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Hodgson, James Marion. "Context effects in lexical access and lexical recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16494.
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Toassi, Pâmela Freitas Pereira. "Investigating lexical access in multilinguals." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/171451.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, Florianópolis, 2016.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T03:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2016<br>Abstract : The interaction of two or more languages in the bilingual/multilingual brain may influence lexical access during language comprehension and production. The present study investigated lexical access of trilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, German and English in three experiments dealing with language comprehension and production. The thesis of the present study is that lexical access of multilinguals is qualitatively different from that of bilinguals and monolinguals. More specifically, the present study has the following objectives: (1) to investigate which cognates are more facilitative in the comprehension of English as a target language, double cognates (between English and German, and English and Brazilian Portuguese) or triple cognates (among English, German, and Brazilian Portuguese), (2) to investigate how lexical access is influenced by cognates among German, English and Brazilian Portuguese in the oral production of English, and (3) to investigate if there is a difference in the semantic priming effect when presented in the native (Brazilian Portuguese), non-native (German) or target language (English) for bilingual and trilingual speakers. There were 56 participants who took part in the present study, which were divided into the following groups: (1) native speakers of English ? the L1G, (2) native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese with English as the L2 ? the L2G, and (3), native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, with German as the L2 and English as the L3 ? the L3G. Participants took part in an experimental session which consisted of three experiments: (1) an eye-tracking experiment with a sentence comprehension task containing cognates among the participants? three languages, (2) a narrative oral production experiment, in which there were pictures that represented cognate words in the participants? three languages, and (3) a cross-language priming experiment, in which participants had to name pictures (which were preceded by a masked prime, which was the name of the word in English, German or Brazilian Portuguese) in English, as fast and accurately as possible. The results of the three experiments of the present study showed that for the participants from the L3G, triple cognates facilitated the comprehension of English sentences, whereas the prime word in German caused an increase in reaction time. The results of the present study were interpreted as evidence of non-selective lexical access as well as of a common lexical storage for the trilinguals? languages. Nevertheless, an asymmetry in trilingual lexical organization is proposed, where links L1-L2, L1-L3 are stronger than links L2-L3. The thesis that lexicalaccess of trilinguals is qualitatively different from that of bilinguals was supported by the findings of the present study. The present study contributed with new data to the discussion regarding the multilingual lexicon, with a new language combination Brazilian Portuguese-German-English, in the Brazilian context.<br><br>A interação de duas ou mais línguas no cérebro bilíngue/multilíngue pode influenciar o acesso lexical durante a compreensão e a produção da linguagem. O presente estudo investigou o acesso lexical de trilíngues falantes de português brasileiro, alemão e inglês em três experimentos envolvendo a compreensão e a produção da linguagem. A tese apresentada no presente estudo é de que o acesso lexical de multilíngues é qualitativamente diferente daquele de bilíngues e monolíngues. Mais especificamente, o presente estudo tem os seguintes objetivos: (1) investigar quais cognatos facilitam mais a compreensão do inglês como língua alvo, se cognatos duplos (entre o inglês e o alemão, e, entre o inglês e o português) ou triplos (entre o inglês, o alemão, e o português), (2) investigar como o acesso lexical é influenciado por cognatos entre o alemão, o inglês e o português na produção oral de inglês, e (3) investigar se há diferença no efeito de priming semântico quando apresentado na língua materna (português), na língua não-materna (alemão) ou na língua alvo (inglês) para falantes bilíngues e trilíngues. O presente estudo contou com 56 participantes, os quais foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: (1) falantes nativos de inglês o L1G, (2) falantes nativos de português brasileiro com inglês como L2 o L2G, e (3) falantes nativos de português brasileiro, com alemão como L2 e inglês como L3 o L3G. A seção experimental consistiu de três experimentos: (1) um experimento de rastreamento ocular com uma tarefa de compreensão de sentenças contendo cognatos entre as três línguas dos participantes, (2) um experimento de produção oral de narrativa, na qual haviam figuras que representavam palavras cognatas nas três línguas dos participantes, e (3) um experimento de priming interlinguístico, no qual participantes tinham que nomear figuras (as quais eram precedidas por um prime mascarado, que podia ser o nome da palavra em inglês, em alemão ou em português) em inglês, o mais correto e rapidamente possível. Os resultados dos três experimentos do presente estudo mostraram que para os participantes do grupo L3, cognatos triplos facilitaram a compreensão das sentenças em inglês, enquanto que o prime em alemão causou um aumento no tempo de reação. Os resultados do presente estudo são interpretados como evidência de acesso lexical não-seletivo bem como de um armazenamento integrado para as três línguas do trilíngue. Com base nesses resultados, propõe-se uma assimetria na organização lexical do trilíngue, onde os links L1-L2, L1-L3 são mais fortes que os links L2-L3. A tese de que o acesso lexical de trilíngues é qualitativamente
diferente daquele de bilíngues foi confirmada pelos resultados do presente estudo, o qual contribuiu com novos dados para a discussão sobre o léxico multilíngue, com uma nova combinação linguística, português brasileiro-alemão-inglês, no contexto brasileiro.
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Soler, Vilageliu Olga. "Bilingual lexical access: a connectionist model." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4768.
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Withers, Daniel Wyatt, and Daniel Wyatt Withers. "The Lexical Access of Function Words." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625254.
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McAllister, Janice Margaret. "Lexical stress and lexical access : effects in read and spontaneous speech." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26744.
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This thesis examines three issues which are of importance in the study of auditory word recognition: the phonological unit which is used to access representations in the mental lexicon; the extent to which hearers can rely on words being identified before their acoustic offsets; and the role of context in auditory word recognition. Three hypotheses which are based on the predictions of the Cohort Model (Marslen-Wilson and Tyler 1980) are tested experimentally using the gating paradigm. First, the phonological access hypothesis claims that word onsets, rather than any other part of the word, are used to access representations in the mental lexicon. An alternative candidate which has been proposed as the initiator of lexical access is the stressed syllable. Second, the early recognition hypothesis states that polysyllabic words, and the majority of words heard in context, will be recognised before their acoustic offsets. Finally, the context-free hypothesis predicts that during the initial stages of the processing of words, no effects of context will be discernible. Experiment 1 tests all three predictions by manipulating aspects of carefully articulated, read speech. First, examination of the gating responses from three context conditions offers no support for the context-free hypothesis. Second, the high number of words which are identified before their acoustic offsets is consistent with the early recognition hypothesis. Finally, the phonological access hypothesis is tested by manipulation of the stress patterns of stimuli. The dependent variables which are examined relate to the processes of lexical access and lexical retrieval; stress differences are found on access measures but not on those relating to retrieval. When the experiment is replicated with a group of subjects whose level of literacy is lower than that of the undergraduates who took part in the original experiment, differences are found in measures relating to contextual processing. Experiment 2 continues to examine the phonological access hypothesis, by manipulating speech style (read versus conversational) as well as stress pattern. Gated words, excised from the speech of six speakers, are presented in isolation. Words excised from read speech and words stressed on the first syllable elicit a greater number of responses which match the stimuli than conversational tokens and words with unstressed initial syllables. Intelligibility differences among the four conditions are also reported. Experiment 3 aims to investigate the processing of read and spontaneous tokens heard in context, while maintaining the manipulation of stress pattern. A subset of the words from Experiment 2 are presented in their original sentence contexts: the test words themselves, plus up to three subsequent words, are gated. Although the presence of preceding context generally enhances intelligibility, some words remain unrecognised by the end of the third subsequent word. An interaction between stress and speech style may be explained in terms of the unintelligibility of the preceding context. Several issues arising from Experiments 1, 2 and 3 are considered further. The characteristics of words which fail to be recognised before their offsets are examined using the statistical technique of regression; the contributions of phonetic and phonological aspects of stressed syllables are assessed; and a further experiment is reported which explores top-down processing in spontaneous speech, and which offers support for the interpretation of the results of Experiment 3 offered earlier.
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Kwantes, Peter J. "LEX, a retrieval theory of lexical access." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/NQ42952.pdf.
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Clouse, Daniel Stanley. "Representing lexical semantics with context vectors and modeling lexical access with attractor networks /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9907665.
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Schnadt, Michael J. "Lexical influences on disfluency production." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4424.
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Natural spoken language is full of disfluency. Around 10% of utterances produced in everyday speech contain disfluencies such as repetitions, repairs, filled pauses and other hesitation phenomena. The production of disfluency has generally been attributed to underlying problems in the planning and formulation of upcoming speech. However, it remains an open question to what extent factors known to affect the selection and retrieval of words in isolation influence disfluency production during connected speech, and whether different types of disfluency are associated with difficulties at different stages of production. Previous attempts to answer these questions have largely relied on corpora of unconstrained, spontaneous speech; to date, there has been little direct experimental research that has attempted to manipulate factors that underlie natural disfluency production. This thesis takes a different approach to the study of disfluency production by constraining the likely content and complexity of speakers utterances while maintaining a context of naturalistic, spontaneous speech. This thesis presents evidence from five experiments based on the Network Task (Oomen & Postma, 2001), in addition to two related picture-naming studies. In the Network Task, participants described to a listener the route of a marker as it traverses a visually presented network of pictures connected by one or more paths. The disfluencies of interest in their descriptions were associated with the production of the picture name. The experiments varied the ease with which pictures in the networks could be named by manipulating factors known to affect lexical or pre-lexical processing: lexical access and retrieval were impacted by manipulations of picture-name agreement and the frequency of the dominant picture names, while visual and conceptual processing difficulty was manipulated by blurring pictures and through prior picture familiarisation. The results of these studies indicate that while general production difficulty does reliably increase the likelihood of disfluency, difficulties associated with particular aspects of lexical access and retrieval have dissociable effects on the likelihood of disfluency. Most notably, while the production of function word prolongations demonstrates a close relationship to lexical difficulties relating to the selection and retrieval of picture names, filled pauses tend to occur predominantly at the beginning of utterances, and appear to be primarily associated with message-level planning processes. Picture naming latencies correlated highly with the rates of observed hesitations, establishing that the likelihood of a disfluency could be attributed to the same lexical and pre-lexical processes that result in longer naming times. Moreover, acoustic analyses of a subset of observed disfluencies established that those disfluencies associated with more serious planning difficulties also tended to have longer durations, however they do not reliably relate to longer upcoming delays. Taken together, the results of these studies demonstrate that the elicitation of disfluency is open to explicit manipulation, and that mid-utterance disfluencies are related to difficulties during specific production processes. Moreover, the type of disfluency produced is not arbitrary, but may be related to both the type and location of the problem encountered at the point that speech is suspended. Through the further exploration of these relationships, it may be possible to use disfluency as an effective tool to study online language production processes.
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Zipse, Lauryn Rose. "A MEG investigation of lexical access in aphasia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46658.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-117).<br>Aphasia is an acquired impairment of language ability that occurs secondary to brain damage, and auditory comprehension deficits are a defining component of aphasia. At the single-word level, these deficits are thought to arise from impaired phonological processing, semantic representations, or both. The present study examined spreading lexical activation in people with aphasia by implementing thorough clinical evaluation, a series of listening tasks, and a time sensitive means of tracking cortical activation. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to measure the cortical activity of 7 people with aphasia, 9 age-matched control participants, and 10 younger control participants as they completed an auditory lexical decision task and a passive listening task with phonemes. In the lexical decision task, target words were presented in three conditions of interest: semantically primed, where the target was preceded by a related word; identity primed, where the target was preceded by itself; and a control condition, where the target was preceded by an unrelated word. Behavioral reaction times and MEG data were collected in response to each target, and the M350, a MEG signal associated with lexical processing, was evaluated. MEG data collected during the passive listening task were used to evaluate the mismatch field (MMF), a response associated with the formation of an auditory memory trace. Analysis was conducted at both the group and single-subject levels.<br>(cont.) All groups showed identity priming of the M350 response, although this was seen in the amplitude dimension for the control groups but in the latency dimension for the group with aphasia. The older control group showed semantic priming of the M350 and the younger group showed a marginally significant priming effect, while the group with aphasia failed to show this effect. There was evidence that some people with aphasia may have a delayed or absent M350 response. Finally, the behavioral results indicated that the younger and older control participants were using different strategies to complete the lexical decision task. These findings highlight the potential importance of latency differences when analyzing electrophysiological responses in aphasic populations. Furthermore, they indicate that some cognitive-linguistic tasks may induce different types of processing in older and younger groups.<br>by Lauryn Rose Zipse.<br>Ph.D.
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Lam, Yat-kin, and 林日堅. "Intelligent lexical access based on Chinese/English text queries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30445474.
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Zhang, Yong 1973. "Toward implementation of a feature-based lexical access system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17463.
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Pellicer-Sánchez, Ana. "Automaticity and speed of lexical access : acquisition and assessment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580276.
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Vocabulary knowledge has been conceptualized as consisting of four components: the size of the mental lexicon, the depth or quality of knowledge of the individual lexical items in the lexicon, the degree to which those items are connected to each other (organlzation], and the speed at which those items can be retrieved and employed (e.g. Chapelle, 1998; Quian, 2002; Read, 2004; Schmitt, 2010b). There is now a considerable literature on each of the first three aspects, but lexical processing speed has hardly been explored outside the laboratory. In vocabulary acquisition research, studies have mainly focused on the acquisition of new words' form and meaning but research into the learning conditions leading to automaticity of vocabulary knowledge is still scarce. Furthermore, in the field of vocabulary testing, measures of automaticity and fluency of lexical access have seldom been used as an indication of participants' actual vocabulary knowledge of the words being assessed. This thesis attempts to address this lack in research in vocabulary acquisition and assessment. The first two studies of this thesis (Study 1 and Study 2) examine the acquisition of automaticity in the language classroom, comparing the effectiveness of two different approaches, i.e. incidental learning and explicit teaching. Results of these studies show that, the incidental approach does not lead to a significant improvement in the speed and automaticity of learners' lexical decisions in any of the measures used, i.e. reaction time (RT) and coefficient of variation (CV). However, with the explicit treatment learners' lexical decisions are not only faster but also more automatic, as measured by the CV. Results of these two acquisition studies show that automaticity of vocabulary knowledge can benefit from classroom instruction, although it might need more engaged, explicit exposure. The last two studies of this thesis (Study 3 and Study 4) examine the use of measures of RT to assess the veracity of learners' vocabulary knowledge and the use of that information to score Yes-No vocabulary size tests. Results of these last two studies show that RT carries important information about learners' accuracy and veracity of responses in vocabulary tests. These studies also present a new approach that uses this RT information to score Yes- No vocabulary size tests and that can help to make the test more valid. Overall, results of the studies presented in this thesis point out the importance of researching the acquisition of automaticity in instructional settings and the use of the time element in vocabulary tests to assess learners' vocabulary knowledge.
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Carter, K. E. P. "Phonological recoding in the lexical decision task." Thesis, University of York, 1986. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10941/.
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Hutner, Jennifer S. "An investigation of mediated priming and lexical access in aphasia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/MQ55069.pdf.
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Cooperrider, Jason R. "Interactions between word frequency and neighborhood frequency in lexical access." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28449.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 25 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 15). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Ramtohul, Venita S. "Lexical access and representations in children : naming and word learning." Thesis, Open University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446288.
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Wray, Samantha, and Samantha Wray. "Decomposability and the Effects of Morpheme Frequency in Lexical Access." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621751.
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This dissertation addresses an unanswered question in Arabic psycholinguistics. Arabic words are characterized by their nonconcatenative structure, in which a consonantal root that encodes the main semantic content is interleaved with a derivational pattern (called "binyan", pl. "binyanim"), which is typically vocalic but may also contain consonantal elements and contributes grammatical information. The canonical example of the Semitic root and binyan system is the combination of root /ktb/ which denotes the broad semantic sense of "writing" with verbal binyan /CaCaC/ (with Cindicating a root consonant) to form [katab] "he wrote" and with nominal place binyan/maCCaC/ to form [maktab] "office". Although significant work has been done on the psycholinguistic reality of Arabic morphemes by exploring various phonological, morphological and semantic features across numerous experimental modalities in both the visual and auditory domains (Boudelaa and Marslen-Wilson, 2004, 2005, 2011), no study has investigated the roles of base/morpheme frequency and surface/word frequency and their implications for underlying morphological structure in the lexicon of Arabic as has been done for English, Dutch, and Finnish (Baayen et al., 1997; Alegre and Gordon, 1999; New et al., 2004; Taft, 1979, 2004). Competing models of word recognition propose various integrations of morphology. Whole-word models suggest that there are no separate representations for morphemes, and that the co-activation of related words can be attributed to similarity in form and meaning (Norris and McQueen, 2008; Tyler et al., 1988). Decomposition models posit that words are recognized by accessing the words' constituent morphemes (Meunierand Segui, 1999; Taft et al., 1986; Wurm, 2000). Hybrid models incorporate multiple pathways to recognition. Words are either recognized holistically or by their constituent morphemes depending on multiple factors (Balling and Baayen, 2008; Taftand Nguyen-Hoan, 2010; Lopez-Villasenor, 2012). Of most relevance to the current study is the role of the productivity of the words' derivational affixes: words with unproductive affixes are processed holistically whereas words with productive affixes are processed as a function of their morphemes. This dissertation presents results from four auditory lexical decision experiments performed with native Jordanian speakers in Amman, Jordan, and provides evidence that binyan productivity determines whether the frequency of the base morpheme affects the speed of recognition. By manipulating root and word frequency for three binyanim, one more productive and two less productive, I provide evidence that verbs in the productive binyan are fully decomposable during lexical access and verbs in less productive binyanim are recognized holistically. For a more productive binyan, I examine Binyan I of the form /CaCaC/, and two less productive binyanim are Binyan VIII of the form /iCtaCaC/and Binyan X of the form /staCCaC/. These results together support a hybrid model of lexical access in which some words are recognized via decomposition into the morphemes they are composed of, and others are recognized by their whole word form. These results are consistent with those of Balling and Baayen (2008); Taft and Nguyen-Hoan (2010); Bertramet al. (2000), among others, as derivational affix productivity is the deciding factor determining whether a word will be recognized holistically or decomposed during lexical access.
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Lloyd, Andrew J. "Lexical segmentation in normal and neurologically impaired speech comprehension." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245961.
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Casiro, Jessica Ananda. "Onset density and inhibitory effects on lexical access in speech production." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5583.
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Lexical access in speech production involves multiple processing stages, beginning with the
mental generation of a target concept and ending with a speaker's articulation of the target word. The
current study aimed to explore the influence of competition and inhibition on the process of lexical
access. In particular, the position of phonological overlap between a target word (e.g., lip) and its
neighbors (e.g., lid vs. sip) was investigated for its influence on picture naming. It was hypothesized
that greater inhibitory effects and slower response times in participants' naming would be observed for
target words that have a predominance of neighbors which are onset related compared to those which
are rhyme related. In addition, it was predicted that there would be a strong relationship between
performance on the naming task and several inhibition tasks due to the common role of inhibition
across tasks. Twenty-five native English participants completed a picture naming task, two language
based inhibition tasks, and two non-language inhibition tasks. Participants' response times were
recorded for incongruent/dense and congruent/sparse trials, and mean difference scores were examined
to determine the inhibition effect sizes.
The results showed that response times for dense onset trials were significantly slower than
sparse onset trials, thereby supporting the first hypothesis. Inter-task correlation results, however, did
not provide support for the second hypothesis that inhibition capacity would be common to different
tasks. Factors such as varying task characteristics, modality of stimulus presentation, length of testing
session, task counterbalancing, perceived task difficulty, and allocation of cognitive effort are
discussed as having contributed to the lack of significant correlations.
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Gordon, Jean K. "Rhyme priming in aphasia : the role of phonology in lexical access." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61210.
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The present experiment was conducted to explore the facilitory effects of rhyme in lexical processing in brain-damaged individuals. Normal subjects and non-fluent and fluent aphasic subjects performed auditory lexical decision and rhyme judgement tasks, in which prime-target pairs were phonologically related (either identical or rhyming) or unrelated. Results revealed rhyme facilitation of lexical decisions to real-word targets for normal and non-fluent aphasic subjects; for fluent aphasic subjects, results were equivocal. In the rhyme judgement task, facilitory effects of rhyme were found for all three groups with real-word targets. None of the groups showed clear rhyme facilitation effects with non-word targets in either task. Findings are discussed with reference to models of lexical access and the role of phonology in lexical processing in normal and aphasic populations.
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Hajro, Neira 1978. "Automated nasal feature detection for the lexical access from features project." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28401.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-151).<br>The focus of this thesis was the design, implementation, and evaluation of a set of automated algorithms to detect nasal consonants from the speech waveform in a distinctive feature-based speech recognition system. The study used a VCV database of over 450 utterances recorded from three speakers, two male and one female. The first stage of processing for each speech waveform included automated 'pivot' estimation using the Consonant Landmark Detector - these 'pivots' were considered possible sonorant closures and releases in further analyses. Estimated pivots were analyzed acoustically for the nasal murmur and vowel-nasal boundary characteristics. For nasal murmur, the analyzed cues included observing the presence of a low frequency resonance in the short-time spectra, stability in the signal energy, and characteristic spectral tilt. The acoustic cues for the nasal boundary measured the change in the energy of the first harmonic and the net energy change of the 0-350Hz and 350-1000Hz frequency bands around the pivot time. The results of the acoustic analyses were translated into a simple set of general acoustic criteria that detected 98% of true nasal pivots. The high detection rate was partially offset by a relatively large number of false positives - 16% of all non-nasal pivots were also detected as showing characteristics of the nasal murmur and nasal boundary. The advantage of the presented algorithms is in their consistency and accuracy across users and contexts, and unlimited applicability to spontaneous speech.<br>by Neira Hajro.<br>M.Eng.
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Nowell, Peter. "Robust lexical access using context sensitive dynamic programming and macro-substitutions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20068.
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This thesis presents a collection of techniques for automatically extracting and applying phonological knowledge. The phonological knowledge is extracted by statistically analysing the output of a lexical access algorithm. This knowledge is then incorporated into the lexical access algorithm at run time. The following items outline some of the more important and novel features of this approach. * We have adapted a classical DTW algorithm and chart parser for use in lexical access. This led to a number of improvements such as corrective training, generation of the N-best paths and beam width pruning. * Phonological knowledge is extracted by statistically analysing the output of the lexical access algorithm. This process is completely automatic and requires no human intervention. * The phonological knowledge is efficiently incorporated into the lexical access algorithm at run time. The rule application process is completely deterministic since the rules are implemented solely upon the basis of past substitutions. * The off-line storage is greatly reduced since each template in the lexicon contains a single pronunciation. The additional on-line storage is independent of the lexicon size. These techniques will therefore scale up to large vocabulary speaker independent speech recognition tasks. * The phonological rule base, lexicon, and phrase structure grammar rules are distinct entities. It is therefore possible to modify one without having to modify the others.
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Almeida, Diogo. "Form, meaning and context in lexical access MEG and behavioral evidence /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9295.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Linguistics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Guerrera, Christine. "Flexibility and constraint in lexical access: Explorations in transposed-letter priming." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280702.
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In order to recognize a written word, the relative positions of its component letters must be encoded. Ultimately, this information must be precise enough to distinguish between anagrams such as causal and casual while retaining enough flexibility to recognize elehpant as elephant. The lexical decision experiments reported here used a more dramatic version of transposed letter priming than has previously been reported in order to identify the constraints on this flexibility. In light of the observed data, several current models of letter position coding were evaluated and suggestions for future models were proposed. The first goal of this research was to determine the degree of flexibility in word recognition in terms of how many transposed letters can be tolerated in the input. Reliable priming was observed throughout the experiments when as many as six of the eight letters had been transposed (most ps < .01). However, Experiments 5 and 6 identified the limit of this flexibility, in that fully transposed primes did not activate their target entries. The second goal was to identify letter position effects, or differences in the importance of various letter positions in lexical access. Experiments 1-4 supported Jordan et al.'s (2003) claim that the exterior letters of a word are the most crucial. Stronger priming was derived from primes with correctly placed exterior letters and transposed interior letters than from the reverse case. Support was also found for Inhoff et al.'s (2003) claim that a word's initial letters are more important to lexical access than later letters (Experiment 7). Overall, a trend of decreasing importance from left to right was observed, with the possible exception of the final letter. The observed data were compared to the predictions made by the BLIRNET model (Mozer, 1991), Grainger & van Heuven's (in press) open bigram coding scheme, the SOLAR model (Davis, 1999), and the SERIOL model (Whitney, 1999). This enabled us to identify particularly effective and problematic approaches to letter position coding. Finally, it is proposed that a visual word recognition system with two parallel, complementary processing streams best describes the data.
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Lowe, Andrea Jane. "The relative contribution of top-down and bottom-up information during lexical access." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6604.
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The research reported in this thesis examines the relative contributions of top-down and bottom-up information during lexical access. I evaluate the Cohort Model of lexical access (Marslen-Wilson and Welsh, 1978; Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, 1980; and Marslen-Wilson, 1987) which specifies that the first stage in lexical access is fully autonomous and that during this stage all processing proceeds in terms of analysis of the acoustic-phonetic input. Implicit in this model is the assumption that bottom-up processing is immune to any effects of contextual or top-down information. I examine the extent to which listeners ever rely exclusively on bottom-up information during lexical access and investigate this issue empirically, by measuring effects of context on both the production and the perception of words in various contexts. I test the hypothesis that a word uttered in a constraining context will be acoustically indistinguishable from its competitors by, first, measuring one acoustic parameter (VOT) across constraining and non-constraining contexts and, then, examining the intelligibility of tokens of that parameter taken from the varyingly constraining contexts. The data from these experiments suggest that the realization of VOT is not an aspect of bottom-up information which would create problems for a bottom-up processor in terms of providing ambiguous acoustic-phonetic information. I then investigate whether bottom-up processing during lexical access is immune to effects of context. Following Grosjean (1980) and Tyler (1984), I utilize the Gating Paradigm. Using incongruous contexts, I argue that direct assessment of the contributions made by different information sources during lexical access can be made. By presenting bottom-up information which is inappropriate to the contextual (topdown) information, I evaluate the extent to which one information source is given priority over the other. I vary both the contextual constraints available to the listener and the acoustic clarity of bottom-up information. The observed pattern of listeners' identifications of the words suggested that whilst bottomup information was given priority, top-down information was available and was utilized during lexical access. I present data which support the working structure of the Cohort Model of lexical access. I conclude, however, that the model places disproportionate emphasis on initial bottom-up processing. It appears that top-down information is not prohibited from contributing to processing during the initial stage of lexical access.
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Kim, Roy Kyung-Hoon 1977. "Implementing the matcher in the lexical access system with uncertainty in data." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17489.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-121).<br>The goal of this thesis is to modify the existing matcher of the lexical access system being developed at the Research Laboratory of Electronics so that it provides efficient and accurate results with limited segmental information. This information, provided by the speech signal processor, contains a set of sublexical units called segments and a set of features to characterize each of them. The nature of a feature is to describe a particular characteristic of a given segment. Previously the matching subsystem demanded a complete set of segments and features for each spoken word. Specifically, the speech signal processor was required to be without fault in its efforts to detect all available landmarks and cues and to convert them into the segmentally formatted data that the matcher recognizes. But this requirement for impeccability is nearly impossible to meet and must be relaxed for a real-world lexical access system. Overall, this new, modified matcher in the lexical access system represents a real-world application that anticipates and responds to imperfections in the given data. More specifically, the modified matcher has the ability to translate a series of segments with incomplete sets of features into possible utterances that the series may represent. With this new matcher, an experiment was performed to initiate a process to identify features with the most acoustic information. For a given set of incomplete segmental representations, the results of the experiment showed that the output of the matcher, or number of matched utterances, increases exponentially as the input of the matcher, or number of speaker-intended words, increases linearly. But as more features are defined in these incomplete representations, we can conclude from the results that the number of possible utterances becomes less exponential and more linear.<br>by Roy Cyung-Hoon Kim.<br>M.Eng.
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Lin, Yu-Hsia. "An investigation of the lexical access ability of students with hearing impairment /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487943341528765.
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Prebianca, Gicele Vergine Vieira. "Working memory capacity, lexical access and proficiency level in L2 speech production." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/92568.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2009<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T10:11:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
272989.pdf: 2194050 bytes, checksum: f560c18beafb51b32515bdd97af738d3 (MD5)<br>This study investigates (i) whether bilingual lexical access is predicted by working memory capacity (WMC) and proficiency level in L2; (ii) whether WMC and L2 proficiency interact in predicting bilingual lexical access, and (iii) the extent to which within-language competition affects bilingual lexical access. One hundred learners of English as a foreign language (L2) were submitted to three data collection sessions which comprised three tests to measure WMC, two tests to measure L2 proficiency and one test to assess bilingual lexical access. The task used to assess the main L2 ability under investigation - bilingual lexical access -, was a picture-naming task carried out under the semantic competitor paradigm. This task was composed of a control and an experimental condition. Whereas in the former subjects were required to name pictures without any interfering stimuli, in the latter they were asked to retrieve the lexical items to name the pictures under the presence of semantically related L2 word distractors. Data were analyzed quantitatively and the statistical procedures (multiple regressions, ANOVA, ANCOVA and partial correlations) revealed that, in general terms, WMC and L2 proficiency both significantly predicted bilingual lexical access. Higher spans retrieved lexical items faster than lower spans. Moreover, the facilitation effects of semantically related L2 word distractors on L2 picture-naming were shown to be an effect of task order. However, more proficient bilinguals obtained faster reaction times during the retrieval of L2 lexical items than less proficient ones, regardless of performing the control or the experimental condition first. The findings of the present study are explained mainly in respect to the interplay between automatic and controlled processes in memory retrieval and their impact on the development of L2 proficiency. Special attention is given to the way semantic/lexical representations develop, are stored, retrieved and connected in a bilingual mental lexicon.<br>Este estudo investiga (i) se o acesso lexical bilíngüe pode ser explicado pela capacidade de memória de trabalho (CMT) e pelo nível de proficiência em L2; (ii) se ambos os construtos interagem para explicar o acesso lexical bilíngüe e, (iii) o efeito da competição entre representações lexicais em L2 no acesso lexical bilíngüe. Cem aprendizes de Inglês como língua estrangeira foram submetidos a três sessões de coleta de dados envolvendo 3 testes para medir a capacidade de memória de trabalho, 2 testes para medir o nível de proficiência em L2 e 1 teste para mensurar o acesso lexical bilíngüe dos aprendizes. A tarefa utilizada para medir o acesso lexical foi uma tarefa de nomeação de figuras conduzida sob o paradigma de competição semântica. Essa tarefa era composta de uma condição controle e uma experimental. Enquanto na primeira condição os aprendizes deviam nomear figuras em L2 sem nenhum estímulo interferente, na segunda os mesmo deviam nomear figuras na presença de distratores semanticamente relacionados aos nomes das figuras. Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente. Os resultados revelaram que, em termos gerais, CMT e nível de proficiência em L2 explicam parte da variação em acesso lexical significativamente. Aprendizes com maior CMT recuperaram os itens lexicais mais rapidamente que aprendizes com menor CMT. Os efeitos facilitatórios produzidos por distratores semanticamente relacionados aos nomes das figuras na tarefa de nomeação em L2 foram conseqüência da ordem de execução das condições controle e experimental. Os aprendizes mais proficientes, por sua vez, apresentaram tempos de resposta mais rápidos do que aprendizes menos proficientes, independentemente de realizar a condição controle ou a experimental primeiro. Os resultados deste estudo são explicados, principalmente, em relação à interação entre processos automáticos e controlados na recuperação de informação da memória de longo-prazo e no desenvolvimento da proficiência e das representações lexicais em L2.
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Kurnik, Mattias. "Bilingual Lexical Access in Reading : Analyzing the Effect of Semantic Context on Non-Selective Access in Bilingual Memory." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-129044.
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Recent empirical studies about the neurological executive nature of reading in bilinguals differ in their evaluations of the degree of selective manifestation in lexical access as implicated by data from early and late reading measures in the eye-tracking paradigm. Currently two scenarios are plausible: (1) Lexical access in reading is fundamentally language non-selective and top-down effects from semantic context can influence the degree of selectivity in lexical access; (2) Cross-lingual lexical activation is actuated via bottom-up processes without being affected by top-down effects from sentence context. In an attempt to test these hypotheses empirically, this study analyzed reader-text events arising when cognate facilitation and semantic constraint interact in a 22 factorially designed experiment tracking the eye movements of 26 Swedish-English bilinguals reading in their L2. Stimulus conditions consisted of high- and low-constraint sentences embedded with either a cognate or a non-cognate control word. The results showed clear signs of cognate facilitation in both early and late reading measures and in either sentence conditions. This evidence in favour of the non-selective hypothesis indicates that the manifestation of non-selective lexical access in reading is not constrained by top-down effects from semantic context.<br>Dagens eye-trackingstudier över de neurologiska processer som styr läsning i tvåspråkiga är oeniga om graden av icke-selektiv aktivation som infinner sig inuti den tvåspråkiges mentala lexikon enligt kvantitativa data på tidiga och sena åtkomstsstadier. Två olika förhållningssätt till frågan finns: (1) Lexikal åtkomst är fundamentalt sett icke-selektiv, men top-down effekter från semantisk kontext kan influera den grad av selektiv åtkomst som påträffas i mentala lexikon; eller (2) Parallell aktivation av olika språkplan sker via bottom-up processer utan någon inverkan ifrån top-down effekter ifrån meningskontext. För att testa dessa hypoteser undersöktes läsprover framtagna genom att kontrollera kognatförenklingseffekten och kontextskapad ordförutsägbarhet i en 22 faktorial stimulusdesign. 26 tvåspråkiga (svenska L1, engelska L2) läste meningsstimuli på engelska. Stimulus bestod av meningar med hög eller låg grad av semantisk och lexikal priming som innehöll antingen ett kognat- eller ett ickekognatkontrollord. Resultaten visade klara tecken på kognatförenkling i tidiga såsom sena åtkomstsstadier för båda typers meningsstimuli. Dessa resultat förespråkar att icke-selektiv åtkomst i läsning inte påverkas av top-down effekter ifrån meningskontext.<br><p>Författaren heter numer Mattias Bystedt.</p>
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Hinton, Jane. "Neighbourhood effects during visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363914.
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Frouin, Camille. "Analyse comparative de l'acquisition du langage et de son déclin dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : étude de la théorie de la rétrogenèse." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2031.
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Cette thèse avait pour objectif de tester la théorie de la rétrogenèse appliquée au langage des personnes atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer, afin de tirer des conclusions permettant d’adapter notre comportement aux patients et de mettre en place des méthodes de maintient dans le langage plus appropriées.Pour ce faire, trois tâches ont été mises en place : une tâche de fluence verbale (phonémique (lettre initiale P) puis sémantique (animaux)), une tâche de dénomination d’images, ainsi qu’une tâche de répétition de phrases. Trois groupes de participants ont été créés : un groupe de 80 personnes atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer, un groupe de 60 enfants, âgés de 3 à 11 ans, puis un groupe contrôle de personnes âgées saines. Le groupe des patients était divisé en 4 sous-groupes en fonction de leur score au MMSE. Il en était de même pour les enfants, répartis en trois sous-groupes.Les analyses effectuées par le biais de modèles mixtes, ont permis de montrer que le déclin du langage dans la maladie d’Alzheimer semble bien suivre un ordre symétrique à celui de son acquisition. L’effet d’AoA permet souvent d’expliquer ce phénomène. Toutefois, des différences entre les enfants et les personnes Alzheimer sont également observables : si le langage semble suivre une involution symétrique à celle de l’enfant, il n’en est pas moins que les processus sous-jacents impliqués ne sont pas les mêmes que chez l’enfant<br>The aim of this thesis was to test retrogenesis hypothesis applied to the language of people with Alzheimer's disease, in order to draw conclusions allowing us to adapt our behavior to patients and to implement appropriate methods of maintaining language.To do this, three tasks were established: a verbal fluency task (phonemic (initial letter P) and then semantic (animals)), an picture naming task, and a sentence repetition task. Three groups of participants were created: a group of 80 people with Alzheimer's disease, a group of 60 children, aged 3 to 11, and a healthy elderly control group. The patient group was divided into 4 subgroups based on their MMSE score. It was the same for children, divided into three subgroups.Analyzes conducted runing mixed models have shown that the decline of language in Alzheimer's disease seems to follow a symmetrical order to that of its acquisition. The effect of AoA can often explain this phenomenon. However, differences between children and Alzheimer's patients are also observable: if the language seems to follow an involution symmetrical to that of the child, it is nonetheless that the underlying processes involved are not the same as in the child
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Navarrete, Sánchez Eduardo. "Phonological activation of non-produced words. The dynamics of lexical access in speech production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399981.
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Speaking can be considered a goal-directed behavior because speakers have to retrieve the appropriate words and phonemes from their mental lexicon. However, observational and experimental evidence suggests that during the lexical and phonological retrieval processes other words than the intended ones are activated to some degree. Under this scenario, it is necessary to postulate selection mechanisms in charge of determining, among the activated representations, which ones will be prioritized and further processed in order to finally utter the speech signal. How does the control mechanism work that allows speakers to focus on the appropriate set of representations and reject the non-appropriate ones?
It is generally agreed that the most relevant parameter that guides word and phoneme selection is the level of activation of the corresponding representations, in the sense that the most activated representations at a specific moment will be the ones selected. In addition, theories of speech production agree that the selection mechanisms also take into account the activation level of other non-target representations, in the sense that the selection of one representation is more difficult the more activated other competing representations are. According to these two assumptions, the selection of a word would depend on two parameters: a) the amount of activation that this word receives from the conceptual system and b) the level of activation of other representations at the moment of selection. In order to have a clear understanding of the mechanisms that speakers employ to decide which representations to select, we first need to specify under which circumstances this selection mechanism takes place. In particular, this dissertation tries to describe the pattern of activation during lexical access. Specifically, which words and phonemes are activated during the lexicalization process of the intended concept? This is an important issue because the types of processes in charge of encoding/selecting information at each level of the system may differ depending on what other information is available at a particular moment. For instance, the selection of the word ‘car’ and its corresponding phonemes may depend on whether other words and phonemes are also activated or not.
The main purpose of this dissertation is to explore whether concepts outside of the communicative goal of the speaker are nevertheless activated in the process of language production. We assess whether there is lexical and phonological activation of these concepts. We take an experimental approach and measure speakers’ performance in different naming contexts. In particular, participants were instructed to name target stimuli while ignoring the presentation of distractor pictures. The semantic and phonological manipulations between target and distractor names allowed us to analyze whether participants have lexicalized the distractor picture and to what degree.
In the next chapter we introduce the functional architecture of the speech production system. In the first section we describe the architecture of the system and then we focus on describing how information is propagated between the different levels of the system. This is the main topic of the dissertation and in the rest of the chapter we introduce three theoretical proposals about the propagation of the information and also some experimental evidence. Chapter three contains the main aim and specific objectives of the thesis. Chapters four, five, six and seven contain the experimental part. Finally, in chapters eight and nine we discuss the theoretical implications that follow from our experiments.<br>Hablar es, sin duda alguna, una de las capacidades más asombrosas que los seres humanos adquieren. Una de las cuestiones que más interesa a los psicólogos que estudian la producción oral del lenguaje es la descripción de los procesos y mecanismos mediante los cuales el hablante recupera las palabras de su memoria. La presente tesis está relacionada con esta cuestión.
La producción del habla implica el acceso a representaciones léxicas y fonológicas muy concretas. Evidencia observacionale y experimental sugiere que durante el acceso léxico y fonológico otras palabras pueden estar activadas y llegar incluso a interferir. Por lo tanto, parece necesario postular un mecanismo que permita al hablante acceder a las palabras adecuadas y rechazar aquellas que, pese a no formar parte de la intención comunicativa, hayan podido ser activadas. Los modelos de producción coinciden en postular que el parámetro que guía la selección léxica y fonológica es el nivel de activación de las representaciones, en el sentido de que la representación más activada en un determinado momento es la que finalmente resulta seleccionada. Los modelos también consideran que esta selección depende del nivel de activación de otras representaciones, en el sentido de que resulta más difícil seleccionar una representación cuanto más activadas están otras representaciones ajenas a la intención comunicativa.
Esta tesis describe las circunstancias en las que se produce la selección léxica y la recuperación fonológica durante la producción del habla. Concretamente, ¿qué palabras y fonemas están activados durante el proceso de lexicalización del mensaje comunicativo? En la tesis analizamos si conceptos que no forman parte del mensaje preverbal del hablante llegan a activar sus correspondientes representaciones léxicas y fonológicas. En los experimentos de esta tesis, los participantes nombran un estímulo a la vez que ignoran la presencia de dibujos distractores. La manipulación de la relación semántica y fonológica entre el nombre del estímulo y el distractor permite analizar hasta qué punto se ha lexicalizado el dibujo distractor.
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Johnstone, Anne. "The effects of word boundary ambiguity on lexical access in automatic continuous speech recognition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24026.
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Wiener, Seth. "The Representation, Organization and Access of Lexical Tone by Native and Non-NativeMandarin Speakers." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429827661.
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Morgart, Arianna Paige. "Lexical access in aphasia: impacts of phonological neighborhood density on accuracy of word production." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1704.
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Verbal communication relies heavily on the ability to effortlessly produce intended words to express a meaning. This capacity is frequently impaired in individuals with aphasia, and impairment often lasts well into the chronic stages. However, the nature of anomia can vary. Phonological neighborhood density (PND) is one feature of words which has been shown to impact the ease of retrieval in speakers with aphasia; words with more similar-sounding neighbors are easier to retrieve because the neighbors help activate the target. However, it is unclear how different types of lexical access breakdowns affect the impact of PND. The aim of this project was to analyze the relationship between word retrieval accuracy, speech error patterns, and PND in individuals with aphasia. Twenty-two participants with various types and severities of aphasia named 200 single-syllable line drawings. WebFit, an online software program designed to fit naming data to a theoretical model of word retrieval, was used to characterize participants' error patterns by calculating the strength of connections within the lexicon, as well as the rate of decay. Analyses confirmed previous findings that participants with all types of breakdown achieved lower rates of overall accuracy. Weaker connections between semantic knowledge and words resulted in a more errors that were close to the target, relative to errors with no relationship to the target. Individuals with more severe impairments of the semantic-lexical connections and the lexical-phonological connections produced words with many neighbors more accurately than words with fewer neighbors. Implications for initial therapy target selection and directions for further research are discussed.
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Walch, Martha Alexander. "Atrición del español como lengua materna: Diversidad y sofisticación léxicas." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6653.
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Es natural que la lengua materna de un bilingüe cambie. Sin embargo, si un individuo vive en un contexto donde se habla su segunda lengua como lengua mayoritaria, si usa constantemente su segunda lengua y si el uso de su lengua materna ha disminuido, es muy probable que se vea afectado por la atrición de las habilidades lingüísticas. Esta investigación se concentra en el estudio de la atrición léxica del español como lengua materna. Los participantes son mexicanos adultos con educación universitaria entre los 25 y los 35 años de edad, los participantes del grupo experimental (n=10) inmigraron a los Estados Unidos después de los 17 años de edad, y han vivido en este país entre 5 y 16 años. Los participantes del grupo de control (n=10) residen en México y nunca han vivido en un país de habla inglesa. Tres medidas se obtuvieron y analizaron estadísticamente para determinar si el grupo experimental está siendo afectado por la atrición de la lengua: en las medidas de diversidad y la sofisticación léxica los resultados de la investigación revelaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos. Estos resultados resultan similares a los de Keijzer (2017), Schmid y Dusseldrop (2011); y Yilmaz y Schmid (2012). No hubo diferencia en la prueba de fluidez verbal. Los resultados no revelaron significancia de la edad, el tiempo de arribo y el sexo en la media de los resultados, y de la misma manera no se encontró una correlación de los resultados de las pruebas léxicas con el uso del idioma, debido quizá al tamaño de la muestra.
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Arnott, Wendy. "Parkinson's disease, dopamine, and language processing : real-time investigatins into the dynamics of lexical access /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16264.pdf.
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Gooding, Christine M. "Lexical Ambiguity Resolution in Children: Frequency and Context Effects." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1130355431.
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Iyer, Gowri Krovi. "Cross-linguistic studies of lexical access and processing in monolingual English and bilingual Hindī-English speakers." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to SDSU campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3237601.
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Bechtold, Laura [Verfasser], Christian [Gutachter] Bellebaum, and Tobias [Gutachter] Kalenscher. "Lexical access to experience-dependent representations in semantic memory / Laura Bechtold ; Gutachter: Christian Bellebaum, Tobias Kalenscher." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189901838/34.
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Bond, Rachel Jacqueline Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Cognates, competition and control in bilingual speech production." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22397.
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If an individual speaks more than one language, there are always at least two ways of verbalising any thought to be expressed. The bilingual speaker must then have a means of ensuring that their utterances are produced in the desired language. However, prominent models of speech production are based almost exclusively on monolingual considerations and require substantial modification to account for bilingual production. A particularly important feature to be explained is the way bilinguals control the language of speech production: for instance, preventing interference from the unintended language, and switching from one language to another. One recent model draws a parallel between bilinguals??? control of their linguistic system and the control of cognitive tasks more generally. The first two experiments reported in this thesis explore the validity of this model by comparing bilingual language switching with a monolingual switching task, as well as to the broader task-switching literature. Switch costs did not conform to the predictions of the task-set inhibition hypothesis in either experiment, as the ???paradoxical??? asymmetry of switch costs was not replicated and some conditions showed benefits, rather than costs, for switching between languages or tasks. Further experiments combined picture naming with negative priming and semantic competitor priming paradigms to examine the role of inhibitory and competitive processes in bilingual lexical selection. Each experiment was also conducted in a parallel monolingual version. Very little negative priming was evident when speaking the second language, but the effects of interlingual cognate status were pronounced. There were some indications of cross-language competition at the level of lexical selection: participants appeared unable to suppress the irrelevant language, even when doing so would make the task easier. Across all the experiments, there was no evidence for global inhibition of the language-not-in-use during speech production. Overall results were characterised by a remarkable flexibility in the mechanisms of bilingual control. A striking dissociation emerged between the patterns of results for cognate and non-cognate items, which was reflected throughout the series of experiments and implicates qualitative differences in the way these lexical items are represented and interconnected.
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Zora, Hatice. "Mapping prosody onto the lexicon : Memory traces for lexically specified prosodic information in the brain." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-134571.
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Lexical access, the matching of auditory information onto lexical representations in the brain, is a crucial component of online language processing. To understand the nature of lexical access, it is important to identify the kind of acoustic information that is stored in the long-term memory and to study how the brain uses such information. This dissertation investigates the contribution of prosodic information to lexical access and examines language-specific processing mechanisms by studying three typologically distinct languages: English, Turkish, and Swedish. The main research objective is to demonstrate the activation of long-term memory traces for words on the sole basis of prosodic information and to test the accuracy of typological phonological descriptions suggested in the literature by studying electrophysiological measurements of brain activation. A secondary research objective is to evaluate three distinct electrophysiological recording systems. The dissertation is based on three papers, each examining neural responses to prosodic changes in one of the three languages with a different recording system. The first two papers deal directly with the interplay between prosody and the lexicon, and investigate whether prosodic changes activate memory traces associated with segmentally identical but prosodically different words; the third paper introduces morphology to this process and investigates whether prosodic changes activate memory traces associated with potential lexical derivations. Neural responses demonstrate that prosodic information indeed activates memory traces associated with words and their potential derivations without any given context. Strongly connected neural networks are argued to guarantee neural activation and implementation of long-term memory traces. Regardless of differences in prosodic typology, all languages exploit prosodic information for lexical processing, although to different extents. The amount of neural activation elicited by a particular piece of prosodic information is positively correlated with the strength of its lexical representation in the brain, which is called lexical specification. This dissertation could serve as a first step towards building an electrophysiological-perceptual taxonomy of prosodic processing based on lexical specification.
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Abraham, Ashley N. Dr. "Individual differences in lexical context effects during word recognition." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1605262896060915.
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Ostashchenko, Ekaterina. "Access to lexical meaning in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Reconsidering the role of socio-pragmatic understanding." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/277377/5/Contrat.pdf.
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Let’s imagine a typical word-learning scenario. A toddler sits in her highchair in the kitchen and waits for her lunch. Her mother says: “Use a spoon to eat your meal”. Several objects are placed in front of the child. She can see a dish with her lunch, a spoon, a cup, a sugar bowl, a milk jar, her mother’s plate and a second cup. All these objects, present in the visual array, must be identified by the toddler; she must also parse the auditory stream into segments and determine which words are familiar and which ones are potentially new. If the child does not know the word “spoon”, she will need to use the event of naming of this referent by her mother to adjust her attention to the relevant referent. She also needs to update her representation of this word upon hearing it in different contexts with different speakers and, perhaps, different types of spoons. Efficient attention allocation in this word-learning situation will clearly contribute to the success of mapping; the degree of encoding of the word-form and of its meaning will certainly influence whether this word enters the child’s vocabulary.The complexity of such a typical scenario seems very challenging for a toddler whose cognitive resources are still far from being fully mature. Unsurprisingly, several accounts of how toddlers manage to solve this task are currently on the market. The problem of ambiguity associated with meaning-to-referent mapping (several objects co-presented in the visual scene) and with word form-to-meaning mapping (the correct word is to be singled out among phonological competitors) might be even more challenging for children who present an atypical developmental trajectory.Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and toddlers at risk for the disorder were found to acquire their vocabularies at a slower rate than their typically developing peers. In the contemporary literature, this delay in lexical knowledge acquisition is associated with poor socio-pragmatic understanding that presumably limits children’s capacity to establish referents for words in social contexts. Since impaired understanding of social interaction is a core characteristic of the cognitive profile of individuals with ASD, such an explanation of the delay in language development seems very plausible. However, several other theoretical accounts hold that in typical development socio-pragmatic skills emerge, bottom-up, through more domain-general processing of interactional experiences. In line with the latter views, it can be hypothesized that delays in lexical acquisition in ASD are not directly linked to poor socio-pragmatic understanding but are caused by low-level deficits and atypical attention allocation during word learning.Research programs on lexical learning and processing in ASD thus face the existence of different, contradictory theories of first language acquisition in typical development. Deciding a priori to build one’s experimental study against this or that theoretical background carries the risk of a limited interpretation of experimental results. A more promising way to deal with the variety of available theories of language acquisition is rather to directly confront the existing paradigms and to plan the study design in accordance. This is the approach that I privilege here. In the studies presented within this thesis, I question how social cues are used to resolve ambiguity in meaning during word-learning tasks (chapter 1) and during referential processing in typically developing children (chapter 2) and in children with ASD (chapter 3). Not only do I attempt to compare the use of social cues in word-learning and of perspectival information in referential processing in children with and without ASD, but I also try to link these results with two opposing theoretical views: the one that postulates early reliance on socio-pragmatic understanding and the other that conceives of word-learning as not being necessarily grounded in social understanding. In Chapter 1, I present evidence that children with ASD, children with SLI and typically developing children learn novel words in a flexible way by selectively attending to mappings offered by previously accurate speakers. However, I also show that such learning is likely to be supported by a surface trait attribution mechanism, rather than by genuine socio-pragmatic understanding: children in both clinical groups fail to learn selectively, when learning requires genuinely building a model of the speakers’ epistemic states. Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to referential communication. I adopt several analytical and methodological modifications to existing methods, which allows me to compare two different aspects of partner-dependent processing of referential precedents. Typically developing children can be expected to recognize precedents previously established with the same partner faster, because of an automatic priming mechanism. However, potential faster processing of broken precedents with a new partner could not be explained by a low-level memory mechanism and would strongly suggest that lexical processing is influenced by expectations about the child’s partner perspective. I present evidence that children with and without ASD do not spontaneously rely on common ground during referential processing and that partner-specific effects in processing are associated with low-level priming. In chapter 3, I report evidence of impaired ability to switch between different conceptual perspectives in children with ASD, which may lead to maladaptive behavior in communication. In the last chapter of this thesis, I explore how word form-to-meaning ambiguity is resolved in children with ASD and whether these children exhibit difficulty in correctly mapping similar-sounding novel words. The results of this study suggest that lexical activation in children with ASD may be impaired and they display deficits in suppressing phonological competitors. Taken together, the results presented in this doctoral dissertation suggest that delays in word acquisition in ASD are likely to be driven by deficits in domain-general cognitive development. Even though impaired socio-cognitive understanding may lead to difficulties in discourse and pragmatics in older children, delayed access to lexical meaning in young children with ASD is likely to be associated with disruptions in domain-general mechanisms of perception, attention and memory.<br>Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Feiden, Juliana Andrade. "O acesso lexical na afasia : anomia, parafasia e estratégias comunicativas na produção oral." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/114406.
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Os estudos nas áreas da neuropsicologia e da afasiologia sempre demonstraram uma preocupação em analisar o processamento da linguagem de afásicos. Porém, ainda existe a necessidade de se analisar a produção oral desses indivíduos, com o objetivo de melhor descrever os distúrbios apresentados pelos mesmos com vistas a contribuir com os possíveis tratamentos dedicados a essas pessoas. Por essa razão, esta dissertação investigou a dificuldade de acesso lexical, tanto na produção de fala espontânea, através de uma Entrevista de Memória Autobiográfica, como na fala semi espontânea, através da Tarefa do Roubo dos Biscoitos, em dois indivíduos afásicos, caracterizando dois fenômenos linguísticos decorrentes da afasia – anomia e parafasia – bem como elencando os tipos de estratégias comunicativas empregadas por esses indivíduos com vistas a superar dificuldades linguísticas no momento da comunicação. Os resultados encontrados mostram que ambos os indivíduos apresentaram casos de anomia, principalmente relacionados aos substantivos concretos, à subcategoria dos nomes próprios e aos numerais. Foi possível verificar também que, quando apresentavam casos de anomia, os dois participantes utilizaram-se com frequência de estratégias comunicativas. No que tange aos casos de parafasia, foi possível observar que na produção oral de ambos os participantes, os casos de parafasia morfêmica relacionados aos verbos e às palavras funcionais foram mais frequentes, se comparados com os outros tipos de parafasia. Nos casos de parafasia morfêmica dos verbos, observou-se uma dificuldade de referência de tempo ao passado, ao passo que, em relação às palavras funcionais, houve uma dificuldade de flexão de gênero.<br>A large number of studies in Neuropsychology and Aphasiology have analyzed language processing of individuals with aphasia. However, there is still the necessity of analyzing the oral production, with the purpose of improving the description of language disorders common to these aphasic patients and analyzing appropriate treatment for these individuals. Within this context, the present study aimed to investigate lexical access in two aphasic patients in spontaneous versus semi-spontaneous speech production through two distinct tasks: an Autobiographical Memory Interview as well as The Cookie Theft Picture Description Task with the focus on the linguistic phenomena that result of aphasia - anomia and paraphasia. In addition to that, we also looked at the types of communication strategies employed by these aphasic individuals in order to overcome language difficulties when communicating. The results show that both subjects presented cases of anomia, mainly related to concrete nouns, the subcategory of proper names and numerals. It was also verified that, when presenting anomia, the two participants used communication clues in order to overcome their language impairments. With regard to the cases of paraphasia, it was also observed that, in the oral production of both participants, cases of morphemic paraphasia related to verbs and function words were more frequent when compared with other types of paraphasia. When the cases of morphemic paraphasia were related to verbs, there was a difficulty associated with time reference to the past, whereas in relation to functional words there was a difficulty of bending genre.
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Wass, Malin, Tina Ibertsson, Björn Lyxell, Birgitta Sahlen, Mathias Hällgren, Birgitta Larsby, and Elina Mäki-Torkko. "Cognitive and linguistic skills in Swedish children with cochlear implants - measures of accuracy and latency as indicators of development." Linköpings universitet, Institutet för handikappvetenskap (IHV), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16101.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine working memory (WM) capacity, lexical access and phonological skills in 19 children with cochlear implants (CI) (5;7-13;4 years of age) attending grades 0-2, 4, 5 and 6 and to compare their performance with 56 children with normal hearing. Their performance was also studied in relation to demographic factors. The findings indicate that children with CI had visuospatial WM capacities equivalent to the comparison group. They had lower performance levels on most of the other cognitive tests. Significant differences between the groups were not found in all grades and a number of children with CI performed within 1 SD of the mean of their respective grade-matched comparison group on most of the cognitive measures. The differences between the groups were particularly prominent in tasks of phonological WM. The results are discussed with respect to the effects of cochlear implants on cognitive development.
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Meador, Diane L. "The Minimal Word Hypothesis: A Speech Segmentation Strategy." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306919.
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Previous investigations have sought to determine how listeners might locate word boundaries in the speech signal for the purpose of lexical access. Cutler (1990) proposes the Metrical Segmentation Strategy (MSS), such that only full vowels in stressed syllables and their preceding syllabic onsets are segmented from the speech stream. I report the results of several experiments which indicate that the listener segments the minimal word, a phonologically motivated prosodic constituent, during processing of the speech signal. These experiments were designed to contrast the MSS with two prosodic alternative hypotheses. The Syllable Hypothesis posits that listeners segment a linguistic syllable in its entirety as it is produced by the speaker. The Minimal Word Hypothesis proposes that a minimal word is segmented according to implicit knowledge the listener has concerning statistically probable characteristics of the lexicon. These competing hypotheses were tested by using a word spotting method similar to that in Cutler and Norris (1988). The subjects' task was to detect real monosyllabic words embedded initially in bisyllabic nonce strings. Both open (CV) and closed (CVC) words were embedded in strings containing a single intervocalic consonant. The prosodic constituency of this consonant was varied by manipulating factors affecting prosodic structure: stress, the sonority of the consonant, and the quality of the vowel in the first syllable. The assumption behind the method is that word detection will be facilitated when embedded word and segmentation boundaries are coincident. Results show that these factors are influential during segmentation. The degree of difficulty in word detection is a function of how well the speech signal corresponds to the minimal word. Findings are consistently counter to both the MSS and Syllable hypotheses. The Minimal Word Hypothesis takes advantage of statistical properties of the lexicon, ensuring a strategy which is successful more often than not. The minimal word specifies the smallest possible content word in a language in terms of prosodic structure while simultaneously affiliating the greatest amount of featural information within the structural limits. It therefore guarantees an efficient strategy with as few parses as possible.
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Barcelos, Laura. "O acesso lexical em trilíngues brasileiros falantes de português, inglês e francês." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143649.
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Entender como os indivíduos que falam mais de uma língua reconhecem e processam palavras de diferentes idiomas tem sido questão central nas pesquisas em multilinguismo. Nas últimas décadas, um grande número de estudos coletou evidências de que o reconhecimento de palavras em uma língua pode ser influenciado pelo conhecimento de palavras de outra língua, ou seja, o acesso lexical dos multilíngues seria não-seletivo, em que ambas as línguas estão ativas, independentemente da língua-alvo do contexto. Assim, o presente estudo buscou investigar a influência de L1 e L2 sobre a L3 em uma população trilíngue. Contou-se com uma amostra de 26 brasileiros trilíngues de português (L1), inglês (L2) e francês (L3) de proficiência diversa. Os sujeitos realizaram dois experimentos de decisão lexical em francês, o primeiro composto por estímulos em francês que eram cognatos com português, inglês ou ambas as línguas, e o segundo composto por homógrafos interlinguísticos nas mesmas condições. Os resultados nos levam a conclusões semelhantes aos estudos anteriores, dando suporte à hipótese de acesso lexical não-seletivo, demonstrando a existência de um efeito cognato na análise de percentual de erro no caso dos cognatos e dos falsos cognatos. Contudo, não foi possível encontrar um efeito cognato trilíngue como o esperado e tampouco verificar o efeito cognato nos tempos de reação. Esses resultados são discutidos, refletindo-se sobre a influência da proficiência, do tempo e da frequência de uso das línguas e do número de participantes do estudo.<br>Understanding how individuals who speak more than one language recognize and process words in different languages has been a central issue in multilingualism research. In recent decades, a great number of studies has gathered evidence demonstrating that the recognition of words in a language can be influenced by the knowledge of words in another language, that is, lexical access of multilingual individuals would be non-selective, meaning that both languages are active regardless of the target language. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the influence of the L1 and the L2 on the L3 in a group of trilinguals. The sample consisted of 26 Portuguese (L1), English (L2) and French (L3) Brazilian trilinguals with varied proficiency levels. Participants took part in two lexical decision tasks in French. The first was composed of French words that were cognates with Portuguese, English or both, while the second comprised interlinguistic homographs in the same conditions. The results indicate similar results to those from previous studies, which gives support to the non-selective lexical access hypothesis and demonstrates the existence of a cognate effect in the analysis of error percentage in the case of cognates and false cognates. However, it was not possible to find a trilingual cognate effect, as expected, and to verify the cognate effect in reaction times. Such results are discussed in light of proficiency, how long these languages have been used, how often they are used, and the number of participants in the study.
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Gan, Gabriela, Christian Büchel, and Frédéric Isel. "Effect of language task demands on the neural response during lexical access: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-127023.
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This study examined the effects of linguistic task demands on the neuroanatomical localization of the neural response related to automatic semantic processing of concrete German nouns combining the associative priming paradigm with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To clarify the functional role of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for semantic processing with respect to semantic decision making compared to semantic processing per se, we used a linguistic task that involved either a binary decision process (i.e., semantic categorization; Experiment 1) or not (i.e., silently thinking about a word's meaning; Experiment 2). We observed associative priming effects indicated as neural suppression in bilateral superior temporal gyri (STG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), occipito-temporal brain areas, and in medial frontal brain areas independently of the linguistic task. Inferior parietal brain areas were more active for silently thinking about a word's meaning compared to semantic categorization. A conjunction analysis of linguistic task revealed that both tasks activated the same left-lateralized occipito-temporo-frontal network including the IFG. Contrasting neural associative priming effects across linguistic task demands, we found a significant interaction in the right IFG. The present fMRI data give rise to the assumption that activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) in the semantic domain might be important for semantic processing in general and not only for semantic decision making. These findings contrast with a recent study regarding the role of the LIFG for binary decision making in the lexical domain (Wright et al. 2011).
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Jankowski, Scott Steven. "The influence of task demands on familiarity effects in visual word recognition a cohort model perspective /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148583565.
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