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1
Milton, Constance L. "Homelessness: The Paradoxical Experience of Mattering-Not Mattering." Nursing Science Quarterly 31, no. 3 (June 19, 2018): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318418774939.
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A paradox is an idea stated as an unexpected contradictory term, showing apparent opposing thoughts. Mattering-not mattering is a paradox that may surface as persons experience feeling that they are significant and feeling concern from others in light of not feeling significant or concern from others as they are living quality. A case study of homelessness will be used to illustrate the ethical paradox from the humanbecoming ethos of understanding with implications for nurse practice.
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Lee, Richard M. "The Transracial Adoption Paradox." Counseling Psychologist 31, no. 6 (November 2003): 711–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000003258087.
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The number of transracial adoptions in the United States, particularly international adoptions, is increasing annually. Counseling psychology as a profession, however, is a relatively silent voice in the research on and practice of transracial adoption. This article presents an overview of the history and research on transracial adoption to inform counseling psychologists of the set of racial and ethnic challenges and opportunities that transracial adoptive families face in everyday living. Particular attention is given to emergent theory and research on the cultural socialization process within these families.
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Hoppe, S. "Chronic Illness as a Source of Happiness: Paradox or perfectly normal?" Health, Culture and Society 5, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.138.
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In this paper I analyse the relation between happiness and chronic illness from the perspective of medical anthropology and disability studies. By looking at the disability paradox I deconstruct society’s view of people with a disability. I argue that the disability paradox is problematic as it ignores the views of people with a disability. Moreover, such a paradox reinforces the idea that living with a chronic illness or disability is a devastating experience and that happiness and disability are mutally exclusive realities. Based on empiric examples of people who suffer from Multiple Sclerosis I demonstrate that people with a chronic illness can experience happiness in spite of illness, but also as a consequence of it.
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Chandran Ramchandran, Abilash. "Bhagavad Gita: The Paradox of Dharma and its Ontology." Tattva - Journal of Philosophy 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12726/tjp.23.4.
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In the history of Indian philosophy, dharma has been re-evaluated and challenged multiple times by various schools of thought: is it is an injunction from above or one codified in scriptures? What happens when a scripture is authorless and what is then the validity of dharma? Can one follow dharma if it brings unfavorable results? It is in this context that Bhagvad Gita attempts to deal with dharma in a fictional context of a battle and in doing so raises more complex questions - it addresses the very paradox laying at the heart of dharma in a paradoxical manner. This paper looks at dharma in an ontological sense: the living dharma of Gita is a significant intervention, since Gita attempts to explain and thus justify the paradox of one’s being by proposing life of living dharma (not living a life of dharma).
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Vallega, Adalberto. "Towards the post-modern ocean." European Review 8, no. 2 (May 2000): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004774.
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Approaching the 21st century, humankind faces a paradox: the ocean covers more than two-thirds of the Earth's surface and has a core role in providing living and non-living resources for the world's population, but it is much less understood than the terrestrial part of our planet.
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Dobricic, Sasa, and Marco Acri. "Still Life – Natura Morta: the landscapes of proximity." Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture 19, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rv-10298.
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The social distancing does represent an oxymoron: how can there be distancing if what characterizes the very sociality is the proximity between individuals, and generally living beings? Comparable to living dead space (Todd R.W., 2007) or more notorious “still life” or “natura morta”, the paradox remains unsolved: how can something like nature that is impregnated with life, be dead?
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Young, Eugene Brently. "The Determination of Sense via Deleuze and Blanchot: Paradoxes of the Habitual, the Immemorial, and the Eternal Return." Deleuze Studies 2, no. 2 (December 2008): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750224108000263.
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Eternal return is the paradox that accounts for the interplay between difference and repetition, a dynamic at the heart of Deleuze's philosophy, and Blanchot's approach to this paradox, even and especially through what it elides, further illuminates it. Deleuze draws on Blanchot's characterisations of difference, forgetting, and the unlivable to depict the ‘sense’ produced via eternal return, which, for Blanchot, is where repetition implicates or ‘carries’ pure difference. However, for Deleuze, difference and the unlivable are also developed by the living repetition or ‘contraction’ of habit, which results in his distinctive characterization of ‘force’, ‘levity’, and sense in eternal return.
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Liu, Ziwei, Jean-Christophe Rossi, and Robert Pascal. "How Prebiotic Chemistry and Early Life Chose Phosphate." Life 9, no. 1 (March 3, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9010026.
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The very specific thermodynamic instability and kinetic stability of phosphate esters and anhydrides impart them invaluable properties in living organisms in which highly efficient enzyme catalysts compensate for their low intrinsic reactivity. Considering their role in protein biosynthesis, these properties raise a paradox about early stages: How could these species be selected in the absence of enzymes? This review is aimed at demonstrating that considering mixed anhydrides or other species more reactive than esters and anhydrides can help in solving the paradox. The consequences of this approach for chemical evolution and early stages of life are analysed.
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Toyokawa, Wataru. "Scrounging by foragers can resolve the paradox of enrichment." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 3 (March 2017): 160830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160830.
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Theoretical models of predator–prey systems predict that sufficient enrichment of prey can generate large amplitude limit cycles, paradoxically causing a high risk of extinction (the paradox of enrichment). Although real ecological communities contain many gregarious species, whose foraging behaviour should be influenced by socially transmitted information, few theoretical studies have examined the possibility that social foraging might resolve this paradox. I considered a predator population in which individuals play the producer–scrounger foraging game in one-prey-one-predator and two-prey-one-predator systems. I analysed the stability of a coexisting equilibrium point in the one-prey system and that of non-equilibrium dynamics in the two-prey system. The results revealed that social foraging could stabilize both systems, and thereby resolve the paradox of enrichment when scrounging behaviour (i.e. kleptoparasitism) is prevalent in predators. This suggests a previously neglected mechanism underlying a powerful effect of group-living animals on the sustainability of ecological communities.
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Brown, Lauren. "The Black-White Mental Health Paradox Among Older Adults: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1935.
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Abstract Most studies of middle-aged adults find blacks have higher levels of psychological distress compared to whites but have lower risk of common psychiatric disorders. For instance, there is evidence of lower rates of depressive and anxiety disorders among blacks relative to whites despite large disparities in stress, discrimination and physical health in midlife—commonly referred to as the black-white mental health paradox. We examine evidence of the black-white paradox in anxiety and depressive symptoms among older adults. Data come from 6,019 adults ages 52+ from the 2006 Health and Retirement Study. Unadjusted models show older blacks report more anxiety and depressive symptoms than whites. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors, everyday discrimination, chronic conditions, and chronic stress, there are no black-white differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest the black-white mental health paradox only extends into older adulthood for blacks living under similar stress and health landscapes as whites.
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Murray, Christine. "Globalization and Health: The Paradox of the Periphery." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 3, no. 1 (2004): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569150042036675.
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AbstractThe impact of globalization on health is complex, both positively and negatively. Benefits include improved medical technology and services, but globalization also has promoted patterns of dependency, development, settlement, and lifestyles that have been detrimental to health. This paper draws examples from the small island nations of the Pacific to show how globalization impacts environmental health, health service delivery, and lifestyles. It shows that, paradoxically, in the smallest and most remote nations the negative impacts of globalization are felt most strongly in urban areas where living standards might appear to be highest.
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Dückers, Michel L. A., Lennart Reifels, Derek P. De Beurs, and Chris R. Brewin. "The vulnerability paradox in global mental health and its applicability to suicide." British Journal of Psychiatry 215, no. 04 (March 20, 2019): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.41.
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BackgroundPrevious research has identified a vulnerability paradox in global mental health: contrary to positive associations at the individual level, lower vulnerability at the country level is accompanied by a higher prevalence in a variety of mental health problems in national populations. However, the validity of the paradox has been challenged, specifically for bias from modest sample sizes and reliance on a survey methodology not designed for cross-national comparisons.AimsTo verify whether the paradox applies to suicide, using data from a sizable country sample and an entirely different data source.MethodWe combined data from the World Health Organization 2014 suicide report and the country vulnerability index from the 2016 World Risk Report. Suicide was predicted in different steps based on gender, vulnerability and their interaction, World Bank income categories, and suicide data quality.ResultsA negative association between country vulnerability and suicide prevalence in both women and men was found. Suicide rates were higher for men, regardless of country vulnerability. The model predicting suicide in 96 countries based on gender, vulnerability, income and data quality had the best goodness-of-fit compared with other models. The vulnerability paradox is not accounted for by income or data quality, and exists across and within income categories.ConclusionsThe study underscores the relevance of country-level factors in the study of mental health problems. The lower mental disorder prevalence in more vulnerable countries implies that living in such countries fosters protective factors that more than compensate for the limitations in professional healthcare capacity.Declaration of interestNone.
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Bansal, Suneyna, and Aditya Mittal. "A statistical anomaly indicates symbiotic origins of eukaryotic membranes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 7 (April 2015): 1238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1078.
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Compositional analyses of nucleic acids and proteins have shed light on possible origins of living cells. In this work, rigorous compositional analyses of ∼5000 plasma membrane lipid constituents of 273 species in the three life domains (archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes) revealed a remarkable statistical paradox, indicating symbiotic origins of eukaryotic cells involving eubacteria. For lipids common to plasma membranes of the three domains, the number of carbon atoms in eubacteria was found to be similar to that in eukaryotes. However, mutually exclusive subsets of same data show exactly the opposite—the number of carbon atoms in lipids of eukaryotes was higher than in eubacteria. This statistical paradox, called Simpson's paradox, was absent for lipids in archaea and for lipids not common to plasma membranes of the three domains. This indicates the presence of interaction(s) and/or association(s) in lipids forming plasma membranes of eubacteria and eukaryotes but not for those in archaea. Further inspection of membrane lipid structures affecting physicochemical properties of plasma membranes provides the first evidence (to our knowledge) on the symbiotic origins of eukaryotic cells based on the “third front” (i.e., lipids) in addition to the growing compositional data from nucleic acids and proteins.
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Ranger, Jamie. "Book Review: The Imperial Mode of Living: Everyday Life and the Ecological Crisis of Capitalism by Ulrich Brand and Markus Wissen." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 19, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i2.1274.
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Jamie Ranger reviews Ulrich Brand and Markus Wissen’s 2021 book The Imperial Mode of Living: Everyday Life and the Ecological Crisis of Capitalism. The book explores the extent to which everyday practices of consumption in the global North rely on the exploitation of resources and labour from ‘somewhere else’ (an intentionally vague reference to the global South) and as such hide the broader paradox at the heart of the expansion of western standards of living across the world: the more globally accessible the standard of living becomes, the more economically exploitative and ecologically unsustainable it is for those not privy to its comforts.
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SIMÓ, CARLES, and SALVADOR MÉNDEZ. "TESTING THE EFFECT OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC PARADOX: BIRTH WEIGHT OF NEWBORNS OF IMMIGRANT AND NON-IMMIGRANT MOTHERS IN THE REGION OF VALENCIA, SPAIN." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 5 (October 8, 2013): 635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000539.
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SummaryThe epidemiological paradox and ‘healthy migrant effect’ refer to the favourable health outcomes in unprivileged groups under unfavourable socioeconomic conditions. Weight at birth is associated with the epidemiological paradox. However, differences in fertility structure (mainly mother's age and first maternity) might be the cause of the difference in weight at birth between children of immigrant and non-immigrant mothers. This paper aims to analyse the impact of the epidemiologic paradox by distinguishing between the factors related to fertility structure, in addition to other socio-cultural factors. The importance of fertility structure as the cause of weight-at-birth differences of the newborns of immigrant and non-immigrant women, and between those of subgroups of immigrant mothers, is tested. Based on data from birth registries for the period 1998–2009, a variance analysis was performed for Spanish mothers and for those of five major immigrant subgroups living in the region of Valencia, Spain, which experienced significant migrant inflows within a short period of time. A Scheffé test between pairs of nationalities was carried out. Finally, linear regression models were built. The results suggest that the most relevant factors are those related to fertility structure, and that consequently the epidemiological paradox does not apply for immigrant mothers as a whole, although Bolivian immigrant offspring may be an exception. This unexpected result requires further research to test to what extent this is due to the special adaptation of multigenerational high-altitude populations in pregnancy. The factors associated with fertility structure must be controlled when trying to relate birth weight differences between ethnic groups to socioeconomic factors.
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Ali Abdirahman, Ahmed. "National security of Somalia and it’s challenges." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, no. 7 (2021): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-273.
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Ongoing armed conflict, insecurity, lack of state protection, and recurring humanitarian crises exposed Somali civilians to serious abuse. There are an estimated 2.6 million internally displaced people (IDPs), many living unassisted and vulnerable to abuse. Somalia's history of conflict reveals an intriguing paradox--namely, many of the factors that drive armed conflict have also played a role in managing, ending, or preventing war.
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GROVER, STEPHEN. "Mere addition and the best of all possible worlds." Religious Studies 35, no. 2 (June 1999): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412599004783.
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The quantitative argument against the notion of a best possible world claims that, no matter how many worthwhile lives a world contains, another world contains more and is, other things being equal, better. Parfit's ‘Mere Addition Paradox’ suggests that defenders of this argument must accept his ‘Repugnant Conclusion’: that outcomes containing billions upon billions of lives barely worth living are better than outcomes containing fewer lives of higher quality. Several responses to the Paradox are discussed and rejected as either inadequate or unavailable in a theistic context. The quantitative argument fails if some world is such that addition to it is not possible, i.e., if it is intensively infinite, as Liebniz claimed. If the notion of such a world is incoherent, then no world is quantitatively best and the quantitative argument succeeds, but only at the cost of embracing the Repugnant Conclusion.
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Tucker, V. A. "Gliding flight: drag and torque of a hawk and a falcon with straight and turned heads, and a lower value for the parasite drag coefficient." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 24 (December 15, 2000): 3733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.24.3733.
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Raptors - falcons, hawks and eagles in this study - such as peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) that attack distant prey from high-speed dives face a paradox. Anatomical and behavioral measurements show that raptors of many species must turn their heads approximately 40 degrees to one side to see the prey straight ahead with maximum visual acuity, yet turning the head would presumably slow their diving speed by increasing aerodynamic drag. This paper investigates the aerodynamic drag part of this paradox by measuring the drag and torque on wingless model bodies of a peregrine falcon and a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) with straight and turned heads in a wind tunnel at a speed of 11.7 m s(−)(1). With a turned head, drag increased more than 50 %, and torque developed that tended to yaw the model towards the direction in which the head pointed. Mathematical models for the drag required to prevent yawing showed that the total drag could plausibly more than double with head-turning. Thus, the presumption about increased drag in the paradox is correct. The relationships between drag, head angle and torque developed here are prerequisites to the explanation of how a raptor could avoid the paradox by holding its head straight and flying along a spiral path that keeps its line of sight for maximum acuity pointed sideways at the prey. Although the spiral path to the prey is longer than the straight path, the raptor's higher speed can theoretically compensate for the difference in distances; and wild peregrines do indeed approach prey by flying along curved paths that resemble spirals. In addition to providing data that explain the paradox, this paper reports the lowest drag coefficients yet measured for raptor bodies (0.11 for the peregrine and 0.12 for the red-tailed hawk) when the body models with straight heads were set to pitch and yaw angles for minimum drag. These values are markedly lower than value of the parasite drag coefficient (C(D,par)) of 0.18 previously used for calculating the gliding performance of a peregrine. The accuracy with which drag coefficients measured on wingless bird bodies in a wind tunnel represent the C(D,par) of a living bird is unknown. Another method for determining C(D,par) selects values that improve the fit between speeds predicted by mathematical models and those observed in living birds. This method yields lower values for C(D,par) (0.05-0.07) than wind tunnel measurements, and the present study suggests a value of 0.1 for raptors as a compromise.
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Davis, Ann E. "Fetishism and Financialization." Review of Radical Political Economics 49, no. 4 (August 29, 2017): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613417718874.
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The capitalist system is based on property rules, which are the same for all forms of property. Yet these rules operate differently for capital and labor as distinct forms of property. This paradox obscures the role of living labor as the source of surplus value, and hence mystifies money as self-expanding value. This “fetishism of money” facilitates “financialization,” prevents accurate analysis of the capitalist system, and the formulation of alternatives.
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Milczanowski, Maciej. "Syndrom efektu Lucyfera w polityce międzykulturowej – wnioski dla Europy." Politeja 17, no. 3(66) (June 25, 2020): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.66.14.
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Lucifer Effect Syndrome in the Intercultural Politics – Conclusions for Europe
Lucifer Effect is a process which progress gradually, slowly usually in mostly imperceptible way. That makes it especially dangerous because the society has just a little ability to identify its symptoms and phases. That is why, even if academics verify their concepts empirically it is always a crucial problem to warn the society of destructive conflict approaching. The paradox of conflict is that it is the fundamental for democracy (different opinions, minority rights etc.) and at the same time can be disastrous for this system and people living in. That paradox makes the “events horizon” very hard to determine and be aware of it. When society pass it, it can be too late to reconstruct the stability and security in short term, and even worst disasters happen. The aim of this text is to present the Lucifer Effect as the example realizing to the society the threats arising from the negative intercultural conflicts.
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Weinzweig, Marjorie. "Should a Feminist Choose A Marriage-Like Relationship?" Hypatia 1, no. 2 (1986): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1986.tb00842.x.
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Is “living together” in a marriage-like relationship compatible with the feminist ideal of individual self-development? Paradoxically, while the structure and social-historical context of marriage-like relationships seems in fundamental conflict with the goal of autonomous self-development, the development of individuality also seems to be better fostered by living with a significant other in a committed relationship than by living alone. This paradox is resolved through the suggestion of a three-stage account of self-development: inauthentici-ty, autonomous being oneself, and autonomous being with others. At the third stage, living together in a marriage-like relationship is one social format in which autonomous relating to others is possible. Unless the partners have attained the second stage, however, such a relationship will be destructive rather than conducive to individuality.
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Camminga, B. "“Gender Refugees” in South Africa: The “Common-Sense” Paradox." Africa Spectrum 53, no. 1 (April 2018): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971805300105.
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South Africa is the only country on the African continent that constitutionally protects transgender asylum seekers. In light of this, it has seen a marked rise in the emergence of this category of person within the asylum system. Drawing on research carried out between 2012 and 2015, I argue that transgender-identified refugees or “gender refugees” from Africa, living in South Africa, rather than accessing refuge continue to experience significant hindrances to their survival comparable with the persecution experienced in their countries of origin. I argue this is in part due to the nature of their asylum claim in relation to gender as a wider system of “common-sense” dichotomous administration, something which remains relatively constant across countries of origin and refugee-receiving countries. Rather than being protected gender refugees, because they are read as violating the rules of normative gender, they find themselves paradoxically with rights, but unable to access them.
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Saraceno, Chiara. "The Italian family from the 1960s to the present." Modern Italy 9, no. 1 (May 2004): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532940410001677494.
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SummaryThe family in Italy lies at the centre of an apparent paradox. On the one hand, it appears stronger in its traditional form based on marriage and on intergenerational solidarity than in most European countries. The normal way of living for couples is marriage, marriage instability is lower than the European average, and births out of wedlock are scarce. On the other hand, with its low fertility and long permanence of children in their parents’ household, Italy appears to be a country where the forming of new families and the reproduction of families is most difficult. This article explores the reasons for this paradox, many of which lie in the persistent gender division of labour and in the lack of supportive family policies. At the same time the article shows that despite the apparent stability of the family many changes are under way, some of them dating back to the early 1960s: not only because of fertility decline, but also due to women's changing patterns of behaviour and expectations.
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Pinheiro, Felipe L., Daniel De Simão-Oliveira, and Richard J. Butler. "Osteology of the archosauromorph Teyujagua paradoxa and the early evolution of the archosauriform skull." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 378–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz093.
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Abstract Archosauriformes are a major group of fossil and living reptiles that include the crown group Archosauria (birds, crocodilians and their extinct relatives) and closely related taxa. Archosauriformes are characterized by a highly diagnostic skull architecture, which is linked to the predatory habits of their early representatives, and the development of extensive cranial pneumaticity associated with the nasal capsule. The evolution of the archosauriform skull from the more plesiomorphic configuration present ancestrally in the broader clade Archosauromorpha was, until recently, elusive. This began to change with the discovery and description of Teyujagua paradoxa, an early archosauromorph from the Lower Triassic Sanga do Cabral Formation of Brazil. Here, we provide a detailed osteological description of the holotype and, thus far, only known specimen of T. paradoxa. In addition to providing new details of the anatomy of T. paradoxa, our study also reveals an early development of skull pneumaticity prior to the emergence of the antorbital fenestra. We use these new data to discuss the evolution of antorbital openings within Archosauriformes. Reappraisal of the phylogenetic position of T. paradoxa supports previous hypotheses of a close relationship with Archosauriformes. The data presented here provide new insights into character evolution during the origin of the archosauriform skull.
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Kade, Ige Joseph. "Mercury Toxicity on Sodium Pump and Organoseleniums Intervention: A Paradox." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/924549.
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Mercury is an environmental poison, and the damage to living system is generally severe. The severity of mercury poisoning is consequent from the fact that it targets the thiol-containing enzymes, irreversibly oxidizing their critical thiol groups, consequently leading to an inactivation of the enzyme. The Na+/K+-ATPase is a sulfhydryl protein that is sensitive to Hg2+assault. On the other hand, organoseleniums are a class of pharmacologically promising compounds with potent antioxidant effects. While Hg2+oxidizes sulfhydryl groups of Na+/K+-ATPase underin vitroandin vivoconditions, the organoselenium compounds inhibit Na+/K+-ATPasein vitrobut enhance its activities underin vivoconditions with concomitant increase in the level of endogenous thiols. Paradoxically, it appears that these two thiol oxidants can be used to counteract one another underin vivoconditions, and this hypothesis serves as the basis for this paper.
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Magnin, Thierry. "Vulnerability at the Heart of the Ethical Implications of New Biotechnologies." Human and Social Studies 4, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2015-0021.
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Abstract Starting from research on biotechnology and its applications to living organisms, this paper presents the key features of modern-day synthetic biology, as well as its main ethical implications. The analysis of the paradox of the concept of robustness in the creation of microorganisms through synthetic biology leads us to address the topic of vulnerability, applied to man, but also to all other living beings. The concept of “enhanced human being” will strengthen the link between complexity and vulnerability as inherent features of living beings. Reflecting upon the importance of considering vulnerability applied to man’s three-fold dimensions - physical, psycho-social and spiritual - and their interaction with their environment, we will define a type of anthropology which may constitute the basis of the study on the ethical implications of synthetic biology. This will lead to present the purpose of an ethical limit to the temptation of « allmightiness », which the concept of enhanced human being could entail, and vulnerability as a defining feature of all living beings.
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JOCOU, ADRIEL I., CARLOS R. MINUÉ, NICOLÁS F. BRIGNONE, and RICARDO GANDULLO. "Going unnoticed for 40 years: about the presence of the exotic Suaeda paradoxa (Chenopodiaceae, Suaedoideae) in Argentina." Phytotaxa 450, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.450.2.7.
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As a part of ecologic studies conducted in wetlands of Patagonia, Argentina, and in the frame of taxonomic studies within Chenopodiaceae for South America, we collected specimens of Suaeda that did not match the features to any of the species currently known to the Flora of Argentina. The aim of this contribution is to report for the first time the presence of Suaeda paradoxa in Argentina, by the means of the study of living plants and herbarium material, original descriptions, type material, and complementing with a distribution map, photos, a diagnostic key, and a comparative table to the herbaceous species of Suaeda in Argentina. Also, some comments regarding ecological and distributional features are discussed. This is the first record of S. paradoxa outside its native distribution range.
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Schulte-Römer, Nona, Josiane Meier, Max Söding, and Etta Dannemann. "The LED Paradox: How Light Pollution Challenges Experts to Reconsider Sustainable Lighting." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 6160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216160.
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In the 21st century, the notion of “sustainable lighting” is closely associated with LED technology. In the past ten years, municipalities and private light users worldwide have installed light-emitting diodes in urban spaces and public streets to save energy. Yet an increasing body of interdisciplinary research suggests that supposedly sustainable LED installations are in fact unsustainable, because they increase light pollution. Paradoxically, blue-rich cool-white LED lighting, which is the most energy-efficient, also appears to be the most ecologically unfriendly. Biologists, physicians and ecologists warn that blue-rich LED light disturbs the circadian day-and-night rhythm of living organisms, including humans, with potential negative health effects on individual species and whole ecosystems. Can the paradox be solved? This paper explores this question based on our transdisciplinary research project Light Pollution—A Global Discussion. It reveals how light pollution experts and lighting professionals see the challenges and potential of LED lighting from their different viewpoints. This expert feedback shows that “sustainable LED lighting” goes far beyond energy efficiency as it raises complex design issues that imply stakeholder negotiation. It also suggests that the LED paradox may be solved in context, but hardly in principle.
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Davies, Kelvin J. A. "Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life." Biochemical Society Symposia 61 (November 1, 1995): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bss0610001.
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The paradox of aerobic life, or the 'Oxygen Paradox', is that higher eukaryotic aerobic organisms cannot exist without oxygen, yet oxygen is inherently dangerous to their existence. This 'dark side' of oxygen relates directly to the fact that each oxygen atom has one unpaired electron in its outer valence shell, and molecular oxygen has two unpaired electrons. Thus atomic oxygen is a free radical and molecular oxygen is a (free) bi-radical. Concerted tetravalent reduction of oxygen by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain, to produce water, is considered to be a relatively safe process; however, the univalent reduction of oxygen generates reactive intermediates. The reductive environment of the cellular milieu provides ample opportunities for oxygen to undergo unscheduled univalent reduction. Thus the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical are common products of life in an aerobic environment, and these agents appear to be responsible for oxygen toxicity. To survive in such an unfriendly oxygen environment, living organisms generate--or garner from their surroundings--a variety of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidant compounds. Additionally, a series of antioxidant enzymes, whose role is to intercept and inactivate reactive oxygen intermediates, is synthesized by all known aerobic organisms. Although extremely important, the antioxidant enzymes and compounds are not completely effective in preventing oxidative damage. To deal with the damage that does still occur, a series of damage removal/repair enzymes, for proteins, lipids and DNA, is synthesized. Finally, since oxidative stress levels may vary from time to time, organisms are able to adapt to such fluctuating stresses by inducing the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and damage removal/repair enzymes. In a perfect world the story would end here; unfortunately, biology is seldom so precise. The reality appears to be that, despite the valiant antioxidant and repair mechanisms described above, oxidative damage remains an inescapable outcome of aerobic existence. In recent years oxidative stress has been implicated in a wide variety of degenerative processes, diseases and syndromes, including the following: mutagenesis, cell transformation and cancer; atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes and ischaemia/reperfusion injury; chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and psoriatic arthritis; acute inflammatory problems, such as wound healing; photo-oxidative stresses to the eye, such as cataract; central-nervous-system disorders, such as certain forms of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, certain glutathione peroxidase-linked adolescent seizures, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's dementia; and a wide variety of age-related disorders, perhaps even including factors underlying the aging process itself. Some of these oxidation-linked diseases or disorders can be exacerbated, perhaps even initiated, by numerous environmental pro-oxidants and/or pro-oxidant drugs and foods. Alternatively, compounds found in certain foods may be able to significantly bolster biological resistance against oxidants. Currently, great interest centres on the possible protective value of a wide variety of plant-derived antioxidant compounds, particularly those from fruits and vegetables.
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Guile, David. "From ‘Credentialism’ to the ‘Practice of Learning’: Reconceptualising Learning for the Knowledge Economy." Policy Futures in Education 1, no. 1 (March 2003): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2003.1.1.10.
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This article argues that there is a paradox at the heart of United Kingdom and European Union polices for learning: the knowledge economy debate rests on a traditional interpretation of the concept of learning (i.e. the acquisition of existing knowledge and skill), yet the challenge of the knowledge economy is to produce new knowledge and skill. Overcoming current credentialist approaches involves rethinking what is meant by ‘learning’. Drawing on activity theory, the article introduces the concept of ‘reflexive learning’ to illustrate how to reformulate public education policies to prepare learners for working and living in a knowledge society/economy.
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Gustafsson, Björn, and Ding Sai. "Why Is There No Income Gap between the Hui Muslim Minority and the Han Majority in Rural Ningxia, China?" China Quarterly 220 (November 14, 2014): 968–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014001131.
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AbstractUsing a household sample survey for 2006, this article shows that the Hui population in the rural part of Ningxia Autonomous Region in China is disadvantaged compared to the Han majority as regards length of education and household per capita wealth. Yet, there is no gap in average disposable incomes between the two ethnic groups and poverty rates are very similar. This paradox is owing to members of Hui households earning more off-farm income than members of Han households. In particular, young Hui males living in poor villages have a remarkably high likelihood of migrating, thereby bringing back income to their households.
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Stoecklin, Daniel. "The General Comment on Children in Street Situations: Insights into the Institutionalisation of Children’s Rights." International Journal of Children’s Rights 25, no. 3-4 (November 17, 2017): 817–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02503014.
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The drafting of the General Comment (gc) on Children in Street Situations ( uncrc, 2016), whereby the sociological perspective (Lucchini, 1993, 1996, 2007; Stoecklin, 2000a, 2007) that informed this labelling becomes lost in translation, provides a convincing example of the ‘paradox of institutionalisation’ (Stammers, 2013). The vision of children’s “living rights” as the outcome of a structured process translating specific claims into an institutionalised set of norms (Hanson and Nieuwenhuys, 2013) is thus specified. Analysis of the labels used for “street children” underlines the transformability of signification, domination and legitimisation in the theory of structuration (Giddens, 1979, 1984).
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Hochachka, P. W. "The nature of evolution and adaptation: resolving the unity–diversity paradox." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-167.
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The concept of the unity of biochemical structures and functions creates the problem for biology of how to account for the pervasive species diversity and obvious adaptedness of living systems. A review of the current literature indicates that four principles, (i) the principle of conservation of critical sequences in both structural and regulatory loci, (ii) the principle of unique assembly of parts via unique (tissue-specific and temporal) activation of regulatory loci, (iii) the principle of genetic innovation via mechanisms internal or external to the genome, and (iv) the principle of biochemical adaptation via selection for favourable alleles of structural and regulatory genes or selection for advantageous genetic innovations, seem capable of resolving the paradox of the unity of biochemical systems despite patently vast species diversity and species adaptation. Evaluation of the current status of each of these principles suggests the especial need for more experimental studies of the role of regulatory loci in species diversification and adaptation.
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Hirt, Nicole, and Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad. "Eritrea’s self-reliance narrative and the remittance paradox: Reflections on thirty years of retrogression." Remittances Review 6, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v6i1.1056.
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This article explores the role of remittances in Eritrea’s transnational authoritarian system. The government exercises a policy of active control over Eritrean citizens living abroad, and the country’s economy relies heavily on private remittances to ensure the subsistence of the population. This stands in stark contrast to the official doctrine of economic self-reliance, which has been hampered by an open-ended national service that can last for decades and deprives Eritrean citizens in productive age from making a living. The government also puts extreme restraints on the private sector. As a result, the livelihoods of Eritreans depend mostly on diaspora remittances. The authors take a historically contextualised approach based on empirical fieldwork in Eritrea from the 1990s to 2010 and among Eritrean diaspora communities in Europe between 2013 and 2019. We demonstrate how the government’s self-reliance approach has shifted from developing Eritrea’s human capital to securing financial support through transnational diaspora control. We conclude that in the case of Eritrea, the process of diasporisation has not triggered development and political transformation but has cemented a political and economic status quo that forces ever-growing parts of the population to leave.
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Varandas, P. "Transcultural Aspects in CL-Psychiatry." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70448-1.
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Modern psychiatry must take into account more and more the so called cultural differences in its practice. These differences are not merely the evident cultural aspects of diverse ethnic origin, but also the differences determined by economic, social and cultural reasons.The main paradox of our times is that we try to believe on the ilusion of people homogenicity consequent to the globalization process, when we see that everyone access to the same markets, products, services and news or when we see that everyone can communicate with everyone all over the world. This ilusion is reinforced by the higher cosmopolitism levels of our towns, where we can see people from different ethnic or cultural backgrounds sharing the same space in a reasonable harmonic way.However, this ilusion is covering the intimate aspiration of any person or group to preserve his identity and afirm his own values. In fact we are living in a society that expresses multiethnic, multiculture and multisocial differences in an interdepedent diversity.Hospitals are in a way microsocieties where this paradox emerge or in purely sociologic terms described above, but also by the clinical expression of this diversity.CL-Psychiatry is the field where this subject must be known and researched. This presentation will reviewed the situation.
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WANKA, ANNA, LAURA WIESBÖCK, BRIGITTE ALLEX, ELISABETH ANNE-SOPHIE MAYRHUBER, ARNE ARNBERGER, RENATE EDER, RUTH KUTALEK, PETER WALLNER, HANS-PETER HUTTER, and FRANZ KOLLAND. "Everyday discrimination in the neighbourhood: what a ‘doing’ perspective on age and ethnicity can offer." Ageing and Society 39, no. 9 (May 15, 2018): 2133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000466.
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ABSTRACTDespite the fact that urbanisation, population ageing and international migration constitute major societal developments of our time, little attention has been paid to studying them together in a comprehensive manner. In this paper, we argue that, when treating age and ethnicity as practical processes for addressing and identifying with social groups, it is necessary to do so from a ‘doing’ perspective. The question we ask focuses on which social memberships are made relevant or irrelevant in residential environments and how that relevance or irrelevance is established. Drawing upon a quantitative study among individuals of Turkish migrant origin living in Vienna, Austria, we find that it is rather common for the respondents to have been assigned to multiple intersecting social groups and that they were treated unfairly in their own neighbourhoods. However, such ascriptions do not necessarily correspond to objective categorisations of research or subjective identifications. Hence, the discrimination that is present in a neighbourhood does not necessarily lead to decreased place attachment or a diminishing sense of home. In fact, we find that the ‘satisfaction paradox’ is quite common in environmental gerontology and that it may actually intersect with the ‘immigration paradox’. Applying processual intersectionality is not only fruitful for research, it can also improve the conceptualisation of age-friendly cities.
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Tsurikov, Vladimir I. "To the Question of Giffen's Parafox." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-1(88)-7-21.
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The article is devoted to the construction and analysis of the simplest mathematical model illustrating the Giffen’s effect and the reasons and conditions for its manifestation. We analyse erroneous, but widely spread, ideas about Giffen’s goods as a good, the demand for which grows due to its relative cheapening against the rising prices for all consumed goods. Under the model it is shown that any good can be both valuable and of little value, at least if it has a more expensive substitute. This property is not an intrinsic and inalienable property of one or another good. The certain property is given to any good by a specific consumer due to its personal preferences and under the influence of existing prices. Inferior good, including such, the consumption of which is available only to an individual with a high level of income, may turn out to be a product of Giffen. Therefore, the consumption of Giffen goods cannot be considered as evidence of a low standard of living for the consumer. Because of the solution of the standard task on the consumer choice, it is shown that the increase in demand for an inferior good when its price is growing, which is the essence of the Giffen paradox, is the result of optim. It is shown that for the manifestation of the Giffen effect it is necessary that the amount of funds allocated by the consumer for acquiring low value good and its more expensive substitute gets into a certain rather narrow range of values.
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Brauckmann, Sabine. "Steps towards an ecology of cognition: A holistic essay." Sign Systems Studies 28 (December 31, 2000): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2000.28.22.
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The essay infonns on Gregory Bateson's holistic approach towards an epistemic view of nature. The ecology of mind relies upon a biological holism serving as a methodic tool to explain living "phenomena", like, e.g., communication, learning, and cognition. Starting from the idea, the smallest unit of information, Bateson developed a type hierarchy of learning that is based on a cybernetic view of mind. The communication model focuses on paradoxa caused by false signification. It leads to a pathogenesis of sckizophrenia that is subsumed under the conception of double binds. This ecosystemic perspective of living processes representsa truly (w)holistic theory of nature.
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Haq, Wajiha, Syed Hassan Raza, and Tahir Mahmood. "The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women." PeerJ 8 (November 24, 2020): e10472. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10472.
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Background Across the globe, lockdowns have been enforced as a pandemic response to COVID-19. Such lockdown coupled with school closures and stay-at-home orders made women more vulnerable in terms of higher responsibility and spending more time with an abusive partner, if any. Methods This study investigates the situation of women during COVID-19 induced lockdown by focusing on their happiness and inquiring about the incidence of violence. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, our findings ascertained that family settings, type of relationship with a spouse, and age significantly affects the positive count of violence during the lockdown. We further estimated the determinants of happiness and found that years of schooling, the role of women in household decision making, and feeling empowered is affecting their happiness. Results Women having higher education have more odds of zero violence. Unemployed women and women who are not working have higher odds of zero violence as compared to women who are working. During this lockdown after the COVID-19 pandemic, women living in urban areas, having higher education, having an adequate household income to meet the expenditures, having lesser anxiety, not facing violence, feeling empowered when their husband is around, and have higher decision-making power are happier. Discussion and conclusion The study is important in the context of happiness and violence inflicted on women during the lockdown and provides the basis to improve the pandemic response policy. The inclusion of women’s safety and happiness in pandemic response policy is important to ensure the well-being of women and to devise better health and economic policy. Our estimates suggest higher education results in less incidence of violence which could be argued as desirable outcomes for building healthy, productive, and happy communities. In addition to this, as pandemic induced lock-down is likely to result in higher unemployment across the globe including Pakistan, therefore, in light of our estimates pertaining to the role of unemployment in the incidence of violence, policymakers should deploy more resources to enhance income and to combat the rising unemployment. As a counter-intuitive outcome of these policy interventions, incidence of violence will be dampened, educational attainment and women empowerment will be increased which will certainly increase happiness.
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Barreau, Hervé. "Living-Time and Lived Time: Rereading St. Augustine." KronoScope 4, no. 1 (2004): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568524041269331.
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AbstractA rereading of St. Augustine's treatise about time (Confessions, chap. 13-28) is useful to interpret the phenomenology of time espoused by authors such Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. But it is also useful to recall McTaggart's paradox which stems from the same point that characterizes Augustinian analyses: the distinction of past, present, future. Only with a clear understanding of the insufficiency of this point of departure to capture the basic properties of time as a structure of becoming or change can an analysis be justified to go from the point of view of lived time (in the sense of consciously experienced time) to the point of view of living-time.
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Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika, A. Kuryłowicz, D. Walkiewicz, J. Borkowska, M. Owczarz, M. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, K. Wieczorowska-Tobis, A. Skalska, A. Szybalska, and M. Mossakowska. "Obesity Paradox in Caucasian Seniors: Results of the PolSenior Study." Journal of nutrition, health & aging 23, no. 9 (September 30, 2019): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1257-z.
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Abstract Objectives To investigate the influence of overweight and obesity on general performance and mortality in seniors. Design Cross-sectional multidisciplinary study on ageing of the Polish population. Setting Community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years or older, selected using three-stage stratified, proportional draw. Participants 4944 Polish Caucasian seniors, aged 65 years or older recruited between October 2007 and October 2010. Measurements All study subjects underwent measurement of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and arm circumference (AC). The physical and cognitive performance was evaluated using the Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively. Morbidity data were obtained from a medical questionnaire. Mortality data were obtained from the Population Register of Poland between October 2015 and October 2018. Results Increasing age was associated with a decreased prevalence of obesity (all p<0.001). Higher BMI, WC and AC values were associated with higher ADL and MMSE scores (all p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, all three body measurements in women remained independent predictors of the ADL score (BMI p=0.002, WC p=0.005, AC p<0.001) and MMSE score (p<0.001, p=0.003, p<0.001). In men, physical functioning was associated with AC (p=0.003), and cognitive status was associated with AC (p<0.001) and BMI (p=0.013). There was no association between general obesity, abdominal obesity, or AC with several aging-related adverse conditions. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that overweight and obesity were associated with the lowest mortality. On multivariate analysis, BMI and AC values remained independent predictors of mortality. In successfully aging individuals, neither BMI, WC, nor AC remained such predictors. Conclusions Overweight and obesity in Caucasian seniors are not associated with deterioration of physical and cognitive function or with increased mortality.
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Hall, Joanne, Sadie P. Hutson, and Frankie West. "Anticipating Needs at End of Life in Narratives Related by People Living With HIV/AIDS in Appalachia." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 35, no. 7 (January 29, 2018): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909118754879.
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As part of a mixed methods study determining end-of-life and advanced care planning needs in southern Appalachia, a narrative analysis was done of stories told in interviews of 8 selected participants using transcript data. Narratives were fraught with contradiction and paradox. Tensions were evident about living in Appalachia, the Bible Belt, and an area wherein distances are long and community rejection can occur as news travels quickly. The primary finding was that stigma, from several sources, and shrinking circles of social support for people living with HIV/AIDS, all of whom were in treatment, combined to create a sense of solitariness. Narratives were fraught with tensions, contradictions, and paradoxes. Living in Appalachia, the Bible Belt, and an area wherein distances are long and community rejection can occur as news travels quickly. The rejection-based religiously based stigma was often predicated on stereotypes about sexual behavior and illicit drug use. Diagnosis was a key turning point after which many spiraled downward financially and socially. Implications for research and advanced care planning are included.
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Dranenko, Galyna. "“Aixo era y no era”: The Ontological Paradox of Metaphoric Reference." Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva, no. 101 (July 9, 2020): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2020.101.030.
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A quick look on the history of criticism and literary theory of the current period shows curious reversals and strange returns. Indeed one can see the slow and unrelenting disappearance of rhetoric, justly qualified as restricted, since it has been all too often limited to identifying and classifying of the various figures. It has been replaced by a new criticism, a fundamentally formalist one, the assumptions of which are akin to those of the “text sciences”; if the structure, the “poetical function” of the texts were underlined, it was to the detriment of their functional reference and their meaning to put it simply. There is no doubt that today this approach is running out of steam and is meeting some decline. For that reason, the history of literature is coming back in force and finds a new youth with the developments of the theories of perception. But there reappears also a new interest in a semantic approach of the texts, which is concerned with their references. This approach, which comes from logistics (G. Frege), undoubtedly opens a philosophical horizon, particularly on some kind of ontology. Thus it is not surprising to find that a great many studies question the metaphorical process again from that perspective given the paradoxical nature of its reference and thus of its ontology which could be summed up through the usual exordium of the Majorcan storytellers: “Aixo era y no era” (it was and was not). Paul Ricœur insists on the paradoxical nature of the metaphorical reference since “the metaphor is a way of working on the language which consists in giving the logical subjects predicates that are incompatible with the first ones” (From Text to Action). In his book The Living Metaphor, the French philosopher analyses the concept of the “ontological metaphor” from the idea of the “divided reference”. Ricœur moves away from a purely stylistic or linguistic approach, centred on the word (a deviant denomination) to describe the metaphorical process on the level of the phrase and of the discourse (a non-pertinent predication): “Then there is a metaphor, since we can discern <…> the resistance of words <…> their incompatibility on the level of a literal interpretation of a sentence” (From Text to Action). But that non-pertinence and the abolition of the reference in the everyday reality are not a purely gratuitous verbal game, for they liberate “another kind of reference to other dimensions of reality” (The Living Metaphor). It is that way of tension of the metaphor which we intend to present in our study for it expresses some kind of „ontological vehemence” as Ricœur puts it so well? Let us add that the metaphor seen as a new description of reality, can be conceived, so to speak, as a “model”, in the sense of a prototype which accounts of the way a literary text functions when it is a “opening on the world”, when it places itself “in the service of things that want to be expressed” and when it responds “to the need of a discourse that comes from all forms of experience” (Mimesis, Reference and new figuration in “Time and Narrative”).
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MacDonald, John, and Jessica Saunders. "Are Immigrant Youth Less Violent? Specifying the Reasons and Mechanisms." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211432279.
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In this article, the authors present an overview of the relationship between immigrant households and crime and violence, drawing on sociological and public health literature. They present a critique of popular culture perspectives on immigrant families and youth violence, showing that crime and violence outcomes are if anything better for youth in immigrant families than one would expect given the social disadvantages that many immigrant households find themselves living in. They examine the extent to which exposure to violence among immigrant youth is comparably lower than among nonimmigrants living in similar social contexts and the extent to which social control and social learning frameworks can account for the apparent lower prevalence of violence exposure among immigrant youth. Their analyses show a persistent lower rate of violence exposure for immigrant youth compared to similarly situated nonimmigrant youth—and that these differences are not meaningfully understood by observed social control or social learning mechanisms. The authors focus then on the apparent paradox of why youth living in immigrant households in relative disadvantage have lower violence exposure compared to nonimmigrants living in similar social contexts. The answers, they argue, can be viewed from an examination of the effects that living in poverty and underclass neighborhoods for generations has on nonimmigrants in American cities.
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Straight, Bilinda. "In the Belly of History: Memory, Forgetting, and the Hazards of Reproduction." Africa 75, no. 1 (February 2005): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2005.75.1.83.
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AbstractThis paper examines the intertwined issues of memory and forgetting, focusing particularly on the question of precisely how, and by what social mechanisms, forgetting is accomplished. I discuss how collective and individual forms of forgetting are central to Bourdieu's notion of the habitus, commenting that the habitus is a living paradox, foreclosing (unimagined perhaps because unimaginable) possibilities and opening others only when moments of improvised reflection intervene. Moreover, the systems of the habitus enact a forgetting of the strange, the marginal, the in-between, and even the singular and the autobiographical. I explore these issues through the juxtaposition of formalized, collective Samburu (Kenyan pastoralists) memory forms and the illicit sexual practices that underworld them.
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Gubin, Valery D., and Elena N. Nekrasova. "JUSTIFICATION OF EVIL." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 3 (2020): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2020-3-10-23.
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The article considers philosophical aspects in the issue of evil, its genesis and principal ontological issues: the good and evil balance, the absoluteness and relativity of evil in history and culture, evil and transcendence, evil and God, evil as a paradox of human existence, evil as a punishment for man and as a possibility salvation. In their analysis, the authors proceed from the assumption that good and evil are the extreme that are unattainable for an ordinary person. Good and evil are the phenomena of life, living only in a special state – that of tension, despair, pity, hatred. Without that transcending (to God or the devil), good and evil are just abstractions. To be evil means to have the opportunity and power to raise oneself to the demonic level or sink into the abyss of the animal state. To be kind means to be holy, at least a very living person, in whom there is no carrion
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Yeshua-Katz, Daphna, and Ylva Hård af Segerstad. "Catch 22: The Paradox of Social Media Affordances and Stigmatized Online Support Groups." Social Media + Society 6, no. 4 (October 2020): 205630512098447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305120984476.
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This study highlights the challenges of computer-mediated communication for vulnerable individuals and groups, by studying boundary work in stigmatized communities online. Five stigmatized online communities with different affordances were studied: (1) “pro-ana” blogs; (2) an infertility discussion board; (3) a Facebook group for bereaved parents; and (4) two WhatsApp groups for Israeli veterans of war with post-traumatic stress disorder. In-depth interviews with members and administrators ( n = 66) revealed that social media affordances such as low anonymity and high visibility may marginalize those living with stigma. While research literature applauds social media for allowing the formation and maintenance of social capital, our study highlights the paradox caused by these very same affordances. To offer safe and functioning environments of support, the communities must guard against impostors whose presence threatens their safe havens. Simultaneously, this may make these groups inaccessible to those who truly need support and remove such groups from the public eye.
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Parr, Thomas, Lancelot Da Costa, Conor Heins, Maxwell James D. Ramstead, and Karl J. Friston. "Memory and Markov Blankets." Entropy 23, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091105.
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In theoretical biology, we are often interested in random dynamical systems—like the brain—that appear to model their environments. This can be formalized by appealing to the existence of a (possibly non-equilibrium) steady state, whose density preserves a conditional independence between a biological entity and its surroundings. From this perspective, the conditioning set, or Markov blanket, induces a form of vicarious synchrony between creature and world—as if one were modelling the other. However, this results in an apparent paradox. If all conditional dependencies between a system and its surroundings depend upon the blanket, how do we account for the mnemonic capacity of living systems? It might appear that any shared dependence upon past blanket states violates the independence condition, as the variables on either side of the blanket now share information not available from the current blanket state. This paper aims to resolve this paradox, and to demonstrate that conditional independence does not preclude memory. Our argument rests upon drawing a distinction between the dependencies implied by a steady state density, and the density dynamics of the system conditioned upon its configuration at a previous time. The interesting question then becomes: What determines the length of time required for a stochastic system to ‘forget’ its initial conditions? We explore this question for an example system, whose steady state density possesses a Markov blanket, through simple numerical analyses. We conclude with a discussion of the relevance for memory in cognitive systems like us.
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Bertman, Sandra L. "Communicating with the Dead: Timeless Insights and Interventions from the Arts." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 70, no. 1 (November 2014): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.70.1.j.
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T. S. Eliot's profound poetic insight says it all: “We shall not cease from exploration/And the end of all exploring/Will be to arrive where we started/And know the place for the first time.” Nothing is static. Nothing is “new,” and yet “knowing it for the first time” as Eliot suggests, is the precious paradox that refutes the idea that we must break our bonds with the dead in order to heal. Long before the “continuing bonds” term was coined, the arts—literary, visual, musical—have been grappling with the ongoing relationships between the living and the dead. This article illuminates provocative examples of this communication from the expressive side of human nature and offers commentary intended to stimulate further observation and reflection.
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Kellman, Neil. "Noise in the Intensive Care Nursery." Neonatal Network 21, no. 1 (February 2002): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.21.1.35.
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THE PARABLE OF THE GARDENThe problem of juxtaposing noise and premature babies brings to mind the paradoxical situation of my neighhbor’s garden. This garden is an oasis of visual calm, with evergreen bushes sculpted into flowing waves in the traditional Japanese landscape style which alternate serenely with the perfect miniature green seas of the lawn. However, the great paradox here is the noise made by the tools needed to create this tiny paradise. The gas lawn mower is a familiar evil, but the latest laborsaving invention—the leaf blower— makes life as a neighbor hardly worth living while it’s being used. It is the coexistence and contradiction of these opposites that provides the theme for this article on noise in the intensive care nursery.