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Fink, Gereon R., Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Uwe Pietrzyk, and Richard E. Passingham. "Multiple Nonprimary Motor Areas in the Human Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 4 (1997): 2164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.4.2164.
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Fink, Gereon R., Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Uwe Pietrzyk, and Richard E. Passingham. Multiple nonprimary motor areas in the human cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2164–2174, 1997. We measured the distribution of regional cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography while three subjects moved their hand, shoulder, or leg. The images were coregistered with each individual's anatomic magnetic resonance scans. The data were analyzed for each individual to avoid intersubject averaging and so to preserve individual gyral anatomy. Instead of inspecting all pixels, we prospectively restricted the data analysis to particular areas of interest. These were defined on basis of the anatomic and physiological literature on nonhuman primates. By examining only a subset of areas, we strengthened the power of the statistical analysis and thereby increased the confidence in reporting single subject data. On the lateral convexity, motor related activity was found for all three subjects in the primary motor cortex, lateral premotor cortex, and an opercular area within the premotor cortex. In addition, there was activation of somatosensory cortex (SI), the supplementary somatosensory area (SII) in the Sylvian fissure, and parietal association areas (Brodmann areas 5 and 40). There was also activation in the insula. We suggest that the activation in the dorsal premotor cortex may correspond with dorsal premotor area (PMd) as described in the macaque brain. We propose three hypotheses as to the probable location of vental premotor area (PMv) in the human brain. On the medial surface, motor-related activity was found for all three subjects in the leg areas of the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex and also activity for the hand, shoulder, and leg in the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the dorsal medial convexity and in three areas in the cingulate sulcus. We suggest that the three cingulate areas may correspond with rostral cingulate premotor area, dorsal cingulate motor area (CMAd), and ventral cingulate motor area (CMAv) as identified in the macaque brain. Somatotopic mapping was demonstrated in the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex. In all three subjects, the arm region lay anterior to the leg region in parietal area 5. Also in all three subjects, the arm region lay anterior to the leg region in the supplementary motor cortex.
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Goldberg, Gary. "Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 4 (1985): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00045167.
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AbstractThough its existence has been known for well over 30 years, only recently has the supplementary motor area (SMA) and its role in the cortical organization of movement come to be examined in detail by neuroscientists. Evidence from a wide variety of investigational perspectives is reviewed in an attempt to synthesize a conceptual framework for understanding SMA function. It is suggested that the SMA has an important role to play in the intentional process whereby internal context influences the elaboration of action. It may be viewed as phylogenetically older motor cortex, derived from anterior cingulate periarchicortical limbic cortex, which, as a key part of a medial premotor system, is crucial in the “programming” and fluent execution of extended action sequences which are “projectional” in that they rely on model-based prediction. This medial system can be distinguished from a lateral premotor system postulated to have evolved over phylogeny from a different neural source. An anatomico-physiologic model of the medial premotor system is proposed which embodies the principles of cyclicity and reentrance in the process of selecting those neural components to become active in conjunction with the performance of a particular action. The postulated dynamic action of this model in the microgenesis of a discrete action is outlined. It is concluded that although there is a great deal to be learned about the SMA, a convergence of current evidence can be identified. Such evidence suggests that the SMA plays an important role in the development of the intention-to-act and the specification and elaboration of action through its mediation between medial limbic cortex and primary motor cortex.
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Mahone, E. Mark, Marin E. Ranta, Deana Crocetti, et al. "Comprehensive Examination of Frontal Regions in Boys and Girls with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 6 (2011): 1047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711001056.
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AbstractThe current study examined regional frontal lobe volumes based on functionally relevant subdivisions in contemporaneously recruited samples of boys and girls with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Forty-four boys (21 ADHD, 23 control) and 42 girls (21 ADHD, 21 control), ages 8–13 years, participated. Sulcal–gyral landmarks were used to manually delimit functionally relevant regions within the frontal lobe: primary motor cortex, anterior cingulate, deep white matter, premotor regions [supplementary motor complex (SMC), frontal eye field, lateral premotor cortex (LPM)], and prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions [medial PFC, dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), inferior PFC, lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and medial OFC]. Compared to sex-matched controls, boys and girls with ADHD showed reduced volumes (gray and white matter) in the left SMC. Conversely, girls (but not boys) with ADHD showed reduced gray matter volume in left LPM; while boys (but not girls) with ADHD showed reduced white matter volume in left medial PFC. Reduced left SMC gray matter volumes predicted increased go/no–go commission rate in children with ADHD. Reduced left LPM gray matter volumes predicted increased go/no–go variability, but only among girls with ADHD. Results highlight different patterns of anomalous frontal lobe development among boys and girls with ADHD beyond that detected by measuring whole lobar volumes. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1047–1057)
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Hernández, Adrián, Antonio Zainos, and Ranulfo Romo. "Temporal Evolution of a Decision-Making Process in Medial Premotor Cortex." Neuron 33, no. 6 (2002): 959–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00613-x.
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D'Ostilio, Kevin, and Gaëtan Garraux. "Automatic Stimulus-Induced Medial Premotor Cortex Activation without Perception or Action." PLoS ONE 6, no. 2 (2011): e16613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016613.
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Liu, Yawu, Jari O. Karonen, Juho Nuutinen, Esko Vanninen, Jyrki T. Kuikka, and Ritva L. Vanninen. "Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Study with Serial SPECT and MRI." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 27, no. 10 (2007): 1724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600467.
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This study evaluated the relationship between crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) and (1) lesion volume and location in the acute phase and 1 week after stroke onset and (2) clinical outcome. Twenty-two patients with cerebral ischemic stroke underwent single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 48 h and on day 8 from onset. Interhemispheric asymmetric indices (AI) on SPECT were calculated for medial, intermediate, and lateral zones of the cerebellum. Lesion volumes and locations were obtained from diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurological status and 3-month clinical outcome were evaluated. Within 48 h, lesion locations in the temporal association cortex and pyramidal tract of the corona radiata were independent determinants for the AI of the medial zone ( R2 = 0.439). Lesion locations in the primary, premotor, and supplementary motor cortices, primary somatosensory cortex, and anterior part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule were determinants for the AI of the intermediate zone ( R2 = 0.785). Lesions in the primary motor cortex, premotor, and supplementary motor cortices and in the genu of the internal capsule were determinants for the AI of the lateral zone ( R2 = 0.746). On day 8, the associations were decreased. The AIs of the intermediate and lateral zones and lesion location in the parietal association cortex were independently associated with the 3-month clinical outcome ( R2 > 0.555). Acute CCD is a result of functional deafference, while in the subacute phase, transneuronal degeneration might contribute to CCD. CCD in the intermediate and later zones is a better indicator than that in the medial zone.
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Goldberg, Gary, and Roberta Brooks. "Premotor systems, language-related neurodynamics, and cetacean communication." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 4 (1998): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98291266.
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The frame/content theory of speech production is restricted to output mechanisms in the target article; we suggest that these ideas might best be viewed in the context of language production proceeding as a coordinated dynamical whole. The role of the medial premotor system in generating frames matches the important role it may play in the internally dependent timing of motor acts. The proposed coevolution of cortical architectonics and language production mechanisms suggests a significant divergence between primate and cetacean species corresponding to major differences in areal differentiation trends in cerebral cortex.
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Breveglieri, Rossella, Sara Borgomaneri, Matteo Filippini, Marina De Vitis, Alessia Tessari, and Patrizia Fattori. "Functional Connectivity at Rest between the Human Medial Posterior Parietal Cortex and the Primary Motor Cortex Detected by Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation." Brain Sciences 11, no. 10 (2021): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101357.
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The medial posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in the complex processes of visuomotor integration. Its connections to the dorsal premotor cortex, which in turn is connected to the primary motor cortex (M1), complete the fronto-parietal network that supports important cognitive functions in the planning and execution of goal-oriented movements. In this study, we wanted to investigate the time-course of the functional connectivity at rest between the medial PPC and the M1 using dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy humans. We stimulated the left M1 using a suprathreshold test stimulus to elicit motor-evoked potentials in the hand, and a subthreshold conditioning stimulus was applied over the left medial PPC at different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs). The conditioning stimulus affected the M1 excitability depending on the ISI, with inhibition at longer ISIs (12 and 15 ms). We suggest that these modulations may reflect the activation of different parieto-frontal pathways, with long latency inhibitions likely recruiting polisynaptic pathways, presumably through anterolateral PPC.
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Merchant, Hugo, and Bruno B. Averbeck. "The Computational and Neural Basis of Rhythmic Timing in Medial Premotor Cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 37, no. 17 (2017): 4552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0367-17.2017.
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Nickl, Robert W. "The Medial Premotor Cortex as a Bridge from Internal Timekeeping to Action." Journal of Neuroscience 37, no. 37 (2017): 8860–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1790-17.2017.
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Johnston, Stephen, E. Charles Leek, Christine Atherton, Neil Thacker, and Alan Jackson. "Functional contribution of medial premotor cortex to visuo-spatial transformation in humans." Neuroscience Letters 355, no. 3 (2004): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.011.
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Nagahama, Y., T. Okada, H. Yamauchi, et al. "Functional role of medial and lateral premotor cortex in attention set shift." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (1998): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)30909-1.
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Vierow, Verena, Miyuki Fukuoka, Akihiko Ikoma, Arnd Dörfler, Hermann Otto Handwerker, and Clemens Forster. "Cerebral Representation of the Relief of Itch by Scratching." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 6 (2009): 3216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00207.2009.
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Cerebral processing of itch-scratching cycles was studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy volunteers. The back of the hand was repetitively scratched in the absence and presence of itch induced by histamine applied close to the scratched site. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) effects were assessed in predefined cortical and subcortical brain regions of interest. Scratch-related activation clusters were found in cortical and subcortical areas which had been associated before with pain processing, namely S1, S2, parietal association cortex, motor and premotor cortex, anterior and posterior insula, anterior and medial cingulum, lateral and medial frontal areas, ipsilateral cerebellum and contralateral putamen. Cortical activations were generally stronger in the contralateral hemisphere. General linear model (GLM) analysis and GLM contrast analysis revealed stronger activations during itch-related trials in the motor and premotor cortex, in lateral frontal fields of both sides, and in a left medial frontal cluster. Subcortically, stronger activation during itch-related scratching trials was found in the contralateral putamen and in the ipsilateral cerebellum. Time course analysis showed significantly higher BOLD levels during the last 3–6 s before the start of scratching when the itch intensity was strongest. This effect was found in frontal areas, in the putamen, and in the somatosensory projection areas. During the scratching, no significant differences were found between itch and control conditions with the exception of the putamen, which showed stronger activations during itch-related scratch bouts. We interpret these itch-related activations anticipating the scratching as possible cerebral correlates of the itch processing and the craving for scratch.
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Beurze, S. M., F. P. de Lange, I. Toni, and W. P. Medendorp. "Integration of Target and Effector Information in the Human Brain During Reach Planning." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (2007): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00456.2006.
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To plan a reaching movement, the brain must integrate information about the location of the target with information about the limb selected for the reach. Here, we applied rapid event-related 3-T fMRI to investigate this process in human subjects ( n = 16) preparing a reach following two successive visual instruction cues. One cue instructed which arm to use; the other cue instructed the location of the reach target. We hypothesized that regions involved in the integration of target and effector information should not only respond to each of the two instruction cues, but should respond more strongly to the second cue due to the added integrative processing to establish the reach plan. We found bilateral regions in the posterior parietal cortex, the premotor cortex, the medial frontal cortex, and the insular cortex to be involved in target–arm integration, as well as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and an area in the right lateral occipital sulcus to respond in this manner. We further determined the functional properties of these regions in terms of spatial and effector specificity. This showed that the posterior parietal cortex and the dorsal premotor cortex specify both the spatial location of a target and the effector selected for the response. We therefore conclude that these regions are selectively engaged in the neural computations for reach planning, consistent with the results from physiological studies in nonhuman primates.
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Stephan, K. M., G. R. Fink, R. E. Passingham, et al. "Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements in healthy subjects." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 1 (1995): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.373.
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1. Differences in the distribution of relative regional cerebral blood flow during motor imagery and execution of a joy-stick movement were investigated in six healthy volunteers with the use of positron emission tomography (PET). Both tasks were compared with a common baseline condition, motor preparation, and with each other. Data were analyzed for individual subjects and for the group, and areas of significant flow differences were related to anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 2. Imagining movements activated a number of frontal and parietal regions: medial and lateral premotor areas, anterior cingulate areas, ventral opercular premotor areas, and parts of superior and inferior parietal areas were all activated bilaterally when compared with preparation to move. 3. Execution of movements compared with imagining movements led to additional activations of the left primary sensorimotor cortex and adjacent areas: dorsal parts of the medial and lateral premotor cortex; adjacent cingulate areas; and rostral parts of the left superior parietal cortex. 4. Functionally distinct rostral and caudal parts of the posterior supplementary motor area (operationally defined as the SMA behind the coronal plane at the level of the anterior commissure) were identified. In the group, the rostral part of posterior SMA was activated by imagining movements, and a more caudoventral part was additionally activated during their execution. A similar dissociation was observed in the cingulate areas. Individual subjects showed that the precise site of these activations varied with the individual anatomy; however, a constant pattern of preferential activation within separate but adjacent gyri of the left hemisphere was preserved. 5. Functionally distinct regions were also observed in the parietal lobe: the caudal part of the superior parietal cortex [medial Brodmann area (BA) 7] was activated by imagining movements compared with preparing to execute them, whereas the more rostral parts of the superior parietal lobe (BA 5), mainly on the left, were additionally activated by execution of the movements. 6. Within the operculum, three functionally distinct areas were observed: rostrally, prefrontal areas (BA 44 and 45) were more active during imagined than executed movements; a ventral premotor area (BA 6) was activated during both imagined and executed movements; and more caudally in the parietal lobe, an area was found that was mainly activated by execution presumably SII. 7. These data suggest that imagined movements can be viewed as a special form of "motor behavior' that, when compared with preparing to move, activate areas associated heretofore with selection of actions and multisensory integration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Chassagnon, Serge, Lorella Minotti, Stéphane Kremer, Dominique Hoffmann, and Philippe Kahane. "Somatosensory, motor, and reaching/grasping responses to direct electrical stimulation of the human cingulate motor areas." Journal of Neurosurgery 109, no. 4 (2008): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/109/10/0593.
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Object Surgery for frontal lobe drug-resistant epilepsies is often limited by the apparent widespread distribution of the epileptogenic zone. Recent advances in the parcellation of the medial premotor cortex give the opportunity to reconsider “seizures of the supplementary motor area” (SMA), and to assess the contribution of cingulate motor areas (CMAs), SMA proper (SMAp), and pre-SMA to the symptomatology of premotor seizures. Methods The authors reviewed the results of extraoperative electrical stimulation (ES) applied in 52 candidates for epilepsy surgery who underwent stereotactic intracerebral electroencephalographic recordings, focusing on ES of the different medial premotor fields; that is, the anterior and posterior CMA, the SMAp, and the pre-SMA. The ES sites were localized by superposition of the postoperative lateral skull x-ray and the preoperative sagittal MR imaging studies. Results Among 94 electrodes reaching the medial premotor wall, 57 responses were obtained from the anterior CMA (13 cases), the posterior CMA (11), the pre-SMA (18), and the SMAp (15). The ES of the pre-SMA and SMAp gave rise most often to a combination of motor (31 cases), speech-related (22), or somatosensory (3) elementary symptoms. The ES of the CMA yielded simple (17 of 24) more often than complex responses (7 of 24), among which sensory symptoms (7) were overrepresented. Irrepressible exploratory reaching/grasping movements were elicited at the vicinity of the cingulate sulcus, from the anterior CMA (3 cases) or the pre-SMA (1). Clinical responses to ES were not predictive of the postoperative neurological outcome. Conclusions These findings might be helpful in epilepsy surgery candidates, to better target investigation of the CMA, pre-SMA, and SMAp, and therefore to provide a better understanding of premotor seizures.
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Rolls, Edmund T., Fabian Grabenhorst, and Benjamin A. Parris. "Neural Systems Underlying Decisions about Affective Odors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (2010): 1069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21231.
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Decision-making about affective value may occur after the reward value of a stimulus is represented and may involve different brain areas to those involved in decision-making about the physical properties of stimuli, such as intensity. In an fMRI study, we delivered two odors separated by a delay, with instructions on different trials to decide which odor was more pleasant or more intense or to rate the pleasantness and intensity of the second odor without making a decision. The fMRI signals in the medial prefrontal cortex area 10 (medial PFC) and in regions to which it projects, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula, were higher when decisions were being made compared with ratings, implicating these regions in decision-making. Decision-making about affective value was related to larger signals in the dorsal part of medial area 10 and the agranular insula, whereas decisions about intensity were related to larger activations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral PFC), ventral premotor cortex, and anterior insula. For comparison, the mid orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) had activations related not to decision-making but to subjective pleasantness ratings, providing a continuous representation of affective value. In contrast, areas such as medial area 10 and the ACC are implicated in reaching a decision in which a binary outcome is produced.
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Rolls, Edmund T., Wei Cheng, Jingnan Du, et al. "Functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex in depression." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa014.
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Abstract The orbitofrontal cortex extends into the laterally adjacent inferior frontal gyrus. We analyzed how voxel-level functional connectivity of the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex is related to depression in 282 people with major depressive disorder (125 were unmedicated) and 254 controls, using FDR correction P < 0.05 for pairs of voxels. In the unmedicated group, higher functional connectivity was found of the right inferior frontal gyrus with voxels in the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, temporal lobe, angular gyrus, precuneus, hippocampus and frontal gyri. In medicated patients, these functional connectivities were lower and toward those in controls. Functional connectivities between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the angular and middle frontal gyri were higher in unmedicated patients, and closer to controls in medicated patients. Medial orbitofrontal cortex voxels had lower functional connectivity with temporal cortex areas, the parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, and medication did not result in these being closer to controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in depression, and can influence mood and behavior via the right inferior frontal gyrus, which projects to premotor cortical areas.
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Heather Hsu, Chih-Chin, Edmund T. Rolls, Chu-Chung Huang, et al. "Connections of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex and Inferior Frontal Gyrus." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 11 (2020): 5830–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa160.
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Abstract The direct connections of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were traced with diffusion tractography imaging and statistical analysis in 50 humans, to help understand better its roles in emotion and its disorders. The medial OFC and ventromedial prefrontal cortex have direct connections with the pregenual and subgenual parts of the anterior cingulate cortex; all of which are reward-related areas. The lateral OFC (OFClat) and its closely connected right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) have direct connections with the supracallosal anterior cingulate cortex; all of which are punishment or nonreward-related areas. The OFClat and rIFG also have direct connections with the right supramarginal gyrus and inferior parietal cortex, and with some premotor cortical areas, which may provide outputs for the OFClat and rIFG. Another key finding is that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex shares with the medial OFC especially strong outputs to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, which comprise the ventral striatum, whereas the other regions have more widespread outputs to the striatum. Direct connections of the OFC and IFG were with especially the temporal pole part of the temporal lobe. The left IFG, which includes Broca’s area, has direct connections with the left angular and supramarginal gyri.
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Merchant, H., O. Perez, W. Zarco, and J. Gamez. "Interval Tuning in the Primate Medial Premotor Cortex as a General Timing Mechanism." Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 21 (2013): 9082–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5513-12.2013.
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Nayan Rishi, Niraj. "Bridging the Science Between Yogic Postures (Asanas) and Neurophysiology: A Narrative Review." Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics 8, no. 4 (2024): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/198.
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The two main components of yoga practice, asana (posture) and pranayama (breathing practices), are well-known. The spatial alignment of a body is referred to as its "posture". Yogi Maharishi Patanjali clarifies that the posture needs to be stable and at ease. Numerous studies have documented the health benefits of asana, such as preserving the equilibrium between the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, normalizing blood pressure and glucose levels, enhances memory concentration, and preserves physical health. The alterations in the thalamus, cerebrum, first-order, second-order, and third-order neurons, among other brain regions, are not thoroughly described in scientific literature. In this review paper, we examine how the asana affects conscious proprioception, which in turn stimulates the thalamus via the medial lemniscus route by sending a signal to the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus via the posterior nerve root ganglion. This activates the premotor cortex of the cerebrum's Brodmann areas 3b, 1, and 2, as well as the postcentral gyrus and the somatosensory cortex. Working on the Vijnanamaya Kosha (intellectual sheath), the prefrontal cortex, also referred to as the sheath of intelligence, has direct connections with the premotor cortex. This improves various aspects of health. For doctors, researchers, experimental researchers, and anyone interested in utilizing the neurological advantages of yoga, this paper will offer a comprehensive overview of the neuropsychological mechanisms involved in asana practice.
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Preuss, Todd M. "Do Rats Have Prefrontal Cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert Program Reconsidered." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (1995): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1.
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Primates are unique among mammals in possessing a region of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a well-developed internal granular layer. This region is commonly implicated in higher cognitive functions. Despite the histological distinctiveness of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the work of Rose, Woolsey, and Akert produced a broad consensus among neuroscientists that homologues of primate granular frontal cortex exist in nonprimates and can be recognized by their dense innervation from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). Additional characteristics have come to be identified with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including rich dopaminergic innervation and involvement in spatial delayed-reaction tasks. However, recent studies reveal that these characteristics are not distinctive of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in primates: MD and dopaminergic projections are widespread in the frontal lobe, and medial and orbital frontal areas may play a role in delay tasks. A reevaluation of rat frontal cortex suggests that the medial frontal cortex, usually considered to be homologous to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates, actually consists of cortex homologous to primate premotor and anterior cin-date cortex. The lateral MD-projection cortex of rats resembles portions of primate orbital cortex. If prefrontal cortex is construed broadly enough to include orbital and cingulate cortex, rats can be said to have prefrontal cortex. However, they evidently lack homologues of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas of primates. This assessment suggests that rats probably do not provide useful models of human dorsolateral frontal lobe function and dysfunction, although they might prove valuable for understanding other regions of frontal cortex.
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Merchant, Hugo, Oswaldo Pérez, Ramón Bartolo, et al. "Sensorimotor neural dynamics during isochronous tapping in the medial premotor cortex of the macaque." European Journal of Neuroscience 41, no. 5 (2015): 586–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12811.
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Carmichael, S. T., and Joseph L. Price. "Sensory and premotor connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys." Journal of Comparative Neurology 363, no. 4 (1995): 642–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630409.
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Tagaram, Kondala Rao. "Neurological explanations of decision making in humans: A review." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 1 (2022): 302–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7009940.
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The present review paper focuses on neurological perspective of decision making which plays a major role in our daily life. Our success or failure heavily depends up on the decision we make. So, there is a strong connection between decision making and successful life. Decision making is one of the cognitive aspects that give high load to our brain. In processing decisions, neurons and blood oxygen levels play major role. The author tried to explore various brain regions that involved in decision making process in the light of previous research findings. The author has reviewed 50 research papers/dissertations/documents/ review reports and other sources. Most of the researches used brain mapping techniques to explain possible reasons behind decision making. The conceptual understandings of the review have been presented in the following sections. The author came across various types of decision making such as perceptual decision making, social decision making, economic decision making in relation to different brain regions like parietal cortex, medial premotor cortex. These aspects have been discussed and highlighted in the upcoming sections.
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Ramnani, N., and R. E. Passingham. "Changes in the Human Brain during Rhythm Learning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 7 (2001): 952–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901753165863.
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Subjects were scanned with PET while they learned a complex arbitrary rhythm, paced by visual cues. In the comparison condition, the intervals were varied randomly. The behavioral results showed that the subjects decreased their response time with training, thus becoming more accurate in responding to the pacing cues at the appropriate time. There were learning-related increases in the posterior lateral cerebellum (lobule HVIIa), intraparietal and medial parietal cortex, presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), and lateral premotor cortex. Learning-related decreases were found in the prestriate and inferior temporal cortex, suggesting that with practice the subjects increasingly came to depend on internal rather than external cues to time their responses. There were no learning-related increases in the basal ganglia. It is suggested that it is the neocortical-cerebellar loop that is involved in the timing and coordination of responses.
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Erpelding, Nathalie, Simona Sava, Laura E. Simons, et al. "Habenula functional resting-state connectivity in pediatric CRPS." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 2 (2014): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00405.2013.
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The habenula (Hb) is a small brain structure located in the posterior end of the medial dorsal thalamus and through medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) Hb connections, it acts as a conduit of information between forebrain and brainstem structures. The role of the Hb in pain processing is well documented in animals and recently also in acute experimental pain in humans. However, its function remains unknown in chronic pain disorders. Here, we investigated Hb resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) compared with healthy controls. Twelve pediatric patients with unilateral lower-extremity CRPS (9 females; 10–17 yr) and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy controls provided informed consent to participate in the study. In healthy controls, Hb functional connections largely overlapped with previously described anatomical connections in cortical, subcortical, and brainstem structures. Compared with controls, patients exhibited an overall Hb rsFC reduction with the rest of the brain and, specifically, with the anterior midcingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex, primary motor cortex, and premotor cortex. Our results suggest that Hb rsFC parallels anatomical Hb connections in the healthy state and that overall Hb rsFC is reduced in patients, particularly connections with forebrain areas. Patients' decreased Hb rsFC to brain regions implicated in motor, affective, cognitive, and pain inhibitory/modulatory processes may contribute to their symptomatology.
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Northoff, Georg, Thomas Witze, Andre Richter, et al. "GABA-ergic Modulation of Prefrontal Spatio-temporal Activation Pattern during Emotional Processing: A Combined fMRI/MEG Study with Placebo and Lorazepam." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 3 (2002): 348–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902317361895.
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Various prefrontal cortical regions have been shown to be activated during emotional stimulation, whereas neurochemical mechanisms underlying emotional processing in the prefrontal cortex remain unclear. We therefore investigated the influence of the GABA-A potentiator lorazepam on prefrontal cortical emotional—motor spatio-temporal activation pattern in a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging/magnetoencephalography study. Lorazepam led to the reversal in orbito-frontal activation pattern, a shift of the early magnetic field dipole from the orbito-frontal to medial prefrontal cortex, and alterations in premotor/motor cortical function during negative and positive emotional stimulation. It is concluded that negative emotional processing in the orbito-frontal cortex may be modulated either directly or indirectly by GABA-A receptors. Such a modulation of orbito-frontal cortical emotional function by lorazepam has to be distinguished from its effects on cortical motor function as being independent from the kind of processing either emotional or nonemotional.
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Cieslik, Edna C., Isabelle Seidler, Angela R. Laird, Peter T. Fox, and Simon B. Eickhoff. "Different involvement of subregions within dorsal premotor and medial frontal cortex for pro- and antisaccades." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 68 (September 2016): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.012.
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Roesch, Matthew R., and Carl R. Olson. "Impact of Expected Reward on Neuronal Activity in Prefrontal Cortex, Frontal and Supplementary Eye Fields and Premotor Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (2003): 1766–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00019.2003.
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In several regions of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed response tasks at a rate determined by the value of the reward expected at the end of the trial. The activity of these neurons might be related either to the internal representation of the appetitive value of the expected reward or to motivation-dependent variations in the monkey's level of motor preparation or motor output. According to the first interpretation, reward-related activity should be most prominent in areas affiliated with the limbic system. According to the second interpretation, it should be most prominent in areas affiliated with the motor system. To distinguish between these alternatives, we carried out single-neuron recording while monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task in which a visual cue presented early in each trial indicated whether the reward would be large or small. Neuronal activity accompanying task performance was monitored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the frontal eye field (FEF), a transitional zone caudal to the frontal eye field (FEF/PM), premotor cortex (PM), the supplementary eye field (SEF), and the rostral part of the supplementary motor area (SMAr). The tendency for neuronal activity to increase after cues that predicted a large reward became progressively stronger in progressively more posterior areas both in the lateral sector of the frontal lobe (PFC < FEF < FEF/PM < PM) and in the medial sector (SEF < SMAr). The very strong reward-related activity of premotor neurons was presumably attributable to the monkey's motivation-dependent level of motor preparation or motor output. This finding points to the need to determine whether reward-related activity in other nonlimbic brain areas, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the dorsal striatum, genuinely represents the value of the expected reward or, alternatively, is related to motivational modulation of motor signals.
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Huang, Ruey-Song, and Martin I. Sereno. "Bottom-up Retinotopic Organization Supports Top-down Mental Imagery." Open Neuroimaging Journal 7, no. 1 (2013): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874440001307010058.
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Finding a path between locations is a routine task in daily life. Mental navigation is often used to plan a route to a destination that is not visible from the current location. We first used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based averaging methods to find high-level brain regions involved in imagined navigation between locations in a building very familiar to each participant. This revealed a mental navigation network that includes the precuneus, retrosplenial cortex (RSC), parahippocampal place area (PPA), occipital place area (OPA), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex, and areas along the medial and anterior intraparietal sulcus. We then visualized retinotopic maps in the entire cortex using wide-field, natural scene stimuli in a separate set of fMRI experiments. This revealed five distinct visual streams or ‘fingers’ that extend anteriorly into middle temporal, superior parietal, medial parietal, retrosplenial and ventral occipitotemporal cortex. By using spherical morphing to overlap these two data sets, we showed that the mental navigation network primarily occupies areas that also contain retinotopic maps. Specifically, scene-selective regions RSC, PPA and OPA have a common emphasis on the far periphery of the upper visual field. These results suggest that bottom-up retinotopic organization may help to efficiently encode scene and location information in an eye-centered reference frame for top-down, internally generated mental navigation. This study pushes the border of visual cortex further anterior than was initially expected.
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Romo, Ranulfo, Adrián Hernández, Antonio Zainos, Carlos Brody, and Emilio Salinas. "Exploring the cortical evidence of a sensory–discrimination process." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1424 (2002): 1039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1100.
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Humans and monkeys have similar abilities to discriminate the difference in frequency between two consecutive mechanical vibrations applied to their fingertips. This task can be conceived as a chain of neural operations: encoding the two consecutive stimuli, maintaining the first stimulus in working memory, comparing the second stimulus with the memory trace left by the first stimulus and communicating the result of the comparison to the motor apparatus. We studied this chain of neural operations by recording and manipulating neurons from different areas of the cerebral cortex while monkeys performed the task. The results indicate that neurons of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) generate a neural representation of vibrotactile stimuli which correlates closely with psychophysical performance. Discrimination based on microstimulation patterns injected into clusters of S1 neurons is indistinguishable from that produced by natural stimuli. Neurons from the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), prefrontal cortex and medial premotor cortex (MPC) display at different times the trace of the first stimulus during the working–memory component of the task. Neurons from S2 and MPC appear to show the comparison between the two stimuli and correlate with the behavioural decisions. These neural operations may contribute to the sensory–discrimination process studied here.
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Schaeffer, David J., Yuki Hori, Kyle M. Gilbert, Joseph S. Gati, Ravi S. Menon, and Stefan Everling. "Divergence of rodent and primate medial frontal cortex functional connectivity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (2020): 21681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003181117.
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With the medial frontal cortex (MFC) centrally implicated in several major neuropsychiatric disorders, it is critical to understand the extent to which MFC organization is comparable between humans and animals commonly used in preclinical research (namely rodents and nonhuman primates). Although the cytoarchitectonic structure of the rodent MFC has mostly been conserved in humans, it is a long-standing question whether the structural analogies translate to functional analogies. Here, we probed this question using ultra high field fMRI data to compare rat, marmoset, and human MFC functional connectivity. First, we applied hierarchical clustering to intrinsically define the functional boundaries of the MFC in all three species, independent of cytoarchitectonic definitions. Then, we mapped the functional connectivity “fingerprints” of these regions with a number of different brain areas. Because rats do not share cytoarchitectonically defined regions of the lateral frontal cortex (LFC) with primates, the fingerprinting method also afforded the unique ability to compare the rat MFC and marmoset LFC, which have often been suggested to be functional analogs. The results demonstrated remarkably similar intrinsic functional organization of the MFC across the species, but clear differences between rodent and primate MFC whole-brain connectivity. Rat MFC patterns of connectivity showed greatest similarity with premotor regions in the marmoset, rather than dorsolateral prefrontal regions, which are often suggested to be functionally comparable. These results corroborate the viability of the marmoset as a preclinical model of human MFC dysfunction, and suggest divergence of functional connectivity between rats and primates in both the MFC and LFC.
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Romo, R. "Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical measurements correlated with neuronal events in primate medial premotor cortex." Cerebral Cortex 7, no. 4 (1997): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/7.4.317.
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Ahmed, Shaheen, and Sven Vanneste. "132 The Underlying Effect of Burst Stimulation on Chronic Pain Using Multimodal Neuroimaging - EEG, fMRI and PET." Neurosurgery 64, CN_suppl_1 (2017): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx417.132.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION Minimally invasive neuromodulation such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) have shown to be successful for treatment of different types of pain such as chronic back or leg pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and fibromyalgia. Recently, novel stimulation paradigm called burst stimulation was developed that suppresses pain to better extent than classical tonic stimulation. From clinical point of view, burst stimulation is very promising; however, little is known about its underlying mechanism. Hence, in this work we investigate mechanism of action for burst stimulation in different patient groups and controls using different neuroimaging multimodalities such as EEG, fMRI and PET. METHODS Control subjects and patients with chronic back or leg pain, CRPS, or fibromyalgia enrolled for study. Both controls and patients received SCS or ONS and sham, tonic, and burst stimulation in fMRI, PET, and EEG. RESULTS >EEG shows significant changes for burst stimulation compared to tonic and sham stimulation; evident by increased activity at dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dPFC), primary somatosensory cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex (PSC) in alpha frequency band. PET further confirmed by showing increased tracer capitation for burst in dACC, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), parahippocampus, and fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, fMRI showed burst changes in dACC, dPFC, pgACC, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and premotor cortex. A conjunction analysis between tonic and burst stimulation demonstrated theta activity is commonly modulated in somatosensory cortex and PSC. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that burst and tonic stimulation modulate ascending lateral and descending pain inhibitory pathways. Burst stimulation adds by modulating the medial pain pathway, possibly by direct modulation of spinothalamic pathway, as suggested by animal research. Burst normalizes an imbalance between ascending pain via medial system and descending pain inhibitory activity, which could be a plausible reason it's better than to tonic stimulation.
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ELSINGER, CATHERINE L., STEPHEN M. RAO, JANICE L. ZIMBELMAN, NORMAN C. REYNOLDS, KAREN A. BLINDAUER, and RAYMOND G. HOFFMANN. "Neural basis for impaired time reproduction in Parkinson's disease: An fMRI study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 7 (2003): 1088–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703970123.
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Studies involving brain-lesioned subjects have used the paced finger tapping (PFT) task to investigate the neural systems that govern motor timing. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), for example, demonstrate abnormal performance on the PFT, characterized by decreased accuracy and variability changes, suggesting that the basal ganglia may play a critical role in motor timing. Consistent with this hypothesis, an fMRI study of healthy participants demonstrated that the medial frontostriatal circuit (dorsal putamen, ventrolateral thalamus, SMA) correlated with explicit time-dependent components of the PFT task. In the current fMRI study, PD patients and healthy age-matched controls were imaged while performing the PFT. PD patients underwent 2 imaging sessions, 1 on and the other off dopamine supplementation. Relative to controls, PD patients were less accurate and showed greater variability on the PFT task relative to controls. No PFT performance differences were observed between the on and off medication states despite significantly greater motor symptoms on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in the off medication state. Functional imaging results demonstrated decreased activation within the sensorimotor cortex (SMC), cerebellum, and medial premotor system in the PD patients compared to controls. With dopamine replacement, an increase in the spatial extent of activation was observed within the SMC, SMA, and putamen in the PD patients. These results indicate that impaired timing reproduction in PD patients is associated with reduced brain activation within motor and medial premotor circuits. Despite a lack of improvement in PFT performance, PD patient's brain activation patterns were partially “normalized” with dopamine supplementation. These findings could not be attributed to greater head movement artifacts or basal ganglia atrophy within the PD group. (JINS, 2003, 9, 1088–1098.)
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Crowe, D. A., W. Zarco, R. Bartolo, and H. Merchant. "Dynamic Representation of the Temporal and Sequential Structure of Rhythmic Movements in the Primate Medial Premotor Cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 36 (2014): 11972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2177-14.2014.
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Tagaram Kondala Rao. "Neurological explanations of decision making in humans: A review." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 1 (2022): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.1.0265.
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The present review paper focuses on neurological perspective of decision making which plays a major role in our daily life. Our success or failure heavily depends up on the decision we make. So, there is a strong connection between decision making and successful life. Decision making is one of the cognitive aspects that give high load to our brain. In processing decisions, neurons and blood oxygen levels play major role. The author tried to explore various brain regions that involved in decision making process in the light of previous research findings. The author has reviewed 50 research papers/dissertations/documents/ review reports and other sources. Most of the researches used brain mapping techniques to explain possible reasons behind decision making. The conceptual understandings of the review have been presented in the following sections. The author came across various types of decision making such as perceptual decision making, social decision making, economic decision making in relation to different brain regions like parietal cortex, medial premotor cortex. These aspects have been discussed and highlighted in the upcoming sections.
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Lamm, Claus, C. Daniel Batson, and Jean Decety. "The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-taking and Cognitive Appraisal." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (2007): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42.
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Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self-other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experiment, behavioral measures and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were presented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient (“imagine other”) or to imagine oneself to be in the patient's situation (“imagine self”). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treatment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effectiveness instructions affected participants' affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral premotor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans' responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic concern, an important instigator for helping behavior.
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Cisek, Paul, and John F. Kalaska. "Modest Gaze-Related Discharge Modulation in Monkey Dorsal Premotor Cortex During a Reaching Task Performed With Free Fixation." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 2 (2002): 1064–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00995.2001.
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Recent studies have shown that gaze angle modulates reach-related neural activity in many cortical areas, including the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), when gaze direction is experimentally controlled by lengthy periods of imposed fixation. We looked for gaze-related modulation in PMd during the brief fixations that occur when a monkey is allowed to look around freely without experimentally imposed gaze control while performing a center-out delayed arm-reaching task. During the course of the instructed-delay period, we found significant effects of gaze angle in 27–51% of PMd cells. However, for 90–95% of cells, these effects accounted for <20% of the observed discharge variance. The effect of gaze was significantly weaker than the effect of reach-related variables. In particular, cell activity during the delay period was more strongly related to the intended movement expressed in arm-related coordinates than in gaze-related coordinates. Under the same experimental conditions, many cells in medial parietal cortex exhibited much stronger gaze-related modulation and expressed intended movement in gaze-related coordinates. In summary, gaze direction-related modulation of cell activity is indeed expressed in PMd during the brief fixations that occur in natural oculomotor behavior, but its overall effect on cell activity is modest.
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Crosson, Bruce, Joseph R. Sadek, Leeza Maron, et al. "Relative Shift in Activity from Medial to Lateral Frontal Cortex During Internally Versus Externally Guided Word Generation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (2001): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901564225.
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Goldberg (1985) hypothesized that as language output changes from internally to externally guided production, activity shifts from supplementary motor area (SMA) to lateral premotor areas, including Broca's area. To test this hypothesis, 15 right-handed native English speakers performed three word generation tasks varying in the amount of internal guidance and a repetition task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Volumes of significant activity for each task versus a resting state were derived using voxel-by-voxel repeated-measures t tests (p < .001) across subjects. Changes in the size of activity volumes for left medial frontal regions (SMA and pre-SMA/BA 32) versus left lateral frontal regions (Broca's area, inferior frontal sulcus) were assessed as internal guidance of word generation decreased and external guidance increased. Comparing SMA to Broca's area, Goldberg's hypothesis was not verified. However, pre-SMA/BA 32 activity volumes decreased significantly and inferior frontal sulcus activity volumes increased significantly as word generation tasks moved from internally to externally guided.
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Demirakca, Traute, Vita Cardinale, Sven Dehn, Matthias Ruf, and Gabriele Ende. "The Exercising Brain: Changes in Functional Connectivity Induced by an Integrated Multimodal Cognitive and Whole-Body Coordination Training." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8240894.
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This study investigated the impact of “life kinetik” training on brain plasticity in terms of an increased functional connectivity during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The training is an integrated multimodal training that combines motor and cognitive aspects and challenges the brain by introducing new and unfamiliar coordinative tasks. Twenty-one subjects completed at least 11 one-hour-per-week “life kinetik” training sessions in 13 weeks as well as before and after rs-fMRI scans. Additionally, 11 control subjects with 2 rs-fMRI scans were included. The CONN toolbox was used to conduct several seed-to-voxel analyses. We searched for functional connectivity increases between brain regions expected to be involved in the exercises. Connections to brain regions representing parts of the default mode network, such as medial frontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, did not change. Significant connectivity alterations occurred between the visual cortex and parts of the superior parietal area (BA7). Premotor area and cingulate gyrus were also affected. We can conclude that the constant challenge of unfamiliar combinations of coordination tasks, combined with visual perception and working memory demands, seems to induce brain plasticity expressed in enhanced connectivity strength of brain regions due to coactivation.
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Komaitis, Spyridon, Aristotelis V. Kalyvas, Georgios P. Skandalakis, et al. "The frontal longitudinal system as revealed through the fiber microdissection technique: structural evidence underpinning the direct connectivity of the prefrontal-premotor circuitry." Journal of Neurosurgery 133, no. 5 (2020): 1503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.6.jns191224.
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OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology, connectivity, and correlative anatomy of the longitudinal group of fibers residing in the frontal area, which resemble the anterior extension of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and were previously described as the frontal longitudinal system (FLS).METHODSFifteen normal adult formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres collected from cadavers were studied using the Klingler microdissection technique. Lateral to medial dissections were performed in a stepwise fashion starting from the frontal area and extending to the temporoparietal regions.RESULTSThe FLS was consistently identified as a fiber pathway residing just under the superficial U-fibers of the middle frontal gyrus or middle frontal sulcus (when present) and extending as far as the frontal pole. The authors were able to record two different configurations: one consisting of two distinct, parallel, longitudinal fiber chains (13% of cases), and the other consisting of a single stem of fibers (87% of cases). The fiber chains’ cortical terminations in the frontal and prefrontal area were also traced. More specifically, the FLS was always recorded to terminate in Brodmann areas 6, 46, 45, and 10 (premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pars triangularis, and frontal pole, respectively), whereas terminations in Brodmann areas 4 (primary motor cortex), 47 (pars orbitalis), and 9 were also encountered in some specimens. In relation to the SLF system, the FLS represented its anterior continuation in the majority of the hemispheres, whereas in a few cases it was recorded as a completely distinct tract. Interestingly, the FLS comprised shorter fibers that were recorded to interconnect exclusively frontal areas, thus exhibiting different fiber architecture when compared to the long fibers forming the SLF.CONCLUSIONSThe current study provides consistent, focused, and robust evidence on the morphology, architecture, and correlative anatomy of the FLS. This fiber system participates in the axonal connectivity of the prefrontal-premotor cortices and allegedly subserves cognitive-motor functions. Based in the SLF hypersegmentation concept that has been advocated by previous authors, the FLS should be approached as a distinct frontal segment within the superior longitudinal system.
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Cerasa, Antonio, Isabella Castiglioni, Christian Salvatore, et al. "Biomarkers of Eating Disorders Using Support Vector Machine Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging Data: Preliminary Results." Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/924814.
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Presently, there are no valid biomarkers to identify individuals with eating disorders (ED). The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of a machine learning method for extracting reliable neuroimaging features allowing individual categorization of patients with ED. Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique, combined with a pattern recognition method, was employed utilizing structural magnetic resonance images. Seventeen females with ED (six with diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and 11 with bulimia nervosa) were compared against 17 body mass index-matched healthy controls (HC). Machine learning allowed individual diagnosis of ED versus HC with an Accuracy ≥ 0.80. Voxel-based pattern recognition analysis demonstrated that voxels influencing the classification Accuracy involved the occipital cortex, the posterior cerebellar lobule, precuneus, sensorimotor/premotor cortices, and the medial prefrontal cortex, all critical regions known to be strongly involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of ED. Although these findings should be considered preliminary given the small size investigated, SVM analysis highlights the role of well-known brain regions as possible biomarkers to distinguish ED from HC at an individual level, thus encouraging the translational implementation of this new multivariate approach in the clinical practice.
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Zeiler, Steven R., Ellen M. Gibson, Robert E. Hoesch, et al. "Medial Premotor Cortex Shows a Reduction in Inhibitory Markers and Mediates Recovery in a Mouse Model of Focal Stroke." Stroke 44, no. 2 (2013): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.112.676940.
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Bishop, Christopher W., and Lee M. Miller. "A Multisensory Cortical Network for Understanding Speech in Noise." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 9 (2009): 1790–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21118.
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In noisy environments, listeners tend to hear a speaker's voice yet struggle to understand what is said. The most effective way to improve intelligibility in such conditions is to watch the speaker's mouth movements. Here we identify the neural networks that distinguish understanding from merely hearing speech, and determine how the brain applies visual information to improve intelligibility. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that understanding speech-in-noise is supported by a network of brain areas including the left superior parietal lobule, the motor/premotor cortex, and the left anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), a likely apex of the acoustic processing hierarchy. Multisensory integration likely improves comprehension through improved communication between the left temporal–occipital boundary, the left medial-temporal lobe, and the left STS. This demonstrates how the brain uses information from multiple modalities to improve speech comprehension in naturalistic, acoustically adverse conditions.
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Avanzini, Pietro, Rouhollah O. Abdollahi, Ivana Sartori, et al. "Four-dimensional maps of the human somatosensory system." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 13 (2016): E1936—E1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601889113.
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A fine-grained description of the spatiotemporal dynamics of human brain activity is a major goal of neuroscientific research. Limitations in spatial and temporal resolution of available noninvasive recording and imaging techniques have hindered so far the acquisition of precise, comprehensive four-dimensional maps of human neural activity. The present study combines anatomical and functional data from intracerebral recordings of nearly 100 patients, to generate highly resolved four-dimensional maps of human cortical processing of nonpainful somatosensory stimuli. These maps indicate that the human somatosensory system devoted to the hand encompasses a widespread network covering more than 10% of the cortical surface of both hemispheres. This network includes phasic components, centered on primary somatosensory cortex and neighboring motor, premotor, and inferior parietal regions, and tonic components, centered on opercular and insular areas, and involving human parietal rostroventral area and ventral medial-superior-temporal area. The technique described opens new avenues for investigating the neural basis of all levels of cortical processing in humans.
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Trujillo, James P., Irina Simanova, Asli Özyürek, and Harold Bekkering. "Seeing the Unexpected: How Brains Read Communicative Intent through Kinematics." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 3 (2019): 1056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz148.
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Abstract Social interaction requires us to recognize subtle cues in behavior, such as kinematic differences in actions and gestures produced with different social intentions. Neuroscientific studies indicate that the putative mirror neuron system (pMNS) in the premotor cortex and mentalizing system (MS) in the medial prefrontal cortex support inferences about contextually unusual actions. However, little is known regarding the brain dynamics of these systems when viewing communicatively exaggerated kinematics. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, 28 participants viewed stick-light videos of pantomime gestures, recorded in a previous study, which contained varying degrees of communicative exaggeration. Participants made either social or nonsocial classifications of the videos. Using participant responses and pantomime kinematics, we modeled the probability of each video being classified as communicative. Interregion connectivity and activity were modulated by kinematic exaggeration, depending on the task. In the Social Task, communicativeness of the gesture increased activation of several pMNS and MS regions and modulated top-down coupling from the MS to the pMNS, but engagement of the pMNS and MS was not found in the nonsocial task. Our results suggest that expectation violations can be a key cue for inferring communicative intention, extending previous findings from wholly unexpected actions to more subtle social signaling.
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Hattori, Noriaki, Hiroshi Shibasaki, Lewis Wheaton, Tao Wu, Masao Matsuhashi, and Mark Hallett. "Discrete Parieto-Frontal Functional Connectivity Related to Grasping." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 3 (2009): 1267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90249.2008.
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The human inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is known to have neuronal connections with the frontal lobe, and these connections have been shown to be associated with sensorimotor integration to perform various types of movement such as grasping. The function of these anatomical connections has not been fully investigated. We studied the judgment of graspability of objects in an event-related functional MRI study in healthy subjects, and found activation in two different regions within IPL: one in the left dorsal IPL extending to the intraparietal sulcus and the other in the left ventral IPL. The former region was activated only in the judgment of graspable objects, whereas the latter was activated in the judgment of both graspable and nongraspable objects although the activation was greater for the graspable objects. Psychophysiological interaction analysis showed that these regions had similar but discrete functional connectivity to the lateral and medial frontal cortices. In relation to this particular task, the left dorsal IPL had functional connectivity to the left ventral premotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA) and right cerebellar cortex, whereas the left ventral IPL had functional connectivity to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and pre-SMA. These findings suggest that the connection from the left dorsal IPL is associated specifically with automatic flow of information about grasping behavior. By contrast, the connection from the left ventral IPL might be related to motor imagination or enhanced external attention to the presented stimuli.
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Porro, Carlo A., Valentina Cettolo, Maria Pia Francescato, and Patrizia Baraldi. "Temporal and Intensity Coding of Pain in Human Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 6 (1998): 3312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.3312.
Full textAbstract:
Porro, Carlo A., Valentina Cettolo, Maria Pia Francescato, and Patrizia Baraldi. Temporal and intensity coding of pain in human cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 80:3312–3320, 1998. We used a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique in healthy right-handed volunteers to demonstrate cortical areas displaying changes of activity significantly related to the time profile of the perceived intensity of experimental somatic pain over the course of several minutes. Twenty-four subjects (ascorbic acid group) received a subcutaneous injection of a dilute ascorbic acid solution into the dorsum of one foot, inducing prolonged burning pain (peak pain intensity on a 0–100 scale: 48 ± 3, mean ± SE; duration: 11.9 ± 0.8 min). fMRI data sets were continuously acquired for ∼20 min, beginning 5 min before and lasting 15 min after the onset of stimulation, from two sagittal planes on the medial hemispheric wall contralateral to the stimulated site, including the cingulate cortex and the putative foot representation area of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Neural clusters whose fMRI signal time courses were positively or negatively correlated ( P < 0.0005) with the individual pain intensity curve were identified by cross-correlation statistics in all 24 volunteers. The spatial extent of the identified clusters was linearly related ( P < 0.0001) to peak pain intensity. Regional analyses showed that positively correlated clusters were present in the majority of subjects in SI, cingulate, motor, and premotor cortex. Negative correlations were found predominantly in medial parietal, perigenual cingulate, and medial prefrontal regions. To test whether these neural changes were due to aspecific arousal or emotional reactions, related either to anticipation or presence of pain, fMRI experiments were performed with the same protocol in two additional groups of volunteers, subjected either to subcutaneous saline injection (saline: n = 16), inducing mild short-lasting pain (peak pain intensity 23 ± 4; duration 2.8 ± 0.6 min) or to nonnoxious mechanical stimulation of the skin (controls: n = 16) at the same body site. Subjects did not know in advance which stimulus would occur. The spatial extent of neural clusters whose signal time courses were positively or negatively correlated with the mean pain intensity curve of subjects injected with ascorbic acid was significantly larger ( P < 0.001) in the ascorbic acid group than both saline and controls, suggesting that the observed responses were specifically related to pain intensity and duration. These findings reveal distributed cortical systems, including parietal areas as well as cingulate and frontal regions, involved in dynamic encoding of pain intensity over time, a process of great biological and clinical relevance.