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Journal articles on the topic 'Lower Gangetic Plain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Dangeti, Mahalakshmi Venkata, Mahesh Pathakoti, Kanchana Lakshmi Asuri, et al. "Emissions of methane from coal fields, thermal power plants, and wetlands and their implications for atmospheric methane across the south Asian region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 22 (2024): 12843–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12843-2024.

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Abstract. Atmospheric methane (CH4) is a potent climate change agent responsible for a fraction of global warming. The present study investigated the spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric-column-averaged CH4 (XCH4) concentrations using data from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P/TROPOMI) from 2009 to 2022 over the south Asian region. During the study period, the long-term trends in XCH4 increased from 1700 to 1950 ppb, with an annual growth rate of 8.76 ppb yr−1. Among all natural and anthropogenic sources of CH4, the rate of increase in XCH4 was higher over the coal site at about 10.15 ± 0.55 ppb yr−1 (Paschim Bardhaman) followed by Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project at about 9.72 ± 0.41 ppb yr−1. Most of the wetlands exhibit an annual trend of XCH4 of more than 9.50 ppb yr−1, with a minimum rate of 8.72 ± 0.3 ppb yr−1 over Wular Lake. The WetCHARTs-based emissions of CH4 from the wetlands were minimal during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. Maximum CH4 emissions were reported during the monsoon, with a maximum value of 23.62 ± 3.66 mg m−2 per month over the Sundarbans Wetland. For the 15 Indian agroclimatic zones, significant high emissions of CH4 were observed over the Middle Gangetic Plain, Trans-Gangetic Plain, Upper Gangetic Plain, Eastern Coastal Plains, Lower Gangetic Plain, and East Gangetic Plain. Further, the bottom-up anthropogenic CH4 emissions data are mapped against the XCH4 concentrations, and a high correlation was found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region, indicating the hotspots of anthropogenic CH4.

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Maity, Arpita, Dheeman Mondal, and Amal Mondal. "Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae): from Lower Gangetic plain of West Bengal, Eastern India." Indian Journal of Forestry 46, no. 2 (2023): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2023-18y792.

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Passiflora suberosa L. (Passifloraceae) has been documented from the lower region of the Gangetic plain in eastern India’s West Bengal. This account offers an intricate portrayal encompassing comprehensive description, nomenclature, vivid colour photographs, illustrative depictions, insight into phenology, and an extensive overview of its distribution.

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Debnath, Manojit, Tarkeshwar Singh, and Punyasloke Bhadury. "New records of Cyanobacterial morphotypes with Leptolyngbya indica sp. nov. from terrestrial biofilms of the Lower Gangetic Plain, India." Phytotaxa 316, no. 2 (2017): 101–20. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.1.

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Debnath, Manojit, Singh, Tarkeshwar, Bhadury, Punyasloke (2017): New records of Cyanobacterial morphotypes with Leptolyngbya indica sp. nov. from terrestrial biofilms of the Lower Gangetic Plain, India. Phytotaxa 316 (2): 101-120, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.1

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Maiti, A., and P. Acharya. "MAPPING RICE CROPPING SYSTEM IN THE LOWER GANGETIC PLAIN USING LANDASAT 8 (OLI) AND MODIS IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-271-2018.

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Abstract. The Indo-Gangetic basin is one of the productive rice growing areas in South-East Asia. Within this extensive flat fertile land, lower Gangetic basin, especially the south Bengal, is most intensively cultivated. In this study we map the rice growing areas using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived 8-day surface reflectance product from 2014 to 2015. The time series vegetation and wetness indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) were used in the decision tree (DT) approach to detect the rice fields. The extracted rice pixels were compared with Landsat OLI derived rice pixels. The accuracy of the derived rice fields were computed with 163 field locations, and further compared with statistics derived from Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES). The results of the estimation shows a high degree of correlation (r=0.9) with DES reported area statistics. The estimated error of the area statistics while compared with the Landsat OLI was &amp;plusmn;15%. The method, however, shows its efficiency in tracing the periodic changes in rice cropping area in this part of Gangetic basin and its neighboring areas.

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Singh, Lalan P., B. Parkash, and A. K. Singhvi. "Evolution of the Lower Gangetic Plain landforms and soils in West Bengal, India." CATENA 33, no. 2 (1998): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(98)00066-6.

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Srivastava, S. "MOPITT total column CO over the Indian Subcontinent: Spatial variability and long term trend." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-323-2014.

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Total column carbon monoxide (CO) concentration obtained from MOPITT (Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere) have been analyzed over the Indian subcontinent for a period of March, 2000 to December, 2010. Average monthly variation of columnar CO is investigated over the eastern and western coasts of India (latitude > 18&deg;N). The columnar CO concentration is found to be larger over the east coast than the west coast. The higher columnar CO concentrations (2.3&ndash;2.8 x 1018 molec/cm2) occur during November to April months over both the coastal regions. The lower columnar CO concentrations (1.6&ndash;1.7 x 1018 molec/cm2) occur during July-August months over these coastal regions when air blows from the Bay of Bengal towards the east coast and from the Arabian Sea towards the west coast. The latitudinal variations of ten year averaged columnar CO are also investigated over the eastern and western coastlines of India (23.5&deg;N to 8.5&deg;N). The latitudinal gradient is stronger over the eastern coast (3.2 x 1016 molec/cm2/&deg;N) with respect to the western coast (8.6 x 1015 molec/cm2/&deg;N) due to injection of highly polluted air mass from the Indo-Gangetic Plain over the northern part of Bay of Bengal. In order to investigate the source of pollution, variation of columnar CO concentration over the 11 polluted cities situated in the Indo-Gangetic plain has been examined. Columnar CO concentrations are found to be significantly higher over the southeast Indo-Gangetic plain and show a linear decreasing tendency from southeast to northwest cities. The maximum columnar CO concentration is observed over Patna (~ 2.48 x 1018 molec/cm2) and minimum over Multan (~ 2.19 x 1018 molec/cm2). This indicates that south-eastern part of Indo-Gangetic plain is mainly contributing towards enhancement in columnar CO concentration over the eastern coast. Columnar CO concentration showed an increasing trend during 2000 to 2010 over all the 11 cities. This increasing tendency is stronger over the cities situated in the southeast part of Indo-Gangetic plain.

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Thakur, Sneha, and Hitesh Solanki. "STUDY OF SURFACE CH4 FLUX EMISSION FROM GOSAT SATELLITE DATA OVER SELECTED AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS IN INDIA." International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest 1, no. 2 (2022): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56588/iabcd.v1i2.71.

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The present study was carried out to characterize and quantify the seasonal behaviour of surface CH4 emissions from L4A product over two selected irrigated agro-ecosystems in India over sub-humid region of Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and semi-arid region of Gujarat Plain and Hills Region (GPHR). Satellite data of Greenhouse Gases Observing SATllite (GOSAT) with L4A data product has been used with a cluster of contiguous grids of 3 x 3 within the Region of Interest (ROI) representing agricultural land uses spread over trans, upper, middle and lower part of IGP for analysis. The seasonal behaviour was studied for three agricultural years of June 2009 to May 2012 through time series plots of monthly means of each ROI. The annual CH4 emission from agricultural region using GOSAT data was found to be about 8-9 Mt CH4 which was about three times higher than reported over rice system in India using sparse ground samplings. The IGP showed the highest annual mean (88.11 mg CH4 d-1m-2) of surface emission in Lower Gangetic Plain Region (LGPR) and the lowest annual mean (7.01 mg CH4 d-1m-2) in Trans-Gangetic Plain Region (TGPR). These sub-humid irrigated agricultural regions with rice-wheat rotation showed substantially higher emissions than those in semi-arid irrigated agriculture (10.38 mg CH4 d-1m-2 to 11.32 mg CH4 d-1m-2) in GPHR. In IGP for an agricultural growing year (June 2009 to May 2010), the mean of CH4 emissions for kharif (June to October) season showed higher emission flux with 51.04 mg CH4 d-1m-2 than in rabi (November to April) Season (14.31 mg CH4 d-1m-2), but coefficient of variation was found to be more in rabi season (77.8%) than in kharif (39.3%) season. In GPHR region for same year, the annual mean of CH4 emissions for kharif and rabi season were 14.26 mgCH4 d-1m-2 and 7.03 mg CH4 d-1m-2, respectively but the coefficient of variation (CV) during kharif are more (30.37%) than in rabi (29.29%).

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Barman, D., D. K. Kundu, Soumen Pal, et al. "Soil temperature prediction from air temperature for alluvial soils in lower Indo-Gangetic plain." International Agrophysics 31, no. 1 (2017): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0034.

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AbstractSoil temperature is an important factor in biogeochemical processes. On-site monitoring of soil temperature is limited in spatiotemporal scale as compared to air temperature data inventories due to various management difficulties. Therefore, empirical models were developed by taking 30-year long-term (1985-2014) air and soil temperature data for prediction of soil temperatures at three depths (5, 15, 30 cm) in morning (0636 Indian standard time) and afternoon (1336 Indian standard time) for alluvial soils in lower Indo-Gangetic plain. At 5 cm depth, power and exponential regression models were best fitted for daily data in morning and afternoon, respectively, but it was reverse at 15 cm. However, at 30 cm, exponential models were best fitted for both the times. Regression analysis revealed that in morning for all three depths and in afternoon for 30 cm depth, soil temperatures (daily, weekly, and monthly) could be predicted more efficiently with the help of corresponding mean air temperature than that of maximum and minimum. However, in afternoon, prediction of soil temperature at 5 and 15 cm depths were more precised for all the time intervals when maximum air temperature was used, except for weekly soil temperature at 15 cm, where the use of mean air temperature gave better prediction.

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PANDEY, DEEPAK. "Weed management practices in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in lower Gangetic plain Zone." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 3 (2022): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10196.

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The field experiment was conducted during rabi season in 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the Agronomy Research Farm, A.N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, (Ayodhya)to find out the effect of weed management practices on productivity and economics of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Fifteen treatments were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. Two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS recorded significantly lowest population and dry weight of weeds as compared to rest of the treatments during both the years. Among the herbicides combination, pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 applied either with hand weeding at 40 DAS or paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS recorded the lowest weed density and dry weight m-2 followed by metribuzin (PE) @ 175 g ha-1 either with hand weeding at 40 DAS or paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS. Weedy check till maturity recorded significantly highest density and dry weight of weeds as compared to rest of the treatments during both the years. Pre-emergence spray of pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS being at par with two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS but recorded highest values of all yield attributes and yields as compared to rest of the treatments. The increase in grain yield due to pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS was recorded to the tune of 10.4% over pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS. The yield losses due to weedy check till maturity was recorded to the tune of 58.2%, 53.3% and 43.3% as compared to two hand weeding applied at 20 and 40 DAS, pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS, and pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS, respectively. The highest net income (Rs. 57394 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.5) was recorded with pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1+ hand weeding at 40 DAS which was followed by two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS with net income of Rs. 55485 ha-1 and B:C ratio 1.49.

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The field experiment was conducted during rabi season in 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the Agronomy Research Farm, A.N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, (Ayodhya)to find out the effect of weed management practices on productivity and economics of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Fifteen treatments were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. Two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS recorded significantly lowest population and dry weight of weeds as compared to rest of the treatments during both the years. Among the herbicides combination, pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 applied either with hand weeding at 40 DAS or paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS recorded the lowest weed density and dry weight m-2 followed by metribuzin (PE) @ 175 g ha-1 either with hand weeding at 40 DAS or paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS. Weedy check till maturity recorded significantly highest density and dry weight of weeds as compared to rest of the treatments during both the years. Pre-emergence spray of pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS being at par with two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS but recorded highest values of all yield attributes and yields as compared to rest of the treatments. The increase in grain yield due to pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS was recorded to the tune of 10.4% over pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS. The yield losses due to weedy check till maturity was recorded to the tune of 58.2%, 53.3% and 43.3% as compared to two hand weeding applied at 20 and 40 DAS, pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS, and pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + paddy straw mulch @ 10 t ha-1 at 2-3 DAS, respectively. The highest net income (Rs. 57394 ha-1 ) and B:C ratio (1.5) was recorded with pendimethalin (PE) @ 1000 g ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS which was followed by two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS with net income of Rs. 55485 ha-1 and B:C ratio 1.49.

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Brooks, James, James D. Allan, Paul I. Williams, et al. "Vertical and horizontal distribution of submicron aerosol chemical composition and physical characteristics across northern India during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 8 (2019): 5615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5615-2019.

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Abstract. The vertical distribution in the physical and chemical properties of submicron aerosol has been characterised across northern India for the first time using airborne in situ measurements. This study focusses primarily on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a low-lying area in the north of India which commonly experiences high aerosol mass concentrations prior to the monsoon season. Data presented are from the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements BAe-146 research aircraft that performed flights in the region during the 2016 pre-monsoon (11 and 12 June) and monsoon (30 June to 11 July) seasons. Inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain boundary layer, organic matter dominated the submicron aerosol mass (43&amp;thinsp;%) followed by sulfate (29&amp;thinsp;%), ammonium (14&amp;thinsp;%), nitrate (7&amp;thinsp;%) and black carbon (7&amp;thinsp;%). However, outside the Indo-Gangetic Plain, sulfate was the dominant species, contributing 44&amp;thinsp;% to the total submicron aerosol mass in the boundary layer, followed by organic matter (30&amp;thinsp;%), ammonium (14&amp;thinsp;%), nitrate (6&amp;thinsp;%) and black carbon (6&amp;thinsp;%). Chlorine mass concentrations were negligible throughout the campaign. Black carbon mass concentrations were higher inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain (2&amp;thinsp;µg&amp;thinsp;m−3) compared to outside (1&amp;thinsp;µg&amp;thinsp;m−3). Nitrate appeared to be controlled by thermodynamic processes, with increased mass concentration in conditions of lower temperature and higher relative humidity. Increased mass and number concentrations were observed inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the aerosol was more absorbing in this region, whereas outside the Indo-Gangetic Plain the aerosol was larger in size and more scattered in nature, suggesting greater dust presence, especially in north-western India. The aerosol composition remained largely similar as the monsoon season progressed, but the total aerosol mass concentrations decreased by ∼50&amp;thinsp;% as the rainfall arrived; the pre-monsoon average total mass concentration was 30&amp;thinsp;µg&amp;thinsp;m−3 compared to a monsoon average total mass concentration of 10–20&amp;thinsp;µg&amp;thinsp;m−3. However, this mass concentration decrease was less noteworthy (∼20&amp;thinsp;%–30&amp;thinsp;%) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, likely due to the strength of emission sources in this region. Decreases occurred in coarse mode aerosol, with the fine mode fraction increasing with monsoon arrival. In the aerosol vertical profile, inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the pre-monsoon, organic aerosol and absorbing aerosol species dominated in the lower atmosphere (&amp;lt;1.5&amp;thinsp;km), with sulfate, dust and other scattering aerosol species enhanced in an elevated aerosol layer above 1.5&amp;thinsp;km with maximum aerosol height ∼6&amp;thinsp;km. The elevated concentration of dust at altitudes &amp;gt;1.5&amp;thinsp;km is a clear indication of dust transport from the Great Indian Desert, also called the Thar Desert, in north-western India. As the monsoon progressed into this region, the elevated aerosol layer diminished, the aerosol maximum height reduced to ∼2&amp;thinsp;km. The dust and sulfate-dominated aerosol layer aloft was removed upon monsoon arrival, highlighted by an increase in fine mode fraction throughout the profile.

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BHATTACHARYA, S. N. "Crustal structure of central Myanmar (Burma) By surface wave dispersion." MAUSAM 44, no. 4 (2022): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v44i4.3924.

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Digital records of seismic waves observed at Seismic Research Observatory, Cheng Mai. Thailand have been analysed for two earthquakes in western Nepal. Digital data are processed by the floating filter and phase equalization methods to obtain surface waves free from noise. Group velocities of Love and Rayleigh waves are obtained by frequency time analysis of these noise free surface waves. The period of group velocities ranges from 17 to 62 sec for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves and from 17 to 66 sec for fundamental mode Love waves. The wave paths cross both central Myanmar (Burma) and the Indo-Gangetic plain. The group velocity data of surface waves across central Myanmar (Burma) have been obtained after correction of the data for the path across the Indo-Gangetic plain. Inversion of data gives the average crustal and subcrustal structure of central Myanmar (Burma). The modelled structure shows two separate sedimentary layers each of 8 km thick, The lower sedimentary layer forms the low velocity zone of the crust. The total thickness of central Myanmar (Burma) crust is found to be 55 km

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Mitra, A., and K. Banerjee. "Pigments of Heritiera fomes seedlings under different salinity conditions: perspective sea level rise." Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Sciences 25, no. 1 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.58629/mjms.v25i1.205.

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Heritiera fomes (commonly known as Sundari in India and Bangladesh) is gradually getting extinct from high saline pockets of lower Gangetic plain. Hydroponically grown seedlings of the species were analyzed for Chl a, Chl b, total chlorophyll, Chl a:b ratio and carotenoid at five different salinity levels (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 psu). The concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments exhibited significant negative correlations with salinity (p < 0.01). The total chlorophyll expressed, on unit fresh wt. basis decreased by 63.39% to 73.33% and in case of carotenoid the decrease was from 27.78% to 36.84% with the increase of salinity from 2 to 20 psu. The Chl a:b ratio in the plant remained almost constant through out the period of investigation. The results show that Heritiera fomes of Indian Sundarbans region can be sustained and propagated under low saline environment. At 15 psu, the plants become acclimated in one to two weeks, but at 20 psu the seedlings could not survive. The study is important as rising salinity is experienced in central Indian Sundarbans of lower Gangetic plain due to sea level rise and obstruction of freshwater flow from Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly channel as a result of heavy siltation.

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Joshi, D. D., and S. P. Bhartiya. "Geomorphic History and Lithostratigraphy of a part of Eastern Gangetic Plain, Uttar Pradesh." Journal Geological Society of India 37, no. 6 (1991): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1991/370606.

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Abstract The Quaternary deposits of the area are classified into three lithounits, viz., Varanasi Older Alluvium, Chhoti Sarju Older Flood Plain Deposits and Chhoti Sarju Recent Flood Plain Deposits. The facies organisation of the Varanasi Older Alluvium (+300 m thick), indicates a braided to meandering river environment for the lower sandy facies and meandering river to local lacustrine conditions for the upper silt clay facies. Presence of a regionally persistent shell-bearing silty-clay horizon (at a depth of about 1 m to 2 m below ground level) indicates commencement of lacustrine conditions towards the waning phase of sedimentation of Varanasi Older Alluvium. The Chhoti Sarju Older Flood Plain Deposits rest over the eroded surface of Varanasi Older Alluvium. This deposit is about 10 m thick with fining upwards sandy facies deposited in a meandering river regime. The Chhoti Sarju Recent Flood Plain Deposits are confined within a very narrow zone (approx. 250 m wide) in the bed portion and flood plain of the river. In this regime, the sedimentation is still going on in the form of point bars, channel bars and side bars. At places, lacustrine conditions (oxbow lakes) are also present. The Quaternary history of the area indicates at least two prominent episodes of base-level (sea-level) rise during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene period.

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DEBNATH, MANOJIT, TARKESHWAR SINGH, and PUNYASLOKE BHADURY. "New records of Cyanobacterial morphotypes with Leptolyngbya indica sp. nov. from terrestrial biofilms of the Lower Gangetic Plain, India." Phytotaxa 316, no. 2 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.1.

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Macroscopic cyanobacterial biofilms were collected from alluvial plain soils and estuarine mangrove soils representing the Lower Gangetic Plains of South East Asia (India). The composition of the biofilms was investigated using light microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy of collected samples. In this study four simple trichal non-heterocytous morphotypes were found to be unique. Out of four, three morphotypes clearly showed differences with respect to described taxa as based on most recent taxonomic classification and possibly represent new report from the Indian subcontinent. One morphotype was successfully established under culture conditions and described as Leptolyngbya indica sp. nov. isolated from the alluvial arsenic affected rice field soil. This study provides vital information on morphotypic diversity of Cyanobacteria from specific biotopes which can contribute key information on their biogeography and potential application in green remediation.

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RIA BISWAS and B. BHATTACHARYYA. "Rice yield prediction in lower Gangetic Plain of India through multivariate approach and multiple regression analysis." Journal of Agrometeorology 21, no. 1 (2021): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i1.214.

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Zaman, Sufia, Atanu Raha, and Abhijit Mitra. "Signals of salinity fluctuation in Nypa fruticans seedling growth: a case study from lower Gangetic plain." Indian Journal of Forestry 36, no. 3 (2013): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2013-izot4x.

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Salinity induced pigment changes were studied in hydroponically grown plants of a freshwater loving mangrove, Nypa fruticans. The seedlings of the species were analyzed for Chl a, Chl b, total chlorophyll, Chl a:b ratio and carotenoid at five different salinity levels. The concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments exhibited significant negative correlations with salinity (p < 0.01). The total chlorophyll expressed, on unit fresh wt. basis decreased by 25.00%, 32.72%, 33.01% and 29.34% at the end of 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th day due to salinity change from 2 to 15 psu. The carotenoid decreased by 28.57%, 47.37%, 31.25% and 66.66% at the end of 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th day due to similar change in salinity level. The Chl a:b ratio in the plant remained almost constant throughout the period of investigation. The results show that Nypa fruticans of Indian Sundarbans region can be sustained and propagated under low saline environment. At 15 psu, the plants become acclimated in one to two weeks, but at 20 psu the seedlings could not survive. The present study is extremely relevant as the Central Indian Sundarbans of Lower Gangetic Plain is experiencing a gradual rise in salinity over a period of two decades.

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Nandi, R., K. Mondal, K. C. Singh, M. Saha, P. K. Bandyopadhyay, and P. K. Ghosh. "Yield-water relationships of lentil grown under different rice establishments in Lower Gangetic Plain of India." Agricultural Water Management 246 (March 2021): 106675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106675.

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BANERJEE, P., V. VISHA KUMARI, R. NATH, and P. BANDYOPADHYAY. "Seed priming and foliar nutrition studies on relay grass pea after winter rice in lower Gangetic plain." Journal of Crop and Weed 15, no. 3 (2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/09746315.2019.v15.i3.1240.

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Haque, M. Aminul, M. Saiful Islam, and Anwar Zahid. "Groundwater irrigation and crop economy in the lower Gangetic plain at Matbarer Char, Madaripur, South-Central Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 38, no. 1 (2013): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i1.15318.

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Attempts have been made in this paper to overview the present agricultural inputs for crop production and crop economy in the lower Gangetic plain. Results of the field survey show that the average labour requirement of Boro rice production is 35 person-days/acre. The fertilizer application by the farmers is not balanced and is well below the recommended doses. N, P2O5, K2O ratio used by the farmers was 7:3:1 against the appropriate ratio of 5:4:3 for HYV Boro rice. The cost of Boro rice cultivation has been estimated on the basis of input use. The rice cultivation costs were Tk.14,335, Tk 13,875 and Tk. 11,271 per acre for the water buyer, water seller with diesel pump and water seller with electric pump respectively. Labour and irrigation costs together normally account for two- thirds of the total cost of production - increases in the prices of these inputs can greatly depress Boro rice profitability. Moreover, Gross income of the water sellers from major crops is about 32% higher than that of the water buyers. The study also shows that the total cost for a Shallow Tube Well (STW) run by diesel motive power is almost twice that for electric motive power. If groundwater irrigated agriculture system is framed in a comprehensive manner, this could play an important role in poverty alleviation. DOI: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i1.15318 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(1): 29-39, June 2012

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Dharumarajan, S., S. K. Singh, T. Bannerjee, and Dipak Sarkar. "Water-Retention Characteristics and Available Water Capacity in Three Cropping Systems of Lower Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plain." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44, no. 18 (2013): 2734–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.803561.

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Biswas, Mithun, Aninda Mandal, Madhuparna Hore, et al. "New Record of Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. debile from Lower Gangetic Plain, West Bengal, India and Conservation Approach." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 87, no. 4 (2016): 1237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0698-3.

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Biswas, B. "On-farm impact analysis of resource conservation technology on wheat at Tarai-Teesta Flood plain of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (2016): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.881.

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Adoption of resource conservation technologies (RCT) may improve the productivity, reduce cost and sustainability of wheat production in the irrigated areas of eastern Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of South Asia. Critical on â€“farm study on factors favouring adoption and non-adoption is required. Findings from an on-farm trial conducted during 2005-2009 are used to evaluate the on-farm impacts of zero tillage (ZT) in wheat from three sites at Tarai-Teesta flood plain of eastern IGP. On an average, there was 11.54% increase in productivity in ZT wheat over conventional tilled (CT) wheat. Water productivity increased from 1.99 kg m-3 in CT to 2.73 kg m-3 in ZT due to lower estimated water use (1147 m3 ha-1 in ZT than 1435 m3 ha-1 in CT) and higher productivity (3.38 t ha-1 in ZT than 3.03 t ha-1 in CT). Saving in tractor operation and diesel use in farmersâ€™ ZT wheat fields were 3.23 and 19.09 hours ha-1. Sowing can be done earlier by one week through adoption of ZT machine for better utilization of limited winter. Savings in ZT on farmersâ€™ fields were in the components of land preparation (1938 Rs ha-1), seed (462 Rs ha-1), nitrogen (269 Rs ha-1), phosphate fertilizer (104 Rs ha-1) and irrigation (380 Rs ha-1) over conventional wheat cultivation. Availability of zero-till seeder and its servicing, skilled operator and sometimes reluctance of local tiller operator for apprehension of lower earnings from single tillage pass are also revealed as the factors of non-adoption. More such in-depth studies should be conducted on site-specific basis so that it can be replicated more widely in areas for the benefit of the farming community.

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Dipa Kundu, Rubina Khanam, and S. K. Patra. "Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Quality, Yield and Soil Fertility of Gladiolus in Lower Gangetic Plain of India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 4 (2017): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.052.

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Saha, Bikrant, Dr Dipa Kundu, Dr Himadri Saha, Animesh Ghosh Bag, and Gora Chand Hazra. "Evaluation of appropriate method for Zn fertilization of rice in the lower gangetic plain of West Bengal, India." International Journal of Chemical Studies 9, no. 1 (2021): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2021.v9.i1p.11381.

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NARENDER, NARENDER, R. S. MALIK, ABIR DEY, and M. C. MEENA. "Significance of manganese fertilization in wheat-based cropping systems of Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 9 (2018): 1340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i9.83334.

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Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient, having critical role in plant nutrition. The Mn is component of several enzymes involved in photosynthesis and other physiological processes. The intensive cultivation of rice-wheat (RW) followed since long times, along with induction of rice in non-rice growing areas, especially in north-western Indo Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) had led to emergence of Mn deficiency, particularly in wheat crops in RW rotation. Higher leaching losses of soil Mn under submerged rice induces Mn deficiency in the subsequent wheat crops. This paper critically assesses the literature on role of Mn on crop growth, distribution of soil Mn and its dynamics, effect of different soil characteristics on soil Mn availability under different cropping systems prevalent in IGP. Soil ionic composition, moisture status, organic matter status, soil pH, cation exchange capacity are some of the soil parameters dictating Mn dynamics in soil. Higher availability of soil Mn was reported under acidic condition, which decreasedwith increase in soil pH. Literature suggests positive effects of nitrate and phosphates on soil Mn dynamics and crop yields, whereas bicarbonate and chloride application have negative effects. Plant available Mn or DTPA-Mn varied under different cropping systems showing lower availability under RW system. Fractionation studies showed that labile pools of Mn contribute very less towards total soil Mn, leaving large proportion of soil Mn non-labile in nature, thus unavailable for plant uptake. The release of Mn from soil adsorption sites varied under different cropping systems, modifying Mn supply capacity of soil. Maximum release of Mn was found under frequently irrigated sugarcanesugarcanecropping system. Such information are essentially required for developing efficient Mn fertilization scheduling to improve the yield and quality of crops in IGPs.

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CHAKRABORTY, NILANJAN, ENTAJ TARAFDER, ANAMIKA PAUL, SOUMITRA PALOI, and KRISHNENDU ACHARYA. "Trichoglossum benghalense (Geoglossales, Ascomycota) from India: new to science." Phytotaxa 536, no. 1 (2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.4.

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The genus Trichoglossum belongs to the family Geoglossaceae (Geoglossomycetes) and they are traditionally known as earth tongues. The genus is characterized by black or dark brown club-shaped apothecia, inoperculate asci, with prominent hymenial setae, septate paraphyses, and long septate ascospores. Currently, this genus includes more than 20 species all over the world. The present novel species (Trichoglossum benghalense) was recorded from the lower Gangetic plain of India, which indicates its cosmopolitan distribution range. A detailed morphological description supported by a DNA sequence phylogram based on Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) analysis, photo-illustrations, and line drawings are provided for this interesting species. A comparison with allied accepted species is also summarized.

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Das, Saubhik, and Duilio Iamonico. "Amaranthus bengalense (Amaranthaceae) a new species from India, with taxonomical notes on A. blitum aggregate." Phytotaxa 181, no. 5 (2014): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.181.5.4.

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Amaranthus bengalense from lower Gangetic plain of West Bengal (India) is proposed and described as new species for science. It belongs to Amaranthus subgen. Albersia, and is part of the A. blitum aggregate (also including A. blitum s.l., and A. emarginatus s.l.). A morphometric analysis of specimens collected in Europe and India is performed. The new species is clearly distinct from the others being characterized by the following combination of characters: leaves with apex obtuse or slightly emarginate, bracts long as well as the tepals (ratio bract/tepal about 1), tepals acuminate, seed with diameter 0.7–1.0 mm. Finally, a key of the taxa belonging to the Amaranthus blitum aggregate is provided.

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Mukherjee, Siddhartha, Niharendu Saha, Buddhadev Sarkar, Sudip Sengupta, Samrat Ghosh, and Pradip Dey. "Assessing Methods for Estimating Potentially Mineralisable Nitrogen Under Organic Production System in New Alluvial Soils of Lower Gangetic Plain." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 21, no. 2 (2021): 1030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00419-x.

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Basak, Nirmalendu, Biswapati Mandal, Sunanda Biswas, et al. "Impact of Long Term Nutrient Management on Soil Quality Indices in Rice-Wheat System of Lower Indo-Gangetic Plain." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (2022): 6533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116533.

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Globally, soil degradation is an important issue for sustainable crop production. Soil quality indicators are the soil attributes that address the ecological functions of soil. Therefore, indicator-based soil quality assessment has been emphasized for quantifying the relative soil quality changes in different nutrient management systems. Soil quality underthe rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivam L.) cropping system was assessed using a modified “Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF)” model. Soil’s physical, chemical, nutritional, and biological indices were analyzed for different nutrient management strategies, viz., inorganic fertilizer (NPK), NPK + 7.5 Mg ha−1 farmyard manure (NPKF), NPK + 10.0 Mg ha−1 paddy straw (NPKP) and NPK + 8.0 Mg ha−1 Sesbania sesban L. green manure (NPKG). Nutrient management strategies significantly influenced soil quality indices. NPKF showed the highest SMAF score for soil physical quality index followed by NPKP > NPKG > NPK and control; whereas the score of soil chemical quality was greater in NPKP followed by NPKF/NPKG > NPK > control (p > 0.05). Overall, the soil nutritional quality index was greater in NPKF (0.96) followed by NPKG > NPKP > NPK, and the least was in control. The SMAF score of soil biological quality index was highest in NPKF compared to NPKG > NPKP > NPK > control. The wholesome index of SMAF (SQI) was developed withthehighest score in NPKF (0.94) followed by NPKG (0.90) > NPKP (0.89) > NPK (0.79) > control (0.71). The β-glucosidase activity, mineralizable C, KMnO4 oxidizable N, microbial biomass C, and total water-stable aggregates explained 82% variability in the dataset and represented a good agreement with system yield (R2 = 0.89, p < 0.05). This study concludes that the conjunctive application of NPK with manures restores the overall soil quality more than other management practices, and thatthe SQ indices can be utilized for screening the best management practices for rice-wheat and other similar cropping systems.

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GHOSH, D., S. K. PAL, S. MAHANTA, P. U. ACHARJEE, and P. K. PATRA. "Distribution and path analysis of arsenic in soil, water and rice in some affected blocks of lower Gangetic plain." Journal of Crop and Weed 17, no. 1 (2021): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/09746315.2021.v17.i1.1421.

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Sinha, Bishwajit, Kallol Bhattacharyya, Pradip K. Giri, and Supradip Sarkar. "Arsenic contamination in sesame and possible mitigation through organic interventions in the lower Gangetic Plain of West Bengal, India." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91, no. 15 (2011): 2762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4519.

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ATTRI, S. D., V. K. SONI, S. TIWARI, A. K. SRIVASTAVA, SHANI TIWARI, and KANIKA TANEJA. "High aerosol loading over mega city Delhi in the western Indo-Gangetic plain : Optical characteristics." MAUSAM 67, no. 3 (2021): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i3.1378.

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Measurements of aerosol optical properties were carried out at an urban mega city Delhi, which is situated in the western Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region in north India using an automatic sun/sky radiometer during 2006-2008. The present study revealed high aerosol loading over the station, which could be due to its topography surrounded by different natural and anthropogenic emission sources, and may have major implications towards health, air quality and climate system. Results show a large variability in AOD during the study period, with nearly equal values during winter (0.67 ± 0.06) and summer (0.71 ± 0.11). The Ångström exponent (AE) values were found to be relatively higher during winter (1.19 ± 0.07, suggests dominance of fine-mode aerosols) and lower during summer (0.74±0.06, suggests dominance of coarse-mode aerosols). A slight decrease in single scattering albedo (SSA) was observed during the study period, with a mean value of ~0.9. SSA was found to be about 0.93 during post-monsoon and 0.96 during the winter period whereas during summer and monsoon, SSA was about 0.95. The estimated monthly absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values over the station varied from 0.11 to 1.87, which were found to be less than 1.0 by ~55% time (mostly during winter and monsoon), and greater than 1.0 by ~45% time (mostly during summer and post-monsoon).

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Roy, Aparna, Basanta Kumar Das, Sanjeet Debnath, et al. "A Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Governance of Self-Recruiting Small Indigenous Fishes in the Lower Gangetic Floodplain Wetlands of Eastern India." Sustainability 17, no. 5 (2025): 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052226.

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This study examined the wetland ecology, institutional frameworks, and governance mechanisms for managing self-recruiting small indigenous fishes (SIFs) across four wetlands in the lower Gangetic plain, a region bridging the Himalayan and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots. Using a mixed-method approach, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 100 respondents from the fisher community, focus group discussions, unpublished records, and direct observations. The findings revealed a lack of systematic institutional mechanisms in three wetlands, possibly due to their small size, which fostered informal regulations among community members. The Chamardaha (35.813) wetland received a low score in an Ecosystem Health Index (EHI; range: 0–100) and the others, viz., Beledanga (53.813), Kumil (45.237), and Panchita (54.989), received a medium score. A wide range of significant (p < 0.05) effect sizes (β = −0.20 to 0.65) was found for the different governance parameters on sustainability and average per capita income of fisher society. Our investigation showed that 90% to 76% of the harvested SIFs were sold and the rest were consumed within the fisher community to meet part of their nutritional needs. According to the fishers’ perception, a reduction of more than 50% in the availability of the SIF population was observed compared to its previous levels. The proposed governance model emphasizes women’s roles in the fisher community and aims to improve economic outcomes, nutritional security, biodiversity conservation, and ecological services. This is the first study to document SIF utilization patterns and their link to local governance in the lower Gangetic ecoregion’s inland open waters. The findings are expected to advance wetland fisheries governance research.

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Kundu, Suman Kumar. "Rainfall Trend Analysis in The Lower Gangetic Plain: A Study on Selected Rainfall Stations of Maldah District, West Bengal, India." Current Science 119, no. 6 (2020): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v119/i6/1031-1038.

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De, Ayan, Deepanjan Mridha, Madhurima Joardar, Antara Das, Nilanjana Roy Chowdhury, and Tarit Roychowdhury. "Distribution, prevalence and health risk assessment of fluoride and arsenic in groundwater from lower Gangetic plain in West Bengal, India." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 16 (February 2022): 100722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100722.

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Sourav, Das, Santra Chandan, Bhar Anirban, and Samanta Sourav. "Assessment of the tube-well water quality: A micro-level case study from Lower Gangetic Plain (LGP) in North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 1 (2023): 188–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7678520.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the quality of tubewell water (TW) in Barasat-I (Community Development Block) under North 24 Parganas District of Lower Gangetic Plain (LGP), West Bengal, India with respect to suitability for drinking purpose. This is the first micro-level ground water related study in this region. In total twenty (20) groundwater (GW) samples from tube-wells at different locations of nine (09) Gram Panchayats (GP) were collected and analyzed. The results have been compared with the Indian standard (IS) for drinking water based on eight parameters, such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), conductivity, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl), and arsenic (As). Moreover, TDS (50%) and Total Hardness (TH) (90%) were found to be above the desirable limit. However, pH, Chloride, has been found to be within the permissible limit. This micro-level study revealed that high contamination with arsenic of GW has been identified on the middle to eastern side of Barasat-I. As is found to be above acceptable limit at 70% sampling points. Therefore, rural people of the eastern side of the Barasat-I are prone to a higher risk of black-foot disease due to higher level of As. Overall, the groundwater in this block is not suitable and fit for direct drinking. It needs treatment to minimize pollution or contamination, where regular monitoring and analysis is recommended to determine the extent of contamination in the other parts of LGP. The findings of this study will be beneficial to manage and control ground water vulnerability in micro-level for water scientists, policy makers, and researchers as well in sustainable way and must be achieved by 2030.

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Das, Manob, Arijit Das, Paulo Pereira, and Ashis Mandal. "Exploring the spatio-temporal dynamics of ecosystem health: A study on a rapidly urbanizing metropolitan area of Lower Gangetic Plain, India." Ecological Indicators 125 (June 2021): 107584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107584.

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Rana, Debashis, Sahar Murmu, and Dilip Kumar Misra. "In vitro Studies on Different Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. cubense Causing Panama Wilt of Banana in Lower Gangetic Plain." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 12 (2017): 1072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.121.

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Mukherjee, Subham, Ramprosad Nandi, Arnab Kundu, et al. "Soil water stress and physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subject to tillage and irrigation management in lower Gangetic plain." Agricultural Water Management 263 (April 2022): 107443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107443.

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Sarkar, S., M. Biswas, S. B. Goswami, and P. K. Bandyopadhyay. "Yield and water use efficiency of cauliflower under varying irrigation frequencies and water application methods in Lower Gangetic Plain of India." Agricultural Water Management 97, no. 10 (2010): 1655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.021.

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Das, Arijit, Priyakshi Saha, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Miguel Inacio, Manob Das, and Paulo Pereira. "How Do the Dynamics of Urbanization Affect the Thermal Environment? A Case from an Urban Agglomeration in Lower Gangetic Plain (India)." Sustainability 16, no. 3 (2024): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031147.

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Urban growth and development has significantly affected urban heat island (UHI) due to urbanization. Particularly in the cities in developing countries, the assessment of UHI has emerged as one of the core research themes as it significantly affects the ecological environment and livability in cities. Thus, the assessment of UHI is crucial for climate mitigation and sustainable urban landscape planning. This study identifies the dynamics of landscape patterns and the impact of composition and configuration on the thermal environment in English Bazar Urban Agglomeration (EBUA), Eastern India, along the urban–rural gradient (URG) approach. Geospatial approaches and spatial metrics were employed to assess the impact of the landscape pattern on the thermal environment. Descriptive and inferential statistics have also been used to find the effects of landscape patterns on the thermal environment. The result has also been validated based on the location and correlation analysis. The built-up area increased by about 63.54%; vegetation covers and water bodies declined by 56.72% and 67.99% from 2001 to 2021. Land surface temperature (LST) decreased with increasing distance from the core of the city. LST declined by about 0.45 °C per kilometer from the core of the city towards the outside. LST had a positive correlation with IS and a negative correlation with green space (GS) and blue space (BS). The mean aggregation of the impervious patches was larger (73.21%) than the GS (43.18%) and BS (49.02%). The aggregation of impervious surface (IS) was positively correlated, and aggregations of GS and BS had a negative correlation with LST. Findings suggest that the spatial composition and configuration of the impervious surface, GS, and BS must be considered in landscape planning and design framework to make the city more livable.

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Dwivedi, Sharad Kumar, Santosh Kumar, Narayan Bhakta, et al. "Improvement of submergence tolerance in rice through efficient application of potassium under submergence-prone rainfed ecology of Indo-Gangetic Plain." Functional Plant Biology 44, no. 9 (2017): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17054.

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Potassium (K) is one of the limiting factors that negatively influenced rice growth and yield in submergence-prone soils. We conducted an experiment during the wet season of 2014–15 to achieve optimal doses of K and understand the effect of K application on submerged rice in terms of survival, chlorophyll content, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), anti-oxidant activities and yield. Results revealed that chlorophyll and NSC content were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower whereas the activity of anti-oxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase and total peroxidase) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher after submergence compared with pre-submergence. Further, application of K at a higher basal dose (40 kg ha–1) was more beneficial to improve survival after de-submergence by maintaining NSC, chlorophyll content and higher activity of anti-oxidants with lower level of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, results showed superiority of the treatments having application of higher doses with one foliar spray (T9–40 kg K2O ha–1 (basal) + one foliar spray at 0.5% K at panicle initiation (PI) stage) for grain yield. We conclude that application of a higher dose of K with one foliar application at PI stage is more beneficial to enhance plant survival, better recovery and yield gain of rice during complete submergence.

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Banerjee, A., and Sabyasachi Ray. "Influence of Different Planting Dates on the Occurrence of Key Pests Affecting Blackgram in the Lower Gangetic Alluvial Plain of West Bengal." Research Biotica 5, no. 4 (2023): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54083/resbio/5.4.2023/139-144.

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A field oriented experiment was executed over two consecutive summer months in 2019 and 2020 to study the influence of sowing dates of blackgram or urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) on the population fluctuation of its major pests viz., flower infesting thrips (Megalurothrips sp.) and spotted pod borer or legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fabr.). The blackgram variety PU 31 was sown on three different dates, with ten days apart specifically, on the 14th of March, 24th of March and 3rd of April each year, representing early, medium and late sown crops. The experiment recorded fewer incidences of flower thrips in late-sown crop (population of 2.56 per 10 flowers in first year and 1.22 in second year) than early crop (4.71 and 2.42 in those years, respectively), while higher incidences of pod borer was recorded in late-sown crop (larval population of 2.49 plant-1 in first year and 2.58 in second year) than early crop (0.69 and 0.42 in those years, respectively). Given that early and late-sown crops attract more thrips and pod borers, respectively, it may be recommended to sow black gram during the last week of March, especially in the lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

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Mogno, Caterina, Paul I. Palmer, Christoph Knote, Fei Yao, and Timothy J. Wallington. "Seasonal distribution and drivers of surface fine particulate matter and organic aerosol over the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 14 (2021): 10881–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10881-2021.

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Abstract. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is home to 9 % of the global population and is responsible for a large fraction of agricultural crop production in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Levels of fine particulate matter (mean diameter <2.5 µm, PM2.5) across the IGP often exceed human health recommendations, making cities across the IGP among the most polluted in the world. Seasonal changes in the physical environment over the IGP are dominated by the large-scale south Asian monsoon system that dictates the timing of agricultural planting and harvesting. We use the WRF-Chem model to study the seasonal anthropogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic influences on fine particulate matter and its constituent organic aerosol (OA) over the IGP that straddles Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh during 2017–2018. We find that surface air quality during pre-monsoon (March–May) and monsoon (June–September) seasons is better than during post-monsoon (October–December) and winter (January–February) seasons, but all seasonal mean values of PM2.5 still exceed the recommended levels, so that air pollution is a year-round problem. Anthropogenic emissions influence the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA throughout the year, especially over urban sites, while pyrogenic emissions result in localised contributions over the central and upper parts of IGP in all non-monsoonal seasons, with the highest impact during post-monsoon seasons that correspond to the post-harvest season in the agricultural calendar. Biogenic emissions play an important role in the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA during the monsoon season, and they show a substantial contribution to secondary OA (SOA), particularly over the lower IGP. We find that the OA contribution to PM2.5 is significant in all four seasons (17 %–30 %), with primary OA generally representing the larger fractional contribution. We find that the volatility distribution of SOA is driven mainly by the mean total OA loading and the washout of aerosols and gas-phase aerosol precursors that result in SOA being less volatile during the pre-monsoon and monsoon season than during the post-monsoon and winter seasons.

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Khanam, Rubina, Dipa Kundu, Umalaxmi Thingujam, and S. K. Patra. "Effect of Different Irrigation Level on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Tuberose in Lower Gangetic Plain of West Bengal, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 8 (2017): 1944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.230.

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Talukdar, Swapan, Pankaj Singha, Shahfahad, Susanta Mahato, Bushra Praveen, and Atiqur Rahman. "Dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) in response to land use land cover (LU/LC) changes in the lower Gangetic plain of India." Ecological Indicators 112 (May 2020): 106121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106121.

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Ghosh, Sandipan, and Biswaranjan Mistri. "Geographic Concerns on Flood Climate and Flood Hydrology in Monsoon-Dominated Damodar River Basin, Eastern India." Geography Journal 2015 (January 22, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/486740.

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In the Lower Gangetic Plain of West Bengal, the furious monsoon flood of Damodar River is a recurrent hydrometeorological phenomenon which is now intensified by the human activities. At present, the flood regulation system of Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) is not capable of managing gigantic inflow water (which appeared as surface runoff and channel flow) coming from the wide fan-shaped upper catchment of Damodar River. As a result, the lower basin of Damodar (covering Barddhaman, Hooghly, and Howrah districts of West Bengal) annually experiences low to high magnitude of floods and overflow condition because the existing canal system, streams, palaeochannels, and Damodar River itself have lost their former carrying capacity to accommodate all excess water within its active domain due to over siltation and drainage congestion. So when the DVC dams are not able to regulate flood flow, then extreme rainfall of prolonged duration over the basin turns the normal situation into devastating flood, like the years of 1978 and 2000 in West Bengal. Identifying the existing problems of lower Damodar River, this paper principally tries to assess the potentiality of flood climate and to estimate the contributing rainfall-runoff, peak discharge, and existing carrying capacity of river in relation to increasing flood risk of lower basin using the quantitative hydrologic expressions.

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Malabayabas, Arelene Julia, Debbie Templeton, and Pratibha Singh. "Ex-ante Impact of Direct Seeding of Rice as an Alternative to Transplanting Rice in the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 9, no. 2 (2012): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2012.9.2.2.

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This study assessed the economic impacts of direct seeding of rice as an alternative crop establishment method for farmers in rice-wheat systems in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, India. Specifically, it examined the changes in farmersâ€™ inputs (labor and materials) and level of productivity and incomes between direct-seeded (DSR) and transplanted (TPR) rice, and measured the economic returns on investment in direct seeding. Analyses included comparison of means, cost and return, and economic surplus framework. The average yield of DSR across sample farms in all three states was 5 percent lower than that of TPR. On the other hand, wheat yield increased by 9 percent after adopting DSR. The net present values (NPVs) of direct seeding in rice-wheat systems in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar were USD 41 million, USD 32 million, and USD 44 million, respectively. The corresponding benefit-cost ratios were estimated at 46, 36, and 50. The NPVs of direct seeding in rice production alone in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar were USD 33 million, USD 23 million, and USD 31 million, respectively. Hence, the greater proportion of benefits from DSR adoption was derived from the change in rice production. In sum, DSR is a profitable option in rice-wheat systems and is appropriate for diffusion.

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Kumar, Vinay, Rupesh Patil, Rohini L. Bhawar, P. R. C. Rahul, and Subbarao Yelisetti. "Increasing Wind Speeds Fuel the Wider Spreading of Pollution Caused by Fires over the IGP Region during the Indian Post-Monsoon Season." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (2022): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091525.

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Every year, forest fires and harvest harnessing produce atmospheric pollution in October and November over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The fire count data (MODIS) shows a decreasing/increasing trend of fire counts in all confidence ranges in October/November over Northern India. There is a widespread increase in fires with a confidence level above 60 to 80% over the whole Northern Indian region. The Aerosol Optical Index (AOD) also shows an increase with values > 0.7 over the northwestern and IGP regions. There have been some startling results over the lower IGP belt, where there has been increasing trend in AOD during October ~56% and during November, the increase was by a whopping ~116%. However, in November, a slight turning of the winds towards central India might be transporting the AOD towards the central Indian region. Hence, during November, it is inferred that due to the low wind speed over the lower IGP belt and increased fires, the AODs in the polluted air tend to hover for a long time. During recent years from 2010, the winds have become stronger, indicating more transport of AOD is occurring over the lower IGP belt as compared to previous years till 2009, especially in October.

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