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Journal articles on the topic 'Machine for centrifugal casting'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Lee, Yang-Chang, and Joon-Seong Lee. "Conductivity·Filling Rate Analysis for Die-Casting Centrifugal Casting Machine." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 16, no. 4 (2015): 2364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2015.16.4.2364.

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Rostamzadeh, Safar, Behzad Niroumand, and Ali Maleki. "A Novel Method for Semi-Solid Casting of Hypereutectic Gray Cast Iron in Expendable Mold." Solid State Phenomena 256 (September 2016): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.256.237.

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In the present research, the possibility of single stage semi-solid casting of a hypereutectic gray cast iron in a sand mold was investigated. For this purpose, a specially designed chilled sprue sand mold rigged to a vertical centrifugal casting machine was used. The molten cast iron was poured in the chilled sprue sand mold at 1275 oC at a rotation speed of 400 rpm. Two control samples were also poured at 1275 oC under gravity and centrifugal casting conditions in the same mold without sprue chilling. Microstructures and mechanical properties of the specimens were then characterized. The results showed that the average length and thickness of the primary solid phase, i.e. the Kish graphite, and those of the eutectic flake graphite were smaller in semi-solid centrifuged castings and their hardness were higher than those of the control samples. The results are discussed in terms of the shearing and chilling effects of the designed sprue during the initial stages of pouring.

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Donovan, T. E., and L. E. White. "Evaluation of an improved centrifugal casting machine." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 53, no. 5 (1985): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(85)90001-0.

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Watanabe, K., O. Miyakawa, Y. Takada, O. Okuno, and T. Okabe. "Casting behavior of titanium alloys in a centrifugal casting machine." Biomaterials 24, no. 10 (2003): 1737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00583-5.

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Choi, Won Sik, Mi Jung Sin, Sun Mi Choi, et al. "Manufacturing Process for Bush Type Bearing Metal Using Centrifugal Casting." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1904.

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This paper regard the development for bush type bear metal using centrifugal casting by changing the rpm, amount of melting metal bush type bearing metal process was fixed also bush type bearing casting is possible by using centrifugal casting machine, bonding test results meet the specification and results of non-destructive testing meet the inspection.

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SETOGUCHI, Masataka, Yasumasa OYA, Hisashi SATO, and Yoshimi WATANABA. "710 Development of FGM Manufacturing Machine by Centrifugal Casting Technique." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2012.20 (2012): _710–1_—_710–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2012.20._710-1_.

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Жижкина, Наталья, and Natalya Zhizhkina. "TECHNOLOGY OPTIMIZATION FOR CENTRIFUGAL-CAST ROLL MANUFACTURING." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (2016): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20269.

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This paper reports the sheet roll spun casting. It is shown that sheet rolls of required quality and with minimum production costs are manufactured through a method of spun casting on a machine with a vertical axis of a mould rotation. It is defined that at spun casting a more intensive foundry cooling occurs as a result of which a blank is characterized with a denser and more even structure of a working layer. It is revealed that the stability of such a process depends to a considerable degree upon a spin casting system functioning a significant property of which is a speed of rotation. In the paper there is analyzed a rotation speed influence upon a grain size, a quantitative ratio of structural constituents in a working layer composed of nickel-chromium cast iron and also upon the level of its properties. The analysis of the rotation speed influence of a casting mold upon a structure and a property level of a roll working surface was based on experimental investigations of foundries under industrial conditions. The microstructure (the size of primary grains, their composition) of products analyzed was estimated with the aid of a common metallographic procedure. On the basis of experiments carried out it is determined that even an insignificant increase (by 7%) of mould rotation speed during roll casting allows without expensive processing of liquid melt of a work-ing layer increasing its structure uniformity. As a result of this the level of its properties increases (hardness – by 3 units). Consequently, the increase of rolling tool efficiency is expected. The presented results of investigations are basic for works on servicing characteristics increase of spin-cast rolls.

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Lopez, I., Abdelilah Benmarouane, Herve Bonnefoy, Pierre Millet, and Alain Lodini. "Mechanical and Physical Analysis of Alloys Samples Produced with a New High Centrifugal Rate Machine." Materials Science Forum 571-572 (March 2008): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.571-572.33.

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A full review for technological processes used today, in dental prostheses industry for titanium casting, both in Europe and in United States, reveal that, there is no equipment available on the market able to cast small titanium parts in secondary inert vacuum by induction melting and centrifugal casting. All these advanced processes together contribute to an original concept of the Denticast System. The computer controlled cast sequence is another important factor contributing to a robust system, able to reproduce the achieved technological quality in a reliable manner. Mechanical testing (tensile and hardness) shows that the different alloys used in Denticast project and cast using the prototype, are in most of the results superior to those obtained with two different commercial systems (pressure-vacuum and centrifugal systems). The samples are usable for dental prosthesis without any risk for the patient health.

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Jeong, Jae-Il, Jong-Hyoung Kim, Si-Geun Choi, Young Tae Cho, Chan-Kyu Kim, and Ho Lee. "Mechanical Properties of White Metal on SCM440 Alloy Steel by Laser Cladding Treatment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062836.

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The bearing is a machine element that plays an important role in rotating the shaft of a machine while supporting its weight and load. Numerous bearings have been developed to improve durability and life, depending on the functions and operating conditions in which they are desired. White metal is one of method to improve durability that is soft and bonded to the inner surface of the bearing to protect the bearing shaft. Currently, the centrifugal casting process is used as a white metal lamination method, but it involves problems such as long processing times, high defect rates and harmful health effects. In this paper, a laser cladding treatment is applied to bond powdered white metal to SCM440 alloy steel, which is used as bearing material in terms of replacing the risks of a centrifugal process. In order to understand whether laser cladding is a suitable process, this paper compares the mechanical properties of white metal produced on SCM440 alloy steel by centrifugal casting and the laser cladding process. The laser power, powder feed rate and laser head speed factors are varied to understand the mechanical properties and measure the hardness using micro Vickers and conduct field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and friction testing to understand the mechanical properties and surface characteristics. Based on the results, the hardness values of the cladding (white metal) layer ranged between 24 and 26 HV in both the centrifugal casting and laser cladding methods. However, the hardness of the white metal produced by laser cladding at about a depth of 0.1 mm rose rapidly in the cladding process, forming a heat-affected zone (HAZ) with an average hardness value of 200 HV at a laser power of 1.1 kW, 325 HV at 1.3 kW and 430 HV at 1.5 kW. The surface friction testing results revealed no significant differences in the friction coefficient between the centrifugal casting and laser cladding methods, which allows the assumption that the processing method does not significantly influence the friction coefficient.

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Pomeshchikov, A. G., T. S. Greneva, V. I. Baidachenko, and V. I. Berezin. "Manufacture of hollow ingots using centrifugal casting machines." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2010, no. 12 (2010): 1129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029510120116.

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Andrushevich, A. A., A. D. Oсhotsky, and M. A. Sadokha. "Centrifugal casting – perspective technology of production of details for agricultural machines." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 2 (August 9, 2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-2-23-27.

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The basic requirements for cast blanks and details of agricultural machinery are considered. The prospects of using the method of centrifugal casting in the production of workpieces for the repair and maintenance of agricultural machinery in Belarus are shown. On the basis of the analysis of a number of details of the agricultural machines having the sufficient program of production the choice of the equipment for centrifugal casting of JSC BELNIILIT’s design was selected.

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Zeng, Feng, Shan Yao, Zhong Fei Jiao, Shu Ming Zhao, and Tong Yang. "Study on Rapid Casting for Complex Parts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.433.

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A rapid casting method for complex parts is presented. In this method, casting moulds with complex cavity are manufactured by self-created rapid prototyping approach which called Selected Laser Partitioning for Prototyping. After surface coating treatment for moulds, complex parts are obtained by centrifugal casting. As application cases, metal impeller was casted by this method. A self-developed five-axis coordinate measurement machine was used to process the surface measuring of impeller. The Dimension accuracy grade of impeller is CT-3 and the surface roughness is Ra 6.3µm through making comparisons directly between CAD model and point cloud data of impeller surface. The result shows that this rapid casting method which has the characters of simple technology and low production cost reaches the level of precision casting.

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Li, Liuxiang, Yuanyuan Jiang, Zhengmei Li, Yibin Zhan, and Qi An. "Study on the vibration characteristics of a roller-supporting horizontal centrifugal casting machine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 230, no. 1 (2015): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419315577019.

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Kitamura, K. "Ti-50.2Ni-5Zr Shape Memory Alloy Square Rots Production by the Casting Technique." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2445.

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The purpose of this study is to make the Ti-Ni-Zr specimen using casting method from P/M ingot and evaluates the shape memory behavior. All samples were square rod shape made by centrifugal casting. The size of all samples was 1 mm wide, 1.3 mm height and 37.5 mm length. The transformation behavior during cooling and heating was investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The phase constituent was determined by XRD analysis from 20 °C to 150 °C. Mechanical properties of the shape memory effects were measured using a tensile machine at 25 °C. The samples were annealed at 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C for 3.6 ks followed by water quenching. After annealing, specimens were cold rolled at 0 % (no rolling) and 10 %. The Ti-Ni-Zr square rod specimens are fabricated by centrifugal casting using P/M ingot. All samples had shape memory behavior. From DSC measurement, the highest reverse martensitic transformation temperature is 120 °C. From tensile test, the Luders like deformation stress were not constant and dependence of heat treatment conditions was not clarified. However, 10% cold rolling specimen, shape memory characteristics were stabilized.

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Bauer, José Roberto de Oliveira, Alessandro Dourado Loguercio, Alessandra Reis, and Leonardo Eloy Rodrigues Filho. "Microhardness of Ni-Cr alloys under different casting conditions." Brazilian Oral Research 20, no. 1 (2006): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242006000100008.

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This study evaluated the microhardness of Ni-Cr alloys used in fixed prosthodontics after casting under different conditions. The casting conditions were: (1-flame/air torch) flame made of a gas/oxygen mixture and centrifugal casting machine in a non-controlled casting environment; (2-induction/argon) electromagnetic induction in an environment controlled with argon; (3-induction/vacuum) electromagnetic induction in a vacuum environment; (4-induction/air) electromagnetic induction in a non-controlled casting environment. The 3 alloys used were Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti, Ni-Cr-Mo-Be, and Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb. Four castings with 5 cylindrical, 15 mm-long specimens (diameter: 1.6 mm) in each casting ring were prepared. After casting, the specimens were embedded in resin and polished for Vickers microhardness (VH) measurements in a Shimadzu HMV-2 (1,000 g for 10 s). A total of 5 indentations were done for each ring, one in each specimen. The data was subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests (alpha = 0.05). The VH values of Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti (422 ± 7.8) were statistically higher (p < 0.05) than those of Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb (415 ± 7.6). The lowest VH values were found for Ni-Cr-Mo-Be (359 ± 10.7). The VH values obtained in the conditions induction/argon and induction/vacuum were similar (p > 0.05) and lower than the values obtained in the conditions induction/air and flame/air torch (p < 0.05). The VH values in the conditions induction/air and flame/air were similar (p > 0.05). The microhardness of the alloys is influenced by their composition and casting method. The hardness of the Ni-Cr alloys was higher when they were cast with the induction/air and flame/air torch methods.

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Chumanov, I. V., and V. I. Chumanov. "Possibility of using yttrium oxide powder as a strengthening phase for centrifugal casting of corrosion-resistant steels." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 7 (2020): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-7-499-503.

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The authors have made an analysis of necessity to improve the composition of the existing structural materials for critical purposes in the direction of creating metal matrix materials, which combine a highly plastic metal base and refractory high-strength high-modulus fillers. For iron matrix alloys, dispersed yttrium oxide (Y2O3 ) particles are preferred because of their stability at pyrometallurgical process temperatures and inertness to alloy components. The technology of obtaining new materials by introducing dispersed particles into a liquid melt during casting using a centrifugal casting machine to obtain a hollow (pipe) billet is considered. The possibility of increasing the mechanical and operational properties of metal matrix materials in comparison with monomaterial is shown. The article describes results of the thermodynamic modeling of high-temperature processes occurring in the yttrium oxide - metal matrix (melt) system. Modeling was carried out using the FactSage software package. A composition corresponding to 12Cr18Ni10Ti steel was used as the modeling composition of the matrix material. The calculations were made according to the ratio of 1 g of yttrium oxide additive per 100 g of matrix metal melt. From the simulation results it is possible to conclude that the introduced dispersed yttrium oxide powder does not interact with the alloy components, does not dissociate, and does not undergo allotropic transformations. The expediency of conducting experiments on the production of centrifugal castings using yttrium oxide as a hardening phase with the aim of a possible increase in radiation resistance is shown. Directions are indicated for developing the most effective technology for creating metallic materials based on an iron matrix dispersed-hardened by yttrium oxide.

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Song, Yan Pei, Yong Kai Li, and Hui Gai Wang. "Effect of the Rotating Speed of Centrifugal Machine on Microstructures and Properties of Recycled WC_P/Fe-C Composites." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.1000.

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The dead or scrap WCP/Fe-C composites parts were remelted via medium frequency induction furnace. Two recycled composites rings were made of the remelted mixture by centrifugal casting method at 720rpm and 920rpm, respectively. The effect of rotating speed of centrifugal machine on microstructures and properties of the recycled composites rings were investigated by mechanical property tester, SEM, EDS, and XRD. The results show that the recycled rings are a composite structure consisting of outer recycled composites region reinforced with undissoved WCP and core Fe-C alloy region unreinforced. The undissoved WCP-distribution in the recycled composites region is even. At the rotating speed of 720 rpm, the particle volume fraction in the recycled composites region reaches 54 vol.%, the hardness and impact toughness attain to HRC55.8 and 3.5J/cm2, respectively. As the rotating speed is raised to 920 rpm, the particle volume fraction rises to about 70 vol.%, the hardness increases to HRC63.3 and yet the impact reduces to 2.8 J/cm2. The microstructure in the inner Fe-C alloy region consists of bainitic, precipitated carbides with short rod like shape and graphite phase. Finally, the high-speed sliding wear behaviour of the recycled composites rings was investigated in the paper. Keywords: The dead or scrap composites parts; Recycled composites; rotating speed of centrifugal machine; Microstructures and properties.

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Mehditabar, Aref, Gholam H. Rahimi, and Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat. "Characterization of Al-Al2Cu functionally graded material produced by using horizontal centrifugal casting." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 14, no. 4 (2018): 647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-10-2017-0114.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characterizations of high energy thick-walled functionally graded (FG) cylinder containing Al-26%Cu fabricated by horizontal centrifugal casting technique. Design/methodology/approach Field emission scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with image analyser software and energy dispersion spectroscopy is applied to measure the variations of constituent phase’s content and elemental ratios along the radial direction, respectively. Distributions of the FG properties are measured through hardness, CTE, E and σy along the radial direction to investigate the mechanical and physical properties corresponding to the variations in microstructure. In addition, the variations of wear rate along the thickness are evaluated through a series of dry sliding wear tests using the pin-on-disk wear machine. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy is employed to characterize the worn-out surfaces and morphology of wear debris in order to clarify the dominant operative wear mechanism. Findings Results showed that Al2Cu content gradually decreases from the inner wall containing 33.3 vol.% to outer wall containing 26.4 vol.% in the FG cylindrical shell. The elastic modulus and yield strength measured through compression tests reveal that these mechanical properties are limited up to certain value of Al2Cu. The obtained optimum value of Al2Cu content for studied Al-Al2Cu FG is almost 31 vol.%. Originality/value The obtained optimum value of Al2Cu content for studied Al-Al2Cu FG was almost 31 vol.%.

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Agrawal, Eshan S., and Vinod B. Tungikar. "Influence of Reinforcement of TiC Particles on Wear Behaviour of Al7075/TiC Composite Material." Advanced Engineering Forum 37 (September 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.37.37.

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TiC particles are reinforced with Al 7075 to develop metal matrix composite. Special purpose die is fabricated for centrifugal casting machine for the preparation of composite material. The tribological properties such as wear rate and coefficient of friction are determined by using pin on disc wear testing machine. Weight percentage of TiC, applied load, sliding distance are considered as parameters for the wear test. The results show that the wear resistance of the developed composite increases with increase of TiC percentage. Wear rate of Al-TiC composite is observed to be reduced by 11%, 31% and 42% with increasing percentage of TiC by 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% respectively. SEM and EDS analysis are used for morphological study of the worn surfaces of composite. Keywords: Composites, Al-TiC, Wear, Coefficient of Friction (CoF), SEM

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Shehata, Mohamed, Saad Kassem, and Ahmed Bahgat. "LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION COMPARISON OF CENTRIFUGAL CASTING MACHINES FOR DUCTILE CAST IRON PIPES." Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector 11, no. 38 (2016): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/auej.2016.19504.

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Mehditabar, Aref, Seyed E. Vahdat, and Gholam-Hossein Rahimi. "Investigation of fatigue behavior of centrifuged series 3000 Al with addition of 26 wt% Cu." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 10 (2020): 1375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720939606.

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More than 70% of mechanical parts in a wide range of engineering fields fail by fatigue. In addition, centrifugal casting is identified as the most effective casting technique for production of high performance cylindrical parts. In this regard, the present work aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of series 3000 Al with addition of 26 wt% Cu produced through horizontal centrifugal casting method. Microstructure characterizations are precisely studied using scanning transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with image analyzer software. Also, compressive behavior, hardness, coefficient of thermal expansion, and wear rate ( Wr) are measured applying Zwick Z100, Vickers hardness, DIL 805A/D, and pin-on-disc machines, respectively. The results indicate that the main intermetallic compound is Al2Cu-based particle, and a volume fraction of 31 vol.% is obtained. Besides, the compressive strength of 460 MPa, elastic modulus of 10.986 GPa, hardness of 152 HV, coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.7 × 10−5 1/°C, and wear resistance of 3.3 × 10−6 g/mm2 are measured. Finally, the four-point bending fatigue test is performed and the fatigue ratio of 0.109 at about 106 cycles to failure is obtained.

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Voronin, Ivan Andreyevich, Yuriy Davidovich Alashkevich, and Viktor Anatol'yevich Kozhukhov. "THE GRINDING MECHANISM ON A KNIFE CENTRIFUGAL GRINDING MACHINE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020048164.

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The article presents a methodology for calculating the force effect on a fibrous suspension of working bodies in a centrifugal grinding apparatus. The aim of the research is to calculate the force per tooth of an inertial body at different speeds of rotation of the rotor, to determine the effect of the circumferential speed of movement of inertial bodies on the grinding process of fibrous semi-finished products. The article discusses the mechanism of grinding on a centrifugal knife grinding apparatus, determines the tangential shear forces at the contact of the grinding satellite knives with the grinding bowl knives, determines the effect on the fiber of rolling friction forces and sliding friction forces when the grinding satellite knives come into contact with the grinding bowl knives, as well as the effect of specific pressure at the point of contact of the satellite knives with the grinding bowl knives under the influence of inertial forces. Based on the research results, it is scientifically substantiated that the forces arising at the minimum of the considered values of the rotation speed of inertial bodies are sufficient to break the fiber when using this installation for grinding fibrous semi-finished products. An increase in the speed of rotation of the satellites causes a positive change in the physical and mechanical characteristics of the finished castings.

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Jörg, Fiedler, Katmer Amet Betül, Michels Heiner, Kappelt Gerhard, and Brenner Rolf Erwin. "Effects of Ti6Al4V Surfaces Manufactured through Precision Centrifugal Casting and Modified by Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation on Human Osteoblasts." Metals 10, no. 12 (2020): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121681.

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(1) In order to enable a more widespread use of uncemented titanium-based endoprostheses to replace cobalt-containing cemented endoprostheses for joint replacement, it is essential to achieve optimal osseointegrative properties and develop economic fabrication processes while retaining the highest biomedical quality of titanium materials. One approach is the usage of an optimized form of Ti6Al4V-precision casting for manufacturing. Besides the chemical and physical properties, it is necessary to investigate possible biological influences in order to test whether the new manufacturing process is equivalent to conventional methods. (2) Methods: Primary human osteoblasts were seeded on discs, which were produced by a novel Ti6Al4V centrifugal-casting process in comparison with standard machined discs of the same titanium alloy. In a second step, the surfaces were modified by calcium or phosphorus ion beam implantation. In vitro, we analyzed the effects on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptotic processes. (3) Results: SEM analysis of cells seeded on the surfaces showed no obvious differences between the reference material and the cast material with or without ion implantation. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) proliferation assay also did not reveal any significant differences. Additionally, the osteogenic differentiation process tested by quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCR), Alizarin red S assay, and C-terminal collagen type I propeptide (CICP) Elisa was not significantly modified. No signs of induced apoptosis were observed. (4) Conclusions: In this study, we could show that the newly developed process of centrifugal casting generated a material with comparable surface features to standard machined Ti6Al4V material. In terms of biological impact on primary human osteoblasts, no significant differences were recognized. Additional Ca- or P-ion implantation did not improve or impair these characteristics in the dosages applied. These findings indicate that spin casting of Ti6Al4V may represent an interesting alternative to the production of geometrically complex orthopedic implants.

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Yang, Chin Ting. "Hydrodynamic Efficiency Improvement of High-Specific-Speed Centrifugal Pump Impeller." Applied Mechanics and Materials 467 (December 2013): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.467.461.

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The high-specific-speed centrifugal pumps are very common in industrial factory for transporting fluids all day long. However, oversized pumps with low performance still could meet the purpose of fluid transporting. The aim of this study was to reduce the existed commercial impeller energy consumption by optimizing the performance of impeller through CAE processes. The impeller model was first generated by BladeGen software and analyzed by CFX in Turbo-mode. The optimized model then exported to machine center to cut the precise aluminum mold. A regular sand die casting processes were used to manufacture the impeller. The original pump which only impeller was replaced with the new one was tested with performance measurement system again. The results show that when the mass flow rate between 40-90kg/s the CFD software predicted very well pump heads and efficiencies with experimental data, which was called optimized impeller. But around the minimum and maximum flow rate region, the recirculation flow between blades and frictional loss model used still need further investigation to shrink the difference. Compare to the original impeller, the optimized one had increased efficiency 6% at the mass flow rate of 80kg/s. Also the high efficiency region (nearby of BEP) of the new impeller had broadened 50%. And the maximum mass flow rate increased 13% than the original one.

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Talapov, V. V., and Vitaly Melnikov. "Investigation of Low Rotational Speeds Effect during Centrifugal Casting on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites Material." Key Engineering Materials 836 (March 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.836.6.

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In this article, we present our developed and manufactured centrifugal casting machine. We present the results of mechanical testing of samples from polymer composites made on it. At the beginning we give an overview of the main trends in the market of polymer composites. We consider the main factors affecting the mechanical characteristics of polymer composites, and determine the main limitations of using centrifugal casting technology for polymer composites. In conclusion, we give directions for further research. Many industries use polymer composite materials (PMC) to meet production needs. The main advantage of PMC is the possibility of obtaining high strength with relatively low weight, as well as the possibility of obtaining additional necessary properties, such as dielectric, magnetic, etc. The PMC market continues to grow, and now PMC is widely used in aircraft manufacturing, automotive, medicine, etc. [1]. Despite the positive aspects of using PMC, this method has some drawbacks. Firstly, low automation of the process of casting parts from PMC. Many technologies are quite difficult to automate due to their process complexity and constant monitoring. Development in this direction is already underway, and there are practical solutions, such as automatic tape placement (ATL) / automatic fiber placement (AFP) [2]. On the other hand, the cost of these solutions is quite high. Secondly, the high cost of the equipment and tooling manufacturing. Such technologies as pressing, pressing and autoclave molding using prepregs are attached to certain technological equipment and need to organize pressure, maintain temperature, etc. This increases the range of equipment used and overall process complexity. In some technologies using high pressure and heat-cooling such as pressure casting (RTM) [3], it is necessary to use high-strength steels for molds, the processing of which takes a long time and wears the tool. Thirdly, increased knowledge-intensive work and high requirements for staff qualifications [4]. Manufacturing products from PMC requires careful monitoring by the technologist, since the influence of such parameters as: temperature, pressure will affect on the product structure and, accordingly, its characteristics. Fourthly, loss of strength after cutting operations (such as drilling, milling, taping and so on) and further stratification of PMC [5]. This leads us to the fact that used technology should maximally ensure the product geometry with minimization of subsequent post-processing.

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Anofriev, P. G. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF CENTRIFUGAL CASTING MACHINES FOR PRODUCTION OF MILL ROLLS." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 3(69) (June 19, 2017): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2017/104555.

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El-Galy, Islam M., Bassiouny I. Bassiouny, and Mahmoud H. Ahmed. "Empirical Model for Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Centrifugally Cast Functionally Graded Al/SiC_p Composite." Key Engineering Materials 786 (October 2018): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.786.276.

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Horizontal centrifugal casting machine was adopted to fabricate tubes of functionally graded materials (FGM) made of commercially pure aluminum reinforced with different weight fractions of SiC particles. Tubes with 2.5, 5 and 10%wt. SiCpwere produced in the speed range 800 to 1100 rpm. Wear experiments involving dry sliding under different loading conditions were conducted on samples taken from three consecutive layers across the wall of the FGM tubes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant FGM production parameters and wear test parameters (normal load and test duration) affecting the wear resistance of the samples. Obtained wear test results have been used to build a regression model to predict the expected weight loss across the wall thickness of the tube depending on the production parameters and the loading conditions.

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Trtík, Tomáš, Roman Chylík, Josef Fládr, and Jitka Vašková. "The Analysis of the Intensity and Vibration Time on the Mechanical Properties of Hardened Concrete." Solid State Phenomena 322 (August 9, 2021): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.322.28.

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In order to achieve optimal physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete, it is necessary to determine the right intensity and vibration time of fresh concrete during casting. Since concrete is considered as a polydisperse substance and various aggregate grains move randomly during vibration, it is very difficult to describe this stochastic phenomenon using exact physical equations and it is more advantageous to apply an experimental approach to verify the effects of vibration on fresh concrete. The effect of vibrations on fresh concrete increases the speed gradient of individual grains and thus reduces the viscosity of the cement paste. The intensity of vibration is determined mainly by the frequency, amplitude and centrifugal force of the eccentric of the vibrating machine. The optimal vibration time is generally considered to be the "minimum required". Insufficient vibration caused by an unsuitable vibrating machine or a short vibration time can result in insufficient compaction of the aggregate grains, non-release of accumulated air from the fresh concrete mixture, formation of cavities or poor-quality casting of parts of the structure with a higher degree of reinforcement. Vibration with excessive intensity or time can also be considered dangerous. The over-compaction of concrete is most often demonstrated by segregation of aggregates. The presented research deals with the determination of the optimal time and intensity of vibration of fresh concrete mixture to achieve the required physical properties of concrete, i.e. high compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of hardened concrete while reducing the negative effects of vibration, especially segregation of aggregates.

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Zariatin, D. L., Shanti Kumbarasari, and Dwi Rahmalina. "The Performance of Pump as Turbine with Machined Impellers." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902024.

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Pump as turbine (PAT) is a type of micro hydro power plant, which uses a commercial pump as a turbine in order to generate electricity. Most of PAT facilities used centrifugal pump. The main component of the pump is impeller, which commonly produced by using casting process. However, this paper describes a manufacturing process to produce PAT impeller by using machining process. Four impellers were produced from two variations of materials (brass and AA-7075), each with 5 and 6 blades. The impellers were tested in a laboratory scale PAT power-plant facility, and the performance of each impeller was compared to its original impeller. The experiment results show that the impeller with 6 blades made of brass material improves 48.9% of power generated.

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Wang, Xinbo, Zhongwei Yin, and Yonghong Chen. "Study on fatigue strength of SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal sliding bearing material prepared by MIG brazing." Mechanics & Industry 21, no. 1 (2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019075.

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The babbitt-steel bimetal sliding bearing material prepared by the MIG brazing has been applied in many fields. In the application, usually only the bonding force is tested, and the fatigue strength is not evaluated. For this reason, this study referred to the test method for the fatigue strength of bearing materials of internal combustion engines, used the sapphire test machine (Dana Glacier Vandervell Bearings, UK) to inspect the SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal material prepared by MIG brazing, and analyzed the test results in depth. The test results show that, the fatigue strength of the bimetal material is more than 40 MPa. In comparison, according to the same test method and conditions on the same sapphire test machine, the fatigue strength of the SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal bearing material obtained by the centrifugal casting method after optimizing process was usually around 35 MPa. Therefore, the MIG brazing could produce higher fatigue strength for SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal bearing material. In addition, in this study, the process of fatigue failure was usually that after the microcracks were generated on the surface, they expanded to the inside of the lining, thereby resulting in spalling. This study has guiding significance for engineering practice and scientific research.

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Kasyanov, Vladimir A., Jason Hodde, Michael C. Hiles, et al. "Rapid biofabrication of tubular tissue constructs by centrifugal casting in a decellularized natural scaffold with laser-machined micropores." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 20, no. 1 (2008): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-008-3590-3.

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Milan, Fábio Machado, Simonides Consani, Lourenço Correr Sobrinho, Mario Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti, Manoel D. Sousa-Neto, and Jonathan C. Knowles. "Influence of casting methods on marginal and internal discrepancies of complete cast crowns." Brazilian Dental Journal 15, no. 2 (2004): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402004000200008.

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The relationship between the application of die-spacer prior to wax pattern fabrication and metal removal from the inner surface of the casting on marginal and internal discrepancies of complete cast crowns was evaluated. One hundred and twenty complete crowns were cast with palladium-silver alloy melted by gas-oxygen torch or electrical resistance and cast with a centrifuge casting machine. After casting, the crowns were seated on each type of different marginal configuration dies (90-degree shoulder, 20-degree beveled shoulder, and 45-degree chamfered shoulder) with a static load of 90 N during 1 min. Evaluation of the marginal fit of the specimens was made using a digital micrometer. The crowns were embedded in acrylic resin and longitudinally sectioned to verify the internal discrepancy that occurred in lateral and occlusal interfaces with a digital micrometer. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test with a significance level of 5%. The best marginal and inner fits were obtained with the gas-oxygen torch source. The 45-degree chamfered shoulder showed the best marginal and inner fit, and better internal relief was obtained in the crowns abraded with 50 µm Al2O3 particles.

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Ebhota, Williams S., Akhil S. Karun, and Freddie L. Inambao. "Investigation of Functionally Graded Aluminium A356 Alloy and A356-10%SiC_p Composite for Hydro Turbine Bucket Application." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 26 (October 2016): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.26.30.

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The study investigates the application of centrifugal casting process in the production of a complex shape component, Pelton turbine bucket. The bucket materials examined were functionally graded aluminium A356 alloy and A356-10%SiCp composite. A permanent mould for the casting of the bucket was designed with a Solidworks software and fabricated by the combination of CNC machining and welding. Oil hardening non-shrinking die steel (OHNS) was chosen for the mould material. The OHNS was heat treated and a hardness of 432 BHN was obtained. The mould was put into use, the buckets of A356 Alloy and A356-10%SiCp composite were cast, cut and machined into specimens. Some of the specimens were given T6 heat treatment and the specimens were prepared according to the designed investigations. The micrographs of A356-10%SiCp composite shows more concentration of SiCp particles at the inner periphery of the bucket. The maximum hardness of As-Cast A356 and A356-10%SiCp composite were 60 BRN and 95BRN respectively, recorded at the inner periphery of the bucket. And these values appreciated to 98BRN and 122BRN for A356 alloy and A356-10%SiCp composite respectively after heat treatment. The prediction curves of the ultimate tensile stress and yield tensile stress show the same trend as the hardness curves.

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Al Wazzan, Khalid A., and Ibrahim S. Al Hussaini. "The Influence of Commercially Pure Titanium and Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium Alloy on the Final Shade of Low-fusing Porcelain." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 8, no. 2 (2007): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-8-2-97.

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Abstract Aims The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of commercially pure titanium (PTi) and titaniumaluminum- vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloys (TiA) on the final shade of low-fusing porcelain bonded to them and to compare the shade changes with those of three conventional metal-ceramic systems. Methods and Materials A titanium casting unit was used to cast PTi and Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens followed by A3 shade low-fusing porcelain (Noritake) being bonded to them. Gold-based (AuA), palladium-based (PdA), and nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys were cast with an automatic centrifugal casting machine, then A3 shade conventional porcelain material (Vita, VMK 95) was applied to them. Ten specimens of each metal were then fabricated. The CIE L* a* b* color coordinates of the specimens were measured with a spectrophotometer. Results All alloys had significant color changes when compared with A3 shade tabs. The color differences from the shade tabs were 5.79 for the Ti-6Al-4V group, 6.46 for PdA alloy, 8.12 for AuA alloy, 8.15 for Ni-Cr alloy, and 12.58 for PTi. The specimens differed from the shade tabs primarily because of the differences in a* and b* coordinate values. Conclusions Predictable shade reproduction of metal-ceramic restorations (MCRs) may be impaired by the underlying metal. The PTi had the greatest color differences among all the tested metal when compared with the shade tabs, whereas the Ti-6Al-4V alloy had the lowest. PTi is more likely to affect the final shade of low-fusing porcelain than Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Citation Al Wazzan KA, Al Hussaini IS. The Influence of Commercially Pure Titanium and Titanium-Aluminum- Vanadium Alloy on the Final Shade of Low-fusing Porcelain. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 February;(8)2:097-104.

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Micu, Lavinia Madalina, Iosif Lazar, Adrian Circiumaru, Ilare Bordeasu, Liviu Daniel Pirvulescu, and mihai Hluscu. "New Results Regarding Cavitation Behavior of Polymers Modified with Anorganic Substances Coated on Bronze Surfaces." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 3 (2018): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.3.5051.

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Due to mechanical resistance characteristics, chemical corrosion and abrasive erosion resistance, the polymers are more widely used in equipments and installations that are exploited in different fluid hydrodynamic conditions. Among these applications there is the protection of surfaces of hydromechanic organs stressed by cavitation, like in hydraulic machines rotors and valves. Consequently, the research aimes the extension of using these and protection of other components surfacess hardly streesed by cavitation. The research in this paper points toward the behavior of modified polymer layer, coated on surfaces of bronze used in casting the propellers of maritim and river ships. The tests were performed in standard piezoceramic crystal vibrating equipment within Cavitation Laboratory of Politehnica University of Timisoara. The damaging intensity of equipment is much greater than any cavitational vortex, created by ship propeller, hydraulic turbine or centrifugal pump. The obtained results, compared to both recorded on uncovered surfaces with polymer layer and recorded on surfaces covered with HVOF composite materials layers, show an increased resistance that implies the increased exploiting duration of those surfaces.

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JV, Wölfle-Roos, Katmer Amet B, Fiedler J, et al. "Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial." Materials 13, no. 7 (2020): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071670.

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Background: Uncemented implants are still associated with several major challenges, especially with regard to their manufacturing and their osseointegration. In this study, a novel manufacturing technique—an optimized form of precision casting—and a novel surface modification to promote osseointegration—calcium and phosphorus ion implantation into the implant surface—were tested in vivo. Methods: Cylindrical Ti6Al4V implants were inserted bilaterally into the tibia of 110 rats. We compared two generations of cast Ti6Al4V implants (CAST 1st GEN, n = 22, and CAST 2nd GEN, n = 22) as well as cast 2nd GEN Ti6Al4V implants with calcium (CAST + CA, n = 22) and phosphorus (CAST + P, n = 22) ion implantation to standard machined Ti6Al4V implants (control, n = 22). After 4 and 12 weeks, maximal pull-out force and bone-to-implant contact rate (BIC) were measured and compared between all five groups. Results: There was no significant difference between all five groups after 4 weeks or 12 weeks with regard to pull-out force (p > 0.05, Kruskal Wallis test). Histomorphometric analysis showed no significant difference of BIC after 4 weeks (p > 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test), whereas there was a trend towards a higher BIC in the CAST + P group (54.8% ± 15.2%), especially compared to the control group (38.6% ± 12.8%) after 12 weeks (p = 0.053, Kruskal–Wallis test). Conclusion: In this study, we found no indication of inferiority of Ti6Al4V implants cast with the optimized centrifugal precision casting technique of the second generation compared to standard Ti6Al4V implants. As the employed manufacturing process holds considerable economic potential, mainly due to a significantly decreased material demand per implant by casting near net-shape instead of milling away most of the starting ingot, its application in manufacturing uncemented implants seems promising. However, no significant advantages of calcium or phosphorus ion implantation could be observed in this study. Due to the promising results of ion implantation in previous in vitro and in vivo studies, further in vivo studies with different ion implantation conditions should be considered.

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Bauer, José, José Ferreira Costa, Ceci Nunes Carvalho, Douglas Nesadal de Souza, Alessandro Dourado Loguercio, and Rosa Helena Miranda Grande. "Influence of alloy microstructure on the microshear bond strength of basic alloys to a resin luting cement." Brazilian Dental Journal 23, no. 5 (2012): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402012000500004.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of microstructure and composition of basic alloys on their microshear bond strength (µSBS) to resin luting cement. The alloys used were: Supreme Cast-V (SC), Tilite Star (TS), Wiron 99 (W9), VeraBond II (VBII), VeraBond (VB), Remanium (RM) and IPS d.SIGN 30 (IPS). Five wax patterns (13mm in diameter and 4mm height) were invested, and cast in a centrifugal casting machine for each basic alloy. The specimens were embedded in resin, polished with a SiC paper and sandblasted. After cleaning the metal surfaces, six tygon tubes (0.5 mm height and 0.75 mm in diameter) were placed on each alloy surface, the resin cement (Panavia F) was inserted, and the excess was removed before light-curing. After storage (24 h/37°C), the specimens were subjected to µSBS testing (0.5 mm/min). The data were subjected to a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Turkey's test (α=0.05). After polishing, their microstructures were revealed with specific conditioners. The highest µSBS (mean/standard deviation in MPa) were observed in the alloys with dendritic structure, eutectic formation or precipitation: VB (30.6/1.7), TS (29.8/0.9), SC (30.6/1.7), with the exception of IPS (31.1/0.9) which showed high µSBS but no eutectic formation. The W9 (28.1/1.5), VBII (25.9/2.0) and RM (25.9/0.9) showed the lowest µSBS and no eutectic formation. It seems that alloys with eutectic formation provide the highest µSBS values when bonded to a light-cured resin luting cement.

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Singh, Akant K., and Siddhartha. "Development and investigation on transmission efficiency of functionally graded material-based polybutylene terephthalate spur gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 4 (2019): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119886233.

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Application of polymer composite gears is increasing due to their superior properties. They have lower inertia, less weight, and run much quieter than their metal counterparts. In the present work, functionally graded material-based glass fiber reinforced polybutylene terephthalate gears are fabricated with a novel horizontal centrifugal casting technique using an injection molding machine. Conventional technique is used to fabricate homogeneous polybutylene terephthalate gears. Polybutylene terephthalate reinforced with 15 and 30 wt% glass fibers is used to fabricate gears. Unfilled polybutylene terephthalate gear is also manufactured for comparative study. Gradation in functionally graded material gear is verified by scanning electron microscope analysis, and Shore D hardness is measured in three different locations of the fabricated functionally graded material gears. Gradation in functionally graded material gear is also verified by ignition loss test method. Continuous gradation is observed in functionally graded material gear by scanning electron microscope and confirmed by hardness test and ignition loss test. The objective of present work is to investigate and compare the transmission efficiency of homogeneous and functionally graded material gears during operation. A polymer gear test rig is used for the experimental work. Experiments are conducted at various torque and speed combinations for 0.2 million cycles. Life span of fabricated gear is also tested for 10 million cycles. The range of the torque is 0.8–2.6 N m and the range for rotational speed is 500–1400 r/min. The transmission efficiency of the fabricated gears is found to be sensitive to the operating torque.

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Gurusami, K., Karibeeran Shanmuga Sundaram, and R. Vijay. "Influence of Nd: YAG Laser Parameters on Tensile Behaviour, Microhardness and Surface Roughness of Ni-Cr Alloy for Dental Prostheses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.539.

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The paper presents the results of tensile behaviour, microhardness, surface roughness and microstructure of Ni-Cr alloy surface treated using high power Q-switched Nd: YAG laser has been studied. The major clinical disadvantage of the Ni – Cr is their lack of adequate ductility and yield strength. These properties combined made finishing, polishing and burnishing of conventional base metal alloys rather difficult. The dumbbell shaped tensile and cylindrical specimens of Ni-Cr were cast with a phosphate bonded investment material, using an induction melting centrifugal casting machine. The microhardness values of the surface melted layers increased as compared with Ni-Cr as - cast condition. The results of experiment showed that the surface treatment process has improved the % elongation, and surface roughness and microhardness as compared with as-cast. The improvement of the mechanical properties may be attributed due to grain refinement imparted by laser shock peening. The microstructure and changes in crystal orientation presented in the surface layer of the laser treated material were analyzed by optical, SEM as well as XRD. The chemical composition of laser treated surface was determined by EDAX attached along with SEM. Vickers microhardness was measured as per ASTM E384 11el standard test method. The data were compared using ANOVA and post hoc –Tukey test. In our present study, the laser shock peening process shows, a substantial increase in surface roughness from Ra = 0.440 μm before LSP treatment to 1.781 μm and surface hardness of Ni-Cr was achieved by 53.5% the base material hardness (i.e. from284 HV to 436 HV) and the mean values of % elongation of Ni-Cr alloy was higher (double) than that of after laser shock peening. The mean values of UTS, YS, modulus of elasticity of Ni-Cr were significantly lower after LSP. The experimental results showed that the mean values of percentage elongation of Ni-Cr increased by 200 % after LSP. It is evident from the above experimentation, increase of ductility of Ni-Cr alloy facilities workability which could produce a reliable removable partial denture (RPD) metal framework for dental prostheses.

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Chirita, G., I. Stefanescu, Delfim Soares, and F. S. Silva. "Effect of Gravity/ Vibration/ Centrifugal Process on Mechanical Properties of an Al-Si Alloy." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.395.

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On this paper, a study that evaluates the influence of some variables on the mechanical properties of the vertical centrifugal casting is made. It is emphasized the fact that the centrifugal effect from vertical centrifugal casting brings special features on mechanical properties. It has been observed that the centrifugal effect may substantially increase, in some alloys, the rupture strength, rupture strain, and Young modulus, as compared to the gravity casting technique. When compared to gravity casting, the centrifugal casting process, besides the centrifugal force (pressure effect), always has an inherent associated vibration during the casting. In this study, as an attempt to isolate the vibration effect from the overall centrifugal effect, tests on castings obtained by vibrating gravity casting process are made. A comparison between castings obtained by centrifugal casting technique, vibrating casting technique and gravity casting technique is made in order to fully understand the features that allow the improvement on mechanical properties during the vertical centrifugal casting technique. An analysis of the most important effects, on both mechanical properties and on some metallurgical features is made.

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Tomaszewski, Henryk, and Helena Węglarz. "Centrifugal Slip Casting of Alumina." Key Engineering Materials 132-136 (April 1997): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.132-136.370.

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Maarten Biesheuvel, P., Arian Nijmeijer, and Henk Verweij. "Theory of batchwise centrifugal casting." AIChE Journal 44, no. 8 (1998): 1914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690440821.

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Girshov, Vladimir Leonidovich. "Centrifugal casting of metal powders." Metalloobrabotka, no. 4 (2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25960/mo.2019.4.53.

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Shao, Heng, Yan Li, Peng Zhao, Hai Nan, and Qing Yan Xu. "Numerical Simulation of Centrifugal Casting Process of Large Thin-Wall Ti Alloy Casting." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.469.

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Centrifugal pouring is often used in investment casting of large thin-wall Ti castings to promote filling. Shrinkage defects often appear in a Ti casting produced by centrifugal casting. Numerical simulation indicate that shrinkage is caused by these reasons: improper pouring system and thin-wall structure limited feeding of liquid metal from pouring system, and centrifugal force enlarged the shrinkage defects by strengthen feeding of liquid within the casting. Thus centrifugal casting is replaced by gravity casting and a new pouring system is adopted. Obvious shrinkage defects disappear in the new casting process.

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Abe, Yuji. "Die–casting machine." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 69, no. 10 (2019): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.69.512.

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Watanabe, Kouichi. "Fictitious Forces Appearing in Centrifugal Casting." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 61, no. 7 (1997): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.61.7_662.

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Pathak, J. P., S. Mohan, J. K. Singh, and S. N. Ojha. "Centrifugal casting of leaded aluminium alloys." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 19, no. 5 (2006): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404606x153876.

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Mertins, Frederic H. B., Henk Kruidhof, and Henny J. M. Bouwmeester. "Centrifugal Casting of Tubular Perovskite Membranes." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 88, no. 11 (2005): 3003–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00548.x.

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Zherebtsov, S. N., and S. V. Fat’yanov. "Centrifugal electroslag casting for 08Kh18N10T steel." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 42, no. 1-2 (2006): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-006-0063-8.

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Fu, P. X., X. H. Kang, Y. C. Ma, K. Liu, D. Z. Li, and Y. Y. Li. "Centrifugal casting of TiAl exhaust valves." Intermetallics 16, no. 2 (2008): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2007.08.007.

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