Relevant bibliographies by topics / Material gauge factor

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Material gauge factor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Material gauge factor"

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Brandt, Bjoern, Marion Gemeinert, Ralf Koppert, Jochen Bolte, and Torsten Rabe. "LTCC Substrates for High Performance Strain Gauges." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-tp43.

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Recent advances in the development of high gauge factor thin-films for strain gauges prompt the research on advanced substrate materials. A glass ceramic composite has been developed in consideration of a high coefficient of thermal expansion and a low modulus of elasticity for the application as support material for thin-film sensors. Constantan foil strain gauges were fabricated from this material by tape casting, pressure-assisted sintering and subsequent lamination of the metal foil on the planar ceramic substrates. The sensors were mounted on a strain gauge beam arrangement and load curves and creep behavior were evaluated. The accuracy of the assembled load cells correspond to accuracy class C6. That qualifies the load cells for the use in automatic packaging units and confirms the applicability of the LTCC substrates for fabrication of accurate strain gauges. To facilitate the deposition of thin film sensor structures onto the LTCC substrates, the pressure-assisted sintering technology has been refined. By the use of smooth setters instead of release tapes substrates with minimal surface roughness were fabricated. Metallic thin films deposited on these substrates exhibit low surface resistances comparable to thin films on commercial alumina thin-film substrates. The presented advances in material design and manufacturing technology are important to promote the development of high performance thin-film strain gauges.
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Song, Ming, Hui Wang, and Tong Xu. "In-Plane Strain Field Sensor Based on the Semiconductor Film." Materials Science Forum 848 (March 2016): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.848.777.

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The ZnO semiconductor multicrystalline film is utilized as the sensing material, and a sensors array is demonstrated in this paper. Based on the coupling effect of piezoelectric and semiconducting, an ultra-high sensitivity to the deformation is obtained that the gauge factor of the single units is derived up to 199, which is 100 times of that of the commercial foil gage (gauge factor = 2). After calibration on every sensing unit, the distribution of the uniform and non-uniform strain applied on the device is measured and mapped by the sensors array successfully. The results show a good application of the device on the deformation field sensing by contact test method.
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Oerke, Alexa, Christina König, Stephanus Büttgenbach, and Andreas Dietzel. "Investigation of Different Piezoresistive Materials to be Integrated into Micromechanical Force Sensors Based on SU 8 Photoresist." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.244.

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The aim of this scientific work is to present different piezoresistive materials suitable to be integrated into micromechanical force sensors. As material for the mechanical structure of the sensors SU-8 has been chosen because it features favorable characteristics, such as flexible and simple fabrication of micro components through the use of standard UV lithography for forming three dimensional geometries such as cantilevers and membranes. In addition, on the basis of a significantly lower Young’s modulus compared to silicon, great opportunities to improve the force sensitivity of such sensors are offered by SU-8.However, SU-8 photoresist does not have piezoresistive properties, and therefore it has to be combined with an additional, beneficial piezoresistive material. A well-controlled and frequently used material for piezoresistive elements is doped silicon. This paper provides an overview of characteristics such as gauge factor and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) for a variety of commonly used piezoresistive materials, namely metals, silicon, conductive composite materials and diamond-like carbon. As a characteristic factor for the estimated sensitivity of the force sensor, the ratio of the gauge factor k to the Young´s modulus E of the structural material is presented for the different material combinations. A classification of conventional silicon based tactile force sensors is made to build a basis for comparison. Furthermore the suitability of different piezoresistive materials for the integration into an SU 8-based sensor is investigated.
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YAN, JIANWU, and JICHENG ZHOU. "STRAIN SENSITIVITY AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE OF NICHROME (80/20 wt.%) THIN FILM FABRICATED BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 21 (August 20, 2007): 3719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207037636.

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The electromechanical properties of nichrome ( Ni – Cr 80/20 wt.%) used as a common material for application in thin film strain gauges have been studied. The surface topography and chemical composition of Ni – Cr thin films grown on the glass substrate by magnetron sputtering have been analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has been determined by a Nano-volt/Micro ohm meter. The gauge factor (FG) has been determined by the cantilever method. Low stable TCR values (22 ppm to 46 ppm in the 50–150°C temperature range) have been obtained. Resistance stability is achieved by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 300°C for 10 min combined with a 24 h thermal annealing (TA) at 150°C. The desired 45 Ω/m sheet resistance and a gauge factor of 2.6 have been attained for 40-nm-thickness films. The films have very small roughness of 2.1~4.4 nm.
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Mathis, Maximilian, Dennis Vollberg, Matthäus Langosch, Dirk Göttel, Angela Lellig, and Günter Schultes. "Creep adjustment of strain gauges based on granular NiCr-carbon thin films." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-53-2021.

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Abstract. An important property of high-precision mechanical sensors such as force transducers or torque sensors is the so-called creep error. It is defined as the signal deviation over time at a constant load. Since this signal deviation results in a reduced accuracy of the sensor, it is beneficial to minimize the creep error. Many of these sensors consist of a metallic spring element and strain gauges. In order to realize a sensor with a creep error of almost zero, it is necessary to compensate for the creep behavior of the metallic spring element. This can be achieved by creep adjustment of the used strain gauges. Unlike standard metal foil strain gauges with a gauge factor of 2, a type of strain gauges based on sputter-deposited NiCr-carbon thin films on polymer substrates offers the advantage of an improved gauge factor of about 10. However, for this type of strain gauge, creep adjustment by customary methods is not possible. In order to remedy this disadvantage, a thorough creep analysis is carried out. Five major influences on the creep error of force transducers equipped with NiCr-carbon thin-film strain gauges are examined, namely, the material creep of the metallic spring element (1), the creep (relaxation) of the polymer substrate (2), the composition of the thin film (3), the strain transfer to the thin film (4), and the kind of strain field on the surface of the transducer (5). Consequently, we present two applicable methods for creep adjustment of NiCr-carbon thin- film strain gauges. The first method addresses the intrinsic creep behavior of the thin film by a modification of the film composition. With increasing Cr content (at the expense of Ni, the intrinsic negative creep error can be shifted towards zero. The second method is not based on the thin film itself but rather on a modification of the strain transfer from the polyimide carrier to the thin film. This is achieved by controlled cutting of well-defined deep trenches into the polymer substrate via a picosecond laser.
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Naveed, Shayan, Tayyaba Malik, Muhammad Muneer, and Mohammad Ali Mohammad. "A Laser Scribed Graphene Oxide and Polyimide Hybrid Strain Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 778 (September 2018): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.778.169.

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Strain sensors are devices used in applications such as electronic skin, prosthetic limbs, and e-textile applications, etc., for the purpose of measuring the physical elongation of a desired structure under a given or applied force. An artificial throat, using a strain sensor, was recently developed as an aid for speech impaired individuals. Strain sensors have been developed using graphene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with a reported gauge factor ranging from (5~120). We have developed a strain sensor through laser scribing. Using laser scribing is a recent and facile technology, used for printed electronics. Complex geometries and patterns can be drawn very easily using this method. The laser scribing method relies on the property of certain materials to form a graphene-like conductive material upon irradiation by lasers. Polyimide and graphene oxide (GO) are two such materials.In these experiments, 2×2 cm sheet of polyimide were taken and printed 1×1 cm box on the sheet using a laser patterning setup of 450 nm wavelength. Graphene oxide solution was drop-casted on the reduced polyimide sheet of 1×1cm, to increase its sensitivity, and then the drop-casted graphene oxide was reduced using the same laser. The strain sensor was characterized by a micro-strain testing machine. The normalized resistance was plotted against strain and the gauge factor was calculated. The effect of the laser intensity was investigated and different gauge factors were calculated by varying the intensity of the laser. The gauge factors were found to be in the range of 49-54 and was compared with the polyimide reduced strain sensor (without drop-casting the GO).
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Gamil, Mohammed, Osamu Tabata, Koichi Nakamura, Ahmed M. R. Fath El-Bab, and Ahmed A. El-Moneim. "Investigation of a New High Sensitive Micro-Electromechanical Strain Gauge Sensor Based on Graphene Piezoresistivity." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.207.

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A new strain gauge based on graphene piezoresistivity was fabricated by a novel low cost technique which suits mass production of micro piezoresistor sensors. The strain gauge consists of a monolayer graphene film made by chemical vapor deposition on a copper foil surface, and transferred to Si/SiO2 surface by using a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) assisted transfer method. The film is shaped by laser machine to work as a conductive-piezoresistive material between two deposited electrical silver electrodes. This method of fabrication provides a high productivity due to the homogeneous distribution of the graphene monolayer all over the Si/SiO2 surface. The experimentally measured gauge factor of graphene based device is 255, which promises a new strain gauge sensor of high sensitivity.
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Melnykowycz, Mark, Michael Tschudin, Rebecca Selle, Kelley R. Maynard, Rebecca R. Richards-Kortum, Z. Maria Oden, and Frank J. Clemens. "Soft Condensed Matter Hybrid Fiber Sensors for Vital Function Monitoring." Advances in Science and Technology 100 (October 2016): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.100.79.

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Textile band structures with integrated soft condensed matter sensor (SCMS) can be used as a vital function monitor device to detect pulse wave and breathing on the human body. A textile an elastic band was used as a support material and the U-shaped SCMS fiber sensor was bonded on the surface with elastic band with a liquid rubber bonding material. The sensor signal and gauge factor of the textile sensor structure was investigated using tensile testing experiments. The resistivity of the sensor structure increased linearly within a strain of 10 to 50%, and a slope of 8 (kOhm/% strain) could be detected. The sensor had a gauge factor of 4-5 from 10 to 50% between strain. Using the integrated SCMS sensor textile band around the chest, it was possible to detect talking, normal breathing and coughing. In collaboration with Rice University the textile sensor was tested for proof-of-concept for use in a battery-powered monitor for apnea of premature infants.
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Hu, Li-qun, and Ai-min Sha. "Research on Influence Factor in Semi-rigid Base Course Material Temperature Shrinkage Coefficient Test Using Strain Gauge." Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 2, no. 2 (December 2007): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000186.

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NAGASE, Yasuo, and Yoshiyuki NAKAMURA. "Fatigue Gauge Utilizing Slip Deformation of Aluminum Foil : Effect of Material Factor on the Evolution of Roughness." JSME international journal. Ser. 1, Solid mechanics, strength of materials 35, no. 2 (1992): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmea1988.35.2_247.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Material gauge factor"

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Madhi, Elhoucine. "In-Situ Creep Monitoring Using Directional Potential Drop Sensors." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1288378941.

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Embrey, Leslie. "Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam Reinforced Epoxy Composites." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3128.

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Three-dimensional graphene foam (3D GrF) is an interconnected, porous structure of graphene sheets with excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, making it a candidate reinforcement for polymer matrices. GrF’s 3D structure eliminates nanoparticle agglomeration and provides seamless pathways for electron travel. The objective of this work is to fabricate low density GrF reinforced epoxy composites with superior mechanical and electrical properties and study the underlying deformation mechanisms. Dip coating and mold casting fabrication methods are employed in order to tailor the microstructure and properties. The composite’s microstructure revealed good interfacial interaction. By adding mere 0.63 wt.% GrF, flexural strength was improved by 56%. The addition of 2 wt.% GrF showed a surge in glass transition temperature (56oC), improvement in damping behavior (150%), and electrical conductivity 11 orders of magnitude higher than pure epoxy. Dip coated and mold casted composites showed a gauge factor of ~2.4 indicating electromechanically robust composite materials.
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Mohansundaram, S. M. "Large Enhancement in Metal Film Piezoresistive Sensitivity with Local Inhomogenization for Nanoelectromechanical Systems." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3388.

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High performance and low cost sensors based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have become commonplace in today's world. MEMS sensors, such as accelerometers, gy- roscopes, pressure sensors, and microphones, are routinely used in consumer electronics, automobiles, industrial and aerospace applications. Basically, all these devices mea- sure tiny displacements of micromachined mechanical structures in response to external stimuli. One of the widely used techniques to detect these displacements is piezoresistive sensing. Piezoresistive sensors are popular in MEMS due to their simplicity and robustness. Traditionally, silicon has been the material of choice for piezoresistors due to its high strain sensitivity or gauge factor. Whereas metal lm piezoresistors typically have low gauge factor that puts them out of favour when compared to silicon. But metal lm piezoresistors have several advantages compared to their semiconductor counterparts, including simple and low-cost fabrication, low resistivity and generally low noise. Low resistance sensors become desirable particularly when the devices are scaled down to nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), where signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance becomes crucial. Enhancing the gauge factor of metal lms while keeping their low resistance advantage can dramatically improve their SNR performance for NEMS. This thesis reports a simple method we have developed to enhance the gauge factor of metal lm piezoresistors. We demonstrate this method on specially designed micro- cantilever devices. Using controlled electromigration, we are able to engineer the microstructure of gold lm and transform it into a locally inhomogeneous conductor which resembles a percolation network. This results in more than 100 times higher gauge factor at low to moderate sensor resistance. The SNR possible with our piezoresistor at high frequencies exceeds that of most available systems by at least an order of magnitude. Our locally inhomogeneous metal lm piezoresistor is a promising candidate for high-performance NEMS-based sensors of the future.
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Book chapters on the topic "Material gauge factor"

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Pavletits, Péter. "The Role and Possibilities of Hungarian Narrow-Gauge Railways in Tourism." In Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations, 132–39. Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/seshst-01-15.

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Since the 1980’s almost all of the the Hungarian narrow-gauge railway lines made a complete change of function. In the following decade with a few exceptions the freight was completely abolished and replaced by tourism. We need to address several factors if we want to determine the tourism potential of a particular narrow-gauge railway. One of these is accessibility, which shows what extra effort a tourist needs to make to get to a particular attraction. It is not enough just to look at accessibility, we also need to look how narrow-gauge railways can get involved in the tourism system. In a tourism approach we can examine points of interest from several perspectives. The interdependent material conditions of tourism include basic infrastructure, attraction and tourism infrastructure. The basic infrastructure in tourism means the existence of conditions that are essential to see the attraction. Several narrow-gauge railways also play a role in the basic infrastructure, however, their most significant role is the dynamic infrastructure. The narrow-gauge railway transports tourists to the tourist attraction, or due to its nature, attracts tourists. Most of the Hungarian narrow-gauge railway fall into the category of dynamic infrastructure. Attraction is difficult to define, because there are a lot of subjective elements, but most of the Hungarian narrow-gauge railways we can definitely highlight and call as real attractions. It is important to talk about seasonality. Not all of them offer the same experience in summer as in winter, they are not the same attractions in all seasons. By tourist milieu we mean the attraction of the destination, the totality of the experiences gained there.
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Newnham, Robert E. "Piezoresistance." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0024.

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Piezoresistivity, the change in electrical resistivity with mechanical stress, is commonly used to monitor static or slowly varying stresses and strains. The sensitivity of piezoresistive elements are often compared by means of a strain gage factor: G = Δ
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G. Paulish, Andrey, Peter S. Zagubisalo, Sergey M. Churilov, Vladimir N. Barakov, Mikhail A. Pavlov, and Alexander V. Poyarkov. "Piezo-Optical Transducers in High Sensitive Strain Measurements." In Optoelectronics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94082.

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New piezo-optical sensors based on the piezo-optical effect for high sensitive mechanical stress measurements have been proposed and developed. The piezo-optical method provides the highest sensitivity to strains compared to sensors based on any other physical principles. Piezo-optical sensors use materials whose parameters practically not change under load or over time, therefore piezo-optical sensors are devoid of the disadvantages inherent in strain-resistive and piezoelectric sensors, such as hysteresis, parameters degradation with time, small dynamic range, low sensitivity to strains, and high sensitivity to overloads. Accurate numerical simulation and experimental investigations of the piezo-optical transducer output signal formation made it possible to optimize its design and show that the its gauge factor is two to three orders of magnitude higher than the gauge factors of sensors of other types. The cruciform shape of the transducer photoelastic element made it possible to significantly increase the stresses in its working area at a given external force. Combining compactness, reliability, resistance to overloads, linearity and high sensitivity, in terms of the all set of these parameters, piezo-optical sensors significantly surpass the currently widely used strain-resistive, piezoelectric and fiber-optic sensors and open up new, previously inaccessible, possibilities in the tasks of measuring power loads.
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Chang, Peter T. "Late Bleb Failure." In Complications of Glaucoma Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382365.003.0029.

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The goal of filtering surgery is to create a filtering bleb to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). A successful bleb can be characterized by subconjunctival elevation, moderate avascularity, and microcystic appearance of the bleb. Failure of the filtering bleb may occur in the late postoperative period, leading to inadequate control of glaucoma. (Figure 15.1) Prevention and management of late postoperative bleb failure are important in maintaining the success of the trabeculectomy. Bleb failure may occur months to years following an initial filtering surgery. Some risk factors for bleb failure include young age, high preoperative IOP, African or Hispanic ethnicity, multiple prior conjunctival procedures, long-term therapy with topical glaucoma medications, and secondary glaucomas, such as uveitic and neovascular glaucoma. Male gender and aphakia also increase the risk of late bleb failure. Structurally, bleb failure may be due to numerous causes, including obstruction of the internal ostium, episcleral fibrosis, and conjunctival scarring. Evaluation of the etiology of the failure requires careful slit-lamp biomicroscopy and gonioscopy. Although obstruction of the internal ostium typically occurs during the early postoperative period, materials such as blood and fibrin may block the ostium years after the surgery. Therefore, gonioscopy should be performed in all suspected cases of late bleb failure. Retained lens material and ophthalmic viscoelastic devices can occlude the ostium following a cataract surgery in a previously filtered eye. In cases of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome, iris or other aberrant tissue may also cause obstruction of the internal ostium, leading to a higher rate of bleb failure. Physical manipulation using a 30-gauge needle, laser contracture (with argon or diode) or obliteration (with Nd:YAG), or topical pharmacological intervention with pilocarpine and phenylephrine may be attempted to dislodge incarcerated iris from the internal ostium. Blood clots or fibrin can be dissolved with intracameral injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (see Chapter 5). Despite the use of adjunctive antimetabolites with filtration surgeries, conjunctival scarring and episcleral fibrosis around the scleral flap remain the primary causes of late bleb failure. Histopathology of a scarred filtration site shows abundant fibroblasts with contractile intracellular proteins and deposition of new collagen fibers.
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Conference papers on the topic "Material gauge factor"

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Madhi, E., P. B. Nagy, Donald O. Thompson, and Dale E. Chimenti. "MATERIAL GAUGE FACTOR OF DIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DROP SENSORS FOR CREEP MONITORING." In REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 30A; Volume 30B. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3592075.

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Ouerghi, Issam, Julien Philippe, Carine Ladner, Pascal Scheiblin, Laurent Duraffourg, Sebastien Hentz, and Thomas Ernst. "A nanowire gauge factor extraction method for material comparison and in-line monitoring." In 2015 28th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2015.7050964.

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Shi, Hongyang, Xinda Qi, Yunqi Cao, Nelson Sepúlveda, Chuan Wang, and Xiaobo Tan. "Highly Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensors Using Multiple Viscous Conductive Materials." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2321.

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Abstract This paper proposes a highly stretchable strain sensor using viscous conductive materials as resistive element and introduces a simple and economic fabrication process by encapsulating the conductive materials between two layers of silicone rubbers Ecoflex 00-30. The fabrication process of the strain sensor is presented, and the properties of the viscous conductive materials are studied. Characterization shows that the sensor with conductive gels, toothpastes, carbon paint, and carbon grease can sustain a maximum tensile strain of 200% and retain good repeatability, with a strain gauge factor of 2.0, 1.75, 3.0, and 7.5, respectively. Furthermore, strain sensors with graphite and carbon nanotubes mixed with conductive gels are fabricated to explore how to improve the gauge factor. With a focus on the most promising material, conductive carbon grease, cyclic stretching tests are conducted and show good repeatability at 100% strain for 100 cycles. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the stretchable strain sensor made of carbon grease is capable of measuring finger bending. With its easy and low-cost fabrication process, large strain detection range and good gauge factor, the conductive materials-based strain sensors are promising for future biomedical, wearable electronics and rehabilitation applications.
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Chimalapati, Swathi, Laine Mears, and Andrew C. Clark. "Characterization of a Nano-Composite Sensor in Multiple Environmental Domains." In ASME 2008 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 3rd JSME/ASME International Conference on Materials and Processing. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec_icmp2008-72503.

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A sensor composed of a composite material formed of a polymer and nano-carbon conductive filler is characterized for measurement of pressure through the relationship to contact resistance. The sensor has the physical attributes of polymer, but is electrically conductive and can therefore be used on a conductive substrate to gauge pressure and subsequently load. Benefits over traditional force sensing include reduced cost, full control of geometry, reduced form factor, resistance to impact and to corrosion. A test circuit was developed to study the behavior of the sensor at different loads and surface conditions, and behavior over time. Prospective applications on manufacturing and automotive fields are proposed.
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Maynard, Cole M., Julio A. Hernandez, Andrew Doak, Benjamin Mardikis, Monica Viz, Brittany Newell, Jose Garcia, and Tyler N. Tallman. "A Computational Study of Strain Sensing via 3D-Printed CNF-Modified PLA Strain Gauges." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2236.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing technologies and products have seen significant growth in the last decade but have the potential to see greater advancement with the addition of functional material properties in filaments, vastly expanding the product range. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a common fused deposition modeling (FDM) material used for additive manufacturing. Currently, filament materials are limited in terms of electrical properties with the majority of filaments being dielectric. Imparting electrical properties via nanofiller modification of traditionally insulating PLA is an exciting direction for multi-functional additive manufacturing. The work presented in this manuscript computationally explores the piezoresistive strain sensing performance of multi-functional PLA. Specifically, we use experimental conductivity data collected from carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified PLA to calibrate a computational piezoresistivity model. This computational model is then used to simulate the resistance change-strain relationship of a representative additively manufactured sensor shape. This study shows that the CNF/PLA sensor exhibits a non-linear response with a strain-dependent gauge factor ranging from 15.0 in compression to up to approximately 33.2 in tension. Computational tools such as the ones presented herein are important for further development of additively manufactured sensors since it allows researchers to explore a wide design space (e.g. shape, material type, etc.) without resorting to trial and error experimentation. This allows the incredible versatility of additive manufacturing to be more thoroughly leveraged.
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Al-Rubaiai, Mohammed, Ryohei Tsuruta, Umesh Gandhi, Chuan Wang, and Xiaobo Tan. "3D-Printed Stretchable Strain Sensor With Application to Wind Sensing." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-7945.

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Stretchable strain sensors with large strain range, high sensitivity, and excellent reliability are of great interest for applications in soft robotics, wearable devices, and structure-monitoring systems. Unlike conventional template lithography-based approaches, 3D-printing can be used to fabricate complex devices in a simple and cost-effective manner. In this paper, we report 3D-printed stretchable strain sensors that embeds a flexible conductive composite material in a hyper-plastic substrate. Three commercially available conductive filaments are explored, among which the conductive thermoplastic polyurethane (ETPU) shows the highest sensitivity (gauge factor of 5), with a working strain range of 0%–20%. The ETPU strain sensor exhibits an interesting behavior where the conductivity increases with the strain. In addition, an experiment for measuring the wind speed is conducted inside a wind tunnel, where the ETPU sensor shows sensitivity to the wind speed beyond 5.6 m/s.
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Nozaki, Takuya, Ken Suzuki, and Hideo Miura. "Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor Using Two-Dimensionally Aligned Carbon Nanotube Bundles." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53059.

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A highly sensitive two-dimensional tactile sensor has been developed by applying the stain-induced change of the electronic resistance of MWCNTs (Multi-Wall Carbon Nano-Tubes). The elastic deformation of a bundle of MWCNTs was confirmed under the axial compressive strain from 0% to 60%, and the sensitivity of compressive force was 1 mN. The maximum gauge factor of the bundle under the compressive strain was about 100, and it was obtained from the buckling deformation of the bundle. Since the effective elastic constant of the bundle was about 140 kPa, it was important to use a very soft dielectric material for electrical isolation among area-arrayed fine bundles in the tactile sensor. The application of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was found to be effective for assuring the flexible deformation of each bundle in the sensor under the application of a distributed load.
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Al-Rubaiai, Mohammed, Ryohei Tsuruta, Taewoo Nam, Umesh Gandhi, and Xiaobo Tan. "Direct Printing of a Flexible Strain Sensor for Distributed Monitoring of Deformation in Inflatable Structures." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5713.

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Abstract Inflatable structures provide significant volume and weight savings for future space and soft robotic applications. Structural health monitoring (SHM) of these structures is essential to ensuring safe operation, providing early warnings of damage, and measuring structural changes over time. In this paper, we propose the design of a single flexible strain sensor for distributed monitoring of an inflatable tube, in particular, the detection and localization of a kink should that occur. Several commercially available conductive materials, including 3D-printing filaments, conductive paint, and conductive fabrics are explored for their strain-sensing performance, where the resistance change under uniaxial tension is measured, and the corresponding gauge factor (GF) is characterized. Flexible strain sensors are then fabricated and integrated with an inflatable structure fabric using screen-printing or 3D-printing techniques, depending on the nature of the raw conductive material. Among the tested materials, the conductive paint shows the highest stability, with GF of 15 and working strain range of 2.28%. Finally, the geometry of the sensor is designed to enable distributed monitoring of an inflatable tube. In particular, for a given deformation magnitude, the sensor output shows a monotonic relationship with the location where the deformation is applied, thus enabling the monitoring of the entire tube with a single sensor.
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9

EL-Bagory, Tarek M. A. A., Maher Y. A. Younan, and Hossam E. M. Sallam. "Limit Load Determination and Material Characterization of Cracked Polyethylene Miter Pipe Bends." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57587.

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The quality of Natural Gas Piping Systems, NGPS, must be ensured against manufacturing defects. The main purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effect of loading mode and load angle (30°,45°, and 60°) on the limit load of miter pipe bends, MPB, under different crack depths a/W = 0 to 0.4 at a crosshead speed 500 mm/min. The geometry of cracked and un-cracked multi miter pipe bends are: pipe bend angle, α = 90°, pipe bend factor, h = 0.844, standard dimension ratio, SDR = 11, and three junctions, m = 3. The material of the investigated pipe is a high-density polyethylene, HDPE, which is commonly used in natural gas piping systems. The welds at the miter pipe junction are produced by butt-fusion welding. For all loading modes the limit load is obtained by the tangent intersection method, TI, from the load deflection curves produced by the specially designed and constructed testing machine at the laboratory. Tensile tests are conducted on specimens longitudinally extruded from the pipe with thickness, T = 10, 30 mm, at different crosshead speeds (5–500 mm/min), and different gauge lengths (G = 20, 25, and 50 mm) to determine the mechanical properties of welded and un-welded specimens. The fracture toughness is determined on the basis of elastic plastic fracture mechanics, EPFM. Curved three-point bend specimens, CTPB, are used. All specimens are provided with artificially pre-crack at the crack tip, a/W = 0.5. The effect of specimen thickness variation (B = 10, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, and 45mm) for welded and un-welded specimens is studied at room temperature (Ta = 23°C) and at different crosshead speeds, VC.H, ranging from 5 to 500 mm/min. The study reveals that increasing the crack depth leads to a decrease in the stiffness and limit load of MPB for both in-plane, and out-of-plane bending moment. In case of combined load (out-of-plane and in-plane opening; mode) higher load angles lead to an increase in the limit load. The highest limit load value occurs at a loading angle, φ = 60°. In case of combined load (out-of-plane and in-plane closing; mode) the limit load decreases with increasing load angles. On the other hand, higher limit load values are proved at a load angle, φ = 30°. For combined load opening case; higher values of limit load are obtained. The crosshead speed has a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of both welded and un-welded specimens. The fracture toughness, JIC, is greater for un-welded than welded specimen.
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10

Taylor, Christine, Xi Liu, and Suresh K. Sitaraman. "Strain Monitoring Near Through Silicon Vias Using Metal Piezoresistive Sensors." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40041.

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With 3D system packaging, more chips will be stacked on top of each other and connected by through silicon vias (TSVs). TSVs enable not only miniaturization, but also high bandwidth, lower power consumption, heterogeneous integration and minimal interconnect latency. Due to the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of various materials in 3D packaging systems, high thermomechanical stresses develop. Stress measurements near these TSVs and bump pads are important to help understand the evolution of die stresses associated with the packaging process. Depending on the package, the pitch of vias/bumps ranges from a few microns to a few tens of microns. Unlike currently-used piezoresistive doped Si sensors that require high-temperature processing, metal-based sensors use low-temperature standard cleanroom processes such as UV lithography and physical vapor deposition. In this paper, nichrome metallic sensors have been fabricated using standard cleanroom processes, and the gauge factor of the sensing material has been determined through tensile and compressive loadings. In parallel to the experiments, finite-element simulations have been carried out to assess the influence of sensors on local stress fields, and it is found that although the influence is minimal for micro-scale sensors, it is essential to account for such change in stress fields.
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