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Liu, Wai-leung, and 廖為良. "Legislative support for waste reduction initiatives." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253805.
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MOREIRA, OSCAR ALEXANDRE TEIXEIRA. "POPULAR INITIATIVE OF LAW: PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY AND LEGITIMACY OF LAW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17619@1.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar como o instrumento de
iniciativa popular de lei pode representar a participação dos cidadãos na
construção e manutenção do ordenamento normativo. A utilização da Teoria
Discursiva do Direito de Habermas, como marco teórico, servirá para apontar um
caminho, ressaltando como o Estado Democrático de Direito deve contar com
cidadãos que são, ao mesmo tempo, autores e destinatários das normas jurídicas.
Pretende-se demonstrar que quanto mais os indivíduos participam como autores e
destinatários na formação da legislação, discutindo autonomamente em espaços
públicos, mais fortes são as possibilidades de efetivação da democracia.<br>The present work has the objective of demonstrate how the instrument of
popular legislative initiatives can represent the citizens participation on the
construction and the maintenance of the normative ordering. Having the
Habermas’ Law Discursive Theory, as the theoretical mark will serve to point a
direction, emphasizing how the Fair State of law must rely on citizens, which are,
at the same time, the authors and the recipients of the juridical standards. It
searches to demonstrate that as much as the individuals act as authors and
recipients on the construction of the law, discussing autonomously in public
aspects, stronger are the possibilities of the effectuation of the democracy.
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Lindgren, Ylva, and Alison Mendez. "Living Labs – En komparativ studie av två initiativ." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22358.
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Utvecklingen av Living Labs kan förklaras av framförallt tre utvecklingar. För det första en uppfattning om att vissa behov i samhället inte kan tillgodoses av enskilda organisationer. För det andra att innovation allt mer betraktas som öppna system och slutligen att användaren har erkänts en större roll i innovationsprocesser. Living Labs är en experimentell innovationsmiljö som definieras av:• användarens delaktighet i fokus• tvärsektoriell samverkan; mellan näringsliv, offentlig verksamhet och ideella aktörer• öppenhet• utvecklingsarbetet sker i verkliga miljöerDetta relativt nya fenomen uppvisar en rik variation av uttryck och de olika nyckelattributen som grundar begreppet Living Labs tillskrivs olika vikt.Studien ämnar besvara frågeställningen: Vilket samband finns mellan de organisatoriska kompromisserna och Living Labs konceptets nyckelattribut?Studien är en komparativ undersökning av två Living Labs som har tagit mycket olika uttryck. Halmstad Living Lab med fokus på hälsoteknik, existerar genom sina projekt där små- och medelstora företag får chansen att utvecklas och få stöd av deras erfarenhet av användar-centrerade utvecklingsprojekt. Och Fabriken, under Malmö Living Lab, där användarnas deltagande ses som ett mål i sig och den stora frågan är hur man kan skapa en förutsättningslös yta för innovation.Analysen sker utifrån Provan och Kenis modell för nätverksstyrning som utgår ifrån att man i samverkansprojekt måste kompromissa mellan olika motsatspar.Slutsatsen är att de två labbens olika inriktning kan förstås utifrån modellen och kompromisserna som görs mellan motsatsparen även kan ses som kompromisser mellan Living Lab fenomenets nyckelattribut.<br>The development of Living Labs can above all be explained by progress in three areas. First, a notion that some needs in society can not be met by individual organizations. The second is the idea of innovation as open systems, and finally the recognition of users as a greater part in innovation processes. Living Labs is an experimental innovation environment that is defined by:• focus in user involvement• intersectoral collaboration; between industry, public sector and non-profit operators• openness• the development work conducted in real environmentsThis relatively new phenomenon exhibits a rich variety of expressions and the various key attributes that constitute the concept of Living Labs are attributed to different extent.The study intends to answer the question: What is the relationship between the organizational trade-offs and Living Labs concept's key attributes?It is comparative study of two Living Labs who have taken very different expressions. Halmstad Living Lab with a focus on health technologies, exists through its projects in which small-and medium-sized businesses get the opportunity to develop by receiving support from their knowledge drawn from experiences of user-centered development projects. And the Factory, a part of Malmö Living Lab, in which user participation is seen as an end in itself and were the big question is how to create an open space for innovation.Analysis is based on Provan and Kenis model for network governance, which assumes that those in collaborative projects have to compromise between different pairs of opposite.The conclusion is that the two labs different orientations can be understood through the model and compromises made between he pairs of opposite witch also can be seen as compromises between the Living Lab phenomenon's key attributes.
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Weiant, Lydia. "When Law Falls Short: Informal Justice Initiatives in West Belfast, Northern Ireland." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1461266200.
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Vojtovic, Raphaële L. "Liability and risk management in international air transport : a study of European initiatives." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20548.
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This thesis examines the legal aspects of aviation insurance and reinsurance regarding passenger liability, in particular in Europe. The paper identifies and describes four main trends currently affecting the aviation insurance industry: the globalization of aviation insurance and reinsurance undertakings, increased competition in aviation insurance sector, the liberalization of the European insurance market, and the evolution of the international and European air carriers liability regime. The implications of these trends for premium rates, and for insurance and reinsurance activities in general, are then assessed.<br>This analysis indicates that the liberalization of the European insurance and reinsurance markets remains incomplete, given that certain essential aspects linked to the activities of insurance undertakings are not harmonized. This lack of consistency within the European regulatory regime is found to be a source of invisible barriers which hamper the effective application of the European freedoms of establishment and of providing services as established in the Treaty of Rome. Furthermore, the author identifies a potential for growing friction between the different international regulatory regimes governing air carriers liability. Looking to the future, the expected effects of the single European currency and the expansion of the WTO services disciplines is also examined.<br>The author concludes that the effectiveness of traditional structures and organizations of insurance and reinsurance markets are being challenged by profound structural changes in the industry. In this context, the European liberalization could serve as a model for adapting to this changing environment on a regional level so as to benefit from the opportunities provided by competition and globalization.
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Stenvall, Marielle, and Emilia Henriksson. "Skattetillägg vid rättelse på eget initiativ : en analys ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-69239.
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Sigmon, Stephen R. "Exploring the Influence of Path Dependence Within the Police Culture of Law Enforcement Agencies Considering New Policing Initiatives." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10604261.
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<p> Research on ways to improve police effectiveness, as well as how to successfully implement new policing models, has been going on for a number of years, and has shown limited success at implementing new initiatives. The problem this study addressed is the poor understanding of the impact internal organizational barriers have on law enforcement agencies considering the implementation of change. The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to explore the influence of path dependence within the police culture of law enforcement agencies considering new policing initiatives. The population for this study was the 380 law enforcement organizations in the state of Florida. A semi-structured in-depth interview process was used to collect data from a nonrandom, purposive sample of executive law enforcement officers. Dedoose software was used to compile and analyze data. Data collection sought to gather information about the culture of the organization, how successful the organization has been at implementing change, and how the participants deal with change. Two primary themes emerged that related to all three research questions, (a) implementation strategy, and (b) organizational culture. Three major themes, (a) leadership, (b) organizational history, and (c) communication, and two minor themes, (a) resistance behavior, and (b) organizational buy-in emerged for research question 1. Two major themes emerged for research question 2, (a) lock-in, and (b) ingraining. For research question 3 there was one theme that emerged, (a) effective measurement tool. The results contributed to Sydow, Schreyogg, and Koch’s (2009) path dependence theory, finding that identification and controlling of ingraining activities would improve change implementation in highly structured, ridged organizations. Recommendations for practice suggested law enforcement organizations should develop effective implementation management strategies that improve initiative success, develop leadership to improve understanding the barriers of change implementation, improve agency wide communication, address resistance behavior and ensure organizational buy-in, and specifically identify lock-in within the organization. Recommendations for future research included expanding the study to a larger population, conduct the study in an organizational setting other than law enforcement, and conduct a qualitative phenomenological study, to further explore major theme 2 findings for research question 1, organizational history.</p><p>
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Bidwell, Joshua. "The Next Step for the Justice Reinvestment Initiative: Making Mental Health a Priority." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20491.
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The criminal justice system in the United States was not created to treat mentally ill people. Despite this fact, the number of seriously mentally ill people in prisons and jails now exceeds the number in state psychiatric hospitals by tenfold.
At the same time, the epidemic of mass incarceration in the United States has become one of the most pressing economic and social problems our country has faced in the last three decades.
One novel approach to reducing prison populations and lowering costs to taxpayers has been justice reinvestment. However, for justice reinvestment to meet its ultimate goal of reducing incarceration rates, saving tax payer dollars, and creating safer communities, the JRI must begin to focus more attention and resources on how to better address the unique needs of the mentally ill in the criminal justice system.
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Marley, Erin. "Exploring how human resource management initiatives can build organisational knowledge: A case study of knowledge management in a law firm." Thesis, Marley, Erin (2012) Exploring how human resource management initiatives can build organisational knowledge: A case study of knowledge management in a law firm. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/12906/.
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Over the past decade knowledge has been highlighted as the definitive source of competitive advantage (CA) and value for organisations in the new Knowledge Economy (Kong and Thomson 2009; Hartell and Fujimoto 2010). Since the early 1990’s many researchers have discussed the management of knowledge within organisations; prompting the exploration of knowledge creation and management theories (Wikström and Normann 1994). Research has revealed a limited ability for Knowledge Management (KM) frameworks to address the ‘soft’ (human) aspects alongside the ‘hard’ (technological) aspects of knowledge creation and transfer (Leyland 2010). This has called for an emphasis to be placed on the appropriate use of structures and strategies to harness knowledge and technology, in order to stay competitive (Leyland 2010).
Aiming to address these points this research is an explorative study investigating how HRM initiative can impact on knowledge generation and thereby build competitive advantage. The study employs a single case study approach premised on an in-depth rather than an industry-wide investigation of the relationships between KM and HRM in achieving organisational learning and CA. More specifically the research identifies how HRM initiatives enable knowledge-sharing between knowledge workers for the purpose of organisational learning, value adding to goods and services, and increased competitive advantage (CA).
This study is both unique and significant in terms of its contributions to knowledge in the field of KM. It elicits understandings from a review of the current KM literature and a practical perspective generated from the feedback given by 12 managers from a large Australian Law firm, situated in a highly knowledge-intensive industry with an incentive to engage in KM. The study aims to address the gap in the literature by providing broad practical insights into the management of knowledge from both ‘hard’ (IT) and ‘soft’ (Human) perspectives. A thematic analysis of both the literature and the data collected in chapters two and four provides a synthesis of theory and practice offered in chapter five.
The key findings indicated that in the case organisation HRM policy and practice were not a key aspect of managing relationships and facilitating knowledge-sharing amongst employees. However, organisational culture played a big part in enabling and encouraging commitment to KM. The core recommendation for the case organisation to consider is the implementation of HRM initiatives which will promote the development of an organisational learning focused culture to improve the knowledge-sharing. This finding is supported with reference to the broader KM, organisational learning and HRM literature. This study provides a platform for further research exploring the potentially productive nexus between KM, HRM, organisational learning and culture and how this can better understood by academics and managers seeking to add value in legal and professional services.
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Cheung, Yui-fai, and 張銳輝. "The lane rental policy initiative in Hong Kong: a case study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964424.
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Clegg, E., Owen J. Greene, S. Meek, and G. O'Callaghan. "Regional initiatives and the UN 2001 Conference: Building Mutual Support and Complementarity." Thesis, British American Security Information Council (BASIC), International Alert and Saferworld, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4236.
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yes<br>As the agenda for the United Nations (UN) 2001 Conference on The Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects takes shape, governments should begin to identify a set
of standards, mechanisms and specific agreements that will help consolidate, reinforce and
co-ordinate regional and national measures to address the problem of the proliferation and
misuse of small arms. An important element of this approach will be to build upon the wealth
of regional and national experiences and perspectives that illustrate the different contexts
in which efforts to combat the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons have
occurred. At the same time, agreements reached at the UN 2001 Conference should be
substantial, establishing an agreed comprehensive `international action programme¿ f o r
sustained global effort on this complex problem. However there remain issues and concerns
that are common to all regions: these should be identified and addressed internationally
within the context of the UN 2001 Conference.
This briefing, the second in the Biting the Bullet series, reviews some of the current regional
e fforts on small arms and light weapons. It identifies common approaches that have been used
in different regions to counter the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons,
these include: law enforcement and crime control; supplier restraint and transparency; national
legislation and regulation of arms; and arms reduction and control. The briefing analyses
initiatives using these approaches that are moving forward in West Africa, Eastern and
Southern Africa, the European Union (EU), and the development of cooperation between
EU Member States and other countries and regional organizations, including Cambodia
and the Southern African Development Community. The briefing identifies the impact and
priorities of these initiatives, suggesting ways in which the UN 2001 Conference is both
relevant to the region and what the region can contribute to the outcomes of the Conference.
The briefing concludes with recommendations on the ways in which regional processes can be
reinforced and further developed by the international community, focusing especially on the
contribution of the UN 2001 Conference. Experience is showing that much of what happens
nationally and regionally needs reinforcement and further development with assistance from
the international community. The UN 2001 Conference comes at an important time for providing
the framework ¿ through the international action programme ¿ to develop, reinforce and
c o-ordinate these national and regional processes, through developing appropriate international
norms, standards, programmes and mechanisms. Using the illustration of combating illicit arms
trafficking, this briefing outlines some of the processes that could be taken forward through
the UN 2001 Conference which would build upon and strengthen national and regional eff o r t s .
The briefing contains an annex, which provides background information on many current
regional and international initiatives, including those in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe
and inter-regionally, such as the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe and
the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
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Wängdahl, Johanna, and Emmy Hodén. "Corporate Social Responsibility – Business strategies or social initiatives? : A qualitative study on CSR within the Indian context." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-35979.
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Together with the globalized corporate world come a number of social and environmental issues, many times caused by the corporations themselves. However, it happens that corporations do not take their responsibilities in limiting their sometimes, harmful practices. Companies with a willingness to create positive change can do this, by working with corporate social responsibility (CSR). The question is however, whether companies actually are taking their responsibilities by implementing CSR work, or if they are using the concept as a business strategy for additional profit. To answer this question, one could look at the driving factors behind a company’s CSR programs as well as investigating the level of integration of the CSR programs in the company’s daily business. Companies working with CSR exist globally, however, there is one country that researchers have found to be a special case, namely, India. Therefore, this bachelor thesis examines different driving motives behind CSR in India through a literature review, as well as answers how well integrated Indian companies CSR activities are within their core businesses, by conducting a case study on an Indian company. The results of this study show that moral, strategic and legal motives can be factors in the decision to engage in CSR by Indian companies. Also, the level of integration partly depends on the previously mentioned motives.
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Ferguson, Cody J. "Increasing Effectiveness of U.S. Counterintelligence: Domestic and International Micro-Restructuring Initiatives to Mitigate." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2012.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.<br>Cyberespionage is a prolific threat that undermines the power projection capacity of the United States through
reduced economic prowess and a narrowing of the technical advantage employed by the American military.
International attempts to limit hostile cyber activity through the development of institutions, normative patterns of
behavior, or assimilation of existing laws do not provide the American national security decision maker with a timely
or effective solution to address these threats. Unfortunately, the stove-piped, redundant and inefficient nature of the
U.S. counterintelligence community does not deliver a viable alternative to mitigating cyberespionage in an effective
manner. Instituting a domestic and international micro-restructuring approach within the Department of Defense
(DoD) addresses the need for increased effectiveness within an environment of fiscal responsibility. Domestic
restructuring places emphasis on developing a forcing mechanism that compels the DoD counterintelligence services
to develop joint approaches for combating cyberespionage by directly addressing the needs of the Combatant
Commands. International restructuring places an emphasis on expanding cybersecurity cooperation to like-minded
nations and specifically explores the opportunity and challenges for increased cyber cooperation with Taiwan. This
approach recognizes that Taiwan and the United States are both negatively affected from hostile cyber activity
derived from within the People’s Republic of China.
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Nobs, Roger. "Volksinitiative und Völkerrecht : eine Studie zur Volksinitiative im Kontext der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verhältnisses zum Völkerecht /." Zürich [u.a.] : Dike Verl, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015036234&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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HERNÁNDEZ, GUERRERO Vanesa. "Tax incentives under the initiatives against harmful tax competition, the EC treaty provisions on state aid and the WTO Agreement on subsidies." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/25400.
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Defence date: 17 December 2007<br>Examining Board: Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (EUI Supervisor) ; Prof. Adolfo J. Martín Jiménez (Universidad de Cádiz, External Supervisor) ; Prof. Pierre-Marie Dupuy, EUI ; Mr. Richard Lyal, EC Commission<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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Cuhadar, Cerag Esra Rubinstein Robert A. "Evaluating track-two diplomacy in pre-negotiation a comparative assessment of track-two initiatives on water and Jerusalem in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Théroux-Samuel, Ariane. "Les effets de la politique étrangère américaine sur la démocratisation du Moyen-Orient : le cas du Middle East Partnership Initiative." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18817.
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This thesis focuses on the effects of American foreign policy on the “democratization” of the Middle East in the post-September-2001 period. The author examines the case of the Middle East Partnership Initiative, a democracy assistance program created in 2002 within the context of the vast democracy promotion campaign undertaken by the Bush administration in response to the attacks of September 11, 2001. Following a theoretical analysis of the elements related to the process of democratization and a retrospective of democracy promotion in the recent history of the United States, the author introduces the different aspects of President Bush's new pro-democracy rhetoric, known as the Freedom Agenda. In describing and analyzing MEPI's programs, evolution and priorities, as well as its main shortcomings and challenges ahead, the author demonstrates that the positive effects of such democratization programs are difficult to show as there have been few “real” democratic advancements in the Middle East so far.<br>Ce mémoire porte sur les effets de la politique étrangère américaine après le 11 septembre 2001 sur la démocratisation du Moyen-Orient. Plus particulièrement, l'auteure y examine le cas du Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), un programme d'assistance à la démocratie mis en œuvre en 2002 dans le cadre de la vaste campagne de promotion démocratique de l'administration Bush, lancée peu après les événements de 2001. Après une analyse théorique des éléments reliés au processus de démocratisation et une rétrospective de la place accordée à la promotion de la démocratie dans l'historique récente des affaires étrangères des États-Unis, l'auteure introduit les différents aspects de la nouvelle rhétorique pro-démocratique de l'administration Bush, communément appelée le Freedom Agenda. En décrivant et en analysant les programmes, l'évolution et les priorités du MEPI, ainsi qu'en examinant les critiques qui lui ont été adressées et les défis que l'initiative devra affronter dans les années à venir, l'auteure réussit à démontrer que les effets positifs de ce genre de programme de démocratisation sont difficiles à prouver, les avancées démocratiques « réelles » étant peu nombreuses au Moyen-Orient à ce jour.
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Shefloe, Scott. "The proliferation security initiative and United Nations Security Resolution 1540: international law and the world's recent efforts to combat proliferation of weapons of mass destruction." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21991.
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Efforts to combat the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have existed ever since the first WMD were created. In recent years, the proliferation of WMD has been recognized as a threat to international peace and security. The recognition of this threat led to recent efforts by the international community to create two new mechanisms for combating the proliferation of WMD. The new mechanisms are the Proliferation Security Initiative and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540. These new mechanisms were instituted to fill gaps in the existing nonproliferation regime, though they approach nonproliferation by different methods. One utilizes a small voluntary coalition, while the other imposes mandatory obligations of a universal nature. Both were created through international legal methods, but arguably exist due to novel legal authorities. Their bases in international law will be crucial to their effectiveness in the nonproliferation regime. If they do not adhere to existing international law and comport with the existing nonproliferation regime, then their success in combating WMD proliferation will be limited. This thesis provides background on the nonproliferation regime and these two recent mechanisms and then analyzes their adherence to international law. I then argue that in order for a WMD non-proliferation instrument to be successful, it must comport with international law. In this respect, Resolution 1540 may be superior to The Proliferation Security Initiative.<br>Depuis l'apparition des toutes premières armes de destruction massive (ADM), des efforts sont déployés pour contrer leur prolifération. Depuis quelques années, il est reconnu que la prolifération des ADM constitue une menace envers la paix et la sécurité internationale. La reconnaissance de cette menace a incité la communauté internationale à créer deux nouveaux mécanismes pour combattre la prolifération des ADM, soit l'Initiative de sécurité contre la prolifération et la résolution 1540 du Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU. Ces mécanismes ont été mis en place pour combler les lacunes présentes dans le régime de non prolifération, mais ils abordent la non prolifération à l'aide de méthodes différentes. Le premier se fonde sur une petite coalition de volontaires, tandis que l'autre impose des obligations à teneur universelle. Les deux mécanismes ont été créés à l'aide de moyens juridiques internationaux, mais on peut considérer qu'ils existent en fait depuis l'émergence de nouvelles autorités légales. Leur enracinement dans le droit international sera crucial pour assurer leur efficacité au sein du régime de non prolifération. Si ces mécanismes ne se conforment pas au droit international et qu'ils concordent avec le régime de non prolifération actuel, leur efficacité pour contrer la prolifération des ADM sera restreinte. La présente thèse propose une étude des fondements du régime de non prolifération et de ces deux nouveaux mécanismes, pour ensuite analyser leur conformité respective au droit international. Je soumet ensuite que pour assurer le succès d'un instrument contre la prolifération des armes de destruction massive, il faudra que cet instrument se conforme au droit international. Sur cette considération, la resolution 1540 de l'ONU est peut-être bien superieur a l'Initiative de sécurité contre la prolifération.
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Daugėlaitė, Jurgita. "Referendumo teisė ir jos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje ir užsienyje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20110124_130530-51679.
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Pastaraisiais metais pastebėta tiesioginės demokratijos procedūrų augimo pasaulyje tendencija. Niekada iki šiol tiek daug žmonių negalėjo balsuoti jiems svarbiais klausimais, kaip per pastarąjį dešimtmetį. Vis dažniau naudojama iniciatyvios teisė, visuotiniai balsavimai, sprendžiant esminius klausimus ir išrinktų pareigūnų atšaukimo mechanizmas, iš esmės pakeitė politinę dinamiką. Visame pasaulyje, atstovaujamoji demokratija yra pertvarkoma ir modernizuojama. Taigi, ir šio magistro darbo tema buvo pasirinkta neatstitiktinai, o siekiant platesniame referendumo instituto analizės kontekste išanalizuoti referendumų patirtį bei įvertinti jų perspektyvas Lietuvoje, Šveicarijoje ir Kalifornijoje. Tikslas pasiektas analizuojant teisės doktriną ir teisės aktus, vertinant Lietuvos bei pasirinktų (Šveicarijos bei Kalifornijos) valstybių referendumų patirtį ir jų poveikį atstovaujamai demokratijai. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje išsamiai aptariama referendumo, kaip tiesioginės demokratijos instituto, samprata bei klasifikacija, dėl kurios terminologijos mokslininkų nuomonė išsiskiria. Antrojoje dalyje aptariama referendumų praktika Lietuvoje ir pateikiamas jos vertinimas. Trečiojoje dalyje analizuojami tiesioginės demokratijos institutai Šveicarijoje bei pateikiamas jų vertinimas. Ketvirtojoje dalyje vertinama tiesioginė demokratija Kalifornijoje. Galiausiai penktojoje dalyje pateikiama referendumų skeptikų nuomonė ir argumentai, paneigiantys ją.<br>In recent years the growth of direct democratic procedures in the world has become far more noticeable. Never before such a large number of people could vote for the actual issues since over the past decade. More frequently applied initiative law, general voting with a view to resolving essential problems and using mechanism of cancelation of the elected officials has fundamentally changed the political dynamics. Around the world representative democracy is being transformed and modernized.
Thus the topic of the Master‘s thesis was chosen not randomly but to the more extensive context of the analysis of the referendum institute and aims to approach the experience of the referenda and assessing their prospects in Lithuania, Switzerland and California. The objective has been achieved by analyzing legal doctrine and legislation in terms of Lithuania and the experience of the selected states (Switzerland and California) organizing the referendums as well as their effects on representative democracy.
The first part disputes the referendum in detail referring to it as the institute of direct democracy, concept and classification since the researchers’ opinion concerning the terminology is different. The second part deals with the practice of referendum law in Lithuania and its assessment is presented. The third part analyzes the institutions of direct democracy in Switzerland and their assessment. The direct democracy in California is assessed in the fourth part while and... [to full text]
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Pålsson, Olivia, and Anna Tour. "En väsentlig hållbarhetsredovisning : En innehållsanalys av hållbarhetsredovisningen inom skogsindustrin." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105748.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka skillnaden i hållbarhetsredovisningens väsentlighet över tid innan hållbarhetsredovisning var obligatorisk (2013) och efter att den blev obligatorisk (2020). De tio valda hållbarhetsredovisningarna återfinns bland de fem största företagen i den svenska skogsindustrin. Den teoretiska ram som valts för att undersöka denna studie är legitimitetsteorin och intressentteorin. För att utforska rapporterna har vi använt oss av innehållsanalys med kategorisering. Kategoriseringen baseras på obligatorisk information och icke-obligatorisk information, baserad på CSR-terminologi. Resultatet presenteras som procentandelen av den totala rapporten. En kvalitativ metod användes för att tolka resultatet och analysera andelen väsentlig information i rapporterna. Resultatet av denna studie indikerar att en del av informationen har ökat och annan information har minskat i omfattning sedan lagstiftningen. Det innebär också att det är avgörande att företag använder riktlinjer för att sammanställa en hållbarhetsrapport. Studien indikerar också att företagen bedömde samma områden som väsentliga under samma jämförda år.<br>The aim of this study is to explore the difference in the materiality of sustainability reports over time, before sustainability reporting was mandatory (in 2013) and during (in 2020). The ten sustainability reports analyzed are found among the five biggest companies in the Swedish forest industry. The theoretical framework chosen to investigate this study is the Legitimacy Theory and the Stakeholder Theory. To explore the reports, we have used Content analysis with categorization. The categorization is based on mandatory information and non-mandatory information, based on CSR terminology. The result is presented as a percentage share of the total report. A qualitative approach was used in order to interpret the result and analyze the share of material information in the reports. The result of this study indicates that some of the information has increased, and other information has decreased since the law regulation. It also implies that it is crucial that companies use guidelines in order to assemble a sustainability report. The study also indicates that the companies assessed the same areas as material during the same compared years.
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Josi, Claudia. "Direct democracy: What if there is a conflict between the will of the people and fundamental rights? A comparative analysis between Switzerland and California." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115580.
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In many countries, citizens have the power to propose new laws oramendments to their constitutions by popular initiatives. Provided that they have a special legitimacy, they are often regulated by different procedures to the legislation enacted by the legislature and may be used by their proponents to avoid the restrictions that the “ordinary” legislation is subject to. Recently, this has led that several popular initiatives which have come into conflict with the rights of minorities, fundamental rights of other affected groups, and other constitutional guarantees have been submitted. From the perspective of a comparative analysis, this article explores whether the laws in Switzerland and California set the procedural and substantive restrictions to this mechanism of direct democracy and to what extent. In this context, the author questionswhether the scope and enjoyment of fundamental rights may be subject to popular initiatives. Finally, several recommendations are made to improve the legal limits of popular initiatives and their control mechanisms to ensure that the scope and enjoyment of fundamental rights are not subject to the contentof popular initiatives.<br>En muchos países, los ciudadanos tienen la facultad de proponer nuevas leyes o modificaciones a la Constitución mediante iniciativas populares. Dado que las mismas gozan de una legitimación especial muchas veces se regulan por procedimientos diferentes a la legislación promulgada por la legislatura y pueden ser usados por sus proponentes para esquivar las restricciones a las que la legislación «ordinaria» está sujeta. Eso ha llevado a que, recientemente, se han presentado varias iniciativas populares que han entrado en conflicto con los derechos de las minorías, derechos fundamentales de otros grupos afectados, y otras garantías constitucionales. Desde una perspectiva de análisis comparativo, este artículo explora si las legislaciones en Suiza y California establecen restricciones procedimentales y sustantivas a este mecanismo de democracia directa y en qué medida. En este contexto, cuestiona si el alcance y el disfrute de los derechos fundamentales pueden estar sujetos a iniciativas populares. Finalmente, este artículo hace ciertas recomendaciones destinadas a mejorar los límites legales de las iniciativas populares y de sus mecanismos de control para garantizar que el alcance y el disfrute de los derechos fundamentales no estén sujetos al contenido de iniciativas populares.
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Arias, Alosilla Yenue, and Romero Mildred Linares. "Desarrollo de un reporte de sostenibilidad basado en la metodología del Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) aplicado a la Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería de la Universidad Católica." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2008. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/304.
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El objetivo general es generar valor agregado al crecimiento y desarrollo de la FCI a través de prácticas sostenibles basadas en un buen desempeño económico, medio ambiental y social. Además de proponer alternativas estratégicas de mejora de costos, gestión de una producción más limpia y desarrollo de una metodología que permita medir las condiciones y formas de desarrollar la sostenibilidad de la FCI, incluyendo un análisis económico financiero.<br>Tesis
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Fernandez, Andujar Miguel. "La participation du peuple à l'élaboration des normes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU2161.
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Sous le souvenir invétéré d'une démocratie passée, purement directe, dans laquelle le peuple décidait lui-même de toutes les questions relatives à la sphère publique, la participation populaire continue d'être une source de débats et d'études animés. Ce travail aborde cette participation populaire d'un point de vue purement juridique, en l'examinant selon les étapes d'une procédure visant à l'élaboration d'une norme. Ce faisant, il apporte une réponse à un problème jusqu'ici non résolu : déterminer si le peuple et le Parlement peuvent coexister en tant que législateurs au sein d'un même ordre juridique sans altérer radicalement la structure et le fonctionnement de l'État de droit. Afin de répondre à ce problème, la thèse est structurée en deux parties.La première partie analyse les institutions qui permettent au peuple de participer à chacune des phases d'une procédure normative. Bien que cette participation soit possible tant dans l'initiative que dans la délibération, ce n'est que dans la phase de décision par référendum que le peuple dans son ensemble agit directement, sans être médiatisé par d'autres acteurs. Dans toutes les autres phases, le peuple est toujours représenté, mais par une minorité ad-hoc émanée de son sein. C'est pourquoi on ne peut pas parler aujourd'hui d'un modèle de démocratie directe, mais tout au plus de modèles de démocratie semi-directe. Néanmoins, la recherche a permis de constater que l'exercice de la fonction législative par le peuple est juridiquement possible, même si sa capacité de créer ou d'abolir les normes loi se trouve limitée, contrairement au Parlement. La deuxième partie examine la réponse que cette participation suscite de la part des autres organes de l'État. Cette réponse s'effectue, premièrement, à travers le contrôle juridique de la participation populaire et, deuxièmement, par la modification parlementaire d'une norme précédemment adoptée par référendum. Le premier volet permet de vérifier que la participation populaire peut effectivement être soumise à un contrôle juridique, même lorsqu'elle a pour objet l'adoption d'une norme par référendum, écartant ainsi une vision sacralisée de la volonté populaire. Le second aspect prouve que le parallélisme des formes ne peut être juridiquement compris comme une identité des formes. Ainsi, le peuple et le parlement peuvent coexister en tant que co-législateurs au sein d'un même ordre juridique, bien que le premier jouisse d'un caractère exceptionnel et limité, tandis que le second conserve sa vocation de permanence<br>Under the inveterate memory of a past democracy, purely direct, in which the people decided for themselves all matters relating to the public sphere, popular participation continues to be a source of lively debate and study. This thesis approaches such popular participation from a purely legal perspective, examining it according to the stages of a procedure aimed at the elaboration of a norm. In doing so, it provides an answer to a hitherto unresolved problem: to determine whether the people and Parliament could coexist as legislators within the same legal order without radically altering the structure and functioning of the rule of law. To address this question, the thesis is structured in two parts.First part analyses the institutions that allow the people to participate in each of the phases of a legislative procedure. Although such participation is possible both the initiative and deliberation phases, it is only in the decision-making phase through the referendum that the people as a whole act directly, without being mediated by other actors. In all other phases, the people are always represented, albeit by an ad-hoc minority emanating from them. For this reason, it is not possible today to speak of a direct democratic model, but, at most, of semi-direct democratic models. Nevertheless, the exercise of the legislative function by the people is legally feasible, even though their ability to create or abolish rules is more limited than in the case of Parliament.Part Second examines the response that such popular participation elicits from the rest of the state organs. This response takes place, first, through the legal control of popular participation. Secondly, through the system of parliamentary modification of a rule previously adopted by referendum. The first aspect makes it possible to verify that popular participation can indeed be subject to legal control even when its object is the adoption of a rule by referendum, thus discarding a sacralised vision of the popular will. The second aspect proves that the parallelism of forms cannot be legally understood as an identity of forms. What is more, the people and parliament can coexist as co-legislators within the same legal system, although the former enjoys an exceptional character, while the latter retains its vocation of permanence
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Radi, Junior Jorge. "As iniciativas legiferantes compulsórias." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6358.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-11<br>The present work is mainly aimed to demonstrate the existence of compulsory legislative initiatives at the federal level, which force state(s) entity(ies) legitimated to present it at a given time, under penalty of accountability. The study focuses on the analysis of present Federal Constitution and begins with the investigation of state models adopted by the Federative Republic of Brazil, which resumes in federative form of medium-grade, self-controlled state, presidential system, democracy variable popular influence regimen and liberal republican form of short term governance. Because they are fundamental principles of the Brazilian state, these models greatly influence the rules of legislative initiatives. It was found that the legislative function in the Federal Constitution, equates to the law production, in the formal sense, and that is performed by all the Powers, but in main way, only by the Legislature. The drafting of the law is made by process, which, for teaching purposes, can be divided into phases, with an inaugural phase, called the initiative, in which is practiced the initiative-act (bill) from the exercise of initiative-competence. The rules of initiative-competence are exclusively settled in the Constitution, in an expressly and exhaustively manner. Although it has a particular structure, the rule of initiative-competence brings an common element of other competences, it is the duty-faculty, for which converge simultaneously the mandatory implementation of the rule (duty) and discretionary judgment to exercise (faculty). The mandatory implementation is raised by the existence of primary and/or secondary public interest, and the discretionary judgment derives from the political function. The combination duty-faculty guides the legitimated to implement initiative-competence. However, there are three sets of rules that, exceptionally, induce the duty and inhibit the faculty, turning compulsory execution the effect of the initiative-act, at the right term. The non-implement of initiative-competence in this given period, imply an omission unlawful act, and the improper implement of the rule results a commissive unlawful act. By practicing both acts, the legitimated may be liable<br>A presente obra tem como proposta principal demonstrar a existência de iniciativas legiferantes compulsórias, na esfera federal, que obrigam o(s) ente(s) estatal(is) le-gitimado(s) a apresentá-la, em determinado período, sob pena de responsabilização. O estudo se concentra na análise da Constituição Federal vigente e inicia-se com a investigação dos modelos estatais adotados pela República Federativa do Brasil, que se resumem à forma federativo de grau médio, Estado autocontrolado, sistema pre-sidencialista, regime democrático misto de influência popular variável e forma re-publicana liberal de curta governança. Por serem princípios fundamentais do Es-tado brasileiro, esses modelos influenciam sobremaneira as regras de iniciativa le-giferante. Constatou-se que a função legiferante, na Constituição Federal, equivale à produção da lei, em sentido formal, e que é desempenhada por todos os Poderes, mas de forma precípua, apenas, pelo Poder Legislativo. A elaboração da lei se da mediante processo, que, para fins didáticos, pode ser dividido em fases, sendo a fase inaugural, denominada iniciativa, na qual é praticada a iniciativa-ato (proposição legiferante), a partir do exercício da iniciativa-competência. As regras de iniciativa-competência têm sede exclusivamente constitucional e são postas de maneira taxa-tiva e expressa na Constituição da República. Embora disponha de uma estrutura particular, a regra de iniciativa-competência traz um elemento comum a outras com-petências, que é o dever-poder, para o qual convergem, simultaneamente, a obriga-toriedade de execução da regra (dever) e a discricionariedade para o seu exercício (poder). A obrigatoriedade é suscitada pela existência do interesse público primário e/ou secundário. Já a discricionariedade decorre da função política. A combinação dever-poder orienta o legitimado a exercer a iniciativa-competência. Mas há três conjuntos de normas que, excepcionalmente, induzem o dever e inibem o poder, tornando a prática da inciativa-ato de execução compulsória, a termo certo. A não aplicação da iniciativa-competência compulsória nesse período determinado, impli-cará ato omissivo ilícito, e a aplicação indevida da regra resultará ato comissivo ilícito. Pela prática de ambos os atos, o legitimado poderá ser responsabilizado
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Provenzano, Marco. "Attitudes intolérantes et initiatives législatives contre les chrétiens à l'époque de Marc-Aurèle : entre histoire et propagande politique : un réexamen de la vexata quaestio." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAK008/document.
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Le présent mémoire propose d’examiner, d’une façon approfondie et innovatrice, le rapport entre les chrétiens et Marc-Aurèle à travers une analyse complète des sources à disposition, notamment celles historico-littéraires, épigraphiques, numismatiques et législatives. En particulier, l’on démontrera l’absence de fondement de l’image faite a posteriori de Marc-Aurèle en tant que protector christianorum dont le premier témoin, d'après nos connaissances, est Tertullien. L’on montrera, par le biais d’une analyse législative des sources à notre disposition qu’à l’époque de Marc-Aurèle il n’y avait aucune loi qui protégeait les chrétiens. Bien au contraire, les dispositions de Trajan étaient toujours valides. Par la suite, nous chercherons à trouver les véritables raisons de la politique de Marc-Aurèle envers les chrétiens à travers la comparaison entre la pensée médio-platonicienne de Justin et celle stoïcienne du princeps. L’interprétation philosophique de l’attitude à montrer face à la mort, nous donnera une clef de lecture pour pénétrer les raisons les plus profondes des violences et des procès que les chrétiens ont subis au cours de son principat<br>This work aims to provide an original and thorough exploration of the relationship between Marcus Aurelius and the Christians by means of an in-depth analysis of the available historical, literary, epigraphic, numismatic, and legal sources. Specifically, it will show that the a posteriori view of Marcus Aurelius as protector Christianorum, apparently introduced by Tertullian, is unfounded. In support of this argument, a legal analysis of the available sources will show that, far from enjoying legal protection during the Principality of Marcus Aurelius, Christians were still subject to Trajan’s laws. The true reasons underlying the policy of Marcus Aurelius towards the Christians will be investigated by comparing the Middle Platonism of Justin Martyr with the stoic meditations of the princeps. In particular, the philosophical interpretation of the attitude deemed suitable in the face of death will provide an insight into the reasons that led to the wave of violence and to the trials of Christians under Marcus Aurelius’ rule
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Girault, Quentin. "Essai de proposition d'un modèle de référendum d'initiative populaire dans l'ordonnancement constitutionnel de la Vème République." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2018/document.
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Le référendum d’initiative populaire est souvent mentionné dans les réformes envisageables pour répondre à la « crise de la représentation ». Régulièrement utilisée dans quelques États occidentaux dont le régime est par ailleurs représentatif, cette procédure est donc assez bien connue. Pour autant, elle n’existe toujours pas en droit interne, et la tentative d’instauration envisagée lors de la révision constitutionnelle de 2008 s’est soldée par un échec puisqu’elle n’a abouti qu’à l’introduction d’un nouveau référendum « d’en haut ». L’objet de la thèse est de prendre au sérieux la question de l’incorporation d’un processus d’initiative populaire dans l’ordonnancement constitutionnel de la Ve République. Pour ce faire, elle vise à établir une proposition qui pourrait servir de modèle, au sens où elle serait susceptible d’inspirer une éventuelle intégration. Une telle démarche permet de mettre en évidence les interrogations que peut soulever l’introduction d’une telle procédure dans nos institutions et, en s’efforçant d’y répondre, de souligner qu’elles peuvent être résolues. Evidemment, la proposition ne fonctionne que dans les limites de l’hypothèse qui en fournit le cadre. Pour qu’elle conserve malgré tout son intérêt, elle est établie à partir du droit positif. Le droit interne fournit l’essentiel de la substance, il soutient l’ossature de toutes les hypothèses retenues et ce quel que soit le degré de transformation dont il fait l’objet. Le droit étranger permet les alternatives, les atténuations et les créations. La démarche peut contribuer à conférer un certain réalisme au résultat obtenu, et se présente comme un facteur de sa cohérence. La circonstance qu’elle ait été possible appuie le postulat général de la thèse selon lequel la transposition du droit existant à l’encadrement de l’initiative populaire favorise son institutionnalisation<br>Popular initiative is often mentioned as one of the potential answers of the “crisis” of representative democracy. Frequently used in some western states even though their political regime is representative democracy, the initiative process is consequently well-known. Such initiative process does not exist already in french constitutionnal law, and the last attempt was a failure since it came down to the implementation of a top-down procedure. The purpose of this thesis relates to the instauration of an initiative process in the french constitution. As a postulate, it allows to establish a proposal which could be used as a model, an inspiration source for a potential real instauration. Such approach makes possible to highlight all the questions marks that an introduction of a popular initiative may arise. Trying to answer those questions, we may enlighten the fact that it could be resolved. Obviously, the proposal operates only in the limits of the assumption that it is at its origin. In order to keep its interest, it is going to be based on the positive law. The internal law gives to the proposal its basis, the others coutries’s law is used to adapt the intern law to the initiative’s own dynamic. This method may help to hold the proposal into a realistic framework. The fact that it is possible to follow this path accentuates the value of the general postulate on which the thesis relies
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Gonçalves, Junior Jerson Carneiro. "O cidadão legislador: iniciativa popular de emenda constitucional no Estado Democrático de Direito." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5959.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-09<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The objectives of this paper are to reflect upon the exercise of the political
fundamental right of citizen s initiative. In order to fulfill this constitutional aspiration under
the scope of citizenship and the democratic rule of law, it is essential to consider the concept
of citizenship and the analysis of citizen s initiative in the federal, state, district. The legal
system points out to the fundamental principle of citizenship and the democratic rule of Law,
communicating constitutional laws implied in the process of the exercise of citizenship,
disseminating them throughout the legal system. Based on the idea of principle, this paper
analyzes citizen s initiative expressed in the federal, state and municipal realms in order to
sustain the feasibility of the right to exercise this fundamental political right in the lawmaking
process for constitutional amendments. In order to do that, in the light of constitutional law,
there is the need to recognize the innate citizen as the only one entitled to propose and initiate
amendments to the Constitution. In this sense, constitutional law is an open inter-text and
the study of history is fundamental, because without it human beings would never have found
conditions to evolve. For this reason, the path to understand citizen s initiative should
consider the Brazilian constitutional history, especially the review of the Assembly s annals
of the 1987 National Constitution Assembly in order to evaluate and challenge the writing of
the constitutional and infra-constitutional laws related to citizen s initiative in order to
demonstrate, by the interpretation of constitutional laws, that innate citizens have the
possibility of exercising their political fundamental right in relation to the lawmaking process
and constitutional amendments<br>O objetivo deste trabalho centraliza-se na reflexão do exercício do direito político
fundamental de iniciativa popular das leis prevista na Constituição brasileira de 1988. Para
alcançar o significado desiderato constitucional, sob o prisma da cidadania, torna-se mister a
perseguição do conceito de cidadão e a análise da iniciativa popular nas esfera federal,
estadual, distrital, municipal e, caso haja no futuro, no território federal. O sistema jurídico
aponta a observância dos princípios fundamentais da soberania popular, do Estado
Democrático de Direito e da cidadania, informando as normas constitucionais implicadas em
processo do exercício da cidadania e disseminando por todo ordenamento jurídico. Partindo
da ideia de sistema, analisa-se a iniciativa popular de lei no âmbito federal, estadual e
municipal para sustentar a viabilidade do exercício desse direito político fundamental no
processo legislativo de Emenda à Constituição. Para esse enfrentamento à luz do Direito
Constitucional brasileiro, há necessidade de reconhecimento do cidadão nato, como único
legitimado a propor e a iniciar o processo legislativo de Emenda à Constituição. O Direito
Constitucional é intertexto aberto e, nesse sentido, o estudo da história é fundamental, pois
sem ela o cidadão jamais teria encontrado condições para evoluir. Por isso, o caminho a ser
trilhado é o entendimento da iniciativa popular de lei passa pela história constitucional
brasileira, em especial pela análise dos Anais da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987
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Sriubas, Modestas. "Darbo sutarties nutraukimas darbdavio iniciatyva nesant darbuotojo kaltės." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050606_195526-68905.
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Tiriamajame darbe autorius siekia atskleisti teorinius bendro pobūdžio klausimus: apibrėžti darbo sutarties pasibaigimo ir nutraukimo sąvokas. Autoriaus nagrinėjami darbo sutarties nutraukimo darbdavio iniciatyva, kai nėra darbuotojo kaltės, pagrindai. Analizuojamas įspėjimas apie darbo sutarties nutraukimą. Lyginamuoju metodu pateikiamas tarptautinių dokumentų ir ES teisės normų, reguliuojančių darbo sutarties nutraukimą, reglamentavimas. Tiriamajame darbe pateikiamas garantijų ir apribojimų reglamentavimas, atsirandantis nutraukiant darbo sutartį darbdavio iniciatyvą, kai nėra darbuotojo kaltės. Pateikiamas teisminės praktikos apibendrinimas, reikšmingas teisingai aiškinant ir tinkamai taikant teisės normas, reglamentuojančias darbo sutarties nutraukimą darbdavio iniciatyva, kai nėra darbuotojo kaltės.<br>In this research work an author seeks to educe the theoretical character of questions: to define the conceptions of the expiry or the termination of an employment contract. Author analyses the grounds for the termination of an employment contract on the initiative of an employer without any fault on the part of an employee. Author analyses the notice of the termination of an employment contract. The regulation of the legal rules of international documents and EU presents by the comparable method. The regulation of the guarantees and limitations represents in this research work, which give effect to the termination of an employment contract on the initiative of an employer without any fault on the part of an employee. Author educes the generalization of judiciary practice, which is essential justly to interpret and properly to use rules of the termination of an employment contract on the initiative of an employer without any fault on the part of an employee.
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Irún, Molina Beatriz. "Análisis del riesgo para la inversión extranjera en China en proyectos de participación público privada (PPP) en el marco de la ruta de la seda (Belt Road Initiative). Un estudio integral en torno a las dimensiones del riesgo y el papel antecedente de la confianza interempresarial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668412.
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Se analiza el constructo riesgo bajo un enfoque integral y multidimensional con tal de determinar
la forma en que es percibido por parte de las empresas internacionales con decisión sobre las
inversiones destinadas al mercado chino en la forma de proyectos PPP en el marco de la Ruta de la
Seda.
Sobre una muestra de 156 profesionales del sector público y privado, primeramente, se lleva a
cabo un análisis descriptivo del riesgo en cada dimensión, así como un análisis comparativo
mediante técnicas no paramétricas considerando diferentes factores de clasificación (género, perfil
público o privado, edad y años de experiencia profesional o en proyectos PPP). En segundo lugar, y
utilizando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, se analiza el papel antecedente de la confianza
interempresarial sobre la mejor percepción sobre los factores de riesgo. Por último, y mediante la
misma técnica, se estudia el efecto interrelación existente entre los propios factores de riesgo
considerados.<br>The risk construct is analyzed under a comprehensive and multidimensional approach in order to
determine how it is perceived by international companies with a decision on investments destined
for the Chinese market in the form of PPP projects within the framework of the Silk Road.
Based on a sample of 156 professionals from the public and private sector, firstly, a descriptive
analysis of the risk in each dimension is carried out, as well as a comparative analysis using nonparametric techniques considering different classification factors (gender, public or private profile,
age and years of professional experience or PPP projects). Secondly, and using models of structural
equations, the antecedent role of business-to-business trust on the best perception of risk factors
is analyzed. Finally, and using the prior techniques, the interrelation effect between the risk factors
considered is studied.
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Drigo, Leonardo Godoy. "A iniciativa popular como instrumento de efetivação do princípio democrático no Brasil." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6579.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-16<br>The aim of this study was to observe the popular initiative as an instrument of execution of the democratic principle in Brazil. The hypotheses were the failure of normative forecasting theme in the Federal Constitution, as well as the existence of widespread and dominant interpretations which would tend to present even more restricted scope of this instrument of popular participation, well as social and economic factors involved in citizenship education and the media, for example, that promote belittling of the popular initiative in Brazil. Thus, using literature review and deductive method of dealing with the topic, came to the conclusion that indeed the use of the tool is small, much smaller than desirable in a political regime of semi-direct democracy, and that contribute to the poor efficiency of the popular initiative both confused and diminished constitutional provision of the theme, as the almost non-existent infra forecast, besides the already mentioned social and economic factors, which, in the current Brazilian reality, need further development so that they can make further progress of democratic practices in the country<br>O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar a iniciativa popular como instrumento de efetivação do princípio democrático no Brasil. As hipóteses avençadas eram da insuficiência da previsão normativa do tema na Constituição Federal, bem como a da existência de interpretações difundidas e dominantes cuja tendência seria a restrição ainda maior da abrangência desse instrumento de participação popular, além de fatores sociais e econômicos, envolvidos com a educação para a cidadania e a comunicação social, por exemplo, que promovem um amesquinhamento da iniciativa popular no Brasil. Assim, com utilização de análise bibliográfica e método dedutivo de abordagem dos temas, chegou-se à conclusão de que realmente a utilização do referido instrumento é pequena, muito menor que a desejável num regime político de Democracia semidireta, e que contribuem para a pouca efetividade da iniciativa popular tanto a previsão constitucional confusa e diminuta do tema, quanto a quase inexistente previsão infraconstitucional, além dos já citados fatores sociais e econômicos, que, na realidade brasileira atual, necessitam de maior desenvolvimento para que possam permitir um avanço das práticas democráticas no país
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Van, der Walt Maria Magdalena. "The concept "beneficial use" in South African water law reform / by Maria Magdalena van der Walt." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5537.
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The concept "beneficial use" plays a pivotal role in South African water law reform. It forms the foundation of the mechanism to make water use rights available for the reform of the allocation of water use entitlements. The mechanism involves that water use rights that were unexercised in the two years before the promulgation of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 are not defined as existing lawful water uses. Where the concept "beneficial use" is utilised to cancel unexercised water use rights, it can cause potential hardship. Some people whose rights have been cancelled believe that they should be able to rely on the property clause in section 25 of the Constitution of 1996 to either have the legislation declared unconstitutional or to demand compensation. Section 25 of the Constitution of 1996 prohibits the arbitrary deprivation of property and states that property may only be expropriated for a public purpose or in the public interest, subject to compensation. Section 25(4) states, however, that the public interest includes the nation's commitment to land reform and to reforms to bring about equitable access to all South Africa's natural resources. It is clear from this that reforms to bring about access to water are allowed by the property clause. One of the main questions discussed in this thesis was whether section 32 of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 that made more water available for distribution for reform purposes by cancelling unexercised water user rights, leads to an arbitrary deprivation or an expropriation of property. It should be noted that section 32 of the National Water Act did not constitute an arbitrary deprivation of property, as sufficient reason exists for water law reform. A possible constitutional challenge based on the lack of due process of law because of the retrospective operation of the section may possibly be averted because of the existence of section 33 of the National Water Act. Section 33 of the Act mitigates hardship by allowing unexercised water uses to be declared existing lawful water uses in certain circumstances where a good reason for the non–exercise of the water use right existed. Even in cases where section 33 does not prevent section 32 from being regarded as an arbitrary deprivation of property because there still was not a proper procedure, the government will probably be able to show that the limitation in section 32 is, in terms of section 36(1) of the Constitution of 1996, reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society.
Despite the fact that section 25(1) prohibits arbitrary deprivations, it does not prohibit the government from regulating competing rights to use water even though some people may be negatively affected by the regulation. Because the Minister merely acts as public trustee of the nation's water resources on behalf of the national government in terms section 3(1) of the National Water Act, it cannot be claimed that the government acquired the cancelled water use rights. A claim that compensation should be paid for an expropriation of property will therefore not succeed. Compensation is only payable in terms of section 22(6) and section 22(7) of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 for a loss of existing water entitlements, such as existing lawful water uses or existing licences. A court should thus consider interpreting section 25 by providing for compensation where an individual was unfairly burdened and was therefore denied the protection of the equality clause in section 9 of the Constitution when his unexercised water use rights were cancelled by section 32.
The concept "beneficial use" currently restricts the content of the water use entitlement existing in terms of section 4 of the National Water Act 36 of 1998. The loss of the entitlement when inter alia a licence for an existing lawful water use is refused, is not protected by the payment of compensation when water is used in an unfair or disproportionate manner, because such utilisation would not be regarded to be beneficial use. It became apparent that in terms of the current water law dispensation in South Africa, the possibility of compensation for an amendment of a water use licence and the refusal of a licence for an existing lawful water use implies that a water use entitlement is a right in property. The fact that section 22(7) of the National Water Act states that the amount of the compensation must be determined in accordance with section 25(3) of the Constitution implies that the legislature also recognises that a water use entitlement is constitutional property. Section 22(7) of the National Water Act underlines the basic premises of the National Water Act by subjecting the amount of the compensation that is payable to the same limitations that restrict the entitlement to use the water. The stipulations of section 22(7) draw the attention to the fact that the exercise of both existing lawful water uses and water use licences as rights in property is subject to basic principles of the National Water Act such as the Reserve and the concepts "public trusteeship" and "beneficial use" of the water resources.
The fact that compensation is only payable when there has been severe prejudice to the economic viability of an undertaking implies that water use entitlements have to be exercised at the time of the application for the compensation to be payable. The concept "beneficial use" – in the sense that a water use must not be wasteful or polluting and in the sense that only water use entitlements that are being exercised are protected – thus restricts the water use entitlement as a property right. During the research, American and Australian water law reform and their interpretation of their property clauses were compared to water law reform in South Africa and the South African property clause.
Furthermore, Australian policy to encourage more beneficial water use by the trade in water entitlements or allocations, was also discussed. South Africans will likely in future be encouraged to trade in water use entitlements or allocations. The objective with allowing the trade in water use entitlements or allocations is to encourage people to rather use water for uses with a high value instead of uses with a lower value. In this way the concept "beneficial use" may be broadened to include water allocation or entitlement trading. However, it was argued that a disproportionate impact on third parties would mean that water allocation or entitlement trading would in some cases not be regarded as beneficial use anymore.<br>Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Bluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.
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Camara, Souleymane. "La révision constitutionnelle en France et au Sénégal (étude comparée)." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR055.
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Il est communément admis que les Constitutions modernes remplissent une double fonction : organiser l'exercice du pouvoir politique, d'une part, assurer la protection des droits fondamentaux, d'autre part. A ce titre, elles occupent une place éminente dans la hiérarchie des normes : toutes les règles de rang inférieur doivent leur être conforme. C'est ce statut que résume l'expression de « loi fondamentale » pour qualifier la Constitution. Cette dernière ne saurait cependant être immuable, elle doit s'adapter aux évolutions tout en préservant une certaine stabilité, propice à la continuité. Si, comme le notait déjà Rousseau, « un peuple est toujours maître de changer ses lois, même les meilleures », sans doute il ne faut pas abuser de cette faculté. Entre deux exigences contradictoires, l'équilibre n'est pas facile à trouver. L'objet de notre étude porte sur l'usage (très fréquent) que la France et le Sénégal ont fait respectivement de la révision constitutionnelle : la première à plus d'une vingtaine, le second à plus d'une trentaine de reprises. Ce simple constat suffirait à justifier l'intérêt d'une recherche. La périodecouvre en effet plus d'un demi-siècle, ce qui, pour l'histoire constitutionnelle des deux pays, est un temps d'observation significatif. La méthode adoptée est celle d'une comparaison systématique entre l'objet et les effets des principales révisions entreprises depuis 1958, en France, et depuis 1960, au Sénégal. Certes, compte tenu de la spécificité de ces deux pays, des précautions méthodologiques s'imposent : il convient tout à la fois de comprendre la logique institutionnelle et politique de chacun d'eux et de s'attacher à l'essentiel, non à l'accessoire. Développée avec nuances, la comparaison permet ainsi demettre en évidence les différences et les convergences que suscite le recours à la révision dans des pays qui partagent, au départ, une matrice constitutionnelle très proche. Quant au plan adopté, il est inspiré par la nature du sujet retenu. La première partie s'attache à analyser l'encadrement constitutionnel, assez semblable, de la révision : elle en compare donc les diverses procédures mises en oeuvre et les limites posées au pouvoir constituant dérivé. La seconde partie porte sur le contenu et les effets des révisions entreprises en France comme au Sénégal. Elle permet d'abord de mettre en évidence trois motivations communes : l'amélioration du système constitutionnel, l'extension des droits fondamentaux enfin l'adaptation aux exigences de l'intégration européenne et de l'unité africaine. Elle conduit ensuite à s'interroger sur les bienfaits, réels ou supposés, et sur les dommages des modifications réalisées dont certaines obéissent à des motivations n'ayant qu'un rapport lointain avec la recherche du bien commun. C'est à l'évidence l'aspect le plus délicat de notre démarche mais il nous a paru indispensable de l'aborder, malgré les difficultés qu'elle comporte. Ainsi, se dessinent, chemin faisant, d'un côté, un patrimoine commun et, de l'autre, des différences irréductibles entre la France et le Sénégal qui partagent une histoire commune. Si cette balance n'estpas faite pour surprendre, ce travail apportera aussi, nous l'espérons, une modeste contribution aux dangers des révisions trop fréquentes, insuffisamment réfléchies ou mal inspirées<br>It is commonly accepted that modern constitutions fulfill a dual function : organize the exercise of political power, on the one hand, ensure the protection of fundamental rights, on the other hand. As such, they occupy a prominent place in the hierarchy of standards : all lower rank rules must conform to them. It is this status that summarizes the expression « low fundamental» to qualify the Constitution. The latter can not, however, be immutable, it must adapt to changes while maintaining a certain stability, conducive to continuity.Yes, as Rousseau already noted, « a people is always master of changing its laws, even the better », no doubt, one must not abuse this faculty. Between two contradictory demands, balance is not easy to find. Thepurpose of our study is the use (very common) that France and Senegal have made respectively of the constitutional revision : the first to more than twenty, the second to more about thirty times. This simple observation would suffice to justify the interest of a research. The period indeed covers more than half a century, which, for the constitutional history of the two countries, is a significant observation time. The method adopte dis that of a systematic comparison between the object and effects of the main revisions undertaken since 1958, in France, and since 1960, Senegal..Admittdly, given the specificity of these two countries,methodological precautions are necessary : it is important at the same time to understand the institutional and political logic of each of them and of focus on the essential, not the accessory. Developed with nuances, the comparison makes it possible to highlight the differences and convergences that the use of revision in countries that initially share a very close constitutionalmatrix. As for the plan adopted, it is inspired by the nature of the subject selected. The first part focuses on analyzing the Framework constitutional, quite similar, of the revision : it therefore compares the various procedures implementation and the limits placed on the derived constituent power. The second part is about content and the effects of revisions undertaken in France and Senegal. It allows first to part in three common motivations : the improvement of the constitutional sustem, the extension of fundamental rights finally the adaptation to the requirements of European integration and unity African. It leads then to question the damages realized modifications some of which obey motivations having only a distant relation with thesearch for the common good. This is obviously the most delicate aspect of our approach but it seemed to us indispensable to approach it, in spite of the difficulties it entails. Thus, a path is drawn, on one side, a common heritage and, on the other, differences irreduccible between France and Senegal who share a common history. If this scale is not, not surprising, this workwill also, we hope, proide a modest contribution to dangers of too frequent, insufficiently thought out or badly inspired revisions
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Gabayet, Nicolas. "Les contrats publics à l'épreuve de l'aléa en droit anglais et français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1004.
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La question du traitement de l’aléa affectant les contrats publics semble opposer de façon « incommensurable » les droits anglais et français. Si le droit français est doté de règles de droit objectif permettant, dans l’intérêt général, le traitement de l’aléa affectant les contrats publics sans accord des parties, rien de tel n’existe en droit anglais ou la règle de la force obligatoire commande l’intangibilité de l’accord initial. La comparaison anglo-française permet, grâce à cet antagonisme, de mettre en exergue les ressorts profonds du traitement de l’aléa affectant les contrats publics au travers de l’opposition théorique entre force obligatoire et intérêt public. Dans cette perspective, les règles générales permettant, en droit français, le traitement de l’aléa sans accord des parties apparaissent comme étant fondées sur une conception économique et téléologique du contrat et de sa force obligatoire, que l’on peut également identifier dans certains aspects du droit anglais des contrats. En outre, le mode de traitement de l’aléa priviligié en Angleterre aussi bien qu’en France est l’accord de volontés – initial ou subséquent. Néanmoins, les possibilités de modification du contrat en cours d’exécution sont drastiquement limitées par le droit de l’Union européenne. A l’inverse, les stipulations initiales qui tendent à ériger, du fait de la généralisation des clauses standardisées, un régime contractuel autonome de traitement de l’aléa, apparaissent désormais comme le mode incontournable d’adaptation des contrats publics en cours d’exécution<br>The question of the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts seems to oppose in an immeasurable way English and French laws. While, in French law, general rules provide, in the public interest, the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts without the consent of the contractors, no such provisions exist in English law, where the sanctity and intangibility of contract prevails. Thank to this antagonism, the proposed comparison enables to highlight the deep motivations of the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts, through the theoretical opposition between sanctity of contract and public interest. In this respect, the general rules allowing, in French law, the treatment of the uncertain/unforeseen events without the consent of the parties appear to be based on an economic and teleological approach of the contract and its biding force. Surprisingly, the latter approach can also be noticed, in some respects, in the English law of contracts. Moreover, the priviledged mean to treat uncertain/unforeseen events in England as well as in France is the agreement of the parties – whether ex ante or ex post. Nonetheless, the possibilities of variating the contract in the course of its performance have been drastically limited by the European Union law. By contrast, the intial terms which tends to erect an autonomous regime of treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events through the spreading of standard terms appear to be the major and indispensable mean of adaptation of public contracts in the course of their performance
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Attah, Alhassan. "A model for forest and product certification in Ghana : the perception and attitudes of forest enterprises in Ghana." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2011. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/10085/.
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Forest and product certification was initially promoted as a means of enhancing sustainable management of forests in the tropics. However after almost two decades, there is still very little evidence of certified timber products originating from tropical countries. A number of approaches have been suggested to enhance the growth of forest certification in the tropics. These approaches such as that of the Forest Stewardship Council, Global Forest Trade Network of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Sustainable Forest Initiative and various private sector initiatives have all failed to facilitate forest certification. Therefore to enhance the development of forest certification in Ghana, the research work amongst others, draws on experiences in certification from other sectors such as cocoa, fisheries, tourism and oil palm to develop a model for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research work uses elements identified in the literature review in developing a questionnaire for the survey of timber firms in Ghana. The research work identified stakeholder consultations, legal framework, resource rights, and the regulation of the domestic market as key elements for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research recommends a phased approach to promoting forest certification with the first phase being verification of legality that adopts the European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) and the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) initiative. The study identifies this approach not only as a means of reducing cost to the private sector in pursuing forest certification but a means of drawing on support measures to enhance the regulation of the domestic market; a key component for promoting forest certification. The report argues that it is only through a well regulated domestic market can tropical timber producing countries achieve sustainable forest management and hence forest certification. The domestic market is therefore seen as a strong means of promoting certification since it will be internalised in the producing countries. None of the research on certification has so far identified the domestic market as a key factor to promoting forest certification and the research work argues that the slow pace of certification has been the lack of demand for certified products on the domestic market. Developing the domestic market is therefore seen as a key policy instrument for promoting the uptake of forest certification in Ghana and the tropics in general.
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Bateman, William. "Parliamentary control of public money." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286229.
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This dissertation analyses the idea that parliament controls public money in parliamentary constitutional systems of government. That analysis proceeds through an historical and contemporary examination of the way legal practices distribute authority over public money between different institutions of government. The legislative and judicial practices concerning taxation, public expenditure, sovereign borrowing, and the government financing activities of central banks are selected for close attention. The contemporary analysis focuses on the design and operation of those legal practices in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Australia, in the context of the boom-bust-recovery economic conditions experienced between 2005 and 2016. The dissertation's ultimate claims are explanatory: that "parliamentary control" is a poor explanation of the distribution of financial authority in parliamentary systems of government and should be jettisoned in favour of an idea of "parliamentary ratification". An empirically engaged methodology is adopted throughout the dissertation and (historical and contemporary) public sector financial data enrich the legal analysis. The dissertation acknowledges the impact of, but remains agnostic between, different economic and political perspectives on fiscal discipline and public financial administration. The dissertation makes a number of original contributions. It provides a detailed examination of the historical development, legal operation and constitutional significance of annual appropriation legislation, and the legal regimes governing sovereign borrowing and monetary finance. It also analyses the way that law interacts with government behaviour in situations of economic emergencies (focusing on the Bank of England's public financing activities since 2008), and the institutional and doctrinal obstacles facing judicial involvement in disputes concerning public finance (focusing on the Australian judiciary's recent engagements with public expenditure legislation).
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Jaume, Bennasar Andrés. "Las nuevas tecnologías en la administración de justicia. La validez y eficacia del documento electrónico en sede procesal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9415.
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La tesis se encarga de analizar, por un lado, la integración y el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías en la Administración de Justicia; y, por otro, los parámetros que constituyen la validez y eficacia del documento electrónico. <br/>La primera cuestión se centra en la configuración de los Sistemas de Información de la Oficina Judicial y del Ministerio Fiscal, así como de la informatización de los Registros Civiles, donde el art. 230 LOPJ es la pieza clave. Se estudian sus programas, aplicaciones, la videoconferencia, los ficheros judiciales y las redes de telecomunicaciones que poseen la cobertura de la firma electrónica reconocida, donde cobran gran relevancia los convenios de colaboración tecnológica. La digitalización de las vistas quizá sea una de las cuestiones con más trascendencia, teniendo en cuenta que el juicio es el acto que culmina el proceso. Aunque no todos los proyectos adoptados en el ámbito de la e.justicia se han desarrollado de forma integral, ni han llegado a la totalidad de los órganos judiciales. El objetivo final es lograr una Justicia más ágil y de calidad, a lo cual aspira el Plan Estratégico de Modernización de la Justicia 2009-2012 aprobado recientemente.<br/>En referencia a la segunda perspectiva, no cabe duda que el Ordenamiento jurídico y los tribunales, en el ámbito de la justicia material, otorgan plena validez y eficacia al documento electrónico. Nuestra línea de investigación se justifica porque cada vez son más los procesos que incorporan soportes electrónicos de todo tipo, ya sea al plantearse la acción o posteriormente como medio de prueba (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre otros temas examinamos el documento informático, la problemática que rodea al fax, los sistemas de videograbación y el contrato electrónico.<br>La tesi s'encarrega d'analitzar, per una part, la integració i el desenvolupament de les noves tecnologies dins l´Administració de Justícia; i, per l'altra, els paràmetres que constitueixen la validesa i l'eficàcia del document electrònic. <br/>La primera qüestió es centra en la configuració dels Sistemes d´Informació de l´Oficina Judicial i del Ministeri Fiscal, així com de la informatització dels Registres Civils, on l'art. 230 LOPJ es la peça clau. S'estudien els seus programes, aplicacions, la videoconferència, el fitxers judicials i les xarxes de telecomunicacions que tenen la cobertura de la firma electrònica reconeguda, on cobren gran rellevància els convenis de col·laboració tecnològica. La digitalització de les vistes tal vegada sigui una de les qüestions amb més transcendència, tenint amb compte que el judici es l'acte que culmina el procés. Però no tots el projectes adoptats en l'àmbit de la e.justicia s'han desenvolupat d'una manera integral ni han arribat a la totalitat dels òrgans judicials. L'objectiu final es assolir una Justícia més àgil i de qualitat, al que aspira el Pla Estratègic de Modernització de la Justícia 2009-2012 aprovat recentment. <br/>En referència a la segona perspectiva, no hi ha dubte que l´Ordenament jurídic i els tribunals, en l'àmbit de la justícia material, donen plena validesa i eficàcia al document electrònic. La nostra línia d'investigació es justifica perquè cada vegada son més el processos que incorporen suports electrònics de tot tipus, ja sigui quant es planteja l'acció o posteriorment como a medi de prova (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre altres temes examinem el document informàtic, la problemàtica que envolta al fax, els sistemes de videogravació i el contracte electrònic.<br>The thesis seeks to analyse, on the one hand, the integration and development of the new technologies in the Administration of Justice; and, on the other, the parameters which constitute the validity and efficiency of the electronic document.<br/>The first question centres on the configuration of the Information Systems of the Judicial Office and the Public Prosecutor, as well as the computerisation of the Civil Registers, where the art. 230 LOPJ it's the part key. Their programmes, applications, the Video Conferencing, the judicial registers and the telecommunication networks which are covered by the recognised electronic signatures, are studied, where the agreements on technological collaboration gain great relevance. The digitalisation of evidence might perhaps be one of the questions with most consequence, bearing in mind that the judgment is the act by which the process is culminated. Although not all the projects adopted within the compass of e.justice have developed completely nor have reached all the judicial organs. The final objective is to achieve an agile, quality Justice, to which the recently approved Strategic Plan for the Modernisation of Justice aspires.<br/>With reference to the second perspective, there is no doubt that the juridical Ordinance and the tribunals within the compass of material justice grant full validity and efficacy to the electronic document. Our line of investigation is justified because there are more and more processes which are sustained by electronic supports of all kinds, whether it be at the establishment of the action or later, as a proof of it (art. 299.2 LEC). Amongst other things, we examine the computerised document, the problems which surround the fax, the systems for video recording and the electronic contract.
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Archanjo, Paula Fajardo. "A regulamentação das parcerias público-privadas (PPP) no Brasil e a experiência do Reino Unido." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9270.
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Previous issue date: 2006-05-26<br>The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the Public Private Partnership (PPP) law in Brazil in comparison with the United Kingdom s Private Finance Initiative (PFI). The analysis considers the Brazilian federal law and São Paulo and Minas Gerais states law. The first PPP projects (which are in an advanced stage of development) include the construction of a new line in São Paulo s subway system, and the recovery and maintenance of a highway (MG-050) in Minas Gerais. Studying the law is useful for a better understanding of the implementation and operation of future projects in order to provide more effective public infra-structure services and goods. In an atmosphere of fiscal restraint or limited resources, PPP procurement process is an alternative to the provision of public infra-structure services provided by government alone. The analysis of the Brazilian laws incorporates many aspects of British experience, which will be considered as a model in looking at a number of projects and capital involved<br>A dissertação analisa a regulamentação das parcerias público-privadas no Brasil, as PPP, a partir da experiência do Reino Unido com as iniciativas de financiamento privado, as PFI, equivalente britânico das PPP. A análise considera a Lei federal nº. 11.079 e a legislação estadual de Minas Gerais e de São Paulo, bem como as duas experiências de PPP em fase avançada de preparação no país, a construção da linha 4 do metrô da capital paulista e a recuperação e manutenção da rodovia MG-050 em Minas Gerais. O estudo da legislação se justifica pela relevância dos dispositivos legais para o sucesso das PPP, acordos entre o setor público e o setor privado, em contratos de longo prazo, para a provisão de bens e serviços públicos de infra-estrutura. Premido pela necessidade de viabilizar investimentos em contexto de restrição fiscal, o setor público, em diversos países, encontrou nos arranjos de parceria público-privada o mecanismo alternativo para a provisão de bens e serviços até então de sua responsabilidade exclusiva. A análise da legislação brasileira revela a incorporação de muitos aspectos da experiência britânica, tida como emblemática na área, pelo número de projetos e pelos valores envolvidos
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Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes December 2, 2013." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312042.
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Wilinski, François. "L’évolution du droit de la commande publique en France et en Italie à l’aune du P.P.P." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL20004/document.
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Expression globalisante des moyens d’action du secteur privé au service du secteur public, le partenariat public-privé pourrait être appréhendé comme révélant l’effritement des catégories notionnelles des contrats de commande publique. Cependant, le partenariat public-privé n’a pas remis en cause l’unité de la matière. Au contraire, les instruments juridiques du P.P.P. la renforcent. Cette analyse se vérifie aussi bien en France qu’en Italie et cette étude se propose d’analyser la signification juridique du phénomène dans ces deux pays. Les évolutions induites par la notion s’inscrivent dans cette logique. La démarche comparatiste utilisée permet alors de comprendre les tenants et les aboutissants de cette évolution et s’inscrit dès lors comme une contribution à la théorie générale des contrats publics<br>Holistic expression as a means of action by the private sector to further the public sector, the publicprivate partnership could be perceived as revealing the erosion of the notional categories of public procurment contracts. However, the public-private partnership has not called into question the subject unity. In fact, on the contrary, the legal instruments of the PPP strentgthen it. This analysis can be verified in France as well as in Italy and the present study offers to analyse the legal signification of the phenomenon in both countries. The development induced by this notion confirms this trend. The comparative approach enables to understand the whys and wherfores of the development and formspart of the general theory of public contracts<br>Espressione globalizzata dei mezzi d’azione del settore privato al servizio del settore pubblico, il partenariato pubblico-privato potrebbe essere visto come rivela la dislocazione delle categorie del diritto dei contratti pubblici. Tuttavia, il partenariato pubblico-privato essa non pregiudica sulll'unitàdella disciplina. Invece, gli strumenti giuridici del P.P.P la rafforza. Questa analisi è confermata in Francia e in Italia ed lo studio permette di analizzare l'importanza giuridica del fenomeno in i due paesi. L'approccio comparativo utilizzato permette di capire questa evoluzione e può essere percepitocome un contributo alla teoria giuridica dei contratti pubblici
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Zaytseva, Anna. "Standardization in Innovation Policy and the European Integration : New Concepts for the New World." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-72780.
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This is a study of standardization in complexity. The context is innovation policy. Why do standardization and innovation go hand in hand and what does the interaction of interests between public and private actors look like in the “profile” of the standardization process? The nature of technical specifications, Lead Market Initiatives in Europe, social innovations, eco-innovations and psychological services for recruitment are the target areas of this study done in the style of Science, Technology and Society. We decrypt the codes of the expected behavior veiled in standards, the strategically selective sectoral integration of the European Internal Market, the emergence of innovation in standardized areas, the nature of the European innovation policy and the mission of each particular innovative sector. This research contains answers on how the European Union will move toward a more state-like organization bypassing the sovereignty of its member states. Standardization is a bouquet of strategic activities where each has its purpose, destination and time-framework. By studying standardization, we are able to look into the European future.
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Lima, Marie Madeleine Hutyra de Paula. "A "sugestão legislativa" perante a Comissão de Legislação Participativa da Câmara dos Deputados: nova forma de iniciativa popular." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6362.
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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
A sugestao legislativa perante a Comissao de Legislacao Participativa da Camara Federal.pdf: 1537169 bytes, checksum: cbf4c28d6dc5dc3bd7464962ee7ff83c (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2005-11-17<br>nenhum<br>The "legislative suggestion" addressed to the Commission of Participative Legislation of the House of Commons constitutes a valuable and facilitating instrument for the people to influence the Legislative Power directly in innovating the legal system and it means a new form for popular initiative foreseen in the Constitution and, further, it may contribute to the accomplishment of participative democracy<br>A sugestão legislativa perante a Comissão de Legislação Participativa constitui instrumento válido e facilitador para que o povo diretamente venha a influir no Poder Legislativo inovando o ordenamento jurídico, servindo como nova forma para a iniciativa popular prevista constitucionalmente e contribui para a realização da democracia participativa.
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Jellie, Clara. "The impact of medico-legal issues on general practice care and policy initiatives." Master's thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147623.
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Paton, R. Bruce. "Beyond the letter of the law harnessing the potential of voluntary environmental initiatives /." Diss., 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48491779.html.
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Simelane, Delisile Zinhle. "Community responses to environmental education initiatives." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2210.
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This qualitative case study concerns the educational processes undertaken in an environmental programme of Timeleni Bomake group at Nsingweni, a rural community in Swaziland. At the time of the research most of the group members were elderly women with about four men among whom is the facilitator, a teacher at Nsingweni Primary School.
The inquiry occurred through fieldwork involving interviews, observation and photography. Data analysis followed an inductive process that builds concepts.
Formed in 1990, the group saw dramatic economic gain in the 1990's through a gardening project supported by Yonge Nawe environmental action group and the facilitator.
At the beginning of the new millennium the participants' intrinsic abilities to sustain the group were put to test. Challenges emerged that reduced the enthusiasm of some group members such that the study found the group at the edge of collapse. This report concludes with recommendations on ways to sustain community programmes.<br>Educational Studies<br>Thesis (M. Ed. (Environmental Education))
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Mothlasedi, Nna Yves Caesar. "Intergrating records management into open government initiatives in Botswana." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27384.
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Open government relies heavily on reliable records to uphold service delivery and access
to information. Without proper records management of business transactions and
activities of an organization, the primary objective of openness becomes obscured and
difficult to achieve. Within the digital space and environment, establishing good record-
keeping procedures is challenging to both paper and e-records, because of a scarcity of
clarity in the processes and measures in place, as well as as a result of lack of suitable
ICT infrastructure plus skilled human resources to help facilitate good e-records
management. The aim of this research was to provide a structure for the integration of
records into open government initiatives in Botswana with the aim of assisting access to
information and service delivery, and a subsequent transparent, accountable and open
government. This is a mixed research study framed within the interpretivism
epistemological inquiry model, and used Open Government Implementation Model and
Action research being a theoretical lense in this study. Document analysis was used to
gather information, complemented by interviews and questionnaires with participants and
respondents alike purposively selected from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural
Development (MLGRD).
According to the findings, the legislative as well as regulatory frameworks in order to
manage both paper and e-records were available in Botswana although inadequate.
Similarly, the research showed that legislation that gives the citizens access to
information and subsequently make compulsory for organizations to avail information
upon request is absent. Furthermore, it was established through the study findings that
information management practitioners are particularly are ill equipped and inexperienced
to manage paper and electronic records. Due to the inavailability of ICT infrastructure to
help facilitate both paper and e-records management was noted. In addition, open
government initiatives were identified as producing e- records, but there were no defined
protocols to help aid in their management. Therefore, this weakness can be addressed
by integrating records management into open government initiatives, and be able to utilize
suitably identified Enterprise Content Management (ECM) or Electronic Document and
Records Management System (EDRMS). Currently, open government remains ensured
through the reliance of only open government initiatives, without leveraging on good
records management.
This project study suggests a structure to integrate records management into open
government initiatives anchored on legislation and regulatory frameworks with the
confidence that its employment would support better information and service accessibility
by the citizens. Finally, because of poor records management and a lack of legislation
that encourage access to information, there will be continued reliance on the discretion
of records professionals by the citizens to have information access. Similarly, without
proper records management procedures, Information Communication Technologies
(ICTs) will remain underutilized. Thus, it is a recommendation that MLGRD should
develop proper records management procedures to guide and improve on the
management of records. A further study to establish the level of e-readiness of the
Botswana government to fully automate and guarantee the success of open government
is recommended.<br>Information Science<br>D. Litt et Phil (Information Science)
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MACDOUGALL, ALAN SCOT. "THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. DETERRENCE POLICY (ARMS CONTROL, NUCLEAR WEAPONS, UNITED STATES)." 1987. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8710479.
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This dissertation concerns the issues surrounding the debate over the strategic defense initiative and its implications for U.S. deterrence policy. While ballistic missile defenses (formerly called ABMs) were believed foreclosed from the nuclear balance as a result of the ABM Treaty, the SDI program has brought ballistic missile defenses back into the strategic equation. It is possible to suggest that missile defenses, as envisioned by President Reagan, may make a significant contribution to U.S. national security. Given this proposition, the dissertation follows the analysis as outlined below: (1) The original ABM debate of the late 1960s is reviewed with respect to the arguments of proponents and opponents of the ABM. This debate led the U.S. to accept the dominance of offensive nuclear forces in the nuclear balance. Additionally, the U.S. decided to adhere to a policy for assured destruction based on the precept of mutual national vulnerability. (2) While the U.S. had foresworn working on ballistic missile defenses during the 1970s, the strategic nuclear balance and foundations of deterrence have changed. As a result, the U.S. is seeking to evaluate the potential advantages of ballistic missile defenses. Three defense models are analyzed relative to their missions as well as major obstacles to their implementation. (3) United States strategic nuclear policy has evolved since the late 1960s to incorporate three major policy schools: assured destruction, countervailing, and nuclear war-fighting. Ballistic missile defenses fit with these policies in quite different ways. Additionally, a U.S. ballistic missile defense will have profound implications for the stability of the nuclear balance. There are a number of major obstacles to the integration of a missile defense into U.S. nuclear policy to include technology, program costs, and major political hurdles. (4) United States strategic offensive nuclear forces may be altered significantly by the deployment of a missile defense. However, new offensive weapons such as the cruise missile and advanced bomber could enhance the ability of offensive forces to penetrate strategic defenses. (5) A U.S. missile defense could effectively break up the ABM Treaty and spell an end to the arms control process. On the other hand, the SDI also may serve as an impetus to a new arms control treaty which incorporates reductions in offensive nuclear forces.
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Bruce, Alexander Donald Paul. "Putting the chicken before the egg : the potential for the Australian consumer law to advance food animal welfare initiatives." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150833.
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This thesis explores whether and to what extent the theoretical and legal foundations of competition and consumer law can advance food animal welfare initiatives and address welfare issues associated with the religious slaughter of animals. By 'food animals' I mean the millions of chickens, cows and pigs processed and slaughtered in Australia each day for human consumption.
This exploration proceeds, as an example, through an evaluation of the prohibition against misleading or deceptive conduct in section 18 of the new Australian Consumer Law ('the ACL').{u2091}
Since mid-2011, the welfare of food animals has assumed a level of urgency in Australia. Disturbing evidence of Australian export cattle being abused by Indonesian abattoir workers as the cattle were slaughtered according to Islamic ritual ignited a national outcry, resulting in the Commonwealth government suspending the entire live export trade for a period of time. Similar abuses were filmed at two Australian abattoirs in 2012.
Although the question posed by this thesis is narrow in its focus, the answers it anticipates, and that are explored throughout, have much wider significance for the universal task of improving the welfare of animals generally and food animals particularly. This is because in answering the central question, the thesis interrogates the normative assumptions, both philosophical and religious, that for millennia have informed the Western characterisation of animals as exploitable property.
It explores the most promising contemporary philosophical challenges to this characterisation, discusses their limitations and identifies theoretical gaps that might be exploited by future scholarship for the benefit of animals.
The thesis questions the protection of freedom of religious practice in democratic societies when those practices involve the slaughter of other sentient beings. It explores the difficulties experienced by governments in increasingly multicultural United Kingdom, European Union and New Zealand, in navigating this highly controversial issue.
With neo-classical economic principles driving contemporary Western markets, the thesis demonstrates the incoherency experienced by governments as they pursue regulatory agendas that bring into conflict the efficient and profitable development of primary industries on the one hand and the welfare of food animals on the other.
However, if an underlying cause of food animal suffering lies in market dynamics informed by neo-classical principles of efficiency and profit{u00AD} maximisation, then perhaps one indirect solution may also emerge from those same principles. Accordingly, the thesis investigates the theoretical and legal potential for consumer protection and competition policy to empower consumers in ways that will advance food animal welfare. And, it evaluates the outer limits of consumer protection jurisprudence, in the form of the prohibition against misleading or deceptive conduct in ACL s 18 in doing so.
In fact, this is precisely the intention of the Commonwealth government. In its 2011 Labelling Logic Report^2 into national food labelling, the Commonwealth government has stated its intention to indirectly regulate these food animal welfare issues through market forces underpinned by competition and consumer policy.
Food animal welfare concerns and religious slaughter practices are characterised by the Labelling Logic Report as 'consumer values issues' best regulated by preventing suppliers from making misleading or deceptive claims, such as 'free range', in marketing their food animal products.^3
In an increasingly competitive food product market, it is anticipated that demand for ethically produced food animal products will signal producers of consumer preferences for food animal welfare practices. In safeguarding this consumer demand, the Commonwealth government intends the ACL to play a key role in preventing suppliers from exploiting consumer demand for welfare-friendly food animal products by preventing misleading or deceptive marketing claims.
Through the analytical device of hypothetical litigation commenced by the ACCC against a large national retailer of food animal products alleging misleading or deceptive conduct in food animal welfare representations associated with those products, the thesis demonstrates how case law enables the ACL to prevent 'positive' but misleading claims. However, it also explores legal difficulties associated with conceptualising silence as misleading or deceptive conduct potentially compromising the ability of the ACL to address welfare issues associated with the religious slaughter of animals.
In these circumstances, if it is seriously intending to support consumer values issues associated with food animal welfare, the Commonwealth government will need to supplement the general provisions of the ACL with more specific legislative reforms empowering consumers to make accurate and informed purchasing decisions in expressing their demonstrated concern for food animal welfare.
Of course, reliance upon the ACL or labelling specific consumer legislation does not absolve Western societies of the larger imperative to develop a coherent philosophy of animal welfare that commands general acceptance. With that imperative in mind, and although this is a legal and not a philosophical thesis it nevertheless proposes a re-definition of the social contract to include all sentient beings based on an 'ethic of bioinclusiveness'; a philosophical framework created by this thesis in describing a new animal welfare ethic grounded in sentience and the fundamental interdependence of human, animals and the environment.
However, until an adequate philosophy of animal welfare has been created and gen.erally accepted, the thesis concludes that consumer demand, protected by the ACL and underwritten by strategic enforcement through the ACCC, has the potential to permit at least partial advances in food animal welfare.
1 Effective from 1January 2011and found in Schedule 2 to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Section 18 relevantly prohibits a person, in trade or commerce, engaging in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or likely to mislead or deceive.
2 Food Labelling Law and Policy Review Panel, Labelling Logic: Review of Food Labelling Law and Policy, 27 January 2011, Commonwealth of Australia. 3 Ibid 97 [6.3].
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Watson, Katherine Michelle. "More women, more money? The impact of discourse on legal and regulatory initiatives regarding women on corporate boards." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1397981.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>The advancement of women on corporate boards is an oft-discussed social issue in many countries. Little existing scholarship, however, compares the nature of legal and regulatory initiatives across international jurisdictions. Similarly, although there is a plethora of research into the potential economic benefits of increasing the number of women on corporate boards, almost none of the academic literature explicitly considers the nature of the arguments used to support measures to further this goal. This thesis addresses such shortcomings by examining common threads in the arguments around gender diversity on corporate boards and applying doctrinal analysis to characterise the existing (and some proposed) legal and regulatory initiatives that have sought to address the issue. This forms the basis of an exploration of the relationship between the discourses that frame the debate regarding women on corporate boards and the various policy interventions introduced to advance that goal. The thesis uses case studies to trace the relationship between discourse and policy in four countries: Norway, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. Analysis of these relationships highlights the complex interplay between discourse and policy implementation and points to three significant conclusions. Firstly, the primary discourses surrounding women on boards are worth attention in their own right. Secondly, discourse affects policy. The assumptions inherent in dominant discourses can pre-emptively exclude certain policy initiatives from consideration, even causing advocates to undermine their own stated aims. Thirdly, and most encouragingly, the resulting analyses likewise suggest that policy initiatives and regulatory measures, once implemented, can impact on discourses and even public attitudes.
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Dallimore, Christopher [Verfasser]. "Securing the supply chain: does the container security initiative comply with WTO law? / vorgelegt von: Christopher Dallimore." 2009. http://d-nb.info/992259061/34.
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