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Journal articles on the topic 'League of Nations 1928)'

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Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lascu, Stoica. "THE ROMANIAN DIPLOMAT OF EUROPEAN STATURE NICOLAE TITULESCU IN THE VISION OF SOME CONTEMPORARIES." Analele Universităţii din Craiova seria Istorie 27, no. 1 (2022): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucsi.2022.1.04.

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The Romanian diplomat of European stature, born on March 4, 1882 (died abroad, on March 17, 1941 in Cannes, France) on the coast of France, in a family of Oltenian owners; left without a father (former Deputy and Prefect) at just one year old, Nicolae Titulescu will study law in Paris, and when he returns to the country he will enter political life, in Take Ionescuʼs party (the Conservative-Democratic Party). He will be a Deputy, Minister of Finance (1917-1918), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1927-1928, 1932-1936), Romaniaʼs Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to London (1921-1927,

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Вачев, Мартин. "ДВАТА ГОЛЕМИ ВЪНШНИ ЗАЕМА, ПОЛУЧЕНИ ОТ ЦАРСТВО БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРИ УПРАВЛЕНИЕТО НА АНДРЕЙ ЛЯПЧЕВ". Терени, № 9 (18 червня 2025): 91–111. https://doi.org/10.60053/ter.2024.9.91-111.

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This article follows the attempts of the Bulgarian government led by the Prime Minister Andrey Lyapchev to solve the everlasting refugee crisis, caused by the provisions of Treaty Of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1919 which forced the Kingdom of Bulgaria to cede several territories whose main population were Bulgarians. Aside from that, one of the most pressing issues that Lyapchev’s cabinet had to address was the financial situation of the country which was continually unstable since the First World War ended. Thus came the idea to seek help from the League of Nations’ Financial Committee which was

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Lutfiu, Skender. "Political Circumstances in Albania from 1920 to 1924." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 4 (2017): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i4.p132-141.

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The events that marked the period 1920-1924 are undoubtedly those of an interior character such as the Congress of Lushnja and the Vlora War (1920), the parliamentary elections (1921 and 1923), the June uprising (1924), etc. while the external ones are undisputed the recognition of Albania and its borders at the London Conference (9 December 1921) and its admission to the League of Nations (1921). The democratic system imposed by the Congress of Lushnja, proved to be ineffective. That is, because it didn’t bring political and economic stability in the country, but on the contrary caused instab

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Lutfiu, Skender. "Political Circumstances in Albania from 1920 to 1924." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (2017): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v9i1.p132-141.

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The events that marked the period 1920-1924 are undoubtedly those of an interior character such as the Congress of Lushnja and the Vlora War (1920), the parliamentary elections (1921 and 1923), the June uprising (1924), etc. while the external ones are undisputed the recognition of Albania and its borders at the London Conference (9 December 1921) and its admission to the League of Nations (1921). The democratic system imposed by the Congress of Lushnja, proved to be ineffective. That is, because it didn’t bring political and economic stability in the country, but on the contrary caused instab

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Tyulekov, Dimitar, Ilko Drenkov, and Jani Nikolla. "The League of Nations between Scientific Knowledge and Political Dependence." Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no. 2 (2020): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.14.

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The League of Nations sets strict professional frameworks that are subordinate to scientific knowledge and international law and respect, without any differences between small and big powers. The first chairman, Eric Drummond, who headed up to 1934, established a huge international prestige of the organization and achieved a number of successes in peace building. The League’s policy in the Balkans is revealed mainly through its relations with Albania and Bulgaria, which both joined the League in December 1920. The two countries rely on the international organization for the peaceful resolution

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Peschcke-Køedt, Nils Andreas Holm. "A Scheme for Financial Assistance." Culture and History: Student Research Papers 7, no. 1 (2023): 34–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138102.

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This article studies how the League of Nations sought to create an international security framework of financial assistance from 1925 to 1930. By analyzing the internal files of the League of Nation’s archives, it provides an inside-out institutional analysis of the League’s Economic and Financial Organization and shows how key League and non-League actors with idealistic notions of the Convention’s ‘swiftness’ and ‘sureness’ bridged concerns of legal legitimacy. While earlier writing on the League has focused on the failure of its peacekeeping ambition, this article shows how it was pursued a

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Nan, Xinuo. "The United Nations Needs to Learn More Besides Its Successful Learning from the League of Nations." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 3, no. 1 (2023): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/3/2022564.

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Both the United Nations [hereinafter UN] and the League of Nations [hereinafter League] are important global institutions for human history. Previous research has shown that the UN has learned many lessons from the League. Meanwhile, the UN could be seen as a step further than the League. It realized many weaknesses of the Leagues failure to provide a mechanism for the enforcement of international collective security back in the 1920 s and it learned many crucial lessons from the League. Yet, those lessons have not been sufficient to address all problems that the UN is facing today. To address

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FINOHENOV, Oleh. "«UKRAINIAN ISSUE» IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS." Contemporary era 7 (2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2019-7-12-22.

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In the 1920-1930s, the «Ukrainian issue» remained unsolved. None of the European states defended the right of the Ukrainian people to create their own independent and united country. Declaring the ideals of independence and unity of Ukraine, established in 1922, the Western Ukrainian Society of the League of Nations (ZUTLN) had two important tasks. Firstly, to update the "Ukrainian issue" in the international arena, and secondly, to revise the decision of the Council of Ambassadors of March 14, 1923, and with strong condemnation of the Polish national and cultural policy in the first half of t

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Romero, Eulogio. "“A Productive Asset for the Country:” Refugees, the League of Nations, and the Greco-Turkish Exchange, 1924-1930." Migration Letters 20, no. 1 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v20i1.2876.

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In 1924, the League of Nations authorized a special commission to resettle the hundreds of thousands of refugees created by the Greco-Turkish War. The Refugee Settlement Commission (RSC) would be responsible for rehousing Greek refugees expelled from former Ottoman territories and resettling them in Greece. The RSC had a unique commission. In an attempt to effect a “permanent solution” to ethnic violence in the lands of the former Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations had helped broker the Treaty of Lausanne between the warring nations of Greece and Turkey that ended the conflict and authorize

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Knepper, Paul. "The Investigation into the Traffic in Women by the League of Nations: Sociological Jurisprudence as an International Social Project." Law and History Review 34, no. 1 (2015): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248015000656.

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During the interwar period, the League of Nations led an international campaign against traffic in women. Although important research about the League's work has started to appear, historians have concentrated on the “white slave trade” in the decades before the First World War. From 1924 to 1926, the League conducted the first intercontinental study to determine the number of women caught up in the traffic, and to map the strategies and routes used by traffickers. Undercover investigators visited more than 100 cities across Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Americas. The investigators talked

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Kennedy, Michael. "Chicanery and candour: the Irish Free State and the Geneva Protocol, 1924–5." Irish Historical Studies 29, no. 115 (1995): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400011883.

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The foreign policy of the Irish Free State under the Cumann na nGaedheal administrations of 1922–32 was a far more complex issue than has generally been realised. Policy had a greater scope than simply Anglo-Irish relations. It had two basic foundations. Through the 1921 treaty, the state reluctantly joined the British Commonwealth. Then, with great deliberation, the Free State joined the League of Nations, being admitted on 10 September 1923. By developing an active multidimensional foreign policy using these structures, the new state sought to show its ‘international’ and European credential

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KADRIA, SALI. "THE ALBANIAN GOVERNMENT’S EFFORTS TO SECURE A FINANCIAL ADVISOR TO ALBANIA FROM THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1921–1922)." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 33 (December 22, 2022): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2022.33.118-135.

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This paper presents the economic and financial situation in Albania during 1921– 1922, the difficulties faced by the Albanian government overcoming issues related to this and the efforts made to fulfill the Albanian government’s request to the League of Nations for an appointment of an outside financial advisor. It will also present the circumstances around the possibility being raised once again for the League to appoint a British financial. It addresses the motivations behind the Albanian government turning to the League of Nations for support, and the reasons why it could not seek help in t

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Osborne, Ken. "Creating the “International Mind”: The League of Nations Attempts to Reform History Teaching, 1920–1939." History of Education Quarterly 56, no. 2 (2016): 213–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12181.

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After the First World War, the League of Nations, through its International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, attempted to reshape the teaching of history in its member states. The League's supporters realized that its long-term success depended in part on supportive public opinion and that this, in turn, had implications for education. Aware of the strength of national loyalties, the League sought not to abolish the teaching of national history but to suffuse it with the spirit of the “international mind.” To this end, the League promoted revision of history textbooks and curricula, retr

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Anstead, Gregory M. "The Maturation of the International Health Crisis Response: The Polish Typhus Epidemic of 1916–1923 Compared to the African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic of 2013–2016: Part I, the Polish Epidemic." Epidemiologia 5, no. 4 (2024): 728–69. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5040051.

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Poland suffered an epidemic of louse-borne typhus from 1916–1923, with 400,000 cases and more than 130,000 deaths. The causative factors were depressed economic conditions and a refugee crisis that engulfed Poland after World War I. The recognition of the epidemic in 1919 stimulated the creation of the League of Red Cross Societies (LRCS). However, the LCRS had limited resources, and the Poles requested help from other governments and the League of Nations (LoN). The United States sent the American–Polish Relief Expedition to conduct delousing. However, the Polish–Soviet War of 1920 disrupted

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15

Oosthuizen, Gerhard J. J. "The league of nations: South Africa and the Rehoboth Basters' constitutional struggle, 1919-1939." New Contree 46 (November 30, 1999): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v46i0.463.

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Die groep mense van gemengde afkoms wat gedurende die agtiende eeu in die Noordwes-Kaap hulle ontstaan gehad het, en later as die Rehoboth-Basters bekend geword het, het in 1868 die Kaapkolonie verlaat en hulle in 1870 in Rehoboth en omgewing in die gebied wat later as Duits-Suidwes-Afrika bekend was, gevestig. SuidAfrika het in 1915 Duits-Suidwes-Afrika binnegeval en verower. Suidwes-Afrika is na afloop van die Eerste Wereldoorlog as 'n C-mandaatgebied aan Suid-Afrika toegeken. Mandaathouers was onder die verpligting om C-mandaatgebiede te bestuur "...as integral portions thereof. .., but in

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Jonas, Michael. "Drawing Borders and Protecting Minorities in a Post-Imperial World: Legal Conflicts and the League of Nations’ Minority Protection Regime." German Yearbook of International Law 63, no. 1 (2022): 189–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.63.1.189.

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This article explores the twin issues of autonomy and minorities in a world of residual empire, nationalism, and emerging nation-States that shaped the period after the First World War. From a primarily historical perspective, it delineates the general context of the newly established international political and legal order under the auspices of the League of Nations, and outlines the system’s premises and potential, its pitfalls and shortcomings, especially with regard to the late- and post-imperial make-up of continental Europe. Three case studies of politico-legal conflicts and challenges t

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Gachelin, Gabriel, and Annick Opinel. "Malaria epidemics in Europe after the First World War: the early stages of an international approach to the control of the disease." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 18, no. 2 (2011): 431–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702011000200009.

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The severity and endemicity of malaria declined gradually in Europe until WWI. During and after the war, the number of malaria cases increased substantially and peaked in 1922-1924. This prompted the Hygiene Commission of the League of Nations to establish a Malaria Commission in 1923 to define the most efficient anti-malaria procedures. Additionally, between 1924 and 1930 there were several international meetings and collaborations concerning malaria, which involved the main institutes of parasitology and the Rockefeller Foundation. The Commission reports, the guidelines for anti-malaria camp

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AHMETAJ, Lavdosh. "THE STEPS OF THE ALBANIAN GOVERNMENT IN FOREIGN POLICY 1920." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 5, no. 2 (2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv5n201.

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The paper introduces these key ideas: First, Albania admitted to the League of Nations remained under international protection in terms of its rights to independence and territorial integrity. Second, Any intervention against Albania would be brought to the League of Nations, which would have to check that no one of the Balkan potentials acted to break Albania. Thirdly, Albania’s accession to the League of Nations was a consequence of itself, while in international affiliation the acceptance of a country into the League of Nations brought with it its recognition as a state. Fourth, this act ma

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Avi-Yonah, Reuven. "Tax In History: The 1923 Report and the International Tax Revolution." Intertax 51, Issue 5 (2023): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2023039.

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The centennial of the four economists’ Report on Double Taxation (1923) (League of Nations, Economic and Financial Commission, Report on Double Taxation Submitted to the Financial Committee by Professors Bruins, Einaudi, Seligman and Sir Josiah Stamp, E.F.S.73. F.19 (League of Nations 1923) (the Report).) provides a good opportunity to reflect on the extent the international tax regime (ITR) that was founded on the Report has changed in the past decade. While on the surface the changes brought about by the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project seem radical enough to consider them an

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Avi-Yonah, Reuven. "Tax In History: The 1923 Report and the International Tax Revolution." Intertax 51, Issue 5 (2023): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2023039.

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The centennial of the four economists’ Report on Double Taxation (1923) (League of Nations, Economic and Financial Commission, Report on Double Taxation Submitted to the Financial Committee by Professors Bruins, Einaudi, Seligman and Sir Josiah Stamp, E.F.S.73. F.19 (League of Nations 1923) (the Report).) provides a good opportunity to reflect on the extent the international tax regime (ITR) that was founded on the Report has changed in the past decade. While on the surface the changes brought about by the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project seem radical enough to consider them an

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Youssef, M. Dr Yassar Ahmed. "Iraqi political movement in the League of Nations From the years (1921-1932)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 222, no. 2 (2018): 471–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v222i2.411.

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The study is concerned with the study of an important period of time in the history of modern Iraq, the period of the establishment of modern Iraq and independence through the end of the British Mandate and acceptance of joining the League of Nations, an international organization, which includes the membership of independent free countries, which took on the establishment of security and world peace through the adoption of the principle Prohibition of the use of force and the adoption of the principle of resolving international disputes by peaceful means, the research aims to achieve a set of

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Zanasi, Margherita. "Exporting Development: The League of Nations and Republican China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, no. 1 (2006): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417507000436.

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In 1931, the Chinese minister of finance, Song Ziwen (T. V. Soong), reached an agreement with the League of Nations on a Program of Technical Cooperation with China. The program was intended to provide the Nationalist government—the republican government that ruled China from 1927 to 1949—with much-needed technological and financial aid in support of its nation-building effort. As a result, the League sent a number of experts to China. The first group focused mostly on public health, education, water conservation, and transportation (Zhang 1999). In 1933, however, the original agreement was re

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O'Brien, Ann Marie. "Locating women within the Irish Department of External Affairs: a case study of Irish women at the League of Nations and United Nations, 1923–76." Irish Historical Studies 43, no. 163 (2019): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2019.6.

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AbstractBy using the League of Nations and United Nations as case studies, this article identifies the women working at the diplomatic level in the Irish Department of External Affairs (D.E.A.) in the period 1923–76. Drawing on gender analysis, the article assesses where men and women were positioned in Irish diplomacy and asks if the role of women in the D.E.A. was shaped by a gendered viewpoint. It argues that there were more opportunities for women within the United Nations than the League of Nations and it questions if these increased diplomatic opportunities were reflective of women's cha

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AYTEKİN, Cavit Emre. "A CONFLICT RESOLUTION PRACTICE OF THE IDEALIST PEACE PROJECT: LEAGUE OF NATIONS' MEDIATION IN THE MOSUL QUESTION." Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13, no. 26 (2022): 1214–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2022.049.

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The idealist peace project after the end of World War I realized various principles-based regulations and conventions to provide a new international peace and stability. One such arrangement was the rule that conflicts and disputes should be resolved under the auspices of these principles within the League of Nations. Representing the international community, the League successfully fulfilled this responsibility in many cases and established procedures for settling territorial disputes. However the case of Mosul Question between 1925-1926, considerable divergences in that structure became evid

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Leu, Hav P. ""Profoundly Cosmopolitan of Heart and Spirit"?" Culture and History: Student Research Papers 7, no. 1 (2023): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138101.

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Germany was a member of the League of Nations from 1926 to 1933. During that time, there were Germans employed at the Secretariat, and its Information Section, which had the greatest German presence, opened a small office to represent the League in Berlin. The League was founded on liberal internationalist ideals and its Covenant included a revolutionary article that opened all positions up to men and women equally. A biographical study of three German individuals associated with the Section and office reveals that ideological commitment to the League was not a given among all German employees

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Rasul, Rasul Muhammad, and Snur Sabah Sadiq. "Erbil Mutasarif (governors) and their policies in political situations and role in construction between 1923-1945." Twejer 5, no. 1 (2022): 107–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2251.3.

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Abstract Erbil Mutasarif (governors) and their policies in political situations and role in construction between 1923-1945 The British Army were able to occupy Erbil on 10-11-1918, ten days after signing the Mondros -ceasefire, between The Ottoman Empire and the Great Britain. They formed a local administration in Erbil under the previous Mayor (Ahmed Usman), who had acted as a (local governor or vice Mutasarif), namely belonged to the (Fatah Pasha) Kirkuk’s Mutasarif, until 1923. After this transition period, Iraqi Monarch issued an official order that recognized (Ahmad Usman) as official gov

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Vițalaru, Adrian. "Der Völkerbund und der Schutz der deutschen Minderheit in Rumänien." Transylvanian Review 31, no. 3 (2024): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33993/tr.2022.3.03.

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The study analyzes the way in which the German minority in Romania related, in the period 1920–1933, to the system ensuring the protection of linguistic, racial and religious minorities that operated under the authority of the League of Nations. We note that, while the German minorities in other European states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) were more active in their relationship with the League of Nations, sending petitions to Geneva, the sizable German minority in Romania did not turn to this “international court” in order to raise the problems it was facing in its relations with the R

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Bakanov, D. K. "Советско-литовские отношения в рамках подготовки к заключению договора о ненападении с Литвой". Вестник гуманитарного образования, № 2(34) (22 серпня 2024): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.24.024.

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This article is devoted to the development of Soviet-Lithuanian relations in 1923–1926, which led to the signing of the non-aggression treaty between the USSR and the Republic of Lithuania on September 28, 1926. The importance of the Lithuanian direction of foreign policy of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR was due to attempts by France and Great Britain to create an anti-Soviet bloc from the states that appeared on the ruins of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian empires-limitrophes. However, it arose after the "Zheligovsky Riot" of 1920. The Vilna issue became t

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Ikonomou, Haakon A., Karin van Leeuwen, and Morten Rasmussen. "“Calculate the Limits of the Possible”: Scandinavian Legal Diplomacy, Diplomatic Arenas and the Establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice." Diplomatica 5, no. 2 (2023): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25891774-bja10115.

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Abstract This article considers the role of the Scandinavian states in the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice (pcij) and how the construction of the pcij and the wider League of Nations shaped Scandinavian legal diplomacy. It does so by analyzing legal-diplomatic practices within five significant diplomatic arenas between 1917 and 1920, from the early Scandinavian committee work, via the Advisory Committee of Jurists to the First League Assembly. Our article argues that we need to be attuned to how the emergence of the League of Nations and the particular sequence of

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Nithammer, Jasmin. "“Closing the Abyss of Moral Misery”: Poland, the League of Nations and the Fight against the Trafficking of Women and Children." East Central Europe 49, no. 1 (2022): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-49010002.

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Abstract The study focuses on the emerging Second Polish Republic and its involvement in the international fight against the trafficking of women and children under the auspices of the League of Nations. In conflict with all neighbouring states, Poland was highly dependent on support from the new Western Entente-backed international system and in turn had to adhere closely to existing conventions and newly negotiated international policies. Using the example of the ratification process of the League of the Nations International Convention against the Traffic in Women and Children of 1921, the

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Zhukovskaya, Natalia. "Canada's 1927 Election to the Council of the League of Nations: Imperial Unity and National Interests." Russia and America in the 21st Century, S2 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760027904-1.

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The activities of universal international organizations (the League of Nations and the UN) have always influenced the dynamics of world processes. In the article, the author examines the election of Canada to the Council of the League of Nations in 1927. This event influenced the principle of the formation of the system of electoral groups, reflected on the transformation of relations between the Empire and the Dominions, determined the vector of development of Canadian foreign policy in the framework of the concept of &quot;middle power&quot;.

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Rosenne, Shabtai. "The Changing Role of the International Court." Israel Law Review 20, no. 2-3 (1985): 182–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700017623.

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En s'efforçant, au lendemain de la guerre [1914 – 1918], de poser les bases d'une société de peuples régie par le droit, les fondateurs de cette communauté internationale nouvelle se rendaient pleinement compte qu'il ne saurait y avoir une société organisée sans un pouvoir judiciaire chargé de veiller, en dehors de toute préoccupation de politique et de force, à la stricte observation du droit. C'est dans cette conviction qu'ils ont prévu, dès l'origine, la création de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale.Feinberg in 1931Reviewing the history of the Permanent Court of International Jus

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GRAM-SKJOLDAGER, KAREN, and ØYVIND TØNNESSON. "Unity and Divergence: Scandinavian Internationalism, 1914–1921." Contemporary European History 17, no. 3 (2008): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777308004505.

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AbstractScandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) is frequently seen as a democratic ‘island of peace’ in international politics and the three states are seen as ardent supporters of an ‘international community’ under the umbrella of the United Nations as well as its predecessor, the League of Nations. This article seeks to challenge this idealised, unitary conception of Scandinavian peace politics by exploring how different strands of internationalism, as transnational phenomena, developed from the outbreak of the First World War until the three states became members of the League. Initially,

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Hirschi, Jonas. "The Missing Recognition: How Ireland and Switzerland Established Diplomatic Relations." Irish Studies in International Affairs 34, no. 1 (2023): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/isia.2023.a918362.

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ABSTRACT: Ireland carried out a clandestine diplomacy from 1917 onwards, pursuing international recognition, which made Switzerland, with its central location in Europe and later as the seat of the League of Nations, one of the main targets. But it was not until the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 that a de facto recognition by Switzerland followed, although the Swiss government never officially recognised Ireland. Until the establishment of diplomatic missions in 1939/40, diplomatic relations were handled by the Irish representation to the League of Nations and the Swiss consulate general in Dubli

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Kirk-Greene, Anthony. "The Changing Face of African Studies in Britain, 1962-2002." African Research & Documentation 90 (2002): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00016794.

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Leaving to one side the sui generis Royal African Society, which in 2000 marked its centenary with a special history (Rimmer and Kirk-Greene, 2000), the formalised study of Africa in British academia may be said to be approaching its 80th year. For it was in 1926 that the International African Institute, originally the Institute of African Languages and Cultures, was founded in London, followed two years later by the maiden issue of its journal for practising Africanists, Africa, still among the flagship journals in the African field. Indeed, the 1920s were alive with new institutions promotin

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Schaaf, Robert W. "The United Nations International Law Commission." International Journal of Legal Information 18, no. 2 (1990): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500026573.

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Those seeking information on the United Nations’ work in systematizing the rules of public international law may find it useful to examine the latest edition of The Work of the International Law Commission (4th ed., United Nations, 1988). According to this publication, (the primary source for this column), interest in the development and codification of the rules on international law may be traced back to the late 18th century and the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, author of Principles of International Law. From this time forward there were numerous attempts at the codification of interna

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Zaidi, Waqar H. "‘Aviation Will Either Destroy or Save Our Civilization’: Proposals for the International Control of Aviation, 1920—45." Journal of Contemporary History 46, no. 1 (2011): 150–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009410375257.

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Proposals for the internationalization of civil aviation and the formation of an international air force blossomed in Britain, France and the United States between 1920 and 1945. The proposals were promoted by liberal internationalist constituencies in these three countries and reveal an enthusiasm for technocracy and technology within liberal internationalism. Aviation, internationalists argued, was too dangerous and held too much potential to be left in the hands of warring nations. It should instead be controlled by an international organization for the benefit of international peace and pr

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Järvelaid, Peeter. "Estonian Legal Culture on the Threshold to the 21st Century." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 1 (2001): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000858.

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The Republic of Estonia is one of those European countries for which the year 1918 meant a deep and radical change in the development of their states. During the last decade, these states – Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic (the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic in 1918), Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – have all become Member States of or applicant countries to the European Union. On 28 July 1922, the Republic of Estonia was de jure recognized by the Government of the United States. This was an important act, since soon afterwards, on 22 September 1922, Estonia became a mem

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RIEMENS, MICHAEL. "International academic cooperation on international relations in the interwar period: the International Studies Conference." Review of International Studies 37, no. 2 (2010): 911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510000781.

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AbstractBased on considerable archival research in Switzerland and France, this article considers the creation of specialised institutions and centres for scientific research, discussion and information on international questions after the First World War. It analyses the origins and development of the International Studies Conference from 1928 until 1946, and it pays particular attention to the institutional setting provided by the ISC. With the help of an international questionnaire of the League of Nations from the early 1930s the article also discusses the university teaching of IR in the

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Young, Stephen. "Re-historicising dissolved identities: Deskaheh, the League of Nations, and international legal discourse on Indigenous peoples." London Review of International Law 7, no. 3 (2019): 377–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lril/lraa004.

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Abstract In 1923, Levi General Deskaheh sought recognition from the League of Nations of the Six Nations’ sovereignty and right to self-determination. Although scholars have good reasons for retroactively identifing Deskaheh as a representative of Indigenous peoples, doing so dissolves the identities of historical and present-day subjects, which has a number of invidious consequences.

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Sergeev, Evgeny. "Anglo-Soviet Relations in the Context of the Baltic Problem, 1918–1922." Lithuanian Historical Studies 21, no. 1 (2017): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02101004.

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The paper deals with the main trends in relations between Great Britain and Soviet Russia in the context of the ‘Baltic problem’, which emerged on the international agenda right after the collapse of the Russian Empire, in the process of the Bolsheviks assuming power and conducting a war against the Whites, the troops of the Entente, and the armies of the new independent states. The author focuses on subsequent stages in the decision-making process, and actual steps taken by London and Moscow with regard to the three new east Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, taking the latter as

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Vlasenko, V. M. "TO EPISTOLARY BY KOST’ MATSIYEVYCH AND ANDRIY NIKOVSKY IN 1920-1921." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 60 (2022): 5–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2022.60.1.

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In the published documents (18 letters and 3 telegrams), which are kept in the fund 3696 «The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1918-1924» in the Central state archive of highest authorities and management of Ukraine, the information is provided about the activities of Ukrainian diplomats Kost’ Matsiyevych and Andriy Nikovsky. At that time the first one headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the latter was the head of the UPR extraordinary diplomatic mission in Romania. The documents cover the period from April 7, 1920 to Novemb

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Udom, Udoh Elijah. "The International Civil Service: Historical Development and Potential for the 21st Century." Public Personnel Management 32, no. 1 (2003): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600303200106.

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By-products of World War I and II were the creation of the League of Nations (1919) and subsequently the United Nations (1945). The primary objective of both these global organizations (past, present and future) has been to make the world a better place for humanity. Principally, this has meant working with member states to prevent wars and to carry out humanitarian activities wherever they are needed. Right from the time of the League of Nations, carrying out global mandate of this nature necessitated the creation of international civil service (ICS) to be composed of competent men and women,

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Blanco, Sío-López Cristina. "Salvador de Madariaga and the "Solidarity of Being:" Limits and Potential of an Imagined "Free Movement of Persons" in Post-WWII Europe." EuropeNow 40 (April 1, 2021): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8277404.

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Though largely neglected in recent studies about the European integration process, Salvador de Madariaga was a key forerunner and contributor to the “European idea,” as well as a highly influential Spanish diplomat, writer, historian, and pacifist at different critical junctures of the twentieth century. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and for the Nobel Peace Prize, and awarded the Charlemagne Prize in 1973. Madariaga was also a press member of the Secretariat of the League of Nations in 1921, and chief of the Disarmament Section in 1922. In 1928, he was appointe

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Samarskaya, Liudmila M. "POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE MANDATE PALESTINE: Old and “New Diplomacy” (1918–1923)." Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.044.018.201804.398-408.

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Introduction. The Mandate Palestine as a separate administrative unit inside the British empire emerged after the First World War. The aim of the present article is to research and analyze the key factors of its creation, the so-called «new diplomacy», which was formed on the verge of 1910s–1920s. Materials and methods. The methods used in the article are historical-analytical and historical-systematical applied to the original sources, as well as to the research literature on the relevant topics. Results and Discussion. During and after the First World War there happened considerable changes

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FINOHENOV, OLEH. "THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: CREATIONS, STATUTORY TASKS, THE FIRST STEPS IN THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2019-32-55-65.

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Geopolitical changes in international relations after the First World War, new accents in the foreign policy of the leading European countries, increasing the relevance of the "Ukrainian issue" were the main factors that stimulated the interest of Galicia's public figures in international policy. The Western Ukrainian Society of the League of Nations (ZUTLN), pursuing the idea of reviving Ukrainian statehood, tried to influence the solution of the "Ukrainian issue" in the format of the Union of Societies of the League of Nations (STLN). The author considers the program principles of activity,

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Voges, Jonathan. "Der Palais des Nations. Ein Heim für das World Brain." Administory 8, no. 1 (2023): 207–20. https://doi.org/10.2478/adhi-2023-0011.

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Abstract »Who will build for the League of Nations? Will it be the ghosts of the past or will the building be erected out of the spirit of the present? It looks as if the ghosts have won and a real building catastrophe [»Baukatastrophe«] is on the rise.« The architectural critic Siegfried Giedion was rather harsh in his evaluation of the planned Palais de la Société des Nations. Instead of Le Corbusier’s hypermondernistic administrative machine – as one might call his proposal in relation to his idea of a living machine – the League of Nations decided in Giedion’s view to build »theatre coulis

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Hajdú, Zoltán. "Relations between Hungary and countries of the Central and Eastern European region: collapse and reorganisation, 1918–1925." Wschodnioznawstwo 14 (2020): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20827695wsc.20.004.13332.

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The First World War caused very deep and fundamental changes in Central and Eastern Europe. The biggest loser of the war was the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Kingdom of Hungary as one of its parts was dissolved in the framework of Trianon Peace Treaty. The new Hungary could retain only 28,6% of the former territory and 36,5% of its former population. After 1920 the League of Nations was planned a new collective European security system.

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Hendley, Matthew. "Anti-Alienism and the Primrose League: The Externalization of the Postwar Crisis in Great Britain 1918-32." Albion 33, no. 02 (2001): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000067120.

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Anti-alienism has frequently been the dark underside of organized patriotic movements in twentieth-century Britain. Love of nation has all too frequently been accompanied by an abstract fear of foreigners or a concrete dislike of alien immigrants residing in Britain. Numerous patriotic leagues have used xenophobia and the supposed threat posed by aliens to define themselves and their Conservative creed. Aliens symbolized “the other,” which held values antithetical to members of the patriotic leagues. These currents have usually become even more pronounced in times of tension and crisis. From t

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La Porte, Pablo. "‘Rien à ajouter’: The League of Nations and the Rif War (1921—1926)." European History Quarterly 41, no. 1 (2011): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691410385780.

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