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1
Sztankovics, István. "ARITHMETIC MEAN HEIGHT AND MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF THE ROUGHNESS PROFILE IN HONING WITH DIFFERENT FEEDS." Cutting & Tools in Technological System, no. 99 (November 21, 2023): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-7405.2023.99.03.
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The achievable surface quality is an important factor even in roughing procedures; however, it is most relevant in finishing. Two commonly measured and analysed characteristics of the machined surface roughness profile are the Arithmetic Mean Height and the Maximum Height of the Roughness Profile. In this paper these parameters were studied in bore honing. Cutting experiments were carried out, where the feed rate and the applied honing tool are varied. After the evaluation of the measured 2D surface profiles, the following conclusions were drawn: the effect of the feed rate is not linear; the lowest values of the analysed roughness parameters were achieved by the application of 50 mm/rev. feed rate and a honing tool with 80 grain size and ceramic binder; the difference between the studied roughness parameters was 6.5-8.0-fold.
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Duo, Yang, Wang Qibo, Tang Jinyuan, Xia Fujia, Zhou Wei, and Wen Yuqin. "Correlation analysis of roughness surface height distribution parameters and maximum mises stress." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 10, no. 1 (2022): 015046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac5d6b.
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Abstract Roughness surfaces contact analysis is cutting-edge research in interface design. The 3D rough surface amplitude distribution characterized by height distribution parameters( Sq (root mean square), Ssk (skewness), Sku (kurtosis)) has a great influence on the extreme value and distribution of the interface contact stress. However, the relationship between height distribution parameters and surface maximum mises stress ( σ max ) is still unclear and lacks of in-depth study. Through BP(Back Propagation) neural network, global sensitivity qualitative (Morris) and quantitative (Sobol) analysis methods, the relationship between Sq , Ssk , Sku and σ max under different loads is studied. Based on complete polynomial and permutation combination method, the optimal correlation model between height distribution parameters and σ max was established, and particle swarm algorithm was introduced to analyze σ max extreme values under different Sq . The results show that: (1) Under different loads, the order about height distribution parameters influence on surface contact stress is: Sq > Ssk > Sku , and as the load increases, the influence of Ssk and Sku gradually decreases. (2) In different roughness surfaces, the influence of Ssk and Sku on the contact performance is significantly full of discrepancy. The research results provide reference and technical support for active design of rough surface microstructure to improved contact performance.
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Chang, Wen-Ruey, Mikko Hirvonen, Raoul Grönqvist, and William M. Aguilera. "The Effects of Cut-Off Length on Surface Roughness Parameters and Their Correlation with Transition Friction." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 19 (2002): 1713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601905.
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Friction is widely used as an indicator of surface slipperiness in preventing accidents in slips and falls. Surface roughness affects friction, but it is not clear which surface roughness characteristics are better correlated with friction and, therefore, are preferred as potential interventions. The transition friction between quarry tiles and Neolite under three different mixtures of glycerol and water as contaminants was correlated with the surface parameters generated from the quarry tile surfaces. The surface roughness parameters were measured with three different cut-off lengths (0.8, 2.5 and 8 mm). The results showed that transition friction decreased as the glycerol content in the contaminant was increased due to the lubrication effect. The linear correlation coefficients between the surface roughness parameters and the measured friction increased as the cut-off length was increased from 0.8 to 8 mm. However, average of the maximum height above the mean line in each cut-off length ( Rpm), arithmetical average of surface heights ( Ra), mean height from third highest peak to third lowest valley in each cut-off length ( R3z) and the kernel roughness depth ( Rk) had the strongest correlation with transition friction across three cut-off lengths used.
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Zagórski, Ireneusz. "Surface Roughness Evaluation of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy After Rough Milling Using Tools with Different Geometries." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 70, no. 7-8 (2024): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2023.885.
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This paper presents the experimental results of a study investigating the impact of machining parameters on 3D surface roughness after rough, dry milling. The following 3D roughness parameters were analysed: Sa (arithmetic mean height), Sq (root mean square height), Sz (maximum height), Sku (kurtosis), Ssk (skewness), Sp (maximum peak height), and Sv (maximum pit height). Roughness measurements were made on the end face of the specimens. Additionally, 3D surface topography maps and Abbot-Firestone material ratio curves were generated. Carbide end mills with variable rake and helix angles were used in the study. Experiments were conducted on AZ31B magnesium alloy specimens using a contact-type profilometer. The machining process was conducted using the parameters of so-called high-speed machining. Three variable technological parameters were analysed: cutting speed vc, feed per tooth fz, and axial depth of cut ap. The results showed that the surface roughness of the rough-milled specimens depended to a great extent on the tool geometry and applied machining parameters. Feed per tooth was found to have the greatest impact on surface roughness parameters. Lower values of the analysed surface roughness parameters (and therefore higher surface quality) were obtained (in most cases) for the tools with a rake angle γ of 5° and a helix angle λs of 50°. The results provided both theoretical and practical knowledge about the achievable surface roughness after rough milling using tools with different tool blade geometry. It was shown that rough milling is an effective and efficient type of machining for the AZ31B alloy.
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Maurer, K. D., G. Bohrer, W. T. Kenny, and V. Y. Ivanov. "Large-eddy simulations of surface roughness parameter sensitivity to canopy-structure characteristics." Biogeosciences 12, no. 8 (2015): 2533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2533-2015.
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Abstract. Surface roughness parameters, namely the roughness length and displacement height, are an integral input used to model surface fluxes. However, most models assume these parameters to be a fixed property of plant functional type and disregard the governing structural heterogeneity and dynamics. In this study, we use large-eddy simulations to explore, in silico, the effects of canopy-structure characteristics on surface roughness parameters. We performed a virtual experiment to test the sensitivity of resolved surface roughness to four axes of canopy structure: (1) leaf area index, (2) the vertical profile of leaf density, (3) canopy height, and (4) canopy gap fraction. We found roughness parameters to be highly variable, but uncovered positive relationships between displacement height and maximum canopy height, aerodynamic canopy height and maximum canopy height and leaf area index, and eddy-penetration depth and gap fraction. We also found negative relationships between aerodynamic canopy height and gap fraction, as well as between eddy-penetration depth and maximum canopy height and leaf area index. We generalized our model results into a virtual "biometric" parameterization that relates roughness length and displacement height to canopy height, leaf area index, and gap fraction. Using a decade of wind and canopy-structure observations in a site in Michigan, we tested the effectiveness of our model-driven biometric parameterization approach in predicting the friction velocity over heterogeneous and disturbed canopies. We compared the accuracy of these predictions with the friction-velocity predictions obtained from the common simple approximation related to canopy height, the values calculated with large-eddy simulations of the explicit canopy structure as measured by airborne and ground-based lidar, two other parameterization approaches that utilize varying canopy-structure inputs, and the annual and decadal means of the surface roughness parameters at the site from meteorological observations. We found that the classical representation of constant roughness parameters (in space and time) as a fraction of canopy height performed relatively well. Nonetheless, of the approaches we tested, most of the empirical approaches that incorporate seasonal and interannual variation of roughness length and displacement height as a function of the dynamics of canopy structure produced more precise and less biased estimates for friction velocity than models with temporally invariable parameters.
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Zafar, Muhammad Sohail. "Comparing the effects of manual and ultrasonic instrumentation on root surface mechanical properties." European Journal of Dentistry 10, no. 04 (2016): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.195162.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the current study is to analyze the surface profiles of healthy and periodontal-treated roots. In addition, manual and ultrasonic instrumentation methods have been compared in terms of surface mechanical properties of root surfaces including surface roughness, hardness, and elastic modulus. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using extracted teeth that were randomly divided into two study groups (1 and 2). Root planing was performed using either Gracey curettes (Group 1) or ultrasonic scaler (Group 2). The noncontact profilometer was used to analyze surface roughness before and after root planing. A nanoindenter was used to analyze the surface mechanical properties. Results: The root planing treatment reduced the peak and valley heights hence decreasing the surface roughness. The average maximum height of peaks (Sp) and average maximum height of valleys (Sv) for control groups remain 83.08 ± 18.47 μm and 117.58 ± 18.02 μm. The Sp was reduced to 32.86 ± 7.99 μm and 62.11 ± 16.07 μm for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The Sv was reduced to 49.32 ± 29.51 μm for Group 1 and 80.87 ± 17.99 μm Group 2. The nanohardness and modulus of elasticity for cementum of the control group remain 0.28 ± 0.13 GPa and 5.09 ± 2.67 GPa, respectively. Conclusions: Gracey curettes and ultrasonic scalers are capable of significantly reducing the roughness following root planing. Although Gracey curettes produced smoother surfaces than ultrasonic scalers, there was no significant difference.
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Chen, Xiao Xiao, Jun Zhao, Yong Wang Dong, Shuai Liu, and Jia Bang Zhao. "Study on the Machined Surface Geometry Generated by Multi-Axis Ball End Milling Process." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.370.
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This paper investigated the surface generated by single factor experiment under multi-axis finish milling condition, and the effects of cutting parameters on surface textures, 2D and 3D surface topographies and surface roughness characteristics were analyzed. Surface features evaluation indicators of Ra, Rq, Rt, surface heights histogram, maximum valley depth and maximum peak height corresponding to various cutting parameters were presented and discussed. The machining marks are closely related with tool orientation angles. The orderly distributions of concave and convex patterns on the machined surface are produced by the special cutting orientation of the cutting edges. The feed per tooth, spindle speed, tilt angle, and lead angle apparently affect surface roughness, while depth of cut and radial width of cut have no obvious effects on the surface roughness when the two parameters values vary in a small range.
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Maurer, K. D., G. Bohrer, and V. Y. Ivanov. "Large eddy simulations of surface roughness parameter sensitivity to canopy-structure characteristics." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 11 (2014): 16349–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-16349-2014.
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Abstract. Surface roughness parameters are at the core of every model representation of the coupling and interactions between land-surface and atmosphere, and are used in every model of surface fluxes. However, most models assume these parameters to be a fixed property of plant functional type and do not vary them in response to spatial or temporal changes to canopy structure. In part, this is due to the difficulty of reducing the complexity of canopy structure and its spatiotemporal dynamic and heterogeneity to less than a handful of parameters describing its effects of atmosphere–surface interactions. In this study we use large-eddy simulations to explore, in silico, the effects of canopy structure characteristics on surface roughness parameters. We performed a virtual experiment to test the sensitivity of resolved surface roughness to four axes of canopy structure: (1) leaf area index, (2) the vertical profile of leaf density, (3) canopy height, and (4) canopy gap fraction. We found roughness parameters to be highly variable, but were able to find positive relationships between displacement height and maximum canopy height, aerodynamic canopy height and maximum canopy height and leaf area index, and eddy-penetration depth and gap fraction. We also found negative relationships between aerodynamic canopy height and gap fraction, and between eddy-penetration depth and maximum canopy height and leaf area index. Using a decade of wind and canopy structure observations in a site in Michigan, we tested the effectiveness of our model-resolved parameters in predicting the frictional velocity over heterogeneous and disturbed canopies. We compared it with three other semi-empirical models and with a decade of meteorological observations. We found that parameterizations with fixed representations of roughness performed relatively well. Nonetheless, some empirical approaches that incorporate seasonal and inter-annual changes to the canopy structure performed even better than models with temporally fixed parameters.
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Deng, Gang, Syohei Suzuki, and Tsutomu Nakanishi. "Effects of Surface Roughness and Abnormal Surface Layer on Fatigue Strength." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.867.
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The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of surface roughness in normalized steel and the effects of abnormal surface layer in carburized steel on the fatigue strength that is considered as the limit of no crack initiation. Normalized and Carburized test pieces with crowned round notches were used in the fatigue tests, the normalized test pieces have different surface roughnesses and the carburized test pieces have different surface microstructures on the notch surface. The changes in fatigue strength due to the differences in the notch surface roughness and surface microstructure were investigated. As the conclusions, fatigue strength will be certainly increased by decreasing the surface maximum height, and removing the abnormal surface layer formed during carburized treatment leads to a marked increase in fatigue strength.
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Deleanu, Lorena, Laura Maftei, George Ghiocel Ojoc, Alina Ceoromila, Larisa Chiper Titire, and Constantin Georgescu. "Influence of Sliding Speed and Glass Bead Concentration on 3D Roughness Parameters." Materiale Plastice 60, no. 4 (2024): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.23.4.5691.
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This paper presents an analysis of 3D amplitude and functional parameters for worn surfaces of composites with polyamide 6 as matrix and different glass bead concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%wt). The worn surfaces after dry sliding of a steel pin on a disk, for 10 km, at constant velocity (0.5 m/s, 1 m/s and 1.5 m/s) and under an average pressure of 1 MPa. There were done two tests under the same conditions. On each worn track, there were investigated three surfaces of 500 μm x 500 μm with a contact profilometer. The number of points on the scan line was 200 points and the step between lines was 5μm. The following amplitude parameters were measured and calculated for assessed surfaces: the arithmetic mean deviation, Sa, the root mean square deviation, Sq, the maximum height of surface prominence, Sp, the maximum surface depth, Sv, the maximum height, St, the skewness factor, Ssk and the kurtosis, Sku. The discussed functional parameters are the reduced peak height, Spk, the height of the core of the surface, Sk and the depth of the valley zone, Svk. The comparison of their values makes posible to evaluate if the worn surface could function in a new running or the replacement of the component is recommended. Considering that machine components have intermittent operation, these worn surfaces becoming initial surfaces for the following cycle of contact operation. Based on the average values of amplitude and functional parameters, it was found that a relatively good surface quality is preserved for concentrations of 10...30%wt glass beads, for v=0.5...1 m/s (Sa and Sq having similar trend); for lower concentrations and for 50% glass beads, the parameter values increase but without identifying a distinct relationship with the working regime, especially for 2.5 and 5% glass beads.
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Cui, Kunyu, Jian Luo, Kefeng Xu, Lei Ling, and Riping Cheng. "The Study of Patterns and Mechanisms of Continuous Laser Ablation of Carbon Steel Rust Layers in Multi-Medium Environments." Applied Sciences 14, no. 12 (2024): 5052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14125052.
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A new multi-scenario, low-cost, high-efficiency, medium-assisted continuous laser cleaning of corrosion layers was developed. By comparing the roughness and cleaning depth of rust layers cleaned under conditions of liquid-assisted, solid-assisted, and mixed solid–liquid-assisted laser cleaning, simultaneously establishing a three-dimensional finite element model to study the variations during the cleaning process, and conducting a comparative analysis of the results of both, the cleaning mechanism is elucidated. The experimental results indicate that under conditions of water-assisted cleaning, the depth of rust layer increases initially and then decreases with varying water layer heights. The maximum cleaning depth is achieved at a water layer height of 0.1 mm, while the optimal surface roughness occurs at a water layer height of 0.2 mm, indicating a change in cleaning mechanism. The cleaning pattern with SiO2 activator assistance follows a similar trend to a water medium, reaching maximum cleaning depth at 0.1 mm height, with a slight improvement in surface roughness compared to water-assisted cleaning. Finally, solid–liquid mixing can achieve cleaning completion and improve surface roughness under conditions where water-assisted cleaning alone fails to reach a clean state. Therefore, the active agent can be used for laser cleaning to promote the cleaning process, and solid–liquid mixing to assist the laser cleaning can be a theoretical guide for the field of laser cleaning.
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Martín Fernández, Francisco, and María Jesús Martín Sánchez. "Analysis of the Effect of the Surface Inclination Angle on the Roughness of Polymeric Parts Obtained with Fused Filament Fabrication Technology." Polymers 15, no. 3 (2023): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030585.
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The aim of this work was to conduct a dimensional study, in terms of microgeometry, using parts from an additive manufacturing process with fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. As in most cases of additive manufacturing processes, curved surfaces were obtained via approximation of planes with different inclinations. The focus of this experimental study was to analyze the surface roughness of curve geometry from surface-roughness measurements of the plane surfaces that generate it. Three relevant manufacturing parameters were considered: layer height, nozzle diameter and material. Taguchi’s experimental design based on the Latin square was applied to optimize the set of specimens used. For the manufactured samples, the surface-roughness parameters Ra (roughness average), Rq (root mean square roughness) and Rz (maximum height) were obtained in eight planes of different inclinations (0° to 90°). The results were analyzed using both a graphical model and an analysis of variance study (ANOVA), demonstrating the dependency relationships among the parameters considered and surface finish. The best surface roughness was reached at 85°, with a global average Ra value of 8.66 µm, increasing the average Ra value from 6.39 µm to 11.57 µm according to the layer height increase or decreasing it slightly, from 8.91 µm to 8.41 µm, in relation to the nozzle diameter increase. On the contrary, the worst surface roughness occurred at 20°, with a global average Ra value of 19.05 µm. Additionally, the theoretical profiles and those from the surface-roughness measurement were found to coincide greatly. Eventually, the eight regression curves from the ANOVA allowed prediction of outputs from future specimens tested under different conditions.
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Mwema, Fredrick, and Tien-Chien Jen. "Statistical and Fractal Description of Defects on Topography Surfaces." MATEC Web of Conferences 374 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337401001.
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In this article, simulated/artificial surfaces consisting of perfectly ordered and mounded (perfect) structures and defective surfaces are characterised through statistical and fractal methods. The image sizes are designed to mimic atomic force microscopy (AFM) of scan area 1 μm2 and maximum height features of 500 nm. The simulated images are then characterised using statistical tools such as root mean square and average roughness, skewness, kurtosis, and maximum pit and peaks. Fractal analyses are also undertaken using fractal dimensions, autocorrelation, height-height correlation and power spectral density functions. The results reveal significant differences between defective and perfectly ordered and mounded surfaces. The defective surfaces exhibit higher roughness values and lower fractal dimensions values as compared to the perfect surfaces. The results in this article can help researchers to better explain their results on topography and surface evolution of thin films.
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Yoshihara, Nobuhito, Ji Wang Yan, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Control of Nano-Topography on an Axisymmetric Ground Surface." Key Engineering Materials 389-390 (September 2008): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.389-390.96.
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The use of aspherical optical parts has become common as optical instruments are becoming smaller with and are achieving higher resolution. Nano-order roughness and high-precision shapes are simultaneously required for the surface of aspherical optical parts. At present, form accuracy of the aspherical lens becomes less than 50 nm, and the maximum height roughness becomes less than 20 nm. These values of form accuracy and maximum height roughness satisfy the requirement for most precision optical parts. However, nano-topography, which causes grinding marks and deteriorates accuracy of optical parts, is generated on the ground surface. Conventional evaluation criteria such as form accuracy and surface roughness cannot estimate the nano-topography. In the present paper, the cross sectional profile of the axisymmetric ground surface is calculated in order to estimate the distribution of the nano-topography. As a result, the possibility of control of the nano-topography distribution is confirmed. In addition, controlling the amplitude of nano-topography is easier than controlling the distribution of nano-topography.
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Al-Sabur, Raheem, Andrzej Kubit, Hassanein I. Khalaf, Wojciech Jurczak, Andrzej Dzierwa, and Marcin Korzeniowski. "Analysis of Surface Texture and Roughness in Composites Stiffening Ribs Formed by SPIF Process." Materials 16, no. 7 (2023): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072901.
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Studying roughness parameters and the topography of stiffening ribs in composite sandwich structures is important for understanding these materials’ surface quality and mechanical properties. The roughness parameters describe the micro-geometry of the surface, including the average height deviation, roughness depth, and waviness. The topography of the surface refers to the spatial arrangement and distribution of features such as bumps, ridges, and valleys. The study investigated the roughness parameters under three scenarios based on two SPIF process parameters: tool rotational speed(N) and feed rate (f). The vertical step was held constant at 0.4 mm across all scenarios. In scenario A, the process parameters were set at f = 300 mm/min and n = 300 rpm; in scenario B, f = 1500 mm/min and n = 3000 rpm; and in scenario C, f = 1500 mm/min and n = 300 rpm. The experimental research topography analyses revealed that the surface roughness of the stiffened ribs was highly dependent on the SPIF process parameters. The highest feed rate and tool rotational speed produced the smoothest surface texture with the lowest maximum height (Sz) value. In contrast, the lowest feed rate and tool rotational speed resulted in a rougher surface texture with a higher maximum height (Sz) value. Furthermore, the contour plots generated from the topography analyses provided a good visual representation of the surface texture and roughness, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the SPIF process parameters. This study emphasizes optimizing the SPIF process parameters to achieve the desired surface quality and texture of stiffened ribs formed in Litecor® panel sheets.
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DAI, F. Z., Z. D. ZHANG, J. Z. ZHOU, J. Z. LU, and Y. K. ZHANG. "ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AT OVERLAPPING LASER SHOCK PEENING." Surface Review and Letters 23, no. 03 (2016): 1650012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x16500128.
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The overlapping effects on surface roughness are studied when samples are treated by laser shock peening (LSP). Surface roughness of overlapped circular laser spot is calculated by ISO 25178 height parameters. The usually used overlapping styles namely isosceles-right-triangle-style (AAP) and equilateral-triangle-style (AAA) are carefully investigated when the overlapping degree in x-axis ([Formula: see text]) is below 50%. Surface roughness of isosceles-right-triangle-style attains its minimum value at [Formula: see text] of 29.3%, and attains its maximum value at [Formula: see text] of 43.6%. Surface roughness of equilateral-triangle-style attains its minimum value at [Formula: see text] of 42.3%, and attains its maximum value at [Formula: see text] of 32%. Experimental results are well consistent with theoretical analysis.
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Boudjemline, A., M. Boujelbene, and E. Bayraktar. "Surface Quality of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Parts Machined by Laser Cutting." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 4 (2020): 6062–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4016246.
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This paper investigates high power CO<sub>2</sub> laser cutting of 5mm-thick Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets, aiming to evaluate the effects of various laser cutting parameters on surface roughness. Using multiple linear regression, a mathematical model based on experimental data was proposed to predict the maximum height of the surface <em>Sz</em> as a function of two laser cutting parameters, namely cutting speed and assist-gas pressure. The adequacy of the proposed model was validated by Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Experimental data were compared with the model’s data to verify the capacity of the proposed model. The results indicated that for fixed laser power, cutting speed is the predominant cutting parameter that affects the maximum height of surface roughness.
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Boudjemline, A., M. Boujelbene, and E. Bayraktar. "Surface Quality of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Parts Machined by Laser Cutting." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 4 (2020): 6062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3719.
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This paper investigates high power CO2 laser cutting of 5mm-thick Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets, aiming to evaluate the effects of various laser cutting parameters on surface roughness. Using multiple linear regression, a mathematical model based on experimental data was proposed to predict the maximum height of the surface Sz as a function of two laser cutting parameters, namely cutting speed and assist-gas pressure. The adequacy of the proposed model was validated by Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Experimental data were compared with the model’s data to verify the capacity of the proposed model. The results indicated that for fixed laser power, cutting speed is the predominant cutting parameter that affects the maximum height of surface roughness.
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Nicholson, Lindsey I., Michał Pętlicki, Ben Partan, and Shelley MacDonell. "3-D surface properties of glacier penitentes over an ablation season, measured using a Microsoft Xbox Kinect." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (2016): 1897–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1897-2016.
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Abstract. In this study, the first small-scale digital surface models (DSMs) of natural penitentes on a glacier surface were produced using a Microsoft Xbox Kinect sensor on Tapado Glacier, Chile (30°08′ S, 69°55′ W). The surfaces produced by the complete processing chain were within the error of standard terrestrial laser scanning techniques, but insufficient overlap between scanned sections that were mosaicked to cover the sampled areas can result in three-dimensional (3-D) positional errors of up to 0.3 m. Between November 2013 and January 2014 penitentes become fewer, wider and deeper, and the distribution of surface slope angles becomes more skewed to steep faces. Although these morphological changes cannot be captured by manual point measurements, mean surface lowering of the scanned areas was comparable to that derived from manual measurements of penitente surface height at a minimum density of 5 m−1 over a 5 m transverse profile. Roughness was computed on the 3-D surfaces by applying two previously published geometrical formulae: one for a 3-D surface and one for single profiles sampled from the surface. Morphometric analysis shows that skimming flow is persistent over penitentes, providing conditions conducive for the development of a distinct microclimate within the penitente troughs. For each method a range of ways of defining the representative roughness element height was used, and the calculations were done both with and without application of a zero displacement height offset to account for the likelihood of skimming air flow over the closely spaced penitentes. The computed roughness values are on the order of 0.01–0.10 m during the early part of the ablation season, increasing to 0.10–0.50 m after the end of December, in line with the roughest values previously published for glacier ice. Both the 3-D surface and profile methods of computing roughness are strongly dependent on wind direction. However, the two methods contradict each other in that the maximum roughness computed for the 3-D surface coincides with airflow across the penitente lineation, while maximum roughness computed for sampled profiles coincides with airflow along the penitente lineation. These findings highlight the importance of determining directional roughness and wind direction for strongly aligned surface features and also suggest more work is required to determine appropriate geometrical roughness formulae for linearized features.
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Buj-Corral, Irene, Piotr Sender, and Carmelo J. Luis-Pérez. "Modeling of Surface Roughness in Honing Processes by Using Fuzzy Artificial Neural Networks." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010023.
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Honing processes are abrasive machining processes which are commonly employed to improve the surface of manufactured parts such as hydraulic or combustion engine cylinders. These processes can be employed to obtain a cross-hatched pattern on the internal surfaces of cylinders. In this present study, fuzzy artificial neural networks are employed for modeling surface roughness parameters obtained in finishing honing operations. As a general trend, main factors influencing roughness parameters are grain size and pressure. Mean spacing between profile peaks at the mean line parameter, on the contrary, depends mainly on tangential and linear velocity. Grain Size of 30 and pressure of 600 N/cm2 lead to the highest values of core roughness (Rk) and reduced valley depth (Rvk), which were 1.741 µm and 0.884 µm, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum peak-to-valley roughness parameter (Rz) so obtained was 4.44 µm, which is close to the maximum value of 4.47 µm. On the other hand, values of the grain size equal to 14 and density equal to 20, along with pressure 600 N/cm2 and both tangential and linear speed of 20 m/min and 40 m/min, respectively, lead to the minimum values of core roughness, reduced peak height (Rpk), reduced valley depth and maximum peak-to-valley height of the profile within a sampling length, which were, respectively, 0.141 µm, 0.065 µm, 0.142 µm, and 0.584 µm.
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Abas, Muhammad, Mohammed Al Awadh, Tufail Habib, and Sahar Noor. "Analyzing Surface Roughness Variations in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Nylon Carbon Fiber Composites." Polymers 15, no. 17 (2023): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173633.
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In recent years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) based on material extrusion additive manufacturing technology has become widely accepted as a cost-effective method for fabricating engineering components with net-shapes. However, the limited exploration of the influence of FDM process parameters on surface roughness parameters, i.e., Ra (average surface roughness), Rq (root mean square surface roughness), and Rz (maximum height of the profile) across different sides (bottom, top, and walls) poses a challenge for the fabrication of functional parts. This research aims to bridge the knowledge gap by analyzing surface roughness under various process parameters and optimizing it for nylon carbon fiber printed parts. A definitive screening design (DSD) was employed for experimental runs. The Pareto chart highlighted the significant effects of layer height, part orientation, and infill density on all surface roughness parameters and respective sides. The surface morphology was analyzed through optical microscopy. Multi-response optimization was performed using an integrated approach of composited desirability function and entropy. The findings of the present study hold significant industrial applications, enhancing the quality and performance of 3D printed parts. From intricate prototypes to durable automotive components, the optimized surfaces contribute to production of functional and visually appealing products across various sectors.
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Farahani, Mohammad R. M., and Fatemeh Taghizadeh. "Roughness of esterified eastern cottonwood." BioResources 5, no. 4 (2010): 2232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.4.2232-2238.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of esterification via acetic or propionic anhydride on the surface roughness of eastern cottonwood. Eastern cottonwood (Populous deltoides) was esterified by using acetic or propionic anhydride without using any solvent or catalyst under different conditions. Two different weight percentage gains (WPGs) were obtained for each of the modifying chemicals. Three main surface roughness parameters, namely average roughness (Ra), mean peak to valley height (Rz) and maximum roughess (Rmax) were measured by a stylus method before and after esterification. The surface roughness was significantly increased due to the esterifications. The surface roughness of wood increased with increasing WPG.
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Kubišová, M., J. Knedlová, H. Vrbová, V. Pata, and B. Bočáková. "Statistical evaluation of hard-to-measure surfaces." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2712, no. 1 (2024): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2712/1/012020.
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Abstract The main goal of this article will be to find ways to evaluate hard-to-measure surfaces statistically. First, the basic characteristics and rules of surface quality will be described according to the standards ČSN EN 4287, ČSN EN 4288 and ČSN EN ISO 2517-2. Subsequently, the measured values of the roughness parameter Sa (arithmetic average of the height of the measured surface) and Sz (the maximum height of the measured surface) will be compared and evaluated which is the best. These parameters will be described and measured on aluminium plates on which the test surfaces were laser engraved. To evaluate the best surface, statistical methods will be used, such as the EDA methodology (exploratory data analysis), hypothesis testing with normality and outlier tests, and last but not least, cluster or cluster analysis, which compares the similarity of the measured data. This article aims to show the possibilities of surface quality assessment using 3D surface roughness parameters, which are not often used in practice.
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Bhaganagar, Kiran, and Narasimha Rao Pillalamarri. "Lock-exchange release density currents over three-dimensional regular roughness elements." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 832 (October 30, 2017): 793–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.678.
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A fundamental study has been conducted to understand the front characteristics and the mixing in the flow of density currents over rough surfaces. A large-eddy simulation (LES) has been performed for lock-exchange release density currents over rough walls to shed light on the unsteady mixing processes. A volume-penalization method, which is a special case of the immersed-boundary method, has been implemented to realize the bottom-mounted rough topology. In this study, the LES has been conducted in a channel with a lower wall covered with three-dimensional cube- and pyramid-shaped roughness elements, such that all cases have the same base area, but differences in the roughness solidity and volume fraction of roughness. Both cases of identical roughness elements and those with randomness in height have been considered. The maximum roughness height for all cases is kept at a constant fraction (10 %) of the total channel height. The study focuses on the instantaneous mixing processes in lock-exchange release currents over rough surfaces. An important contribution of the work is that qualitative and quantitative analysis has been conducted to demonstrate additional mixing mechanisms due to the presence of surface roughness that enhances dilution of the current. Enhanced mixing due to roughness is related to the strength of the shear layer resulting from the roughness, and hence depends on friction Reynolds number ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$). The combined role of current characteristics and $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ together dictate the mixing processes and extent of dilution in density currents over surface roughness.
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Mehrabi, Omid, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Seyedkashi, and Mahmoud Moradi. "Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing of Thin-Walled 316L Stainless Steel-Inconel 625 by Direct Laser Metal Deposition Process: Characterization and Evaluation." Metals 13, no. 6 (2023): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13061108.
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Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD) is a state-of-the-art manufacturing technology used to fabricate 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 functionally graded material (FGMs) in this research. For the practical application of these materials in the industry, the effects of process parameters on the geometric characteristics and surface roughness require more investigation. This FGM was additively manufactured in five layers by changing the 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 ratio in each layer. The effects of laser power on geometric characteristics, height stability, and surface roughness were investigated. The microstructural analysis and microhardness profiles were studied. The results show that despite the high solidification rate, the segregation of alloying elements into dendritic areas occurred. It was also found that increasing the laser power will increase the height, width, height stability, and surface roughness of the gradient walls. The maximum width and height of the deposited layers were 1.615 and 6.42 mm, respectively, at the highest laser power (280 W). At the laser power of 220 W, the least surface roughness (Ra = 105 µm) and the best height stability (0.461 mm) will be obtained. The microhardness values will differ in various sections of the gradient walls in a range of 225–277 HV.
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A. Al-Samarai, Riyadh, Abdulsalam Y. Obaid, and Y. Al-Douri. "effect of surface roughness parameters on frictional properties of AlSi10Mg alloy." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 22, no. 2 (2024): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2024.22.2.2311.
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Experimental study of the effects of surface roughness parameters and their relationship to the coefficient of friction (COF) on AlSi10Mg alloy. The information demonstrates that the average surface roughness (Ra) does not directly correlate with COF when sliding is presented. This work is focused on the relationship and interaction between the roughness parameters (Ra), maximum profile height (Rt), average profile slope, and COF. To alter the surface roughness effect, the samples of the alloy are chemically treated with an alkaline 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 50 minutes and tested under different circumstances. Using a T-05 block-on-ring tribometer, the COF is calculated, and surface roughness measurements are collected utilizing an optical system for measuring three-dimensional surfaces. The program MATLAB is used to analyze the obtained data. Contrarily, the results demonstrate that there is a substantial positive association with COF under sliding conditions, while Ra and Rt can change without affecting CO significantly.
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Treebupachatsakul, Treesukon, Siratchakrit Shinnakerdchoke, and Suejit Pechprasarn. "Analysis of Effects of Surface Roughness on Sensing Performance of Surface Plasmon Resonance Detection for Refractive Index Sensing Application." Sensors 21, no. 18 (2021): 6164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186164.
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This paper provides a theoretical framework to analyze and quantify roughness effects on sensing performance parameters of surface plasmon resonance measurements. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis and the Monte Carlo method were applied to compute plasmonic reflectance spectra for different surface roughness profiles. The rough surfaces were generated using the low pass frequency filtering method. Different coating and surface treatments and their reported root-mean-square roughness in the literature were extracted and investigated in this study to calculate the refractive index sensing performance parameters, including sensitivity, full width at half maximum, plasmonic dip intensity, plasmonic dip position, and figure of merit. Here, we propose a figure-of-merit equation considering optical intensity contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed figure-of-merit equation could predict a similar refractive index sensing performance compared to experimental results reported in the literature. The surface roughness height strongly affected all the performance parameters, resulting in a degraded figure of merit for surface plasmon resonance measurement.
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Makedonas, Alexandros, Matteo Carpentieri, and Marco Placidi. "Urban Boundary Layers Over Dense and Tall Canopies." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 181, no. 1 (2021): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00635-z.
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AbstractWind-tunnel experiments were carried out on four urban morphologies: two tall canopies with uniform height and two super-tall canopies with a large variation in element heights (where the maximum element height is more than double the average canopy height, $$h_{max}=2.5h_{avg}$$ h max = 2.5 h avg ). The average canopy height and packing density are fixed across the surfaces to $$h_{avg} = 80~\hbox {mm}$$ h avg = 80 mm , and $$\lambda _{p} = 0.44$$ λ p = 0.44 , respectively. A combination of laser Doppler anemometry and direct-drag measurements are used to calculate and scale the mean velocity profiles with the boundary-layer depth $$\delta $$ δ . In the uniform-height experiment, the high packing density results in a ‘skimming flow’ regime with very little flow penetration into the canopy. This leads to a surprisingly shallow roughness sublayer (depth $$\approx 1.15h_{avg}$$ ≈ 1.15 h avg ), and a well-defined inertial sublayer above it. In the heterogeneous-height canopies, despite the same packing density and average height, the flow features are significantly different. The height heterogeneity enhances mixing, thus encouraging deep flow penetration into the canopy. A deeper roughness sublayer is found to exist extending up to just above the tallest element height (corresponding to $$z/h_{avg} = 2.85$$ z / h avg = 2.85 ), which is found to be the dominant length scale controlling the flow behaviour. Results point toward the existence of a constant-stress layer for all surfaces considered herein despite the severity of the surface roughness ($$\delta /h_{avg} = 3 - 6.25$$ δ / h avg = 3 - 6.25 ). This contrasts with the previous literature.
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Carvalho, Gabriel Ferraz Marcondes de, Marília Fernandes Vidille, Alex Mendonça Bimbato, and Luiz Antonio Alcântara Pereira. "Lagrangian Vortices Interactions Using Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and Surface Roughness Model—Application for Aircraft Wake Vortices with Crosswind." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (2023): 12336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212336.
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A new technique for two-dimensional vortex methods is presented. The vorticity field is discretized and represented by vortex blobs. Viscosity and roughness are incorporated into vortex simulations by means of the corrected core-spreading method with LES theory. A deterministic and efficient grid-free method simulates viscous effects by maintaining small vortex core sizes through a splitting algorithm that controls the consistency error. The LES theory also enables the implementation of the roughness model. The effectiveness of this method is shown in calculating vortex interactions and decay in aircraft wakes with crosswind near a rough ground plane. The numerical results of the trajectory of primary vortical structures are compared with experimental data (when possible), suggesting the validity of the method. In general, the control of the roughness height size appears as an important factor to interfere on the trajectory of primary vortical structures in the ground effect with crosswind. The effect of the relative roughness height of ε/Δs = 0.001 shows that the primary vortical structures survive the interaction with the ground plane and can attain a maximum height in the order of 0.95 h (h is the release height of the primary vortical structures) during the loop for crosswind velocity of U∞ = 0.02 at Re = 7650. On the other hand, the combined effects of roughness ε/Δs = 0.001 and of crosswind U∞ = 0.04 at Re = 75,000 indicate that the primary vortical structures attain a maximum height about 0.83 h during the loop, tending to leave the runway faster, with sufficient intensity to disturb a smaller aircraft operating on a parallel runway.
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Khanjanpour, Mohammad Hassan, and Akbar A. Javadi. "Experimental and CFD Analysis of Impact of Surface Roughness on Hydrodynamic Performance of a Darrieus Hydro (DH) Turbine." Energies 13, no. 4 (2020): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040928.
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Although improving the hydrodynamic performance is a key objective in the design of ocean-powered devices, there are some factors that affect the efficiency of the device during its operation. In this study, the impacts of a wide range of surface roughness as a tribological parameter on stream flow around a hydro turbine and its power loss are studied. A comprehensive program of 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling, as well as an expansive range of experiments were carried out on a Darrieus Hydro (DH) turbine in order to measure reduction in hydrodynamic performance due to surface roughness. The results show that surface roughness of turbine blades plays an important role in the hydrodynamics of the flow around the turbine. The surface roughness increases turbulence and decreases the active fluid energy that is required for rotating the turbine, thereby reducing the performance of the turbine. The extent of the negative impact of surface roughness on the drag coefficient, pressure coefficient, torque, and output power is evaluated. It is shown that the drag coefficient of a turbine with roughness height of 1000 μm is about 20% higher than a smooth blade (zero roughness height) and the maximum percentage of reduction of output power could be up to 27% (numerically) and 22% (experimentally).
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Ižol, Peter, Dagmar Draganovská, Juraj Hudák, Miroslav Tomáš, and Jozef Beňo. "Comparison of Experimental Stamping Punch Machinability Made out of Unconventional Materials." Key Engineering Materials 635 (December 2014): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.81.
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The paper describes experimental stamping punch production from the view machinability and quality of stamping punch active surfaces. The tin car-body stamping punch has been chosen as a subject of experimental work. Two unconventional materials such as Textit J and Fibroflex 5 have been chosen for stamping punch. Milling strategies have been proposed, optimized and verified using CAM software SolidCAM considering the maximum Scallop Height. The final surface quality on selected areas of stamping punch shaped surface has been evaluated by surface roughness parameters Ra and Rz. These have been compared to Scallop Height set in CAM software. Manufactured areas on shaped surface were optically evaluated as well.
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Seensattayawong, Phanuphak, and Eberhard Kerscher. "The Evolution of Surfaces on Medium-Carbon Steel for Fatigue Life Estimations." Coatings 14, no. 8 (2024): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081077.
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Early in fatigue life, fatigue cracks are often initiated at persistent slip bands (PSBs), which play the main role in surface evolution when the components are subjected to cyclic loading. Therefore, this paper aims to study the behavior of the surface development of medium-carbon steel, specifically 42CrMo4 (SAE 4140). Tests were conducted using tension–compression fatigue testing with stress amplitudes set at 30%, 40%, and 50% of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS); a load ratio of R = −1; and a frequency of f = 10 Hz. The ultimate number of test cycles was 2 × 105. The fatigue test specimens with as-machined surface quality (Ra < 100 nm) were tested on a servo-hydraulic push–pull testing machine, and the tests were interrupted a few times to bring the specimens out for surface measuring with a confocal microscope. The linear roughness values of the arithmetic mean deviation (Ra), maximum height (Rz), maximum profile peak height (Rp), and maximum profile valley depth (Rv) were investigated and further used to determine the roughness evolution during cyclic loading (REC) by analyzing the inclinations of the fitting curves of roughness and number-of-cycles diagrams. REC could then be used to estimate and classify the fatigue lifetime.
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Majeed, U., I. Tariq, M. Wasib, and M. K. Mustafa. "Surface study of RF magnetron sputtered silicon nitride thin films." Journal of Optoelectronic and Biomedical Materials 15, no. 2 (2023): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jobm.2023.152.55.
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Silicon nitride thin films were deposited on the one-sided P-type polished boron-doped silicon wafer substrate via RF magnetron sputtering using stochimetric silicon nitride target at various target-to-substrate distances. Target to substrate spacing, a nonconventional parameter, was varied to optimize the surface roughness and grain size. This optimization provided a normal distribution of homogenous, densely packed silicon nitride thin film free of surface cracks.. Atomic Force Microscopy was employed to explore the accurate surface roughness parameters of Silicon nitride thin films. The surface roughness and grain analysis for all samples exhibited a direct relation to each other and have an inverse correlation with the target to substrate spacing. The surface morphology of Si3N4 was analyzed by the following parameters; average roughness, root-mean square roughness, maximum peak to valley height, ten-point average roughness, skewness, and kurtosis of the line. The surface roughness of silicon nitride films has notable significance in the manufacturing of bio-sensor based on silicon nitride waveguides.
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Ihnatouski, Mikhail, Jolanta Pauk, Dmitrij Karev, and Boris Karev. "AFM-Based Method for Measurement of Normal and Osteoarthritic Human Articular Cartilage Surface Roughness." Materials 13, no. 10 (2020): 2302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102302.
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In osteoarthrosis, pathological features of articular cartilage are associated with degeneration and nanomechanical changes. The aim of this paper is to show that indentation-atomic force microscopy can monitor wear-related biomechanical changes in the hip joint of patients with osteoarthritis. Fifty patients (N = 50), aged 40 to 65, were included in the study. The mechanical properties and the submicron surface morphology of hyaline cartilage were investigated using atomic force microscopy. Measurements of the roughness parameters of cartilage surfaces were performed, including the arithmetic average of absolute values (Ra), the maximum peak height (Rp), and the mean spacing between local peaks (S). The arithmetic mean of the absolute values of the height of healthy cartilage was 86 nm, while wear began at Ra = 73 nm. The maximum changes of values of the roughness parameters differed from the healthy ones by 71%, 80%, and 51% for Ra, Rp, and S, respectively. Young’s modulus for healthy cartilage surfaces ranged from 1.7 to 0.5 MPa. For the three stages of cartilage wear, Young’s modulus increased, and then it approached the maximum value and decreased. AFM seems to be a powerful tool for surface analysis of biological samples as it enables indentation measurements in addition to imaging.
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Batista, Carlos Yago Pereira, Yurimiler Leyet Ruiz, and Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho. "One-Step Sol-Gel Facile Synthesis and 3D Nanoscale Morphology Investigation of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 Thin Films." Journal of Material Science and Technology Research 10 (September 21, 2023): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31875/2410-4701.2023.10.09.
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Abstract: Bismuth sodium titanate, denoted as Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 (BNT-BT), possessing a perovskite-like structure, has emerged as a highly prospective material in recent years. It is considered a prime contender for replacing PZT-based compounds due to its exceptional piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties, coupled with the presence of loosely bound pairs of chemically active electrons. This study delves into the micromorphological properties of BNT-BT thin film electrodes, fabricated using sol-gel spin-coating and subsequent annealing processes. Employing Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), comprehensive 2D and 3D topographical maps were acquired, enabling the extraction of pivotal parameters crucial for surface characterization. Notably, the investigation encompasses Minkowski Functionals, which encompass normalized Minkowski volume, boundary, and connectivity analyses. In conjunction, various roughness parameters, encompassing arithmetic mean height, maximum peak height, maximum valley depth, arithmetic mean depth, and the ten-point height parameter, were quantified across these analyses to facilitate a comprehensive comparison of surface morphologies among distinct samples. The morphological analysis outcome underscores the potential for elucidating material performance through microstructural shape and quantitative roughness evaluation of respective surfaces. This holds significant promise for applications such as predictive assessment of functional behavior, including industrial quality control during sample manufacturing processes.
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Hutyrová, Zuzana, Jozef Zajac, Peter Michalik, Dušan Mitaľ, Ján Duplák, and Stanislav Gajdoš. "Study of Surface Roughness of Machined Polymer Composite Material." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/303517.
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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of selected cutting parameters (speed of rotation and feed rate) on the surface topography of drilled WPC material. Objective of the study is to establish dependence of the surface roughness of borehole walls (parameterRz—average maximum height) on the speed of rotation and feed rate of a drill bit. Technological parameters of experimental drilling were feed rate of 100–300 mm·min−1and speed of rotation of 2000–6000 rpm.
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Zhang, Yu-Ping, Shi-Ming Zhang, Peng-Fei Liu, et al. "Robust Superhydrophobic Brass Mesh with Electrodeposited Hydroxyapatite Coating for Versatile Applications." Molecules 27, no. 17 (2022): 5624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175624.
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A robust superhydrophobic brass mesh was fabricated based on a low-energy surface and a roughness on the nano/micro-meter scale. It was carried out by the forming of hydroxyapatite (HP) coatings on its surface through a constant current electro-deposition process, followed by immersion in fluoroalkylsilane solution. Surface morphology, composition and wetting behavior were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high speed camera, and contact angle goniometer. Under optimal conditions, the resulting brass mesh exhibited superhydrophobicity, excellent anti-corrosion (η = 91.2%), and anti-scaling properties. While the surfactant liquid droplets of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) with different concentration were dropped on the superhydrophobic surface, maximum droplet rebounding heights and different contact angles (CAs) were observed and measured from side-view imaging. The plots of surfactant-concentration−maximum bounding height/CA were constructed to determine its critical-micelle-concentration (CMC) value. Close CMC results of 1.91 and 2.32 mM based on the determination of maximum rebounding height and CAs were obtained. Compared with its theoretical value of 2.1 mM, the relative errors are 9% and 10%, respectively. This indicated that the novel application based on the maximum rebounding height could be an alternative approach for the CMC determination of other surfactants.
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Duan, G., and T. Takemi. "Predicting Urban Surface Roughness Aerodynamic Parameters Using Random Forest." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 60, no. 7 (2021): 999–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0266.1.
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AbstractThe surface roughness aerodynamic parameters z0 (roughness length) and d (zero-plane displacement height) are vital to the accuracy of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. Deriving improved urban canopy parameterization (UCP) schemes within the conventional framework remains mathematically challenging. The current study explores the potential of a machine-learning (ML) algorithm, a random forest (RF), as a complement to the traditional UCP schemes. Using large-eddy simulation and ensemble sampling, in combination with nonlinear least squares regression of the logarithmic-layer wind profiles, a dataset of approximately 4.5 × 103 samples is established for the aerodynamic parameters and the morphometric statistics, enabling the training of the ML model. While the prediction for d is not as good as the UCP after Kanda et al., the performance for z0 is notable. The RF algorithm also categorizes z0 and d with an exceptional performance score: the overall bell-shaped distributions are well predicted, and the ±0.5σ category (i.e., the 38% percentile) is competently captured (37.8% for z0 and 36.5% for d). Among the morphometric features, the mean and maximum building heights (Have and Hmax, respectively) are found to be of predominant influence on the prediction of z0 and d. A perhaps counterintuitive result is the considerably less striking importance of the building-height variability. Possible reasons are discussed. The feature importance scores could be useful for identifying the contributing factors to the surface aerodynamic characteristics. The results may shed some light on the development of ML-based UCP for mesoscale modeling.
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Grigoriev, Sergey N., Nikita Nikitin, Oleg Yanushevich, et al. "Experimental and Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Surface Roughness and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled Samples Obtained by Selective Laser Melting from the Material AlSi10Mg." Materials 16, no. 23 (2023): 7326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237326.
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Statistical analysis of mechanical properties of thin-walled samples (~500 microns) obtained by selective laser melting from AlSi10Mg material and subjected to heat treatment for 1 h at temperatures from 260 °C to 440 °C (step of aging temperature change 30 °C) has shown that the maximum strain hardening in the stretching diagram section from yield strength to tensile strength is achieved at the heat treatment temperature equal to 290 °C. At carrying out of correlation analysis, a statistically significant positive correlation between deformation corresponding to yield strength and the sum of heights of the largest protrusions and depths of the largest depressions of the surface roughness profile within the basic length of the sample (Rz) and the full height of the surface roughness profile (Rmax) was established. It was found that the reason for the correlation is the presence of cohesive states between the extreme values of the surface roughness profile that persist along the entire length of the specimen.
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Chen, Guang Jun, Xian Li Liu, and Cai Xu Yue. "Study on Causes of Material Plastic Side Flow in Precision Hard Cutting Process." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1875.
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There are many special cutting disciplines needed to research in precision hard cutting process. The plastic side flow on machining surface influences machining surface roughness great. The mathematical model of hump height for surface plastic side flow is built based on the model of precision hard cutting and forming mechanism of surface plastic side flow is analyzed. Effect of cutting feed on the maximum scallop height of machining surface is researched and microscopic observation of surface topography is made through the hard cutting experiment. In certain conditions, the machining surface roughness and the cutting off trace increase with cutting feed. Because of the metal softening, some metal which formed side flow fall off immediately but make plastic flow on the strip edge of machining surface when it flows out tool surface. This research supplied theoretical basis for prediction of hard cutting process surface quality.
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Ng, J. J., Z. W. Zhong, and T. I. Liu. "Prediction of Roughness Heights of Milled Surfaces for Product Quality Prediction and Tool Condition Monitoring." Journal of Materials and Applications 8, no. 2 (2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jma.2019.8.2.97.
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The objective of this research is to predict the roughness heights of milled surfaces, which indicates product quality and tool conditions. Two experiments are carried out to evaluate relevant factors such as vibration, force, and surface roughness. The purpose of the first experiment is to find out the limits of the machining variables compared to the constraints of the materials. The purpose of the second experiment is to identify, collect, and compare how each factor affects product quality and tool conditions. Based on this study, the vibration, force, and surface roughness are good indicators for tool conditions. When the magnitudes of the vibration and force increase, the surface roughness also increases. The increase in surface roughness with constant cutting parameters indicates the degrading of product quality and the decrease of the tool life. Thus, the variables, such as vibration and forces, are used as the inputs, and the surface roughness is used as the output of neural networks. By optimizing the network variables, it has been found that a 4,4,8,1 neural network can achieve the least absolute error, and accurately predict the actual roughness heights collected from the experiment. The minimum error of the prediction of surface roughness is 0.11%, the average error is 2.11%, and the maximum error is 6.98%. The prediction of surface roughness of milled surfaces is very important for the product quality prediction and tool condition monitoring.
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Balanou, Maria, Lazaros-Emmanouil Papazoglou, Angelos P. Markopoulos, and Panagiotis Karmiris-Obratański. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY OF AL7075-T6 ALLOY MACHINED BY EDM." Cutting & Tools in Technological System, no. 94 (June 16, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-7405.2021.94.01.
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Electrical discharge machining is one of the most important non-conventional machining processes for removing material from electrically conductive materials by the use of controlled electric discharges. EDM is a non-contact machining process, therefore, is free from mechanical stresses. This paper investigates the machining Al7075-T6 alloy by EDM using a copper electrode. Al7075-T6 alloy was selected, because of its growing use in a lot of engineering applications. The effect of electrical parameters, peak current and pulse-on time, on the surface integrity, was studied. Area surface roughness parameters (arithmetical mean height, Sa, and maximum height, Sz) were measured on all samples and 3D surface characterization has been carried out with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The experimental results showed that the surface roughness is mainly affected by the pulse-on time.
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Mohammed, Huda A., and Omar S. Ali. "Three-Dimensional Surface Evaluation and Shear Bond Strength of Three Pre-treatment E-max Surfaces for Metal and Ceramic Orthodontic Brackets." Polytechnic Journal 10, no. 2 (2020): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n2y2020.pp113-118.
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3D evaluation and shear bond strength (SBS) for metal and ceramic brackets after three pre-treatment surfaces of lithium disilicate (LD) crowns. Sixty lithium disilicate (LD) crowns were fabricated in laboratory according to manufacturer instruction and then divided into six groups (three groups for metal brackets and three groups for ceramic one). The 1st group for both was treated with round diamond bur, the 2nd one by hydrofluoric acid (HFA) 9.0%, and the 3rd group by laser (Er,Cr:YSGG). All treated surfaces were examined by laser profilometer and scan electron microscope. The Scotchbond Universal Adhesive and Transbond XT were used for bracketing procedure for metal and ceramic bracket (central incisor, 0,022” slot). Universal testing machine was used for shear bond. A crosshead speed of 1 mm/min was used, and the maximum load necessary to deboned the bracket will be recorded. HFA treated surfaces gave a highest SBS for both metal and ceramic brackets, then laser and finally the bur. The lowest roughness parameter Sa (arithmetical mean height) was in bur, both laser and HFA gave no significant differences. The HFA gave a highest Sz (maximum height) and Spc (arithmetic mean peak curvature) value. To increase the shear bond strength, the HFA is one of the best methods for roughness although the laser gave nearby roughness parameters. Ceramic brackets gave higher SBS than metal one with all pre-treatment procedures.
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Gao, Guo Fu, Zong Xia Fu, Jing Zhui Zhao, and Yan Wang. "Study on Surface Roughness of Milling Based on the Elastic-Plastic Deformation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 551 (May 2014): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.551.55.
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In order to achieve the work-piece surface quality control, Based on the formation mechanism of surface roughness and generating mechanism of material’s surface, considering the tool parameters and feed per tooth, to modify the maximum residual height’s formula of surface. Based on formation characteristics of machined surface and the elastic-plastic deformation theory of work-piece material, Got a simplified model of the elastic-plastic deformation of the work-piece surface,and according to the molecular-mechanical friction theory ,the calculation method was presented to investigate elastic-plastic deformation of machined surface . By combining the surface residual height calculation formula with the calculation method of elastic-plastic deformation, has built the theoretic model of the milling surface roughness , can forecast to the work-piece surface roughness, as well as provide theory basis for the selection of cutting parameters and optimization.
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Trabold, T. A., and N. T. Obot. "Impingement Heat Transfer Within Arrays of Circular Jets: Part II—Effects of Crossflow in the Presence of Roughness Elements." Journal of Turbomachinery 109, no. 4 (1987): 594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3262153.
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An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effects of jet-induced crossflow on impingement heat transfer from rough surfaces. The jets impinged on surfaces having repeated square ribs, with transverse flow of the spent air. Two crossflow schemes were tested: discharge of the spent air through two opposite sides (intermediate crossflow) and through one side (complete or maximum crossflow) of the rectangular impingement surface. The rib height was fixed at 0.813 mm, while the pitch-to-height ratio (p/e) was varied between 6 and 10. The study covered standoff spacing and jet Reynolds number in the range 2 to 16 jet hole diameters and 1300 to 21,000, respectively. Three nozzle plates, having 48, 90, and 180 square-edged holes, were tested. For the maximum crossflow scheme, the presence of roughness results in small upstream reductions in heat transfer coefficient, with marked improvement in the downstream section; indicating that roughness elements can be used to compensate for the degradation that is usually associated with impingement on smooth surfaces.
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Haluzíková, B., Jan Valíček, P. Škubala, et al. "Identification of Surface Quality of Plastic Electrodes after Blasting." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.71.
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Nowadays, plastics have become one of the most demanded materials, replacing the traditional ones such as metals. Therefore, many companies are concerned with the production of plastics, with their distribution and innovation development. Plastics have found utility in a wide range of applications, we use them every day. Measurement of surface roughness of plastic moldings produced by the injection molding process was carried out by a contact profilometer Mitutoyo Surftest SJ401. A reason for this measurement is to obtain information about surface roughness. For further technical adjustment is required to have higher surface roughness what helps to increase electrical conductivity of plastic moldings. This involves determination of a ratio between Ra/Rz (the ratio between the arithmetic average of the roughness profile Ra and the average maximum height of the profile Rz) in order to satisfy customer demand for achieving better surface characteristics leading to an increase in electrical conductivity.
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Buj-Corral, Irene, Alejandro Domínguez-Fernández, and Ramón Durán-Llucià. "Influence of Print Orientation on Surface Roughness in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Processes." Materials 12, no. 23 (2019): 3834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233834.
Full textAbstract:
In the present paper, we address the influence of print orientation angle on surface roughness obtained in lateral walls in fused deposition modelling (FDM) processes. A geometrical model is defined that considers the shape of the filaments after deposition, in order to define a theoretical roughness profile, for a certain print orientation angle. Different angles were considered between 5° and 85°. Simulated arithmetical mean height of the roughness profile, Ra values, were calculated from the simulated profiles. The Ra simulated results were compared to the experimental results, which were carried out with cylindrical PLA (polylactic acid) samples. The simulated Ra values were similar to the experimental values, except for high angles above 80°, where experimental roughness decreased while simulated roughness was still high. Low print orientation angles show regular profiles with rounded peaks and sharp values. At a print orientation angle of 85°, the shape of the profile changes with respect to lower angles, showing a gap between adjacent peaks. At 90°, both simulated and experimental roughness values would be close to zero, because the measurement direction is parallel to the layer orientation. Other roughness parameters were also measured: maximum height of profile, Rz, kurtosis, Rku, skewness, Rsk, and mean width of the profile elements, Rsm. At high print orientation angles, Rz decreases, Rku shifts to positive, Rsk slightly increases, and Rsk decreases, showing the change in the shape of the roughness profiles.
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Ninomiya, Shinichi, Manabu Iwai, Kazuyoshi Takano, Tokiteru Ueda, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Application of 3D-CAD Random Model to Prediction of Ground Surfaces by Helical Scan Grinding." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.142.
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This paper deals with prediction of improvement in surface roughness in helical scan grinding by simulation of virtual ground surface with a 3D-CAD model. It has been found that, by choosing the value of parameters of several grit conditions such as grit arrangement, protrusion height, inclination angle and so on, randomly for a real wheel, the maximum unevenness of the virtual ground surface and tendency of its change with feed angle nearly coincide with the surface roughness in the experiment of helical scan grinding. It is found that this simulation method is effective for the prediction of a surface ground by helical scan grinding.
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Liu, Weijie, Runxin Luo, Zhengyang Luo, and Xizeng Zhao. "A Numerical Study of Solitary Wave Processes over Idealized Atolls." Water 17, no. 5 (2025): 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050635.
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In this study, a Boussinesq-type wave model, namely FUNWAVE-TVD, was employed to explore solitary wave processes over coral atolls in two horizontal dimensions. First, a typical solitary wave propagation process over an idealized atoll in a field scale is simulated and analyzed. Then the effects of reef flat water depth, reef flat width, reef surface roughness, fore-reef slope, and lagoon water depth on the distribution of maximum surface elevations over atolls are investigated. Moreover, the effect of a channel on the reef flat is also studied. It is found that during solitary wave propagation, the coral reefs of an atoll can provide effective shelter for the lagoon inside; however, there will be an area of wave height enhancement near the lagoon edge at the lee side of an atoll. The maximum surface elevations over the entire atoll increase significantly with the rise in reef flat water depth, or reduced reef flat width and reef surface roughness, while the lagoon water depth and fore-reef slope have minimal influence. As the reef flat water depth increases or the reef surface roughness decreases, the extent of the wave height enhancement area at the lee side also undergoes an expansion. The presence of a channel in the reef flat mainly leads to two regions of increased wave height. The more the position of the channel deviates from the front of the atoll, the smaller the increase effect and range of the two regions will be. As the channel width increases, the increase effect and range of the two regions will also increase.
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Fountas, Nikolaos A., Rafał Kudelski, and Nikolaos M. Vaxevanidis. "Analysis of 3D surface roughness in trochoidal milling of AA 6082 aluminium alloy." Tribology and Materials 4, no. 1 (2025): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2025.004.
Full textAbstract:
This research examines the effect of trochoidal milling strategy parameters, namely cutting speed (Vc), feed per tooth (fz) and trochoidal step (Ptr) on arithmetical mean height (Sa), maximum height (Sz) and the functional volume parameters, namely peak material volume (Vmp) and core material volume (Vmc). As a working material for trochoidal milling, the AA 6082 aluminium alloy was selected. By assigning three levels for machining parameters, an L9 Taguchi orthogonal array was adopted to design and conduct the experiments. The effects of trochoidal milling parameters on the responses were examined through analysis of variance (ANOVA), contour plots and 3D topographic analysis maps. Reliable regression models were generated to correlate the independent variables with the surface quality responses. The results revealed that significant differences are indicated regarding the hierarchy effect of trochoidal milling parameters on surface and functional volume indicators. For arithmetic mean height Sa, feed per tooth is the dominant parameter, followed by trochoidal step and cutting speed. Maximum height Sz exhibits a different hierarchy in terms of the main effects of cutting parameters. Cutting speed has the most significant effect followed by feed per tooth and trochoidal step. The dominant parameter for peak material volume Vmp is feed per tooth, followed by trochoidal step and cutting speed. In the case of core material volume Vmc, the feed per tooth is the most significant milling parameter, followed by the effects of trochoidal step and cutting speed.