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Journal articles on the topic 'Medicinal plants – Research – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Street, R. A., and G. Prinsloo. "Commercially Important Medicinal Plants of South Africa: A Review." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/205048.

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There is a growing interest in natural plant-based remedies as a source for commercial products. Around 80% of the South African population use traditional medicines to meet their primary health care needs; however, only a few South African medicinal plants have been exploited to their full potential in terms of commercialization. The opportunity for bioprospecting of plant compounds for novel pharmaceuticals remains largely untapped. Certain renowned medicinal plants of international acclaim including buchu and rooibos are currently contributing to local enterprise; however, other exciting opportunities exist for commonly used plants which have not yet reached the international arena. This paper focuses on the key research and development contributions of 10 commercially important medicinal plants of South Africa. Traditional uses, scientific validation, commercialisation developments, as well as both potential opportunities and setbacks are discussed.

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Geldenhuys, Coert J. "Weeds or Useful Medicinal Plants in the Rural Home Garden?" Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, no. 2_suppl2 (June 2007): S392—S397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265070282s219.

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Background Traditional medicines remain an important health-care service among African indigenous cultures. In South Africa, medicinal plant use (bark, roots, bulbs, and herbs) threatens biodiversity and the sustainability of this informal industry. Several realities have stimulated experimental and adaptive management research into cultivation of key high-demand medicinal plant species in and around the home gardens of poor rural communities for domestic use and for trade: declining supplies, localized extinctions, increasing market prices, and economic opportunities for commercializing traditional medicinal products. Objective and methods This paper reviews three recent South African studies aiming to create alternative medicinal plant resources to reduce dependency on the dwindling wild resources: commercial production of medicinal crop plants; chemistry of wild versus cultivated plants, and of bark versus leaves; and growing of forest tree seedlings in rural home gardens. Results Cultivation trials and chemical testing indicated that different agricultural treatments suit each species differently in terms of either rapid growth rates, strong chemical concentrations, or both. Wild-harvested plants of some species have stronger chemical concentrations than cultivated plants. For several tree species, the bark and leaves contain the same active components associated with healing. Conclusions Successful propagation is not dependent on elaborate and expensive equipment and technologies, but rather on some basic principles of plant growth and methods of manipulating these under controlled conditions. An alternative cultivation method for tree species is the production of leaves as opposed to bark. Cultivation could be done successfully at the school, in home gardens, and in production systems in the village.

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BOTHA, J., E. T. F. WITKOWSKI, and C. M. SHACKLETON. "Market profiles and trade in medicinal plants in the Lowveld, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001067.

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Rising demand for medicinal plants has led to increased pressure on wild plant populations. This, combined with shrinking habitats, means that many species in South Africa are now facing local extinction. In 1997, a study was initiated to determine the extent of trade in medicinal plants in the South African Lowveld (the low lying plains to the east of the Drakensberg escarpment), and to investigate socio-economic factors influencing trade and resource management. Trade was not as extensive in the Lowveld as in major urban markets such as Durban or the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg and surrounding towns), either in terms of the quantity, number or range of species sold, or the numbers of people relying on the trade for an income. In markets assessed in Mpumalanga Province, 176 species were identified (71% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 69 plant families. In Limpopo, 70 different species were identified (84% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 40 families. Imports were significant in Mpumalanga (33% of the plants on offer), mainly from Mozambique. A detrended correspondence analysis showed substantial differences between species traded in Mpumalanga and those sold in Limpopo. There was little variation in the species stocked by vendors in Mpumalanga, regardless of the season, the attributes of the seller, or whether business was carried out in urban or rural areas. In contrast, there was considerable variation in the stock inventories of the Limpopo traders. Despite the lower levels of local trade, increased harvesting pressure is being experienced regionally, to meet demand in metropolitan centres such as the Witwatersrand. This study showed considerable local variation and complexities in the harvesting and marketing of medicinal plants, with both a national and an international dimension. This dual spatial scale presents both opportunities and challenges in the management of these plants, which need to be addressed simultaneously, particularly with respect to research requirements and development of predictive models and capacity. Cooperation in conservation strategies and policies is required at regional, national and international levels, while ensuring that management initiatives take into account local market conditions and the socio-economic realities facing both consumers and those who depend on the trade for their livelihoods.

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Balogun, Fatai, and Anofi Ashafa. "A Review of Plants Used in South African Traditional Medicine for the Management and Treatment of Hypertension." Planta Medica 85, no. 04 (November 26, 2018): 312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0801-8771.

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AbstractSouth Africa contains 9% of the worldʼs higher plants, and despite its rich biodiversity, it has one of the highest prevalence of hypertension in Africa. This review provides information on medicinal plants embraced in South Africa for hypertension management, with the aim of reporting pharmacological information on the indigenous use of these plants as antihypertensives. This review not only focuses on the activity of antihypertensive medicinal plants but also reports some of its phytochemical constituents and other ethnopharmacological and therapeutic properties. Information obtained from scientific and or unpublished databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, SciFinder, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and various books revealed 117 documented antihypertensive plant species from 50 families. Interestingly, Asteraceae topped the list with 16 species, followed by Fabaceae with 8 species; however, only 25% of all plant species have demonstrated antihypertensive effects originating from both in vitro and in vivo studies, lending credence to their folkloric use. Only 11 plant species reportedly possess antihypertensive properties in animal models, with very few species subjected to analytical processes to reveal the identity of their bioactive antihypertensive compounds. In this review, we hope to encourage researchers and global research institutions (universities, agricultural research councils, and medical research councils), particularly those showing an interest in natural products, for the need for concerted efforts to undertake more studies aimed at revealing the untapped potential of these plants. These studies are very important for the development of new pharmaceuticals of natural origin useful for the management of hypertension.

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Etsassala, Ninon, Tesfaye Waryo, Olugbenga Popoola, Adewale Adeloye, Emmanuel Iwuoha, and Ahmed Hussein. "Electrochemical Screening and Evaluation of Lamiaceae Plant Species from South Africa with Potential Tyrosinase Activity." Sensors 19, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051035.

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South Africa is a country with a wide variety of plants that may contain excellent anti-tyrosinase inhibitors. With wide applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products, tyrosinase inhibitors have received very special attention in the recent past as a way of preventing the overproduction of melanin in epidermal layers which often over time brings detrimental effects on human skin. In this present study, a fast screening method using a cyclic voltammetry technique was applied in the evaluation of methanolic extracts of twenty-five species of plants from the Lamiaceae family for anti-tyrosinase activity. Among these plants, those that showed a fast current inhibition rate at a minimum concentration when compared to a kojic acid standard were classified as having the greatest anti-tyrosinase activity. These include Salvia chamelaeagnea, S. dolomitica, Plectranthus ecklonii, P. namaensis, and P. zuluensis. The results presented herein focused in particular on providng firsthand information for further extensive research and exploration of natural product materials with anti-tyrosinase activity from South African flora for use in cosmetics, skin care and medicinal treatments.

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Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne, Gothusaone Simon Tlatsana, Given Thato Mokoroane, Keamogetswe Prudence Senna, John Frederick Mohaswa, Kabo Ntsayagae, Justine Fri, and Collins Njie Ateba. "Bulbous Plants Drimia: “A Thin Line between Poisonous and Healing Compounds” with Biological Activities." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091385.

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Drimia (synonym Urginea) plants are bulbous plants belonging to the family Asparagaceae (formerly the family Hyacinthaceae) and are distinctive, powerful medicinal plants. Just some species are indigenous to South Africa and have been traditionally utilized for centuries to cure various diseases and/or ailments. They have been recognized among the most famous and used medicinal plants in South Africa. Traditionally, the plants are used for various illnesses such as dropsy, respiratory disease, bone and joint complications, skin disorders, epilepsy and cancer. A number of studies have reported biological properties such as antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. Their bulbs are a popular treatment for colds, measles, pneumonia, coughs, fever and headaches. However, some plant species are regarded as one of the six most common poisonous plants in Southern Africa that are toxic to livestock and humans. Due to the therapeutic effects of the Drimia plant bulb, research has focused on the phytochemicals of Drimia species. The principal constituents isolated from this genus are cardiac glycosides. In addition, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and other phytochemical constituents were identified. This study constitutes a critical review of Drimia species’ bioactive compounds, toxicology, biological properties and phytochemistry, advocating it as an important source for effective therapeutic medicine. For this purpose, various scientific electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science were researched and reviewed to conduct this study. Despite well-studied biological investigations, there is limited research on the toxic properties and the toxic compounds of certain Drimia species. Searching from 2017 to 2021, Google Scholar search tools retrieved 462 publications; however, only 3 investigated the toxicity and safety aspects of Drimia. The aim was to identify the current scientific research gap on Drimia species, hence highlighting a thin line between poisonous and healing compounds, dotted across numerous publications, in this review paper.

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Adamowicz, Sarah J., Peter M. Hollingsworth, Sujeevan Ratnasingham, and Michelle van der Bank. "International Barcode of Life: Focus on big biodiversity in South Africa." Genome 60, no. 11 (November 2017): 875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2017-0210.

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Participants in the 7th International Barcode of Life Conference (Kruger National Park, South Africa, 20–24 November 2017) share the latest findings in DNA barcoding research and its increasingly diversified applications. Here, we review prevailing trends synthesized from among 429 invited and contributed abstracts, which are collated in this open-access special issue of Genome. Hosted for the first time on the African continent, the 7th Conference places special emphasis on the evolutionary origins, biogeography, and conservation of African flora and fauna. Within Africa and elsewhere, DNA barcoding and related techniques are being increasingly used for wildlife forensics and for the validation of commercial products, such as medicinal plants and seafood species. A striking trend of the conference is the dramatic rise of studies on environmental DNA (eDNA) and on diverse uses of high-throughput sequencing techniques. Emerging techniques in these areas are opening new avenues for environmental biomonitoring, managing species-at-risk and invasive species, and revealing species interaction networks in unprecedented detail. Contributors call for the development of validated community standards for high-throughput sequence data generation and analysis, to enable the full potential of these methods to be realized for understanding and managing biodiversity on a global scale.

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Akinyede, Kolajo Adedamola, Christopher Nelson Cupido, Gail Denise Hughes, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju, and Okobi Eko Ekpo. "Medicinal Properties and In Vitro Biological Activities of Selected Helichrysum Species from South Africa: A Review." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081566.

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The genus Helichrysum Mill comprises hundreds of species that are mostly flowering perennial shrubs. Some of these plants that belong to the Helichrysum species are used in traditional medicine to treat cough, back pain, diabetes, asthma, digestive problems, menstrual pain, chest pain, kidney disorders, skin disorders, wounds, open sores, among other conditions, but, only a few scientific studies are reported in the literature with sufficient information that validates the acclaimed folkloric benefits of these plants. This review, therefore, provides a comprehensive update of the available information on the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, anti-proliferative, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities of selected Helichrysum species of interest: H. petiolare, H. cymocum, H. foetidum, and H. pandurifolium Schrank, using scientific databases as well as electronic and print sources. The ethnobotanical and morphological characteristics as well as the phytochemical composition and biological activities of these plants are elucidated. The scientific rationale for their current use is discussed based on the evidence in the literature. This review highlights the putative use of the Helichrysum species as a reliable source of bioactive compounds for the production of standard commercial drugs to treat many ailments, including those reported in folkloric uses. Further research on the many plants in the genus Helichrysum is recommended to explore their economic importance both as edible crops and medicinal botanicals.

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VICTOR, JANINE E., GIDEON F. SMITH, and ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK. "History and drivers of plant taxonomy in South Africa." Phytotaxa 269, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.269.3.3.

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The development of plant taxonomy in South Africa from about 1600 to 2015 is reviewed, with emphasis on the main driving factors that have influenced the research direction, techniques used, and choice of taxonomic research topic. In addition, key personalities and important historical events are highlighted. The early scientific interest in the flora of South Africa and, by implication, its taxonomy was initially driven by curiosity. Exploration of plants for economic purposes especially for medicinal use and later, agriculture, drove the scientific development of botany and formed the foundation of formal botany in the country. Establishment of botanical gardens and herbaria influenced botanical research, in particular the field of taxonomy. Technological advances lead to increased modernisation of taxonomy as new sources of information derived from other fields of botany were incorporated into taxonomic research. Funding priorities and availability of financial resources influence the taxonomic research that is conducted, and international initiatives that impact on priorities in biodiversity science have further impact on taxonomy. At present the predominant culture of taxonomy is directed towards electronic dissemination of taxonomic information, leading to increased accessibility and connectivity. Strategic planning of plant taxonomy in South Africa has become more formal as relevance and impact of research products increasingly need to be justified with respect to the financial costs of conducting taxonomic research.

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Balogun, Fatai Oladunni, Natu Thomas Tshabalala, and Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafa. "Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Used by the Basotho Tribe of Eastern Free State: A Review." Journal of Diabetes Research 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4602820.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) belongs to the group of five leading important diseases causing death globally and remains a major health problem in Africa. A number of factors such as poverty, poor eating habit, and hormonal imbalance are responsible for the occurrence of the disease. It poses a major health challenge in Africa continent today and the prevalence continues to increase at an alarming rate. Various treatment options particularly the usage of herbs have been effective against diabetes because they have no adverse effects. Interestingly, South Africa, especially the Basotho tribe, is blessed with numerous medicinal plants whose usage in the treatment of DM has been effective since the conventional drugs are expensive and often unaffordable. The present study attempted to update the various scientific evidence on the twenty-three (23) plants originating from different parts of the world but widely used by the Sotho people in the management of DM. Asteraceae topped the list of sixteen (16) plant families and remained the most investigated according to this review. Although limited information was obtained on the antidiabetic activities of these plants, it is however anticipated that government parastatals and scientific communities will pay more attention to these plants in future research.

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Ibaba, Jacques Davy, and Augustine Gubba. "High-Throughput Sequencing Application in the Diagnosis and Discovery of Plant-Infecting Viruses in Africa, A Decade Later." Plants 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101376.

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High-throughput sequencing (HTS) application in the field of plant virology started in 2009 and has proven very successful for virus discovery and detection of viruses already known. Plant virology is still a developing science in most of Africa; the number of HTS-related studies published in the scientific literature has been increasing over the years as a result of successful collaborations. Studies using HTS to identify plant-infecting viruses have been conducted in 20 African countries, of which Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania share the most published papers. At least 29 host plants, including various agricultural economically important crops, ornamentals and medicinal plants, have been used in viromics analyses and have resulted in the detection of previously known viruses and novel ones from almost any host. Knowing that the effectiveness of any management program requires knowledge on the types, distribution, incidence, and genetic of the virus-causing disease, integrating HTS and efficient bioinformatics tools in plant virology research projects conducted in Africa is a matter of the utmost importance towards achieving and maintaining sustainable food security.

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Mugula, Ben Belden, Samuel Kuria Kiboi, James Ireri Kanya, Anthony Egeru, Paul Okullo, Manuel Curto, and Harald Meimberg. "Knowledge Gaps in Taxonomy, Ecology, Population Distribution Drivers and Genetic Diversity of African Sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.): A Scoping Review for Conservation." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091780.

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The increasing demand for ornamental, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products is driving exploitation of plant species globally. Sub-Saharan Africa harbours unique and valuable plant resources and is now a target of plant resource depletion. African Sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata), a multi-purpose and drought-tolerant species, has seen increased exploitation for the last thirty years and is now declared endangered. Initiatives to conserve O. lanceolata are not yet successful in Africa due to poor understanding of the species. This review surveys relevant research on the ecology, taxonomy, population dynamics, genetic diversity and ethnobotany of O. lanceolata, and highlights gaps in the literature for further research. A scoping review of grey literature, scholarly papers and reports was applied with pre-determined criteria to screen relevant information. Review findings indicate O. lanceolata is a globally distributed species with no identified center of origin. In Africa, it ranges from Algeria to Ethiopia and south to South Africa; in Europe it occurs in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands; in Asia from India to China, and also on Socotra. The species has a confusing taxonomy, with unresolved issues in nomenclature, country range distribution, extensive synonymisation and variation in growth form (shrub or tree). The species population is reported to be declining in Africa, but information on population dynamics across its entire range of distribution is anecdotal. Additionally, ecological factors influencing spatial distribution and survival of the species remain unknown. A variety of uses are reported for O. lanceolata globally, including: cultural; medicinal and food; dye; perfumery; timber; ethnoveterinary and phytoremediation. Key research areas and implications for conservation of O. lanceolata in Sub-Saharan Africa are proposed.

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Akinyede, Kolajo Adedamola, Okobi Eko Ekpo, and Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju. "Ethnopharmacology, Therapeutic Properties and Nutritional Potentials of Carpobrotus edulis: A Comprehensive Review." Scientia Pharmaceutica 88, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm88030039.

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Carpobrotus edulis, formerly known as Mesembryanthemum edule L, belongs to the Aizoaceae family of plants. It is a facultative halophytic invasive medicinal and edible succulent plant that is native to South Africa and is distributed worldwide. Hitherto, this plant appears to be mainly known for its ornamental use in decorations, soil stabilization, and erosion control, and not for its many potential medicinal and nutritional benefits, thus suggesting its underutilization. This review presents cogent and comprehensive information on the distribution, ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and nutritional value of Carpobrotus edulis and provides the rationale for further pharmacognostic research that will validate its many folkloric medicinal and nutraceutical claims, and promote its standardization into a commercially available product. The reported traditional use of this plant for the treatment of sinusitis, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, infantile eczema, fungal and bacterial infections, oral and vaginal thrush, high blood pressure, diabetes, wound infections, spider and tick bites, sore throat as well as mouth infections are well documented. Its therapeutic activities such as anti-proliferative, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and nutritional value have also been reported to be attributable to the array of phytoconstituents present in the plant. These have promoted renewed research interests into this valuable medicinal plant with a view to repositioning and expanding its uses from the current predominantly ornamental and environmental management role to include phytotherapeutical applications through scientific validation studies that will improve its value for the drug discovery process as well as its contribution to food security.

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Omer, Ali, Maha Kordofani, Haytham H. Gibreel, Petr Pyšek, and Mark van Kleunen. "The alien flora of Sudan and South Sudan: taxonomic and biogeographical composition." Biological Invasions 23, no. 7 (March 19, 2021): 2033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02495-7.

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AbstractStudies on plant invasions depend on local and regional checklists of the alien flora. However, global overview studies have shown that some regions, including many African countries, remain understudied in this regard. To contribute to filling this gap, here we present the first checklist of alien plants of Sudan and South Sudan (the Sudans). We analysed the taxonomic and geographical composition of the species on this list. Our result show that of the 113 alien species in Sudans (99 in Sudan and 59 in South Sudan), 92 (81.4%) are naturalized and 21 (18.6%) are just casual aliens. The number of naturalized species represent 2.2% of the total flora of the Sudans (4096). The alien species belong to 44 families and 85 genera, and many of them are native to Southern America and Northern America (85.8%). Annual and perennial herbs are the prevailing life forms in the alien flora of the Sudans (68.1%), and, among the casual species, perennial herbs are underrepresented whereas woody tree species are over-represented. Alien plants of the Sudans are mostly used for medicinal and environmental purposes globally. The naturalized plants predominantly occur in man-made disturbed habitats, such as agricultural and ruderal habitats. This first overview of the alien flora of the Sudans should stimulate further research and recording of the alien flora to better understand the drivers and consequences of alien plants in the Sudans.

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Schmid, Rudolf, Ben-Erik van Wyk, Bosch van Oudtshoorn, and Nigel Gericke. "Medicinal Plants of South Africa." Taxon 47, no. 3 (August 1998): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223627.

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Uche-Okereafor, Nkemdinma, Tendani Sebola, Kudzanai Tapfuma, Lukhanyo Mekuto, Ezekiel Green, and Vuyo Mavumengwana. "Antibacterial Activities of Crude Secondary Metabolite Extracts from Pantoea Species Obtained from the Stem of Solanum mauritianum and Their Effects on Two Cancer Cell Lines." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040602.

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Endophytes are microorganisms that are perceived as non-pathogenic symbionts found inside plants since they cause no symptoms of disease on the host plant. Soil conditions and geography among other factors contribute to the type(s) of endophytes isolated from plants. Our research interest is the antibacterial activity of secondary metabolite crude extracts from the medicinal plant Solanum mauritianum and its bacterial endophytes. Fresh, healthy stems of S. mauritianum were collected, washed, surface sterilized, macerated in PBS, inoculated in the nutrient agar plates, and incubated for 5 days at 30 °C. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to identify the isolated bacterial endophytes. These endophytes were then grown in nutrient broth for 7–14 days, after which sterilized Amberlite® XAD7HP 20–60 mesh (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) resin was added to each culture to adsorb the secondary metabolites, which were later extracted using ethyl acetate. Concentrated crude extracts from each bacterial endophyte were tested for antibacterial activity against 11 pathogenic bacteria and two human cancer cell lines. In this study, a total of three bacterial endophytes of the Pantoea genus were identified from the stem of S. mauritianum. The antibacterial test showed that crude secondary metabolites of the endophytes and stem of S. mauritianum possessed antibacterial properties against pathogenic microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with concentrations showing inhibition ranging from 0.0625 to 8.0000 mg/mL. The anticancer analysis showed an increase in cell proliferation when A549 lung carcinoma and UMG87 glioblastoma cell lines were treated with both the plant and endophytes’ crude extracts. As far as we know, this is the first study of its kind on Solanum mauritianum in South Africa showing S. mauritianum endophytes having activity against some of the common human pathogenic organisms.

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ZANDIFAR, Kourosh, Hassanali NAGHID BADI, Ali MEHRAFARIN, and Majid G. NOHOOJI. "The phytochemical and morphological diversity analysis of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. populations in South of Iran." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48211845.

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Ziziphus nummularia is a multipurpose and tropical tree with medicinal, nutritional, industrial, and economic values. This tree, which belongs to the Rhamnaceae family, is originated from the South of Asia and North of Africa. This research was carried out to investigate the phytochemical and morphological diversity of 20 wild populations collected from different Southern regions of Iran. Statistical significant difference ranges between population were found in respect to saponin of the leaf (2.2-5.4 mg/g) and fruit (1.2-3.2 mg/g), phenol of the leaf (0.7-2.9 mg/g) and fruit (0.03-0.4 mg/g), tannin of the leaf (0.8-3.5 mg/g) and fruit (1.5-1.7 mg/g), and flavonoid of the leaf (3.3-4.3 mg/g) and fruit (1.5-2.4 mg/g). A factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components (PC1-PC3) explain 79.04% of total variations. The first component (PC1) is explained by the most important traits of the PCA coefficient such as the leaf saponin, width of the end leaf, fruit saponin, length of the end leaf, leaf length and width, and leaf phenol with 42% of the total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the populations into four main groups with high diversity. In general, the Izeh Tarakab population had the highest content of leaf and fruit saponin. The content of leaf and fruit saponin as the major secondary metabolite could be a good determinant for detecting diversity in the wild population of Z. nummularia.

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Powell, Robyn F., Anthony R. Magee, and James S. Boatwright. "Decoding ice plants: challenges associated with barcoding and phylogenetics in the diverse succulent family Aizoaceae." Genome 61, no. 11 (November 2018): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0055.

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Aizoaceae is the largest succulent plant family in the world, including in excess of 1800 species. Despite its richness, a large proportion of its taxa are listed as data deficient and as such, has been identified as the top priority for taxonomic research in South Africa. Limitations to accurate taxonomic identification of taxa in the family may be partly attributed to the degree of technical knowledge required to identify taxa in the Aizoaceae. DNA barcoding may provide an alternative method of identification; however, the suitability of commonly used gene regions has not been tested in the family. Here, we analyse variable and parsimony informative characters (PIC), as well as the barcoding gap, in commonly used plastid regions (atpB-rbcL, matK, psbA-trnH, psbJ-petA, rpl16, rps16, trnD-trnT, trnL-trnF, trnQ-rps16, and trnS-trnG) and the nuclear region ITS (for Aizooideae only) across two subfamilies and two expanded clades within the Aizoaceae. The relative percentage of PIC was much greater in subfamilies Aizooideae and Mesembryanthemoideae than in Ruschioideae. Although nrITS had the highest percentage of PIC, barcoding gap analyses identified neither ITS nor any chloroplast region as suitable for barcoding of the family. From the results, it is evident that novel barcoding regions need to be explored within the Aizoaceae.

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Nortje, J. M., and B. E. van Wyk. "Medicinal plants of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, South Africa." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 171 (August 2015): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.049.

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van Staden, J. "BIOTECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS-CASE STUDIES FROM SOUTH AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 461 (August 1998): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.461.7.

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Yessoufou, Kowiyou, Barnabas H. Daru, and Abraham Muthama Muasya. "Phylogenetic exploration of commonly used medicinal plants in South Africa." Molecular Ecology Resources 15, no. 2 (August 12, 2014): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12310.

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Moroole, M. A., S. A. Materechera, W. Otang Mbeng, and A. O. Aremu. "Medicinal plants used for contraception in South Africa: A review." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 235 (May 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.002.

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Sasikumar, B. "Genetic resources ofCurcuma: diversity, characterization and utilization." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 2 (August 2005): 230–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200574.

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The genusCurcuma(familyZingiberaceae) comprising over 80 species of rhizomatous herbs, is endowed with widespread adaptation from sea level to altitude as high as 2000 m in the Western Ghats and Himalayas. Having originated in the Indo-Malayan region, the genus is widely distributed in the tropics of Asia to Africa and Australia.Curcumaspecies exhibit inter- and intra-specific variation for the biologically active principles coupled with morphological variation with respect to the above-ground vegetative and floral characters as well as the below-ground rhizome features besides for curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil.Curcumais gaining importance world over as a potential source of new drug(s) to combat a variety of ailments as the species contain molecules credited with anti-inflammatory, hypocholestraemic, choleratic, antimicrobial, insect repellent, antirheumatic, antifibrotic, antivenomous, antiviral, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic as well as anticancerous properties. Turmeric oil is also used in aromatherapy and in the perfume industry. Though the traditional Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine and Chinese medicine long ago recognized the medicinal property of turmeric in its crude form, the last few decades have witnessed extensive research interests in the biological activity and pharmacological actions ofCurcuma, especially the cultivated species. Turmeric powder obtained from rhizomes ofCurcuma longaor related species is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring material, in religious applications as well as a household remedy for bilary and hepatic disorders, anorexia, diabetic wounds, rheumatism and sinusitis in India, China and South-East Asia and in folk medicine. Cucuminoids, the biologically active principles fromCurcuma, promise a potential role in the control of rheumatism, carcinogenesis and oxidative stress-related pathogenesis.Curcuma longaL. syn.Curcuma domesticaVal., common turmeric, is the most economically valuable member of the genus having over 150,000 hectares under its cultivation in India. In addition toCurcuma longa, the other economically important species of the genus areC. aromatica, used in medicine and toiletry articles,C. kwangsiensis,C. ochrorhiza,C. pierreana,C. zedoaria,C. caesiaetc. used in folk medicines of the South-East Asian nations;C. alismatifolia,C. roscoeanaetc. with floricultural importance;Curcuma amadaused as medicine, and in a variety of culinary preparations, pickles and salads, andC. zedoaria,C. malabarica,C. pseudomontana,C. montana,C. decipiens,C. angustifolia,C. rubescens,C. haritha,C. caulinaetc. all used in arrowroot manufacturing. Crop improvement work has been attempted mainly inC. longaand to a little extent inC. amada. At present there are about 20 improved varieties ofC. longain India and one inC. amada, evolved through germplasm/clonal selection, mutation breeding or open-pollinated progeny (true turmeric seedlings) selection. Though work on morphological characterization ofCurcumaspecies has been attempted, its molecular characterization is in a nascent stage except for some genetic fidelity studies of micropropagated plants and isozyme-based characterization. The genus has also been examined from the biochemical profiling and anatomical characterization angle. This article is intended to provide an overview of biological diversity in the genusCurcumafrom a utilitarian and bio-prospection viewpoint.

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Gagnidze, Ineza. "THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OFFICES IN THE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF GEORGIA." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (December 27, 2019): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.018.

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Facing the 4th and 5th industrial revolutions, worldwide- recognized research centers forecast particularly high rates of economic development. There is no doubt that a small country like Georgia cannot determine trends in the development of the world economy. Therefore, given the above conditions, it is difficult to choose the right vector of development. We believe that for making the right choice several factors should be taken into consideration; in particular, elaboration and implementation of the education programs and development of the sectors that will provide the possibility to adopt and introduce the new technologies created in the developed countries in Georgia should be supported; based on competitive advantages of Georgia production of inelastic demand goods should be focused on. For the implementation of the above-mentioned directions, formation of appropriate entrepreneurial universities should be encouraged, which, in turn, will contribute to the formation of clusters around them, development of regional economy and creation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem. As known, demand for the products that are essential for humans to exist is inelastic. In particular, these are potable water, food, medicines, hygiene products, relax/ recreation, etc. Georgia can produce bio-products in some of the above sectors not only to satisfy the demand on the domestic market, but for export as well. We would like to note that in Georgia, there is a great potential of combining the results of the studies on mineral waters and medicinal plants, which will allow to produce unique, biological medicinal hygienic products, household chemistry, agricultural pesticides and minerals used for soil enrichment and in irrigation systems, etc. It should be noted as well that production and usage of such goods will allow Georgia to care for the health of its population and the environmental conditions and to enter developed markets. Unfortunately, the studies conducted in Georgia show that there is no efficient connection between education and business. This is indicated by GIZ, NGOs, universities and local government officials. Rigid legislative and internal system in state universities, which represents one of the reasons for such a failure, is also highlighted. In addition, we would like to note that in the World Economic Forum reports 2014-2018, ‘inadequately educated workforce’ takes the first position among the factors that are most problematic for doing business. Traditionally, the country has had a poor position in terms of access to training. In order to be able to introduce the innovations, find a new niche in the international markets and become an economic leader in the region, we consider that it is necessary to establish technology transfer offices in the universities functioning in the regions of Georgia. The issue is analyzed based on the best practice of foreign countries, namely: the USA, Germany, France, Italy, UK, South Africa, etc. Due to the above-mentioned factors, it is necessary to form an education system that is directly and systematically linked to the development of the economy. This is ensured by the effective functioning of technology transfer offices in entrepreneurial universities. This approach is fully compatible with the policy of the government of Georgia with special emphasis on green economy and education, which, in our opinion, is the right vector for development.

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Sofowora, Abayomi. "Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2, no. 3 (September 1996): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.1996.2.365.

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Xego, S., L. Kambizi, and F. Nchu. "Threatened medicinal plants of South Africa: Case of the family hyacinthaceae." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 13, no. 3 (March 16, 2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v13i3.20.

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Tewari, Sheela. "The Medicinal Plants Economy of South Africa: Profile and Future Perspectives." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 15, no. 3-4 (July 2004): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x04001500304.

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Nwafor, Ifeoma C., and Idah T. Manduna. "Local processing methods for commonly used medicinal plants in South Africa." MEDICINAL PLANTS - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINES AND RELATED INDUSTRIES 13, no. 2 (2021): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2021.00032.0.

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Lawal, I. O., D. S. Grierson, and A. J. Afolayan. "Phytotherapeutic Information on Plants Used for the Treatment of Tuberculosis in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/735423.

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The current rate of deforestation in Africa constitutes a serious danger to the future of medicinal plants on this continent. Conservation of these medicinal plants in the field and the scientific documentation of our knowledge about them are therefore crucial. An ethnobotanical survey of plants used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) was carried out in selected areas of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. These areas were Hala, Ncera, Sheshegu, and Gquamashe, all within the Nkonkobe Municipality. One hundred informants were interviewed. The survey included the identification of scientific and vernacular names of the plants used for treatment of TB as well as the methods of preparation and administration, the part used, dosage, and duration of treatment. The survey revealed 30 plants belonging to 21 families which are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of TB and associated diseases. Of these plantsClausena anisata, Haemanthus albiflos,andArtemisia afrawere the most cited. The leaves were the most common part used in the medicinal preparations. Our findings are discussed in relation to the importance of the documentation of medicinal plants.

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Mnengi, D., A. Kappo, L. Kambizi, and M. Nakin. "Cytotoxicity of selected medicinal plants used in Mt. Frere District, South Africa." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 11, no. 4 (August 12, 2014): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i4.10.

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Semenya, SS, and MJ Potgieter. "Medicinal Plants Cultivated in Bapedi Traditional Healers Homegardens, Limpopo Province, South Africa." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 11, no. 5 (October 27, 2014): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i5.20.

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Mtunzi, F., E. Muleya, J. Modise, A. Sipamla, and E. Dikio. "Heavy Metals Content of Some Medicinal Plants from Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11, no. 9 (August 15, 2012): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2012.855.859.

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Van Wyk, B. E., H. de Wet, and F. R. Van Heerden. "An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the southeastern Karoo, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 74, no. 4 (November 2008): 696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.05.001.

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Williams, V. L., J. E. Victor, and N. R. Crouch. "Red Listed medicinal plants of South Africa: Status, trends, and assessment challenges." South African Journal of Botany 86 (May 2013): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.01.006.

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Botha, Jenny, ED T. F. Witkowski, and Charlie M. Shackleton. "Factors influencing prices of medicinal plants traded in the Lowveld, South Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 14, no. 5 (October 2007): 450–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504500709469745.

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Fernandes, L., C. E. J. van Rensburg, A. A. Hoosen, and V. Steenkamp. "Invitroactivity of medicinal plants of the Venda region, South Africa, againstTrichomonas vaginalis." Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 23, no. 2 (January 2008): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2008.11441310.

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Mkenda, Prisila A., Patrick A. Ndakidemi, Ernest Mbega, Philip C. Stevenson, Sarah E. J. Arnold, Geoff M. Gurr, and Steven R. Belmain. "Multiple ecosystem services from field margin vegetation for ecological sustainability in agriculture: scientific evidence and knowledge gaps." PeerJ 7 (November 28, 2019): e8091. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8091.

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Background Field margin and non-crop vegetation in agricultural systems are potential ecosystem services providers because they offer semi-natural habitats for both below and above ground animal groups such as soil organisms, small mammals, birds and arthropods that are service supplying units. They are considered as a target area for enhancing farm biodiversity. Methodology To explore the multiple potential benefits of these semi-natural habitats and to identify research trends and knowledge gaps globally, a review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A total of 235 publications from the year 2000 to 2016 in the Scopus and Web of Science databases were reviewed. Results The literature showed an increasing trend in the number of published articles over time with European studies leading in the proportion of studies conducted, followed by North America, Asia, South America, Africa and Australia. Several functional groups of organisms were studied from field margin and non-crop vegetation around agricultural lands including natural enemies (37%), insect pests (22%), birds (17%), pollinators (16%), soil macro fauna (4%) and small mammals (4%). Ecosystem services derived from the field margin included natural pest regulation, pollination, nutrient cycling and reduced offsite erosion. Some field margin plants were reported to host detrimental crop pests, a major ecosystem dis-service, potentially leading to increased pest infestation in the field. Conclusion The majority of studies revealed the importance of field margin and non-crop vegetation around arable fields in enhancing ecosystem biodiversity. Promotion of field margin plants that selectively enhance the population of beneficial organisms would support sustainable food security rather than simply boosting plant diversity. Our analyses also highlight that agro-ecological studies remain largely overlooked in some regions.

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Khosa, Mbokota Candy, Zakheleni Dube, Dirk De Waele, and Mieke Stefanie Daneel. "Examine medicinal plants from South Africa for suppression of Meloidogyne incognita under glasshouse conditions." Journal of Nematology 52 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-029.

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I. C., Morobe, Mthethwa N. S., Bisi-Johnson M. A., Vasaikar S. D., Obi C. L., Oyedeji A. O., Kambizi L., Eloff J. N., and Hattori T. "Cytotoxic Effects and Safety Profiles of Extracts of Active Medicinal Plants from South Africa." Journal of Microbiology Research 2, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.microbiology.20120206.04.

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Aremu, A. O., M. Moyo, S. O. Amoo, and J. Van Staden. "Mutagenic evaluation of 10 long-term stored medicinal plants commonly used in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 87 (July 2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.03.002.

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Mzizi, N. P., T. Tiwani, S. G. Lehasa, M. M. O. Thekisoe, B. Mayekiso, and L. V. Buwa. "An ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants used against lymphatic filariasis in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 103 (March 2016): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.02.128.

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Komoreng, L., O. Thekisoe, S. Lehasa, T. Tiwani, N. Mzizi, N. Mokoena, N. Khambule, S. Ndebele, and N. Mdletshe. "An ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants used against lymphatic filariasis in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 111 (July 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.03.005.

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Konz, Jonathan, Emma Archer, and Wayne Twine. "Challenges in community conservation of key medicinal plants in rural north-east South Africa." Geography 94, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2009.12094254.

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Rasethe, Marula Triumph, Sebua Silas Semenya, and Alfred Maroyi. "Medicinal Plants Traded in Informal Herbal Medicine Markets of the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (April 16, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2609532.

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Trading of herbal medicines generates economic opportunities for vulnerable groups living in periurban, rural, and marginalized areas. This study was aimed at identifying medicinal plant species traded in the Limpopo province in South Africa, including traded plant parts, conservation statutes of the species, and harvesting methods used to collect the species. Semistructured questionnaire supplemented by field observation was used to collect data from owners of 35 informal herbal medicine markets in the Limpopo province. A total of 150 medicinal plant products representing at least 79 plant species belonging to 45 botanical families, mainly the Fabaceae (11.4%), Asteraceae (7.6%), and Hyacinthaceae (6.3%), were traded in the study area. Roots (50.0%), bulbs (19.0%), and bark (16.0%) were the most frequently sold plant parts. Some of the traded species which includeAlepidea amatymbica, Bowiea volubilis, Brackenridgea zanguebarica, Clivia caulescens,Dioscorea sylvatica,Elaeodendron transvaalense, Encephalartos woodii,Eucomis pallidiflorasubsp.pole-evansii,Merwilla plumbea,Mondia whitei,Prunus africana, Siphonochilus aethiopicus, Synaptolepis oliveriana,andWarburgia salutarisare of conservation concern and listed on the South African Red Data List.Findings of this study call for effective law enforcement to curb illegal removal of wild plants especially those species that are at the verge of extinction.

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Clarkson, Cailean, Vinesh J. Maharaj, Neil R. Crouch, Olwen M. Grace, Pamisha Pillay, Motlalepula G. Matsabisa, Niresh Bhagwandin, Peter J. Smith, and Peter I. Folb. "In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92, no. 2-3 (June 2004): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.011.

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N’guessan-Irié, Amenan Geneviève. "Review of Experimental Pharmacological Studies of Plants Used for Asthma Management in Africa." International Journal of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology 4, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31531/2581-3080.1000146.

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Objectives: The aim was to contribute to the promotion of medicinal plants used in Africa for management of asthma by analyzing their experimental pharmacological evaluation data. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of the literature based on the following research equations in English and in French: « médecine traditionnelle africaine » ET « asthma » ; « African traditional medicine » AND « asthma » or « Medicine African traditional » AND « asthma » ; « plantes médicinales » ET « asthma » ET « antispasmodique » ; «medicinal plants » AND « asthma » AND « anti-spasmodic » ; « plantes médicinales » ET « asthma » ET « anti-inflammatoire » ; «medicinal plants » AND « asthma » AND « anti-inflammatory ». Results: The study revealed 184 medicinal plants used in Africa for the treatment of asthma, 34 of which showed pharmacological properties in favor of their use. In animal experiments, 18 of these plants exerted a spasmolytic effect, 22 an anti-inflammatory effect and 6 both effects. The spasmolytic activity study protocols were based primarily on inhibition of smooth airway muscle contraction, including trachea, induced by various spasmogenic agents. As for of the methods used to study anti-inflammatory activity, the majority of them consisted of tests for carrageenan-induced edema or for formalin-induced leg irritation. Conclusion: Our results justify the need for standardization of experimental study protocols for the recovery of medicinal plants.

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Kurniati, Salma Indah, Yulianty Yulianty, Tundjung Tripeni Handayani, and Martha L. Lande. "Local Knowledge of Traditional Physician of Medicinal Plants." Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jbekh.v6i2.30.

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Traditional medicine in modern era has not been completely abandoned. Now, Traditional medicine is being used again as a substitute for the use of chemical drugs. West Baturaja, Ogan Komering Ulu, located in South Sumatra is an area in Indonesia that still uses traditional medicine. This research is conducted to study the knowledge of Traditional Physician in using medicinal plants for treatment in West Baturaja, Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatra. This research was conducted in 5 villages in West Baturaja. We interviewed 8 Traditional Physician from 5 villages, i.e. Talang Jawa Village (4 people), Air Gading (1 people), Saung Naga (1 people), Batu Putih (1 people), and Pusar village (1 people). The Result obtained that there are 140 types of medicinal plants from 60 families. The most widely used is the Zingiberaceae. The most widely used plant habitus is a bush. The most widely used part is the leaves. The way of processing is boiled then taken by the patient. The most commonly treated disease is diabetes.

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Kokwaro, J. O. "CURRENT STATUS OF UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 332 (August 1993): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.332.16.

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Van Vuuren, Sandy, Vivienne L. Williams, Arvinda Sooka, Amber Burger, and Laverne Van der Haar. "Microbial contamination of traditional medicinal plants sold at the Faraday muthi market, Johannesburg, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 94 (September 2014): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.06.002.

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Tlaamela, D. M., and S. M. Mahlo. "Biological activity of some medicinal plants used for candidiasis in Aganang Local Municipality, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 109 (March 2017): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.01.186.

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