonic secular public space. Reformulating this “inarticulate debate” will be necessary for a coherent conversation to take place.
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Novkov, Julie. "Liberty, Protection, and Women's Work: Investigating the Boundaries between Public and Private." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 04 (1996): 857–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00099.x.
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During the Progressive Era, the U. S. state and federal courts considered constitutional challenges to protective labor legislation. While courts often struck down generalized protective legislation, they frequently upheld such legislation for women. I explore the reasoning in the cases decided between 1897 and 1923, showing that the courts developed understandings of liberty for women that differed from those for men. In opposition to traditional separate spheres reasoning, I show that the courts viewed men's exercise of liberty as depending on their private capacities to be free, while women's labor was subject to public control due to state interest in their reproductive capacities. I suggest that constitutional theorists who are studying substantive due process should place more emphasis on courts'conceptions of the subjects of due process guarantees rather than considering solely the challenged statutes' restriction of liberty. I develop a dynamic and complex understanding of liberty to capture this aspect of the relationship between constitutional theory and gender.
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Hirsch, Susan F. "Interpreting Media Representations of a “Night of Madness”: Law and Culture in the Construction of Rape Identities." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 04 (1994): 1023–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00947.x.
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This article compares U.S. and Kenyan media representations of an incident at a Kenyan boarding school during which many young women were raped and several killed by their male schoolmates. The author's analysis of print media accounts reveals that how the press constructed the identities of “rapists” and “victims” relied on nationally specific stereotypes, myths, and scripts of rape and its relation to differences of culture, race, and rationality. U.S. accounts simultaneously explain the rapes by emphasizing difference and foreground legal constructions of rape identities that meat experiences of rape as essentially similar. The tension over difference and law in the U.S. accounts parallels the highly visible, though largely unproductive, debate among feminists pitting cultural relativism against legal universalism, and such dichotomized approaches preclude the development of politically useful conceptions of rape and rape identities. The analysis suggests that issues raised in the Kenyan press-the relation between sexual practices and rape and the state's role in furthering sexual violence-directed attention to complexities of rape and power elided by the m o w legal models pervasive in U. S . media and scholarly representations of rape. She concludes that fighting rape more effectively entails exposing limited representational practices and also attending to a broader range of understandings of rape and rape identities in various contexts
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Wieg, C., H. J. Schroth, A. Helisch, U. Bertram, and Th Rink. "Frühgeborenenhyperthyreose durch diaplazentar übertragene TSH-Rezeptor-Antikörper der Mutter." Nuklearmedizin 38, no. 05 (1999): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632210.
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ZusammenfassungDie Wirkungsdauer diaplazentar übertragener TSH-Rezeptor-Antikörper (TRAK) wird am Beispiel einer 23jährigen Patientin mit M. Basedow und manifester Hyperthyreose diskutiert, die sechs Wochen nach Diagnosestellung schwanger wurde und die thyreostatische Medikation eigenverantwortlich absetzte. Bei einer Kontrolluntersuchung in der 20. Gestationswoche fand sich dementsprechend erneut eine hyperthyreote Stoffwechsellage, die zur Einleitung einer Thyreostase mit Propylthiouracil führte. Auch diese Medikation wurde von der Patientin jedoch bereits kurze Zeit später wieder abgebrochen. In der 32. Woche endete die Schwangerschaft mit einer Frühgeburt. Das männliche Neugeborene zeigte bereits deutliche Zeichen einer thyreotoxischen Krise und entwickelte im weiteren Verlauf einen zunehmend reduzierten Allgemeinzustand mit einer Sinustachykardie bis 190/min, Fieber, Tremor und respiratorischer Störung. Erwartungsgemäß fand sich eine ausgeprägte Hyperthyreose. Der TRAK-Titer lag bei 180 U/l (normal <15). Eine Therapie mit Propranolol und Prednisolon führte bereits zu einer deutlichen Besserung der Symptome. Als sich nach zwölf Tagen noch kein klarer Rückgang der Schilddrüsenhormonspiegel zeigte, wurde zusätzlich eine thyreostatische Medikation eingeleitet. Hierunter konnte nach neun Tagen eine periphere Euthyreose erreicht werden. Nach Absetzen des Thyreostatikums entwickelte sich jedoch innerhalb von einer Woche erneut eine manifeste Hyperthyreose, die nochmals eine thyreostatische Therapie in niedrigerer Dosierung für 26 Tage erforderlich machte. Danach war der TRAK-Titer auf 25 U/l abgefallen, und es kam zu keinem weiteren Hyperthyreoserezidiv. Die biologische Halbwertszeit der TRAK betrug in unserem Fall 20 Tage.
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Cassal-Quiroga, B. B., and E. Campos-Cantón. "Generation of Dynamical S-Boxes for Block Ciphers via Extended Logistic Map." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (March 19, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2702653.
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In this work, we present a simple algorithm to design n × n-bits substitution boxes (S-boxes) based on chaotic time series of the logistic map for different carrying capacities. The use of different carrying capacities in the chaotic map leads to low computational complexity, which is desirable to get high-speed communication systems. We generate a main sequence by means of two auxiliary sequences with uniform distribution via the logistic map for different carrying capacities. The elements of the main sequence are useful for generating the elements of an S-box. The auxiliary sequences are generated by considering lag time chaotic series; this helps to hide the chaotic map used. The U-shape distribution of logistic chaotic map is also avoided, in contrast with common chaos-based schemes without considering lag time chaotic series, and uncorrelated S-box elements are obtained. The proposed algorithm guarantees the generation of strong S-boxes that fulfill the following criteria: bijection, nonlinearity, strict avalanche criterion, output bits independence criterion, criterion of equiprobable input/output XOR distribution, and maximum expected linear probability. Finally, an application premised on polyalphabetic ciphers principle is developed to obtain a uniform distribution of the plaintext via dynamical S-boxes.
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Amrane, Noureddine, and Maamar Benkraouda. "Pressure Effect on the Electronic Properties of Cerium Monochalcogenides CeX (X=S, Se, Te) Using Modified Becke-Johnson Exchange Potential and LDA+U." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.390.
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We present a systematic and comparative study of the electronic properties of CeX monochalcogenides, The density of state (DOS) and electronic band structure of CeX (X=S, Se, Te) have been calculated using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave (FP-LAPW) + local orbital (lo) method based on the density functional theory (DFT), which is implemented in WIEN2k code. The trends in the high pressure behavior of these systems are discussed. Four approximations for the exchange-correlation functional have been used, the GGA's of Perdew-Burke-Ernzherhof. (PBE08) , Engel-Vosko (EV93), a modified version of the exchange potential proposed by Becke and Johnson (MBJ), and LDA+U is used to calculate the band gaps at different pressures. All methods allow for a description of the Ce f electrons as either localized or delocalized, it is found that the underestimations of the bandgap by means of LDA-GGA and Engel-Vosko are considerably improved by using the modified Becke-Johnson (MBJ) potential for all compounds in the series, On the other hand, LDA+U, method gives good results for the lighter chalcogenides, but it fails to give good results for the heavier cerium monochalcogenides.
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Kovačević, Mia, and Larisa Prpić Massari. "Etiologija i patogeneza vulgarne akne." Medicina Fluminensis 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2021_261185.
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Acne vulgaris kronična je upalna bolest multifaktorijalne etiologije koja zahvaća pilosebacealnu jedinicu. Karakteristično razdoblje obolijevanja je adolescencija, uz sve češće perzistiranje ili pojavu akne u odrasloj životnoj dobi. Klinička slika može varirati od blage do teške, a karakterizira je raznovrsnost lezija koje uključuju komedone, papule, pustule, nodule, ožiljke te hiperpigmentacije i postupalne eriteme. Etiopatogeneza akne složena je i uključuje interakciju brojnih endogenih i egzogenih čimbenika. Glavni patogenetski mehanizmi odvijaju se u pilosebacealnoj jedinici, a podrazumijevaju pojačanu produkciju i promijenjenu lipidnu kompoziciju sebuma, hiperkeratinizaciju, razmnožavanje Cutibacterium acnes bakterije i upalu. Osim navedenih danas se istražuju i drugi etiološki čimbenici koji mogu pridonijeti nastanku akne, a uključuju prehranu, stres, povezanost crijevne mikroflore, mozga i kože, utjecaj sunca, predmenstrualnu pojavu akne, komedogenu kozmetiku i pušenje. S obzirom na raznovrsnost etioloških čimbenika i složenost patogeneze pronalazak jednog lijeka zadovoljavajućeg učinka i dobre podnošljivosti nije lak. Akne zbog svoje lokalizacije na pogledu izloženim dijelovima tijela te karakteristične kliničke slike koja uključuje nastanak trajnih ožiljaka, mogu dovesti do nepoželjne stigmatizacije bolesnika i negativnih psihosocijalnih posljedica. Stoga je od iznimne važnosti dobro razumjeti i poznavati etiologiju i patogenezu akne kako bi se u budućnosti pronašle još bolje i učinkovitije metode liječenja.
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Kenworthy, Lane, Stewart Macaulay, and Joel Rogers. "“The More Things Change…”: Business Litigation and Governance in the American Automobile Industry." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 03 (1996): 631–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00092.x.
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Business litigation is a relatively neglected area of corporate governance, particularly given its enormous rise in the United States over the past generation. As a preliminary effort to engage this issue, we examine dispute avoidance and resolution in the automotive sector since the early 1970s-focusing on relationships between auto manufacturers and their suppliers and dealers. We generally presume intercorporate litigation to be a “last resort” in business practice, chosen only on the breakdown of less costly means of dispute avoidance or resolution; we take such breakdown typically to be caused by shifts in the terms of competition among firms (e. g., increased competition, instability, uncertainty); and we expect that, over time, the costs of litigation will motivate efforts to construct new structures of nonlitigious dispute resolution. In the case of the U. S. auto industry, we find disruptive shifts in the terms of competition and increased recourse to litigation. Throughout, however, this litigation effect is mitigated by the dominance of major manufacturers over their suppliers and dealers. Over time, it is further dampened by industry development of mechanisms for arbitration or other nonlitigious dispute resolution.
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Bernaldo Sabuco, Lorenzo. "La satisfacción del cliente y su incidencia en la fidelización de clientes, en las empresas de hospedaje no clasificadas de la localidad de Huancayo–Perú." Visionarios en ciencia y tecnología 1, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47186/visct.v1i1.58.
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En la presente investigación de tipo aplicada y nivel explicativo, partiendo del objetivo general: determinar la incidencia d e l a satisfacción del cliente en la fidelización de las em p r e s a s d e hospedaje de la localidad de Huancayo y siguiendo los procedimientos del método científico y otros específicos como el inductivo-deductivo y el analítico-sintético, además de la aplicación de una encuesta a una muestra de 170 clientes extraída de 67 centros de hospedaje de la localidad se ha determinado que la satisfacción del cliente incide de manera positiva y significativa en la fidelización de las empresas de hospedaje de la localidad de Huancayo con un 95% de confianza. La fuerza de la incidencia es del 63,6% lo cual se considera como alta. Dentro de la variable independiente se estudiaron independientemente los atributos tangibilidad, fiabilidad, capacidad de respuesta, p r o f e s i o n a l i s m o , c o r t e s í a , s e g u r i d a d , credibilidad/accesibilidad y comprensión con el cliente; por otro lado dentro de la variable dependiente se estudió el atributo fidelización; finalmente se relacionaron ambas variables se concluyó que existe fuerte relación entre ambas.
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Adamec, Václav. "Short‑Term and Long‑Term Relationships Between Prices of Imported Oil and Fuel Products in the U. S." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 4 (2016): 1285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041285.
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In this study, we analyzed a system of five monthly time series integrated I(1): average price of crude oil imported to the U.S. from OPEC countries (Opec), imported oil price from other than OPEC countries (NonOpec) in USD per barrel, average price of regular gasoline in the U.S. (Regular), premium quality gasoline price (Premium) and kerosene price (Kerosene) in U.S. cents per gallon. Cointegration was established by EG test and the series were analyzed by VECM model with lag selected via BIC criterion. Cointegration rank was determined by the Johansen procedure. According to VECM coefficients, prices of oil from OPEC countries and beyond OPEC exert influence upon all commodity prices in the system, but in a contradictory manner. Responses to innovation shocks in Opec and NonOpec stabilized within 8 to 10 months upon a nonzero shift and further became permanent. Innovation shock in both types of gasoline and Kerosene had only short-term significant impact upon the system. Forecast error variance in all variables is explained mainly by variation in oil prices, especially Opec, which persists with increased horizon. For a short horizon h = 1, FEVDs in gasoline and kerosene prices are primarily made of variation in the respective fuel prices.
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Valenti, Alix. "The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: Has It Brought About Changes in the Boards of Large U. S. Corporations?" Journal of Business Ethics 81, no. 2 (July 21, 2007): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9503-4.
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Bibi, Najma, Rubina Baber, Nayar Latif, Faryal Shah, Sobia Ahmad, and Rida Naz. "Preterm Labour: An insights into Vaginal Infections." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221661010.
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Background: Preterm births result from preterm labour. The chief causes of new-born neurological morbidity and transience are prematurity and low birth weight. Vaginal infections are considered as a higher risk factor for pre term labour. Preterm labour is less common when proper antenatal examination, screening for lower urogenital tract infections, and early treatment are carried out. Methods: Group B streptococcus (GBS), Urea plasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, bacterial vaginosis, herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II, were all examined in vaginal swab samples from A control group of 81 expectant mothers underwent a GBS test. Tests for the antimicrobial propensities of GBS, U. urealyticum and M. hominis were conducted. Results: 8.70% of PTL-WO, 16.33% of S-PTB, 11.70% of M-PTB, and 17.29% of the control group had GBS. 13.04% of PTL-WO, 18.37% of S-PTB, and 17.65% of M-PTB had M. hominis. U. urealyticum was detected by PCR and culture in 52.17 percent of PTL-WO, 48.98 percent of S-PTB, and 55.88 percent of M-PTB. 17.39% of PTL-WO patients, 4.08% of S-PTB patients, and 5.88% of M-PTB patients had C. trachomatis. Monilia was found in 4.3% of PTL-WO, 6.12% of S-PTB, and 5.88% of M-PTB. This examination failed to discover N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium, HSV I, T. vaginalis, or T. pallidum; no additional bacteria or viruses were detected either. Conclusions: Lower urogenital tract infections in pregnant women should be tested for, especially in high-risk situations. When genitourinary infections are detected early and treated fast, prematurity-related infant morbidity and mortality are decreased, and preterm labour is less common. Keywords: Preterm labour, Urinary tract infection, vaginal infections
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Wang, Jeen-Hwa. "A study of earthquake recurrence based on a one-body spring-slider model in the presence of thermal-pressurized slip-weakening friction and viscosity." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 1969–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1969-2018.
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Abstract. Earthquake recurrence is studied from the temporal variation in slip through numerical simulations based on the normalized form of equation of motion of a one-body spring-slider model with thermal-pressurized slip-weakening friction and viscosity. The wear process, whose effect is included in the friction law, is also taken into account in this study. The main parameters are the normalized characteristic displacement, Uc, of the friction law and the normalized damping coefficient (to represent viscosity), η. TR, D, and τD are the recurrence time of events, the final slip of an event, and the duration time of an event, respectively. Simulation results show that TR increases when Uc decreases or η increases, D and τD decrease with increasing η, and τD increases with Uc. The time- and slip-predictable model can describe the temporal variation in cumulative slip. When the wear process is considered, the thickness of slip zone, h, which depends on the cumulated slip, S(t) = ∑D(t), i.e., h(t) = CS(t) (C is a dimensionless increasing rate of h with S), is an important parameter influencing TR and D. Uc is a function of h and thus depends on cumulated normalized slip, ∑U, with an increasing rate of C. In the computational time period, the wear process influences the recurrence of events and such an effect increases with C when C > 0.0001. When viscosity is present, the effect due to wear process becomes stronger. Both TR and D decrease when the fault becomes more mature, thus suggesting that it is more difficult to produce large earthquakes along a fault when it becomes more mature. Neither the time-predictable nor the slip-predictable model can describe the temporal variation in cumulative slip of earthquakes under the wear process with large C.
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Thier, B. "Leckfreie Pumpen und Verdichter. VonG. Vetter. Vulkan-Ver- lag, Essen 1994. 250 S. rnit zahlr. Abb. u. Tab., kartoniert. DM 76,-." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 67, no. 1 (January 1995): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330670123.
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Lin, Chin-Chung, Ming-Huei Lee, Ju-Hwa Lin, Meng-Liang Lin, Fu-Shin Chueh, Chien-Chih Yu, Jing-Pin Lin, Yu-Cheng Chou, Shu-Chun Hsu, and Jing-Gung Chung. "Crude extract ofRheum palmatumL. Induces cell cycle arrest S phase and apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent pathways in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells." Environmental Toxicology 31, no. 8 (February 17, 2015): 957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.22105.
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Velasco, F., and S. P. Verma. "Aplicación del sistema GEOBAS al análisis estadístico de Elementos de las Tierras Raras en Muestras Internacionales de Referencia Geoquímica." Geofísica Internacional 32, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1993.32.2.556.
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Se presenta brevemente el avance en la construcción del sistema de compilación y análisis estadístico GEOBAS para muestras internacionales de Referencia Geoquímica. GEOBAS está siendo elaborado en el sistema dBASE IV para PC y es aplicado al análisis estadístico de los Elementos de las Tierras Raras. El sistema GEOBAS es aplicado como ejemplo, a cinco muestras del U. S. Geological Survey: basaltos BCR-1, BHVO-1 y BIR-1, cuarzo-latita QLO-1 y lutita SCo-1. Los resultados de media que genera el sistema GEOBAS son en general comparables a los que reporta la literatura, con diferencias menores al 10%. Cuando la cantidad de datos compilados de un elemento es muy baja (<10), las diferencias entre las medias que reporta la literatura y las generadas por GEOBAS pueden alcanzar hasta un 19%. En estos casos, se recomienda el uso de la mediana como estimador de tendencia central más confiable que la media.
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Bang, Junho, Namsu Park, Junghan Song, Hong-Gee Kim, Gihyun Bae, and Myoung-Gyu Lee. "Tool Wear Prediction in the Forming of Automotive DP980 Steel Sheet Using Statistical Sensitivity Analysis and Accelerated U-Bending Based Wear Test." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020306.
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The forming process of ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) may cause premature damage to the tool surface due to the high forming pressure. The damage to and wear of the tool surface increase maintenance costs and deteriorate the surface quality of the sheet products. Hence, a reliable prediction model for tool wear can help in the efficient management of the quality and productivity of formed sheet products of UHSS. In this study, a methodology is proposed for predicting the wear behavior of stamping tools that are used in the forming process of DP980 steel sheet. Pin-on-disk tests were conducted based on the Taguchi method to develop the tool wear prediction model. Using statistical analysis based on the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and ANOVA result, the contact pressure and the sliding distance were selected as the major contact parameters for tool wear. The Archard wear model has a limitation in predicting the nonlinear behavior of tool wear. Therefore, the power-law nonlinear regression model as a function of the contact pressure and the sliding distance was constructed. To verify the reliability of the constructed tool wear prediction model, the U-draw bending tests were designed. The modified U-draw bending test, which accelerates tool wear, is newly designed to evaluate the tool wear for different contact pressures and sliding distances. The modified die generated a contact pressure four times higher than that of the conventional die from the finite element (FE) simulation results. The tool wear prediction model was validated by comparing the predicted results with the experimental results of DP980 sheets formed using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) CrN-coated STD11 tool steel.
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Wahida, Besse, Khaerun Nisa Nuur, and Ibnu Hajar Ansori. "TRACING ENTITIES OF ARABIC IN THE QUR’AN." Jurnal Adabiyah 21, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/jad.v21i1a1.
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This article examined how the Qur’an talks about the Arabic used in it, its essence, existence, and urgency, departing from the dialectic of the foreign languages existence in the Qur’an. This study was literature research using an interpretive approach with the method maud}u>'i which research objects were verses about the Arabic Quran, and were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the essence of the Arabic language used in the Quran is Arabic which was fluent and clear, which was understood and popular among Arabs when the Qur'an was revealed. The diction used is the word 'arabiy, which is an adjective (s{ifat) connected to words qur'a>n, lisa>n, and hukman repeated eleven times. The existences of Arabic in the Qur’an are Arabic fus}h}ah, Arabic al-Qur'an as Miracle, and Arabic as the language of sharia/law. While the urgencies of Arabic use in the Qur’an is seen from the word 'arabiy followed by the word la'alla (لعل) and li (ل) repeated seven times and its means are the key to understand the Qur’an, encouraging thinking, encouraging spirituality. The results of this study were expected to be a common thread for the two groups arguing about the existence of foreign languages in the Qur’an.Keywords: Arabic, the Qur’an, Entity.
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Tkach, Alexander, Abilio Almeida, Igor Levin, Joseph C. Woicik, and Paula M. Vilarinho. "Dielectric Relaxation, Local Structure and Lattice Dynamics in Mn-Doped Potassium Tantalate Ceramics." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164632.
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Alkaline niobate and tantalate perovskites have attracted attention as polar dielectrics for electronics and telecommunications. Here, we studied the polar behaviour, lattice dynamics, and local structure in conventionally processed K0.985Mn0.015TaO3±δ ceramics using a combination of variable-temperature dielectric and Raman spectroscopies, and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements, respectively. Mn doping induces a low-frequency dielectric relaxation in KTaO3 (KT), which follows the Arrhenius law with an activation energy U ≈ 105 meV and the characteristic relaxation time τ0 ≈ 4.6 × 10−14 s. Our XAFS results support preferential Mn occupancy of the cuboctahedral sites as Mn2+, with these cations strongly off-centred in the oversized oxygen cages. Such disordered Mn displacements generate electric dipoles, which are proposed as the source of the observed dielectric relaxation. We show that in Mn-doped ceramics, the low-frequency polar TO1 mode softens on cooling and, at low temperatures, exhibits a higher frequency than in undoped KT. This mode displays no detectable splitting, which contrasts with Li-doped KT that also contains off-centred Li+ species on the cuboctahedral sites. Therefore, we conclude that the coupling between the Mn displacements and the lattice is weaker than in the Li case, and Mn-doped KT therefore exhibits a dielectric relaxation but no ferroelectric transition.