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Pleyer, Michael, Svetlana Kuleshova, and Marek Placiński. "Integrating approaches to the role of metaphor in the evolutionary dynamics of language." Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 12, no. 1 (2024): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2024-0007.
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Abstract Metaphor occupies a central role not only in language use, but also in language change and evolution. Specifically, semantic extension motivated by metaphor plays an important role in extending the lexicon of languages. It is this process that enables the emergence of one of the key properties of modern languages, namely that they are open-ended, systematic, polysemous, structured semiotic systems. Here, we review results from three approaches whose integration presents an important cornerstone for an interdisciplinary account of the role of metaphor in the evolutionary dynamics of language: (1) Historical linguistics and diachronic semantics (2) Computational approaches and natural language processing, and (3) Experimental semiotics. Research in historical linguistics has shown that metaphor is a major mechanism of semantic change. Diachronic semantic analyses have not only mapped detailed historical trajectories of semantic extension motivated by metaphor, but also identified common metaphoric pathways of change as well as shared cognitive principles underlying them. Computational approaches and natural language processing have used findings and data from historical linguistics in attempts to automate the detection of metaphoric semantic change and to build data-driven models models of the principles underlying it. Experimental semiotics is a paradigm in which participants have to create novel communication systems in the absence of language. It represents an experimental design that can investigate cultural linguistic evolution and the emergence of metaphors and metaphorical extensions under controlled laboratory settings to shed light on the interactional and cognitive principles involved in it. Combining results from these approaches represents an important first step towards an interdisciplinary, integrative account of the role of metaphor, and processes of polysemous meaning extension more generally, in the evolutionary dynamics of language.
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Ioannou, Georgios. "BRILLIANT, SUNNY AND BRIGHT: GENERALISED IINVARIANCE THROUGH ETYMOLOGY." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 36 (2021): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.36.2021.12.
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The relevance of image schemas in metaphoric extension has been long highlighted in Cognitive Linguistics literature. The image-schematic makeup of a metaphoric source is preserved in the target, in a way consistent with the structure of the latter (Lakoff, 1993). More recently, Sullivan (2013) has raised a similar case for semantic frames, in a constructional framework. Metaphoric mappings are licensed only if the semantic frame of the source is compatible with the conceptual metaphor profiled by the target. The present work integrates Sullivan and Lakoff’s approach to invariance, on the basis of the following hypothesis: the compatibility between a semantic frame evoked by a lexical construction and a conceptual metaphor is susceptible to an imageschematic blueprint, already present in the etymologically prior meaning of the construction. Thus, invariance is hypothesised to hold across categorisation levels of different schematicity, but also across time. The case study re-takes the analysis of the adjectival terms brilliant, sunny and bright, under the generalised invariance hypothesis. The metaphorical potential of a term is shown to be at the same time constrained as well as motivated by this strong version of invariance.
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Veremchuk, Eldar. "Ontological Metaphors for Moral Concepts in the Bible: Introduction." Acta Neophilologica 55, no. 1-2 (2022): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.55.1-2.177-191.
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The article reveals the peculiarities of ontological mappings involving ethical concepts in the text of the Bible. The paper hypothesizes that ethical concepts as abstract phenomena are understood as physical entities and living beings, therefore there must be corresponding metaphorical projections, which underlie their conceptualization. The metaphor is viewed from two perspectives: within the classical and conceptual metaphor theories. From the perspective of the classical theory, metaphor is a literary expressive means, part of figurative language, which consists in using one word instead of the other for the sake of drawing attention or attaining poetic or elevated style. From the conceptual perspective, metaphor is a way humans perceive and conceptualize the objective reality by means of understanding complex abstract ideas or phenomena on the basis of some simple concrete things from the central life experience. This is carried out by means of projection of the source domain features onto the target domain, the latter being more complex than the former. Ontological metaphoric transferences with the target ethical concepts, which are found in the Bible involve two superordinate source domains: PERSON and THING. The extension of these two primary metaphors, which make up the central mapping is represented by a number of hyponymic domains, each of which is discussed separately. Besides the extension, the article pays special attention to the elaboration of metaphors, which involves the extension of the conceptual zone and projection of other source domain features, different from the central ones. The research infers the conclusion that the use of cross-domain mappings plays an important role in conveying ontological and deontological messages since such type of narrative helps to deliver the essential message to the broader audience most efficiently as the more complex moral implications expressed in this way are conceived through simpler ideas and notions.
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Gentner, Dedre, and Jennifer Asmuth. "Metaphoric extension, relational categories, and abstraction." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 34, no. 10 (2017): 1298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2017.1410560.
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MacArthur, Fiona, and Jeannette Littlemore. "On the repetition of words with the potential for metaphoric extension in conversations between native and non-native speakers of English." Metaphor and the Social World 1, no. 2 (2011): 201–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.1.2.05mac.
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Although quite a lot is known about the way that non-native speakers of English may interpret and produce metaphors in their second language, we know little about metaphor use in face-to-face conversation between primary and secondary speakers of English. In this article we explore the use of metaphors in two types of conversational data: one elicited in a semi-structured interview format, the other consisting of naturally occurring conversations involving one non-native speaker in dialogue with various native speakers. We found that although native speakers’ use of metaphor was occasionally problematic for the interaction, metaphor also afforded opportunities for topic development in these conversations. The repetition of a word with the potential for metaphoric extension was a particularly valuable strategy used by non-native speakers in these conversations in constructing their coherent contributions to the discourse. In contrast, the use of phraseological metaphors (often the focus of activities aimed at fostering second language learners’ mastery of conventional English metaphors) did not contribute to the joint construction of meanings in these circumstances. We discuss the role of high frequency vocabulary in these conversations and some implications for further research.
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Guarddon Anelo, Carmen. "Prepositional semantics and metaphoric extensions." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 3 (October 31, 2005): 300–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.3.15gua.
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In this paper we analyze the semantics of the Spanish preposition desde. This analysis is developed within the cognitive linguistics framework. First, we establish the central uses of this category, using a corpus created from examples provided by Spanish speakers. Then, we examine the uses of this preposition that respond to a metaphoric extension. According to my working hypothesis, these metaphoric uses are derived from the topological schema that underlies all the uses of this preposition. The metaphoric extensions of this preposition have been gradually and only partially accepted by the ‘Real Academia de la Lengua’ and other linguistic authorities. However, there exits a use based on a metaphoric transfer which is ignored by traditional treatments. Furthermore, this use is explicitly defined as incorrect by the dictionary of the Spanish language Clave. We will show that this use is consistent with the topological schema that has given rise to the rest of the metaphoric uses of desde and thus should be treated as another valid use of this category.
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Lim, Ji Ryong, and Hye Won Lim. "The Link Schema and Its Metaphoric Extension." HAN-GEUL 276 (June 30, 2007): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22557/hg.2007.06.276.105.
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Shaver, Stephen R. "Radial Extension, Prototypicality, and Tectonic Equivalence." Open Theology 4, no. 1 (2018): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opth-2018-0007.
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Abstract In his book “Without Metaphor, No Saving God: Theology After Cognitive Linguistics”, Robert Masson describes a metaphoric process by which newly accepted truths emerge: for example, in the assertion “Jesus is the Messiah,” Christians reconfigure the field of meanings associated with an existing concept from the Hebrew scriptures (messiah) by asserting its identification with Jesus. Masson dubs this process a “tectonic equivalence” or “tectonic shift.” In this paper I build on Masson‘s work by examining some of the shifts he describes as tectonic through the lens of the cognitive linguistics concepts of radial extension and polysemy. I propose that a lasting tectonic shift may be understood as a blend creating a radial extension that substantially alters the category structure of the original source frame so that the blended space comes to be understood as a central instance of that category. Such an approach allows a fruitful analysis of the similarities and differences among three example blends: god is a rock, jesus is the messiah, and jesus is god.
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Gavrilova, Irina A. "Metaphorical Terms as Part of English Legal Terminology." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 2 (2019): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-2-504-512.
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The present research features the role of metaphorical term formation in the Anglo-American legal term system on the basis of a multi-aspect analysis of a lexicographic source. A thorough examination showed that metaphorization is a full-featured but not productive mechanism of terminology production in the sphere of jurisprudence. Metaphorical terms that function in major, specialized, and complex branches of law represent less than 1% of all terminological units recorded in the ABBYY Press legal dictionary. The paper focuses on mono-lexemic and poly-lexemic legal terms formed by metaphorization. Two- and three-component metaphorical terms were found most frequent. This fact can be explained both by the binary essence of the metaphorical process itself and by a high degree of specification of the legal concept. The position of the metaphorical component was taken into account when the terminological combinations were systematized. The paper contains some examples of various types of metaphoric shift in term formation: reframing according to (1) functional analogy, (2) identity of the produced impression, (3) size correspondence, (4) similarity of origin, (5) the presence of related properties, and (6) the same extension in space. The author singled out anthropomorphic, socio-morphic, artifactual, and nature-morphic metaphorical models of legal term formation. The predominant distribution of anthropomorphic legal metaphors reached almost 50% of the whole selection of examples. The paper describes and illustrates conceptual source spheres of all four categories of terminological metaphors in the legal field. As for some vague cases, the author specified the significative zone of the metaphor according to its figurative-semantic focus. In addition, the study differentiated universal and nationally-marked legal metaphorical terms. Particular attention in this classification was given to metaphorical terms that bear precedent phenomena which are part of the cognitive base of the English-speaking socio-cultural community and serve as a key to understanding its legal norms.
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Mastandrea, Stefano, and John M. Kennedy. "Extension and the Ground in Motion’s Gestalt: Literal and metaphoric." Gestalt Theory 46, no. 1 (2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gth-2024-0003.
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Abstract We propose that in pictures both the extended limbs of actors and the ground are involved in gestalts for movement. Limbs extend to suggest more motion literally when a dancer is in air and refer to a canonical pose when on the ground. A running pony’s curled limbs off the ground depict fast action literally. A horse’s flying-gallop off the ground suggests speedy motion metaphorically. Cast shadows indicate the actor’s location with respect to the ground. We consider extended and curled limbs, on-ground and off, in literal and metaphoric pictures.
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Yu, Haiyang, and Xingwei Miao. "Patterns of Metaphorical Extension in Chinese Songs." Yixin Publisher 1, no. 1 (2023): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59825/jhss.2023.1.1.25.
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Metaphors, as a significant discourse-constructing strategy, are prevalent in the Chinese language, playing a crucial role in organizing discourse through metaphorical extensions. These extension patterns manifest as semantic interactions between the source domain and target domain, as well as between different target domains, forming units of meaning larger than individual clauses. This research identifies three major types of metaphorical extension: reiterative patterns, collocative patterns, and focalizing patterns. Reiterative patterns encompass repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy, while focalizing patterns involve one-time and two-time focalizing patterns. The study focuses on Chinese love songs to explore these metaphorical extensions. By shedding light on the textual functions of metaphors, this research can contribute to a wider and deeper understanding of metaphors and advance metaphor research.
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Olayiwola, Mopelola Rachael, and Solomon Olusayo Olaniyan. "Metaphoric Representations of Spirituality in Ebenezer Obey’s Music." Àgídìgbo: ABUAD Journal of the Humanities 12, no. 2 (2024): 379–93. https://doi.org/10.53982/agidigbo.2024.1202.28-j.
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This paper investigates the synergy that exists between metaphor and spirituality within the Yoruba cosmology as exemplified in the music of Ebenezer Obey. The study underscores the authenticating role metaphor plays in the concretisation of Yoruba beliefs in the existence of a supernatural world. The existing variations of independent studies on both concepts attest to the rich cognitive influence both ideologies evoke within the academia. However, most of the extant studies carried out on these concepts have mainly honed their distinctive strengths. The corpus of research on metaphor relates its relevance mainly to the academic sphere where it acts as diagnostic tool for the analysis of literary terms and by extension to specified human experiences and restricts its versatile application to the significant influence metaphor has on spirituality, thus, de-emphasising the strengthening potency the connection between both ideologies can have on the social and economic lives of people. This notion of irreconcilable difference has resulted in undermining the veritable possibility of an alignment between metaphor and spirituality. This is against the backdrop of paucity of scholarship on this creative hybridisation. This study, therefore, foregrounds the essence of this metaphorical appropriation on the Yoruba ability to re-interpret their disillusioned post-independence realities. Conceptual metaphor theory is deployed as a tool by which underlying metaphor of spirituality is pointed out in the selected music texts of Ebenezer Obey.
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Bertuol, Roberto. "The Square Circle of Margaret Cavendish: the 17th-century conceptualization of mind by means of mathematics." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 10, no. 1 (2001): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963-9470-20011001-02.
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The cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987; Lakoff and Turner, 1989) is the basis in this article for investigating the significance of the use of mathematical language, and in particular of the metaphor to square the circle in Margaret Cavendish's poem The Circle of the Brain Cannot be Squared. In the article I begin by introducing Margaret Cavendish as the first 17th-century female poet writing on scientific topics. I then explain how mathematics in the 17th century influenced people's view of reality and the extent to which this is mirrored in poetic language. The theory of cognitive metaphor provides the framework for the elucidation of mathematical concepts used to explain 'unknown' realities like mind and emotions and, in particular, of the central metaphor to square the circle in Cavendish's poem. A brief overview of the criteria of Lakoff and colleagues for analysing metaphors shows that the apparently extravagant metaphor to square the circle was simply a novel poetic extension of the conceptual metaphor UNIVERSE IS MATHEMATICS that, like other types of metaphors considered by cognitive linguists, is grounded in everyday experience. Further, Werth's (1994) remarks about the reasons behind the poet's use of particular concepts to explain others help highlight another important aspect at the basis of the production of novel metaphors, namely that of 'poetic choice'. Finally, I elaborate on Werth's remarks by drawing attention to what I term cultural choice, that is, to the influence that common knowledge and beliefs shared by the members of a linguistic community exert on the poet's choice of metaphors. The analysis of the poem shows that the topic and language of the poem, as well as the subtext, that is, the length of lines and the stanza form, depend on metaphoric projections from the domain MATHEMATICS. Through the conceptual metaphor NATURE IS MATHEMATICS, Cavendish explains man's attempt to take control over irrationalia such as fancy and female nature. The impossibility of squaring the circle is used as a proof to demonstrate that nature and fancy cannot be restricted and, at the same time, to give Cavendish a hope of acceptance in the male-dominated world.
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Sienaert, M. "Travelling towards an Identity as skeppende beginsel in die nuwe Breytenbach-tekste." Literator 18, no. 2 (1997): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v18i2.540.
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Travelling towards an Identity as creative principle in new texts of Breyten BreytenbachIn three recent (unpublished) public lectures, Breyten Breytenbach uses travel as a metaphor to emphasise the importance of intellectual flexibility. By doing so he explicitly defines identity as well as the creative processes of writing and painting in terms of movement. In the context of his work, movement immediately evokes transformation, and this article explores the way in which Breytenbach's thesis - as expounded in these lectures - unfolds in two (as yet unpublished) poems which paradoxically deal with frozen, winter landscapes. The way in which different forms of movement operate as creative principles in these poems - and by extension in all his thinking - also clarifies what is meant by Breytenbach's metaphoric "Middle World" ("taalstaat"), which has repeatedly been misunderstood in the popular press.
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Lin, Zhengjun, and Shengxi Jin. "Metonymic and metaphoric meaning extensions of Chinese FACE and its collocations." Pragmatics and Society 11, no. 1 (2020): 96–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.17008.lin.
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Abstract This paper studies the extension of conventional meanings of Chinese FACE expressions in their collocations as well as the collocations themselves through metonymy and metaphor. The data with five FACE expressions included are sampled from the corpus of Center for Chinese Linguistics at Peking University. The conventional meaning of these five FACE expressions is ‘the surface of the front of the head from the top of the forehead to the base of the chin and from ear to ear’. The conventional meaning of FACE in its collocations is metonymically extended to ‘facial expression, emotion, attitude, person, health state, affection, sense of honor, etc.’, and metaphorically to ‘the front space or part of something, a part, a side or an aspect of something, the surface or the exposed layer of something, the geometric plane in math or scope/range of something, etc.’. When Chinese FACE is collocated with other words, its meanings are also extended through metonymy-metonymy chains, metonymy-metaphor continuums and metonymy-metaphor combinations. The meanings of Chinese FACE collocations (phrases) are mainly metonymically extended when used in certain contexts.
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Pasaribu, Truly Almendo. "Polysemy and Semantic Extension of Lexeme �Hot�." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 17, no. 1 (2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v17i1.278.
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Polysemy is a well-known fact about language. This study focuses on describing the concept and the extended senses of lexeme hot found in the corpus. The data taken from the corpus show that lexeme hot contains more than one semantic representation. This study aims at finding out the prototypical meaning, the extended senses and the relation between the prototypical meaning and the extended senses. First, the paper discusses the literal meaning of hot from its componential analysis, which will be supported by the Natural Semantic Metalanguage. After elaborating the prototypical meaning of the lexeme hot, this paper elaborates the extended senses of the lexeme and the motivation grounding the various types of these senses. Finally, it analyses the relation of the literal and the extended senses of the word by drawing the semantic networks. This research elaborates 10 extended senses of the word hot found in the corpus. The prototypical meaning of the word indicates a very high degree of temperature. It is a scale used to describe high degree of temperature. The senses of lexeme hot are mostly motivated by metaphoric extension, in which hot is used to describe a scale to measure other things. The relation of the senses enables us to draw the semantic network of the polysemy of lexeme hot.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2014.170107
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Joris, Willem, Liina Puustinen, and Leen d’Haenens. "More news from the Euro front: How the press has been framing the Euro crisis in five EU countries." International Communication Gazette 80, no. 6 (2018): 532–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048518754375.
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This article examines the metaphoric frames in the coverage of the Euro crisis in newspapers across five EU countries. Our quantitative frame analysis identified five dominant frames: war, construction, disease, natural disaster, and game. In all five countries, the Euro crisis as war turned out to be the most prominent news frame. Such framing uses martial, aggressive language to describe the European public sphere. This finding is not without importance, as newspapers play a key role in shaping the general public’s perception of the Euro crisis and by extension the European Union’s institutional elite and its (in)ability to cope with crisis.
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Nascimento, Lucas, and Tania Clemente de Souza. "Imagetic syntax, polychromy and metaphoric extension in a G magazine photography: an experimental eye-tracking reading study." Revista Linguíʃtica 16, Esp. (2020): 727–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2020.v16nesp.a43734.
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Through an unpublished experiment on eye-tracking, we highlight the syncretic multimodality reading as the object of study, specifically the polysemy as a semantic phenomenon of visual perception as a general objective. In a situation of reading digital photography from Brazilian magazine magazines (G Magazine), eye movements were constructed reading paths, with effects of (dis)order of the image and senses of the look (reading gestures). These pathways are results (gaze plot, heat map and pairwise comparisons) of Brazilian university readers. The rationale for choosing specific group data (heterosexual men) is based on the average yes response to the question Is there nudity in the image? (found on the last slide of the experiment). The no responses were from the other five participating groups (homosexual men, bisexual men, homosexual women, bisexual women, heterosexual women). The justification is also given by the heat map and ‘p’ value of this group heterosexual men indicate pairwise comparisons, in relation to the areas of interest: right model underwear, drag queen’s face-wig-bust, Dicesar’s face, drag sandal queen, right model face. The proposal of analysis shares theoretical knowledge by adopting for analysis the dimensions of the various facets of the construct (construction of meaning, Ferrari, 2016, Ferrari et al., 2017) and the semantic-discursive relationship (Pêcheux, 1982, 1983, 2000, 2001, 2011, 2013, 2018) in visual perception of reading digital photograph of advertising cover, in May 2010 issue, of an erotic magazine. The article invests on the metaphorical extensions resulting and dependent on the construction of movement caused, whose construction depends on the existence of polychromy in digital photography, which allows the drive to correspond in the consequent ocular movement, occurrence by the desire of the change of visual direction. This plot has its correspondence in the interpretation that ensures the elaboration of the answer yes or no before the question proposed in the imagery reading experiment.---------------------------------------------------------------------------SINTAXE IMAGÉTICA, POLICROMIA E EXTENSÃO METAFÓRICA EM UMA FOTOGRAFIA NA REVISTA G MAGAZINE: UM ESTUDO EXPERIMENTAL DE LEITURA USANDO RASTREAMENTO OCULARPor meio de um experimento inédito sobre leitura de imagem por rastreamento ocular (eye-tracking), destacamos a leitura de multimodalidade sincrética como objeto de estudo, especificamente a polissemia como fenômeno semântico de percepção visual como objetivo geral. Em situação de leitura de fotografia digital de revista publicitária brasileira (G Magazine), movimentos oculares realizados construíram percursos de leitura, com efeitos de (des)ordem da imagem e sentidos do olhar (gestos de leitura). Esses percursos são resultados (gaze plot, heat map e pairwise comparisons) de leitores universitários brasileiros. A justificativa de escolha de tais dados de grupo específico (homens heterossexuais) se baseia pela média de resposta sim, em relação à pergunta Há nudez na imagem? (que se encontrava no último slide do experimento), se apresentar diferente da média das respostas não dos demais cinco grupos participantes (homens homossexuais, homens bissexuais, mulheres homossexuais, mulheres bissexuais, mulheres heterossexuais) e pelo heat map e valor de p desse grupo homens heterossexuais indicar pairwise comparisons, em relação às áreas de interesse: cueca do modelo direito, rosto-peruca-busto da drag queen, rosto do Dicesar, sandália da drag queen, rosto do modelo direito. A proposta de análise compartilha conhecimentos teóricos ao adotar para análise as dimensões das várias facetas do construal (construção do significado, Ferrari, 2016; Ferrari et al., 2017) e a relação semântico-discursiva (Pêcheux, 1982, 1983, 1984; Souza, 2000, 2001, 2011, 2013, 2018) em percepção visual de leitura de fotografia digital de capa publicitária, em edição de maio de 2010, de uma revista de erotismo. O artigo investe sobre as extensões metafóricas resultantes e dependentes da construção de movimento causado, cuja construção depende da existência da policromia na fotografia digital, que permite a pulsão corresponder no consequente movimento ocular, impulsionado pelo desejo da mudança de direção visual. Essa trama tem sua correspondência na interpretação que assegura a elaboração da resposta sim ou não diante da questão proposta no experimento de leitura imagética.---Original em inglês.
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Kurbanboeva, Anbarjon Utkir kizi. "METAPHORICAL FEATURES IN THE CREATION OF THE TEXTURE." JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN 2, no. 1 (2024): 207–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10499527.
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metaphor is a figure of speech, a rhetorical effect that means one thing by directly mentioning the other. It is possible to identify explicit (or implicit) or hidden similarities between two ideas. Metaphor is often compared to other types of figurative language, such as antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and comparison
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Zanker, Andreas T. "Metaphor in the Speech of Achilles (Iliad 9.308–429)." Yearbook of Ancient Greek Epic Online 4, no. 1 (2020): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24688487-00401005.
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Abstract This article offers an analysis of the conceptual metaphors lodged within a continuous block of Homeric text, Achilles’s famous speech in Iliad 9. It argues for the productivity of applying Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) to Homer, while also contributing to the debate concerning the diachronic roots of modern conventional metaphors. Topics considered include (1) Achilles’s extension, confirmation, and modification of the metaphors used elsewhere in the epics, (2) the different layers of metaphorical usage found in Homer, and (3) the hero’s questioning of one prevalent Homeric metaphor in his rejection of Agamemnon’s gifts as a motivation to fight.
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Pouscoulous, Nausicaa. "Metaphor: For adults only?" Cognitive and Empirical Pragmatics 25 (December 5, 2011): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.25.04pou.
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Many experimental studies from the 70s and 80s show that children do not understand metaphors until fairly late in development (not until adolescence, some claim). I will argue that children’s metaphorical abilities may not be as weak as they first appear. Findings suggesting a poor comprehension of metaphor by young children might be better explained by factors other than purportedly inadequate pragmatic abilities. Furthermore, attested cases of metaphor production by children have often been re-analysed either as cases of overextension (i.e., erroneous extension of the term’s conventional denotation) or as cases of pretence, and are thus not considered to be genuine metaphors. I would like to explore the hypothesis that such re-analyses do not preclude the possibility that young children possess the necessary abilities to produce metaphors. Instead, some aspects of overextension and pretence may pave the way to metaphorical abilities.
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Akumbu, Pius W., and Roland Kießling. "Literal and metaphorical usages of Babanki EAT and DRINK verbs." Afrika und Übersee 94 (December 31, 2021): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/auue.2021.94.1.248.
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In Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of North-West Cameroon, two of the numerous consumption verbs, namely the generic verbs ʒɨ́ ‘eat’ and ɲʉ́ ‘drink’, constitute a major source of metaphorical extensions outside the domain of ingestion. Setting out from a characterisation of the basic meanings of these two lexical items as they emerge from their paradigmatic relations within the semantic field of alimentation processes, this paper explores the figurative usages of the two verbs and their underlying semantic motivations. Semantic extensions that radiate from eat can be subsumed under two closely related structural metaphors, i.e. APPROPRIATION OF RESOURCES IS EATING and WINNING IS EATING. The first metaphor construes the acquisition and exploitation of non-food items such as material possession as eating, while the second metaphor casts the acquisition of immaterial advantage in the mould of eating. Both metaphors have further entailments, i.e. the derivation of pleasure from consumption of resources, the depletion of resources via consumption and the deprivation of a third party from access to these resources. Semantic extensions that radiate from drink can be accounted for in two structural metaphors, i.e. INHALATION IS DRINKING and ABSORPTION IS DRINKING. Remarkably, some metaphorical extensions of consumption verbs attested in other African languages, such as extensions of EAT for sexual intercourse and for killing, and the extensions of DRINK for undergoing trouble and enduring painful experiences are absent in Babanki.
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Mastandrea, Stefano, and John M. Kennedy. "Gericault’s Fake-Gallop Horse Judged Speedy but Unrealistic." Art and Perception 6, no. 2-3 (2018): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-20181094.
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In two experiments, we tested pictures of horse gaits—alt (standing), walk, trot, gallop, and a fake gallop, a pose shown in a well-known Gericault painting. The pose was portrayed frequently in the nineteenth century, its features hotly debated. Fake gallop has legs extended fore and rear, close to parallel to the ground. Experiment 1 sampled real artworks depicting horses and Experiment 2 used silhouettes of horses. In both, reports of amount of movement increased from alt to fake gallop. In Experiment 1 similar results were obtained from novices and equestrians (‘experts’ familiar with horses). The extreme leg extension in fake gallop may suggest high speed, as Arnheim suggested. However, true gallop includes legs curled close together under the body—a ‘running pony’ pose—so both extremes of extension may suggest high speed. In Experiment 2, novices judged fake gallop unrealistic despite giving high movement scores. We suggest its depiction may be metaphoric, meaning a deliberately false item has relevant features of a referent. For the artworks, the amount of movement reported correlated positively but quite modestly with aesthetic appreciation, but for the silhouettes, the correlation was reversed. We suggest expression can be positive for many horse poses.
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Gado, Rania. "Du voyage pédagogique à la pédagogie viatique : le cas de Ḥasan Tawfīq al-ʿAdl". Arabica 62, № 4 (2015): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341346.
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This article deals with different relations between travel and pedagogy in al-Riḥla ilā Birlīn and Rasāʾil al-bušrā fī l-siyāḥa bi Almāniyā wa-Swīsrā, two travel accounts written by Ḥasan Tawfīq al-ʿAdl and published in Egypt between 1887 and 1892. The study allows to show how these texts tend to a pedagogy book. This pedagogical thought of author is combined with a practice. As a teacher as well as a learner, he communicates to the reader not only a big material of teaching but also his experience of learning. In these two travel accounts, the pedagogy is looking as a metaphoric extension of trip. Itinerary, mobility, urge to have a guide, contact with the other one and several elements relating to travel account are appealed to define the pedagogical activity and to practise it.
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Esbrí-Blasco, Montserrat. "A Taste of Metaphor Variation: Contrasting the Metaphorical Extensions of “stew” and “guisar”." Respectus Philologicus, no. 45(50) (April 10, 2024): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2024.45(50).1.
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This article examines the range of metaphors activated by the cooking term stew in English and its Spanish counterpart guisar. The data were drawn from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and Corpus del Español: Web and Dialects. The metaphors were identified by applying MIP (Pragglejaz Group, 2007) and incorporating semantic frames (Fillmore, 1982) to provide a detailed analysis of the mappings between the core frame elements involved, and the thematic roles performed by those elements. The results suggest that English and Spanish diverge considerably regarding the metaphors evoked by stew and guisar. The lemma stew activated a broader scope of metaphorical extensions than guisar. Just one shared metaphor was identified, which underscores the presence of distinct cognitive preferences within the respective languages.
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TORRESI, Ira. "The Hygienics of Translation and Interpreting: Metaphors of Purity and Contamination, and the Construction of Translator and Interpreter Identity." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 69, no. 3 (2024): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2024.3.09.
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The Hygienics of Translation and Interpreting: Metaphors of Purity and Contamination, and the Construction of Translator and Interpreter Identity. Rooted in Critical Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics, and using metaphors as a heuristic tool, this essay will look at public and academic discourses on the practices of translation and interpreting associated with notions of cleanliness/purity vs uncleanliness/contamination. Such discourses may appear abstract and speculative in nature, but have a practical impact on normative (self) perceptions of translators’ and interpreters’ professional behaviour and habitus. They also seem to run through the academic and theoretical understandings of translation and interpreting along the axes of fidelity/infidelity and translator’s invisibility/visibility, but also, by extension, in terms of respecting/trespassing boundaries (notions of norms of translation, or the interpreter as a conduit or gatekeeper). Real-life examples will be discussed to illustrate and deconstruct such metaphorical devices and highlight their connection with underlying value judgements attached to purity vs contamination. Existing metaphorical alternatives, which allow for the construction of more nuanced translators’/interpreters’ identities, will also be discussed. Keywords: metaphors of interpreting and translation, conduit metaphor, vessel metaphor, translator’s/interpreter’s invisibility, ‘pristine’ translation
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Andvik, Erik. "God in Tibetan: On the Use of an Impersonal Concept as a Translation for “God”." Bible Translator 75, no. 2 (2024): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20516770241249933.
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The word for God used in many Bible translations in Tibetan-related languages is dkon mchog, a Tibetan Buddhist concept originally designating the so-called “Buddhist Trinity”: Buddha, dharma (the teachings), and sangha (the community of disciples). The expression was first used by Jesuit missionaries in the eighteenth century, and a review of their argumentation shows that its use is due to more than simply its superficial resemblance to the Christian Trinity. Expressions used in translation for unknown concepts undergo over time a semantic shift, by which the concept is reinterpreted and filled with new content corresponding to the biblical understanding. This shift can take place via metonymic or metaphoric extension, and the change is relatively unconstrained. The metonymic shift required in order for the concept dkon mchog to convey the biblical meaning is not likely to result in polysemy and may therefore give less cause for misunderstanding than the polysemous expressions (God/god) used in most other Bible translations.
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ÖZÇALIŞKAN, ŞEYDA. "On learning to draw the distinction between physical and metaphorical motion: is metaphor an early emerging cognitive and linguistic capacity?" Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (2005): 291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905006884.
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Situated within the framework of the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999), this study investigated young children's understanding of metaphorical extensions of spatial motion. Metaphor was defined as a conceptual-linguistic mapping between a source and a target domain. The study focused on metaphors that are structured by the source domain of motion in space (e.g. time flies by, ideas pass through one's mind, sickness crawls through one's body). The study investigated whether metaphor comprehension varied by the age of the participant, target domain of the metaphorical mapping, and the conventionality of the linguistic form with which the metaphor was conveyed. Data were gathered using a story comprehension task and a semi-structured interview from 60 monolingual Turkish-speaking children, at the mean ages 3;6, 4;5 and 5;5 (20 participants per age group), and 20 adult native speakers of Turkish. The results showed metaphor understanding to be an early emerging cognitive and linguistic capacity.
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Murzin, Yuriy Petrovich. "Metamorphoses of “Deng Xiaoping’s Cat” (based on Spanish-language journalism)." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, no. 1 (2024): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240037.
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The aim of the research is to identify the specifics of realization of the cognitive potential of Deng Xiaoping’s metaphorical utterance ‘No importa el color del gato, lo importante es que cace ratones’ (It does not matter what color the cat is, as long as it catches mice), widely used in a transformed form in the Spanish-language media discourse as a source of speech metaphors created by the authors of publications to achieve their cognitive, communicative and pragmatic goals. The work is novel in that it is the first to conduct a comprehensive study of the techniques and methods of metaphor transformation and its consequences. The research findings showed high productivity of grammatical modification techniques, the extension of the attributive component and variations of the syntactic structure of the phrase, a direct interpretation of the cognitive feature “color” as a metaphorical designation of a certain ideology; replacing the significative-denotative ratio and components of the metaphor, using a simple metaphor, role inversion, giving new metaphorical consequences for the composition of the model (“cat”, “color”, “functioning” and “the state of the model”), taking into account the contextual environment, which increases the pragmatic potential and the impact of the metaphor.
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Xu, Ziya, Shuo Cao, and Xuanyi Zhao. "A Review of Visual Metaphor Based on Visual Typologies and Verbalization Forms." English Language and Literature Studies 11, no. 3 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v11n3p9.
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This study is a result of literature review of visual metaphors in the fields of linguistics and advertising. The collected fifty papers came from CNKI. It provided an overview of previous literature, in terms of multi-modal studies of visual metaphor in advertising, the typologies of visual rhetoric and the verbalization of visual metaphor. Based on the identified research gaps, this study proposed suggestions for future research to enrich the theoretical framework of visual metaphor. The review found that the study of visual metaphors remain insufficient in three aspects. Firstly, the relevant studies are mostly in the field of marketing, and lack of extension in linguistics. Secondly, most studies concerned about the cognitive effects of visual metaphor in advertising, but the cognitive processing form of visual metaphor was less focused. Furthermore, although some studies have proved that verbalization is necessary for the comprehension of visual metaphors, there is still no clear conclusion regarding the specific verbalization forms of different types of visual metaphors. Specifically, three syntactic structures have been hypothetically proposed for fusion-structured visual metaphors, as “A is like B, A is B, A with B”, but no empirical evidence suggests which is the most effective in conceptual representation of fusion-structured visual metaphors in advertising. Through the analysis of the differences between these syntactic structures, the author proposed that the verbalization form “A is B” should be the most effective in representing fusion-structured visual metaphors in the context of advertising for its basic metaphorical structure, easily comprehensible form and strong transformational effect.
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Fedriani, Chiara, and Michele Prandi. "Exploring a diachronic (re)cycle of roles." Advances in research on semantic roles 38, no. 3 (2014): 566–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.3.06fed.
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In this paper we explore the struggle between the use of the Dative case and the competing strategy featuring the preposition ad ‘to’ and the Accusative from Latin to Early Romance. Unlike the Dative, the prepositional strategy is semantically transparent, since ad ‘to’ has a clear allative meaning. We first consider the diachronic development of the roles involved in the Dative-marked complex within a chronological span ranging from Plautus to the Vulgate and show that competing manifestations featuring ad are conditioned by semantic factors, since the extension of the prepositional strategy can be better explained in terms of metaphoric and metonymic processes. We discuss the gradual expansion of the prepositional turn in Early Romance with a view to exploring the paths along which it gradually took over the functions traditionally associated with the Dative complex. Building on these data, the paper assesses the theoretical implications for a better understanding of competing multifunctional devices that encode role complexes from a diachronic perspective and shows how a pool of synchronic variation can trigger and constrain linguistic change.
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M. Aquino, Dr Avelina. "METAPHORIC DRAWING OF THE TRANSITION INTO TEACHING: WHAT PRESERVICE TEACHERS REVEAL ABOUT THEIR ONLINE TEACHING PERSONA AND SELF-EFFICACY?" International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 05, no. 06 (2022): 107–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2022.0461.
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To contain the spread of corona virus, the Philippine government officials ordered the cessation of classes; so, people had to stay at home. But, classes had to continue via online platforms. However, as pre-service teachers grow in their profession in their practice teaching, they must see the transition of such growth in experiences during their pre-service training, practice teaching or practicum in the university. Particularly in this study, the researcher described the thoughts of 20 BEED 4A students as key informants who were in their terminal year (graduating---4th year) in the College of Education---Pulilan Extension of the Bulacan State University---Philippines, during the 2nd semester of School Year 2021-2022. The researcher used the mixed method research (MMR) to collect and work with non-numerical data to interpret meaning from these data that help her understood transition experiences through the study of their narratives and metaphorical drawings. The pre-service teachers’ online teaching persona includes flexibility, adaptability, technological adequacy, and the belief that teaching is about student learning, their mastery of the material, and the development of cognitive skills. Based on the metaphorical drawings, the participants revealed their teaching persona, including the image of climbing a ladder, riding a Ferris wheel, growth and development, and trying to put pieces in a puzzle; they disclosed that their teaching persona is influenced by flexibility and transformation. Succinctly, their selfefficacy is with very great quality.
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Ho, Janet. "An earthquake or a category 4 financial storm? A corpus study of disaster metaphors in the media framing of the 2008 financial crisis." Text & Talk 39, no. 2 (2019): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2019-2024.
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Abstract This study investigates the use of disaster metaphors in the American media coverage of the 2008 global financial crisis. More specifically, it aims to examine the role of different sub-metaphors in performing various pragmatic and rhetorical functions in financial news discourse. Using the Metaphor Identification Procedure, this study identifies key words from the 1-million-word corpus which comprised the news articles published from September 15, 2008 to March 15, 2009, and examines the associated concordance lines to discern their metaphorical connotations. The findings show that a wide range of sub-source domains of disaster—namely, wind, storm, and water—metaphors was deployed by journalists to capture the various negative impacts of the financial crisis. These findings suggest that the salient extension and mixing of metaphors could enhance the popularization of specialist financial news discourse. The findings also indicate that the news media was complicit in constructing the collective illusion that the financial crisis was unavoidable and not caused by anyone.
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Errington, Patrick J., Melissa Thye, and Daniel Mirman. "Difficulty and pleasure in the comprehension of verb-based metaphor sentences: A behavioral study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263781.
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What is difficult is not usually pleasurable. Yet, for certain unfamiliar figurative language, like that which is common in poetry, while comprehension is often more difficult than for more conventional language, it is in many cases more pleasurable. Concentrating our investigation on verb-based metaphors, we examined whether and to what degree the novel variations (in the form of verb changes and extensions) of conventional verb metaphors were both more difficult to comprehend and yet induced more pleasure. To test this relationship, we developed a set of 62 familiar metaphor stimuli, each with corresponding optimal and excessive verb variation and metaphor extension conditions, and normed these stimuli using both objective measures and participant subjective ratings. We then tested the pleasure-difficulty relationship with an online behavioral study. Based on Rachel Giora and her colleagues’ ‘optimal innovation hypothesis’, we anticipated an inverse U-shaped relationship between ease and pleasure, with an optimal degree of difficulty, introduced by metaphor variations, producing the highest degree of pleasure when compared to familiar or excessive conditions. Results, however, revealed a more complex picture, with only metaphor extension conditions (not verb variation conditions) producing the anticipated pleasure effects. Individual differences in semantic cognition and verbal reasoning assessed using the Semantic Similarities Test, while clearly influential, further complicated the pleasure-difficulty relationship, suggesting an important avenue for further investigation.
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Veremchuk, Eldar. "What is the Human Heart?" Acta Neophilologica 56, no. 1-2 (2023): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.56.1-2.39-51.
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The article discusses ontological metaphors with the target domain HEART in the text of the New Testament. It aims at exploring cross-domain mappings through the analysis of metaphoric expressions, involving lexeme heart, obtained by the Bible corpus analysis employing the method of continuous sampling. The research is based on the principles of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and proves its tenet that abstract ideas are conceptualized on the basis of knowledge about basic concrete things. It is stated that the two superordinate mappings involve domains THING and PERSON. Each of these mappings has elaborations and metaphoric extensions, which unravel the heart’s non-ordinary and unexpected features, justifying a different viewpoint to its understanding. The obtained results can be useful for adapts of Christianityб theologists and literary scholars as they provide insight into conceiving one of the essential theological concepts – HEART, deeper than its literal reading, which contributes to a more profound understanding of the Biblical messages.
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Chow, Mei Yung Vanliza. "The movements of the economy." Metaphor and the Social World 4, no. 1 (2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.4.1.01cho.
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Metaphors are ubiquitous in our daily lives and discourse, and as cognitive linguists and sociolinguists argue, language, culture and cognition are inseparable: embodied experience is not the only basis of meaning construction. Economic discourse, the focus of this paper, is a prime example of metaphors at work. Although there have been studies comparing conceptual metaphors such as the economy is a living organism in different languages, so far very little work has been done on the relationship between socio-cultural factors and the bodily movement metaphors which manifest in this overarching metaphor in economic discourse. This paper therefore examines two corpora consisting of economic news articles in “The Guardian” (UK) and the “Hong Kong Economic Journal” from the year 2006, in order to compare and contrast the way that these bodily movement metaphors constitute and reflect the attitudes and values of the people using the metaphor in these two locations. In so doing, the contrastive study demonstrates that many ‘universal’ conceptual metaphors, such as the metaphor studied in this paper, are indeed different, since the formation of embodied experience needs to be understood in its socio-cultural context. This paper compares collocations and syntactic structures of bodily movement metaphors. Although many primary metaphors, such as down is bad and forward is good, are shared across these two corpora, the findings reveal that the conceptualization of the economy in the two corpora differs mainly in three ways. Firstly, construal of the economy in the UKGC appears to be more dynamic. Secondly, the metaphorical extension of bodily movements is found to be different in the two corpora. Finally, ‘kinship’ metaphors conceptualizing economic relationships in the UKGC are more likely to trigger marriage imagery. In short, these subtle differences reveal that cognition is situated within a wide cultural context, resulting in culture-specific metaphors.
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Grujić, Tatjana S. "ILLITERATE AUTHORS AND LITERATE FOOTBALLERS: CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS BASED ON THE SOURCE DOMAIN OF LITERACY IN CONTEMPORARY SERBIAN." Nasledje Kragujevac XX, no. 57 (2024): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2457.107g.
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This study applies the conceptual metaphor theory to examine the metaphorical extensions of meaning of literacy-related lexicon in contemporary Serbian. The cognitive semantic analysis used the online Corpus of Contemporary Serbian together with the Sketch Engine’s Serbian electronic subcorpus (srWaC). To identify metaphorically used lexemes belonging to the source domain of literacy, the MIP proce- dure was applied, the target domains identified and the underlying conceptual metaphors were formulated. The findings demonstrate that the speakers of contemporary Serbian utilize literacy to comprehend the target domains of familiarity with language, accomplished writing, familiarity with literature, general education, physical ability, basic acquaintance with (or expertise in) a field of knowledge, critical thinking, sophistication and life experience. Critical analysis of the identified metaphorical mappings suggests that, while presenting the complex and highly valued target domains as a basic skill, literacy-based conceptual metaphors shift the responsibility for incompetence in one of the listed areas from the entire society to its underprivileged members.
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Cheng, Yan, та Chris Sinha. "A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Directional Motion Verbs wang往 and lai 来in the YiChing". Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 94 (3 травня 2023): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/clac.71496.
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The Chinese directional motion verbs wang往 and lai来can be glossed in English as ‘go’ and ‘come’, and the distinction between ‘go’ and ‘come’ in English is comparable to that between wang and lai in Chinese. Their usage in the YiChing is described and analyzed in this article. In the YiChing, wang and lai frequently co-occur in the same sentence, as well as occurring singly elsewhere. Based on a corpus analysis of the YiChing, combined with qualitative interpretive analysis, this article proposes that the majority of co-occurring usages of wang and lai are metaphorical. Metaphorical uses can also be found in the single usages of the two verbs. These metaphors are informed by the cultural practices and values that form the context for the YiChing as a cultural artifact as well as a classical text. Further, these directional motion verbs are based on metaphorical extensions that lead to their semantic changes (metaphors are based on the motion). Thus, the article further analyzes the role of metaphor and cultural context in the semantic changes to the directional motion verbs wang and lai.
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Agyekum, Kofi. "Metaphors of Anger in Akan." International Journal of Language and Culture 2, no. 1 (2015): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.1.04agy.
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This paper addresses the semantic shifts, extensions, semantic patterns, and pragmatic nature of the metaphor of anger and its usage in different contexts. It looks at the conceptual relationship between the two words akoma, “heart” and bo, “chest,” and how they have been lexicalized in the Akan language to express anger. The paper concentrates on fossilized metaphorical expressions relying on the conceptual metaphor frameworks of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). I will discuss the body parts akoma and bo in terms of their physical, semantic, metaphoric, and cognitive representations. The data are taken from Akan literature books, the Akan Bible, and recorded materials from radio discussions. The paper illustrates that there is a strong relation between a people’s conceptual, environmental, and cultural experiences and their linguistic systems. We will consider the universal concepts of body part expressions and, in particular, Akan specific body part expressions of anger. In the end, we will be able to establish how body parts help us in the lexicalization of expressions of emotion.
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Franceschi, Daniele. "Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Synonyms: The Case of Speed vs. Velocity." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 6 (2019): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n6p356.
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The aim of this paper is to provide an initial analysis of the semantic relations holding between Anglo-Saxon and Latinate synonyms in present-day English. It is an acknowledged fact that the lexicon of English consists of a basic indigenous vocabulary of Germanic origin with many foreign borrowings especially from French, Latin and Greek. This has produced an etymologically diverse word-stock characterized by distinct features. Near-synonymous words with a different etymology can be a source of confusion and dictionaries often fail to clearly distinguish between them. Pairs of Anglo-Saxon vs. Latinate words, such as speed/velocity, sweat/perspire, lunatic/insane, etc., are often said to be equivalent in meaning, with differences only in terms of style and register. The scenario, however, is more subtle, complex and interesting than this. A finer-grained analysis of speed and velocity, for instance, shows, on the one hand, that there is a high degree of interchangeability between the two words. On the other hand, though, the semantics of speed is more generic, neutral and broader in scope, while velocity expresses specific and restricted meanings. In addition to this generic-specific relation between the two words, velocity appears to undergo metaphoric extension.
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Zeldin, A. "Metaphore as a projection of geschtalt: Neurophysiologic and linguistic aspects." Philology and Culture, no. 2 (June 24, 2024): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2782-4756-2024-76-2-30-40.
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The paper considers the neural and functional grounding of human skills in the production metaphoric/metonymic extension. Two existing theories underlie the main concept of the paper. The first one focuses on the correspondence of a certain cell assembly in the human cortex to a specific entity or an object; the cell assembly may embed the neurons pertaining to different cortex areas (sensory, motor, or language areas). The second proposition employed is based on the theory of Geschtalt, arising as a consequence of an object/event’s repeated perception. We also consider the model of a higher-order cell assembly formation. According to the model, some lower-order cell assemblies, each of them corresponding to a Geschtalt component, may be united in the framework of a Geschtalt matrix. The process is embodied in cognitive and verbal domains. We argue that the existing denotation, encoded in the preceding cell assembly, is transposed onto a new one represented by the Geschtalt cell assembly, when the phonetic form and semantics of the previous object are retained during this process. The neurophysiological process, which has been detailed in the paper, bears considerably on language evolution. In the case where the phonetic contours and semantics of an existing lexeme are transferred upon a second lexeme, adjacent to the first one within the Geshtalt framework, a whole tree of lexemes pertaining to one cognitive domain is formed. Due to this phenomenon, lexeme diversification occurs, which in turn gives rise to the formation and ramification of language dialects.
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Pauley, John L. "Metaphors in Reformation Era Hermeneutic and Homiletic Theory: Common Roots, Different Extensions." Journal of Communication and Religion 17, no. 1 (1994): 53–70. https://doi.org/10.5840/jcr199417110.
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This study examines metaphors employed by sixteenth-century Protestants and Catholics in their discussions of biblical hermeneutics and preaching. Of particular interest are the metaphoric extensions of the "letter" and "spirit" of the Bible, obscurity and clarity of Scripture, and the preacher as shepherd and the congregation as sheep.
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Meir, Irit. "Iconicity and metaphor: Constraints on metaphorical extension of iconic forms." Language 86, no. 4 (2010): 865–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2010.0044.
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Ferreira-Silva, Marília De Nazaré. "Construções nominais classificatórias em Parkatêje (Nominal constructions classifiers in Parkatêje)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 9, no. 1 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v9i1.1136.
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Baseado em uma abordagem funcional, este trabalho apresenta as características da formação de alguns nomes em parkatêjê, descrevendo um conjunto de nomes da língua que ocorrem em compostos. Tais nomes imprimem nos compostos, dos quais passam a fazer parte, um significado específico relacionado a aspectos, como forma, tamanho e espessura. São nomes tomados como referência na língua. alguns desses são inalienáveis, referentes a partes do corpo, utilizados em sentido metafórico. Outros não, como é o caso do nome farinha. Esse conjunto de nomes, embora funcione à maneira de classificadores, não apresenta a mesma extensão que tais formas usualmente têm.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Parkatêjê. Nomes compostos. Termos de classe. Classificadores.
 ABSTRACT Based in a functional approach, this paper presents characteristics of some noun formation processes in Parkatêjê and describes a set of nouns from Parkatêjê language which occurs in compounds. Those nouns give an specific meaning to the compounds in which they participate, related to aspects like shape, size and thickness. They are reference nouns in the language. Some of them are inalienable, related to human body parts, used in a metaphoric sense. Others ones are not the same like the noun related to flour. That set of nouns, although occurring like classifiers, does not present the same extension as classifiers do.KEYWORDS: Parkatêjê. Compound nouns. Class terms. Classifiers.
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Aleshina, Anna A. "VERBAL LEXEMES IN THE DERIVATIONAL CLUSTER WITH THE INITIAL WORD SALT IN THE NATIONAL RUSSIAN LANGUAGE." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 30, no. 2 (2024): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-2-157-162.
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The article deals with semantic characteristics of verbal lexemes that are a part of the derivational cluster – a structural component of lexical and phraseological complex with the initial word salt. The paper analyses the role of the initial word in forming the complex, reveals the causes of semantic and amount differences of particular word clusters that are formed by different lexical and semantic variants of the polysemantic word salt. The article reveals the factors that influence the development of lexical item creative potential: extra linguistic, language system and intra-word ones. The article demonstrates the causes of the disproportion of analysed particular word clusters – factors that have positive and negative impact on word-formation activity of lexical and semantic variants of the word salt. Lexical items of different derivational stages ascending to two lexical and semantic variants of the initial word and items with erased inner form, that are on the periphery of the general word cluster, are analysed. The author develops a hypothesis about semantic connection of these items and lexical and semantic variants of the word salt. The possible reasons of metaphoric meanings appearing are shown. The article gives analysis of semantic shifts revealed in some derived words. The author comes to the conclusion about topicality of the denoted object for the native speakers and peculiarities of development and meaning extension of the word salt in verbal lexemes.
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Zhabotynska, Svitlana, and Olha Ryzhova. "Ukraine and the West in pro-Russia Chinese media: A methodology for the analysis of multimodal political narratives." 24, no. 24 (October 16, 2022): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2218-2926-2022-24-09.
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This study represents a research project done at the crossroads of political, multimodal and cognitive linguistics. In focus is the Russia-Ukraine war featured in March – May, 2022 by the English edition of the Global Times, a Chinese media outlet, one of the voices of pro-Russia Chinese state propaganda. The analyzed articles contain political cartoons and thus can be defined as multimodal texts. Together, they mold a narrative, or ‘story’ addressed to international readers and intended to shape their worldview beneficial for Russia. Out study of this narrative aims to reconstruct the mental image it portrays and to expose the ways in which the verbal and visual modes interact to implant this image into the readers’ minds. To fulfil this task, we propose a cognitive linguistic methodology which, applied algorithmically, enables building cognitive ontologies that structure information rendered verbally and visually. The constituents of each ontology have factual and emotive salience, dependent of the number of descriptions provided by empirical texts. We demonstrate how an overlap of the ontologies boosts salience of the key emotively connoted message targeted at the audience. In the study, the interplay between verbal and visual modes in individual texts is characterized in terms of accentuation, elaboration, extension, questioning, and combining considered as universal ways of ‘stretching’ information, which are trackable far beyond the metaphoric domain where they were previously identified by Lakoff and Turner (1989).
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Ahmad, Nur. "Reading Metaphor of God in the Qur’an (al-Nūr [24]: 36) from Paul Ricoeur’s Theory of Metaphor." Ulumuna 21, no. 2 (2017): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v21i2.279.
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This paper aims to demonstrate how the adoption of the theory of metaphor by Ricoeur to the “Light Verse” in the Quran. One of the most famous verse in the Quran is “the Light verse.” Beside the metaphor of light, the verse includes the metaphors of “the niche”, of “the lamp”, of “the glass”, and others. The metaphor “God is the Light” is the vital feature of the analysis. The next metaphors in the verse are an extension of that metaphor. The “light” metaphor with its principal meaning as “source” will be analyzed using the theory of metaphor as created by Paul Ricoeur in The Rule of Metaphor (1978). The application of this concept will unfold how this metaphor is employed creatively. It makes a parable of the gradation of lights and contains how it is widened to cover a broader aspect of faith, i.e., being the center and open to accept His light. The result of this experiment with metaphors in the Light verse shows fresh analysis that God illuminates on every creation in all realms.
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Alqarni, Salha Mohammed. "Conceptual Metaphors and the Smell Perception in English and Arabic." International Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 6 (2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v14i6.20517.
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Perception has long been seen as a basis for understanding abstract concepts and experiences and their linguistic encoding. Conceptual metaphor is considered a cognitive link between physical and sensory experiences and abstract mental representations. The olfactory perception has been treated as peripherical in contrast to other sense modalities. The purpose of the study is to establish how the smell sense is conceptually structured in Arabic in comparison with English and to examine conceptual metaphors based on our olfactory perception. Using the theory of conceptual metaphor, the study sought to compare the conception of smell and its metaphorical extensions in both languages. The data collected for this study was Modern written Standard Arabic acquired from online Arabic corpora and the total number of sentences searched is 3400 sentences. The study demonstrated that smell is used as a source domain to express suspicion, knowledge, and emotions. Arabic expresses a few extra metaphors including experiencing and anticipating. The domain of emotions in Arabic is closely connected to the smell sense more than English is. On the other hand, the most prevalent conceptual metaphors that employ smell as their target domain are INTENSITY OF SMELL IS EFFECT STRENGTH and SMELL IS A PHYSICAL FORCE, which exist in both languages equally. Besides, the study demonstrated that the sense of smell is not peripheral to cognition as it was previously believed. It is hoped that this study has contributed to further appreciation of the smell domain and its function in cognition.
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Norboboyevna, Gulchexra Tursunova. "Cognitive Semantic Features of Phraseological Units Denoting Human Intellectual Abilities in English and Uzbek Language." Pubmedia Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris 1, no. 3 (2024): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/jpbi.v1i3.619.
Full textAbstract:
The exploration of phraseological units through a cognitive semantic lens has garnered significant attention, revealing insights into how language reflects underlying cognitive structures. This study builds upon existing research by examining English and Uzbek phraseological units related to human intellectual abilities. Drawing on cognitive linguistic theories, including conceptual metaphor and image schemas, the research aims to uncover the cognitive semantic features embedded in these units. A comprehensive analysis reveals that both English and Uzbek phraseological units utilize metaphorical extensions, metonymic representations, image schemas, and conceptual metaphors to convey intellectual concepts. However, cultural and linguistic factors shape the expression of cognitive semantic features. English may employ diverse metaphors spanning different sensory experiences, while Uzbek might focus more on visual and physical metaphors. Cultural nuances influence expressions like "swallowed a book" in English and "kitob yutgan" (swallowed a book) in Uzbek, reflecting unique cultural experiences and values regarding knowledge acquisition. The study underscores the importance of considering cultural and linguistic factors in understanding cognitive semantics across languages. By examining both universal cognitive schemas and culturally specific expressions, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of how human intellectual abilities are conceptualized and articulated through language.
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Shan, Congwen, Mingyang Yu, and Ke Xue. "Effects of metaphor advertising on brand extension evaluation: Construal level as mediator." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, no. 6 (2017): 967–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.5962.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on construal level theory, we investigated the effects of metaphor advertising on consumers' construal level and brand extension evaluations in 2 empirical studies. Participants in each study were 140 Chinese undergraduate students. The results revealed that both visual (Study 1) and verbal (Study 2) metaphor advertising increased participants' abstract mindset. Further, metaphor advertising enhanced their evaluation of brand extensions that were a good fit and reduced that of poor fit brand extensions. Moreover, the degree of abstractness of the mindset acted as a mediator in this effect. Our findings have both theoretical and practical implications for marketing products via the strategy of brand extension.