Academic literature on the topic 'Metaphorical Connotation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Metaphorical Connotation"
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Talko, Svitlana, Halyna Minchak, and Liudmyla Hmyria. "The phenomenon of connotation in the comparative aspect (on the material of English and Ukrainian languages): problems of modern research." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 50 (2022): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.50.02.12.
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Given that connotative components cause the appearance of new lexical-semantic variants in the token's semantic field and create opportunities for metaphorical, metonymic, ironic nomination, it is essential to analyze the phenomenon of conotema, which is present in phraseological and paremiological units of language, slang, and occasionalisms. The work aims to study the phenomenon of connotation in a comparative aspect, through the prism of English and Ukrainian languages, as well as to identify key issues of modern research of this phenomenon. The object of research is the connotation in the comparative aspect. The following methods were used during the research: analysis and synthesis, observation, method of definitive analysis, method of linguistic description of linguistic facts, comparative method. As a result of the research, the phenomenon of connotation in the comparative aspect is analyzed, based on the materials of the Ukrainian and English languages, and also the problematic aspects of the interlanguage comparison are singled out. It was also noted that it is crucial to promote a more in-depth study of connotations in psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnopsychology, linguoculturology, as this approach provides an opportunity to improve the methodology of research of connotations in the lexicological field.
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Macagno, Fabrizio. "How can metaphors communicate arguments?" Intercultural Pragmatics 17, no. 3 (2020): 335–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2020-3004.
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AbstractMetaphors are considered as instruments crucial for persuasion. However, while many studies and works have focused on their emotive, communicative, and persuasive effects, the argumentative dimension that represents the core of their “persuasiveness” is almost neglected. This paper addresses the problem of explaining how metaphors can communicate arguments, and how it is possible to reconstruct and justify them. To this purpose, a distinction is drawn between the arguments that are communicated metaphorically and interpreted based on relevance considerations, and the ones that are triggered implicitly by the use of a metaphorical expression. In both cases, metaphorical arguments are reconstructed through different patterns of argument, called argumentation schemes (Walton, Reed and Macagno 2008). However, while the purpose of a metaphorical sequence of discourse (called metaphorical move) can guide and justify the reconstruction of the argument that can sufficiently support the intended conclusion in a persuasive move, a more complex analysis is needed for analyzing the additional inferences that a metaphorical move can trigger. These inferences are claimed to represent part of the connotation of the metaphorical expression and can be captured through its most frequent collocations, determinable using some tools of the corpus linguistics.
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Vasung, Ana. "GENDER-MARKED CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR WOMAN IS A BIRD (USING EXAMPLES FROM BULGARIAN AND CROATIAN LANGUAGES)." PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, no. 2 (2020): 212–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-2-212-235.
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The subject of the paper is the gender marked conceptual metaphor WOMAN IS A BIRDin two closely related languages − Bulgarian and Croatian languages. The corpus of analyzed ornithonyms, which are metaphorically used for a female referent, was collected from general monolingual and phraseological dictionaries, as well as online and slang dictionaries. Some meanings were illustrated by examples from the online corpora hrWac and Bulgarian web 2012 through the use of the Sketch engine tool. Even though domestic and wild birds are evenly represented in the analyzed corpus, the domestic birds are semantically and metaphorically more productive. The contrastive analysis established that the majority of metaphors are based on anthropomorphism, and that pejorative terms, which serve to semantically derogate women, dominate over terms with positive connotations. We have found pejorative connotations and hints of sexism even in the case of terms of endearment, which are supposed to express a special intimacy and congeniality. Interlingual differences, in the sense of the existence of more specific meanings, are realized within the framework of age and sexual connotation. The interlingual and intralingual variations (Kövecses, 2005, 2015) are the result of the dependency of metaphorical meaning on context and participants in the communication process.
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Alkaabi, Raheem Challub, and Mohammed Kadhim Ghafil. "The translation of the verb “hit” in the Holy Qur’an into the English language and its evaluation." Al-Adab Journal, no. 113 (September 15, 2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v0i113.1436.
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This paper assesses different approaches used by various translators to translate the verb [tharaba /ð ʌ r eb e /] in the Quranic context, denotation and connotation usages have been highlighted being areas of difficulty in translating the Quran. Various translations of the verb [tharaba /ð ʌ r eb e /] have been compared with a focus on the real meaning, and the metaphorical meaning. This paper shows that approaches to translating denotations and connotations of the verb in question vary.
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Nasimah Abdullah. "The Importance of Collocation in Translating Arabic Metaphorical Connotations into Malay." global journal al thaqafah 11, no. 1 (2021): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjat072021-9.
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While the modern linguistic studies emphasizes the importance of an understanding of the collocation in order to achieve non-violation of the rules of language use by the community, the translation studies concern with the roles of collocation in ensuring a precise translation. Collocation is regarded as one of the crucial parts in translating metaphorical connotations as it captures the meaning that transcends its literal translation and it cannot be quoted literally otherwise it will spoil the intended meaning. This study aims to highlight the importance of collocation in achieving an exact translation especially in translating the Arabic metaphorical connotations into the Malay language based on semantic equivalence between the source and target text to the closest possible to the meaning of the original Arabic text. This study employs descriptive and analytical methods. Based on the examples, the study concludes the need of taking into account the role of collocation in the translation of the Arabic metaphorical connotation to the Malay language in order to achieve the precise translation as well as to determine the semantic equivalence. Therefore, this research suggests that the translator should choose the correct combination of words in the target language so that he does not come out with a correlation that is incompatible with the nature of the target language.
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Abdullah, Nasimah. "دور السياق في تحقيق الترجمة الصحيحة". al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues 1, № 1 (2016): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53840/alirsyad.v1i1.40.
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While the interpretation of the Quran emphasizes the importance of understanding the causes, issues, and incidents about revelation and knowing its time and place, translation studies are concerned with the roles of context in ensuring a precise translation. Context is regarded as one of the crucial parts in translating metaphorical connotations as it captures the meaning that transcends its literal translation. This study highlights the importance of context in achieving an exact translation, especially in translating the Quranic metaphorical connotations into the Malay language based on the semantic equivalence between the source and target text to the closest possible to the meaning of the original Arabic text. This is achieved by analyzing the descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods of selected copies of translations by Mahmoud Younis, Abdullah Basmeih, and Zaini Dahalan. The findings show that these translators pay special attention to the importance of context in the translation of the Quranic metaphorical connotations. Evidence also shows some flaws in the delivery of the intended meaning in the target language when these translations rely solely on the texts’ literal translation, consequently causing a diversion from the intended meaning of the Quranic message. Therefore, this study suggests that it is not reliable for an analysis of the Quran nor for the reader of the target language to depend on one absolute translation only but to refer to and compare different copies of the translation to reach the precise connotation.
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Qiu, Siyi. "Study on the English Translation of Metaphors in Chinese Idioms from the Perspective of Relevance Translation Theory: A Case Study of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China Vol.Ⅲ." Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 9 (2023): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fhss.v3i9.5646.
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Chinese idioms are one of the important components of Chinese language and culture, and they express rich cultural connotations in highly condensed language forms. The metaphors in idioms are even more diverse, and the metaphors in political texts demonstrate their unique persuasive function, which is of great research significance. This article delves into the metaphorical phenomena in idioms and, through case analysis, concludes that a series of translation strategies, such as literal translation concept method, free translation connotation method, and cultural transformation method, can better convey the deep meanings contained in idioms and effectively play their semantic functions.
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Pan, Jing. "Study on the metaphorical nature of textile fiber artworks of non-heritage." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 14 (May 30, 2023): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v14i.8844.
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Fiber art is closely related to human life, modern fiber art on the basis of the performance of traditional fiber art, from the material, form and color to break the traditional mode, pay more attention to the spiritual connotation of fiber art works themselves, pay more attention to visual resonance and Starting from the basic theory of metaphor, the metaphorical expression methods in different Starting from the basic theory of metaphor, the metaphorical expression methods in different fields are analyzed and elaborated. The metaphor of contemporary fiber art is extremely important and forward-looking for inheriting and carrying forward China's traditional culture. Taking the connotation of the traditional culture of the 24 solar terms as the starting point, this paper Taking the connotation of the traditional culture of the 24 solar terms as the starting point, this paper explains, summarizes and studies the presentation and expression forms of traditional Chinese folk art on the traditional culture of the 24 solar terms. and conducts in-depth research and detailed analysis from the perspective of the artistic display of fiber works, and integrates the design concept of the project is based on the concept of modern fiber works to reproduce new vitality and charm of traditional culture.
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Muydinovich, Tojiyev Alimjon. "Content Syncretism of Adjectives Expressing "White" Color in the Uzbek Language." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 7 (2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i7.2933.
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This article discusses the breadth of semantic field of the lexemes which express white color in Uzbek, the presence of syncretic phenomena in its lexical nature, such as polysemantic, metaphorical, metonymic, enontesemic, occasional, pragmatic, connotation which can illuminate semantic syncretism.
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Segal, N. A., and P. S. Nalbandova. "The image of the magician in news media texts 2020–2024." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 3 (September 25, 2024): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2024-3-92-101.
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The aim of the proposed article is to establish the features of metaphorical modeling of the image of a magician in the news media space of 2020-2024. The key theoretical propositions related to the peculiarities of metaphor research in the current media field are systematized, analyzed and interpreted, a corpus of contexts (more than 100 linguistic facts) is established and characterized, including fragments of a news nature media messages with an integral component wizard. Based on lexicographic sources, the denotative characteristics of the key unit wizard are identified, which formed the basis for fixing this image in the Russian language consciousness, taking into account the various stages of development of this word. It is proved that modern sociopolitical realities determine the expansion of the meaning of the lexeme studied in the article and the appearance of new connotative features in it. Based on the material of the media texts of 2020-2024, it is argued that when reflecting current events related to the sphere of politics, economics, culture, sports, interpersonal relations, contexts that are built on the basis of the integral component wizard tend to reflect both positively labeled and negative actions, events and situations, which leads to the appearance of a dual connotation When implementing a at the secondary nomination level the wizard is in the actual media space. The key research methods were descriptive and interpretative methods, the continuous sampling method, component analysis, as well as elements of quantitative analysis and the modeling method, which allowed us to establish both the most frequent and single metaphorical images with the integral component wizard, implemented in media texts of 2020-2024. The complexity and multicomponence of the metaphorical image of the magician proved in the study, as well as the presence of implicit semantic components, valuable and significant in the context of modern sociopolitical and cultural realities, determine the important place of the metaphorical image of the magician in the modern media field and the wide potential for the emergence of new shades of meaning of the word under study and the variability of its connotations.
Books on the topic "Metaphorical Connotation"
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Eitan, Zohar, Renee Timmers, and Mordechai Adler. Cross-modal correspondences and affect in a Schubert song. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351411.003.0006.
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Light, distance and motion are prominent features in Heine’s ‘Am fernen Horizonten’. A city is veiled in dusk, the sun rises from the earth and the boatman rows with sad strokes. Using empirical findings on cross-modal and affective associations with sounds, we examine Schubert’s interpretation and illustration of these metaphorical dimensions in ‘Die Stadt’. Focusing on local variations in tempo and dynamics, we analyse how the emotional and cross-modal connotations of the song are modified in three performances, provindinginsight into the interrelationship between cross-modal and affective connotations of musical sound. Such interrelationships may suggest complex and often equivocal musical meanings. For example, emotional ‘distance’ is associated with physical distance, as modulated by loudness; visual brightness, as modulated by pitch and timbre, can be painful when unveiling a ‘dark’ memory. Thus, our analysis indicates how musical structures and contours may suggest and interact with perceptual and metaphorical shape in multiple dimensions.
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Doquang, Mailan S. Paradise Found. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631796.003.0003.
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This chapter inquires into the formal and metaphorical connections between medieval French churches and the paradisiacal garden. Drawing on textual and visual evidence, it demonstrates that monumental flora operated in tandem with organic motifs in other media, as well as with figural sculptures and the liturgy, to forge and promote links between sacred buildings and the earthly and celestial paradise. It explores the relationship between sculpted foliage and the Tree of Life, the hortus conclusus, and the Garden of Joseph of Arimathea (the location of Jesus’ rock-cut tomb and the site of the church of the Holy Sepulcher). The chapter concludes with an account of the possible negative connotations of vegetal motifs in church settings, which relate to the Fall and Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden.
Book chapters on the topic "Metaphorical Connotation"
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Brownell, Hiram H. "Appreciation of Metaphoric and Connotative Word Meaning by Brain-Damaged Patients." In Right Hemisphere Contributions to Lexical Semantics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73674-2_2.
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Dal Bo, Federico. "‘My Mother Tongue Is a Foreign Language’." In Untying the Mother Tongue. ICI Berlin Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-26_3.
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This chapter examines Edmond Jabès, who chose to write his oeuvre in French despite his Jewish-Arabic origins and his being conversant in both Hebrew and Arabic. French was never a true ‘mother tongue’ to him but rather ‘a foreign one’. This poetical choice was also instrumental to his creation of a cosmos that is very clearly defined by la page blanche, or the ‘blank page’. His writing develops this idea, both literally and metaphorically. A blank sheet is the only thing a writer has to work with at the start of every writing act, therefore it represents a kind of material opposition that all writers must overcome. It represents in this context an existential nothingness that precedes and simultaneously escapes both human and divine creation. In Jabès’s writings, a blank page has two connotations at once: a condition for writing and nothingness. This ambivalent condition results in the paradoxical assumption that his ‘mother tongue is a foreign language’, because it cannot offer the same spiritual intimacy as another language, say, the Holy Language, and because the writer’s ‘mother tongue’ — and, by extension, human language — is always impure and infiltrated by foreignness.
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Huang, Chichung. "Terms." In The Analects Of Confucius(Lun Yu). Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195061574.003.0002.
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Abstract “The road one walks on, composed of ‘zhi’ (to walk) and ‘shou’ (head), signifying ‘that by which one walks all the way to one’s destination’”; hence, a road or a way. From this root meaning is derived the connotation “a theory, doctrine, or body of principles upheld and followed by a group of believers.” The English word “way” fits both the literal and the metaphorical meaning of the Chinese character nicely.
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Ромиков, Никита. "О механизмах конвергенции на примере периферийной фразеологии." In Slavica Iuvenum XXV. University of Ostrava, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/slavicaiuvenum.xxv.13.
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The chapter "About the Mechanisms of Convergence Using the Example of Peripheral Phraseology" explores the convergence of dialects and slang within the broader national language. It highlights how territorial dialects and slang are different yet often compared, providing insights into their linguistic dynamics. A specific example is the youth slang phrase "to eat glass", meaning to engage with a work that evokes intense emotional responses. This metaphorical expression draws on the physical pain associated with eating glass to describe consuming emotionally challenging content. The negative connotation of "glass" is well established, marking works that elicit strong sentimental reactions and their audiences. The article also delves into the historical and regional usage of related expressions, showing their evolution and cultural significance. The term "to eat glass" has parallels in English, reflecting similar emotional and psychological experiences. Overall, the article underscores the rich interplay between language, culture, and emotion in phraseology, demonstrating the deep-seated connections between regional dialects, slang, and mainstream language.
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Hennrich, Dirk Michael. "Europe as Ideal Landscape." In Examining a New Paradigm of Heritage With Philosophy, Economy, and Education. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3636-0.ch013.
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This chapter displays an ideal landscape of Europe by interpreting the painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus from Pieter Brueghel the Elder, giving hint to a constellation of concepts that circumscribe the European identity through the poetic metaphor of the Western World as the archipelago of the sunset referring at the same time to a constellation of Ancient Greek myth, which represents the basic tales of Europe conceived as a geopolitical, linguistic, and cultural problem. However, it acquires a deeper connotation and meaning if it is looked from a metaphorical point of view, considering Europe as an ideal landscape with a peculiar mood or disposition. Europe as a cultural identity consolidated since Renaissance, along the maritime explorations and the emergence of the concept of landscape, which developed from the fields of painting and literature into the scientific description of different world regions up to a new philosophical discipline called the philosophy of landscape.
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Al-Rubaie, Akram Faraj Abdul-Hussein. "Metaphorical Projection in Iraqi Media Discourse and Its Conceptual Connotations." In Recent Research Advances in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 1. B P International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rraass/v1/2037g.
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West, Joel. "Neologisms." In Advances in Multimedia and Interactive Technologies. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5622-0.ch009.
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While people use language to let others know how and what it is that we think, language is also the means by, and also the substrate within which, humans think. This chapter explores the use of language as the basis for cognition, based on both a chosen word's denotative meaning and also its rhetorical (metaphorical) connotative meanings. The artificial dichotomy between language and speech is deconstructed. Peircean semiotics is used to argue that language is indexical in its primary referential functions, including sociolinguistic functions. Three new words, all of which were coined in the twenty-first century, are examined from a sociolinguistic and a semiotic point of view.
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Khajavi, M. Javad. "Animating with the Primordial Pen." In Animating the Spirited. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496826268.003.0008.
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Calligraphic animations are contemporary expressions of the Islamic visual culture. Letters, words, and other calligraphic elements featured in these animations are charged with extra-linguistic connotations, holding esoteric meanings that are originally rooted in Gnostic and Sufi interpretations. In these animations, letters, words and calligraphic elements are not simply linguistic signs but hold culturally coded-meanings that need to be interpreted. The essay studies two short calligraphic animations, Creation (2008) by Ghasem Hashemi and the award-winning Amentü Gemisi Nasil Yürüdü (1970) by Tonguç Yaşar, with regard to their use of mystic symbolism and gnostic metaphoric language. The author argues that calligraphic animations like these make meanings through interactions between various levels of signification, which include visual qualities of calligraphy, semantic content, and extra-linguistic connotations rooted in Islamic mysticism. The author also introduces his artistic creation, The Third Script (2017), educating the reader about the deeper meanings of the calligraphic elements presented and the symbolism they behold.
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Espinosa-Leal, Leonardo, and Matteo Stocchetti. "On the Meaning of Trust, Reasons of Fear and the Metaphors of AI: Ideology, Ethics, and Fear." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241508.
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Metaphoric representations of AI and its ‘trustworthiness’ participate in the process of humanisation of technology and dehumanisation of humanity. This process has ideological connotations compatible with the Neoliberal project of enforcing a social order based on instrumental rationality and the survival of the capital through the logic of the ‘self-regulating market’. These metaphors and the process they are part of generate fears that the debate about ‘trustworthy AI’ seeks to address. These efforts, however, are doomed to fail because the mainstream debate about the ethics of AI neglects the ideological dimension. In this paper, we address these concerns and neglect and suggest some practical steps to oppose the ideological appropriation of AI and its ethics.
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Коваленко, Наталія. "Фраземи на позначення поняття ‘ніколи’ в українській мові." In Słowiańska frazeologia gwarowa III. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788383680873.30.
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In Ukrainian dialectology, researchers pay special attention to the identification of phraseological units, their component composition, types of ethnocultural information they accumulate, comparison and interpretation of localised phrase contexts. On the basis of studying the use and spatial distribution of phrasemes denoting the concept of ‘never’, on the material of narratives and dictionaries, it has been determined that the sphere of human life associated with the understanding of the fluidity and cyclicality of life, the impossibility or unreality of certain events, phenomena, abstract concepts is very complex, multidimensional and often encoded. Realised in different linguistic conditions, phraseological units metaphorically nominate the concept of ‘never’ in different ways: natural, physiological, historical, religious and folklore. The application of the method of structural-semantic and semantic modelling of phrases made it possible to determine the main ways of motivating their internal form (figurative specifiers for domestic animals, birds, relief, somatisms, etc.), to identify the ethno-cultural connotation of the units.
Conference papers on the topic "Metaphorical Connotation"
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Nigmatzyanova, Yulia. "CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF NOUNS WITH THE METAPHORICAL MEANING OF QUANTITY IN THE ASPECT OF THEIR CONNOTATION IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb31/s10.006.
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Spinu, Constantin. "Artistic landmarks and innovations in the tapestry of Carmela Golovinova." In Simpozion Național de Studii Culturale, dedicat Zilelor Europene ale Patrimoniului. Ediția III. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/sc21.13.
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Debuting in the artistic tapestry of the Republic of Moldova in the first half of the seventh decade of the twentieth century, the painter Carmela Golovinova, facilitated the development of this field and the promotion of weaving art in the republic and abroad. Evolving over time, the artist's creation has been continuously enriched with new and valuable thematic, technological and semantic values. Through her work, the painter contributed to the revaluation of some aesthetic landmarks of the popular plastic art and their inclusion in current works, meritoriously supplementing the repertoire of our reference works with original aesthetic values. During the years of creation, the artist's tapestries evolve from works made in increased format with monumental functions to the chamber format and solving complex structural compositional and semantic problems in which the image is endowed with important metaphorical-symbolic connotations.
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Polishchuk, Anna. "Linguoconceptual Analysis of Deceit in Herodotus’ Histories." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.1-5.
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This research has been conducted in line with the long historical and cultural controversy over the ethnic and national identity of western and eastern civilisations and the ethno-specific perception of falsehood in ancient peoples mentioned in The Histories by Herodotus. Given the breadth and relative objectivity of information on the contacts of the Persian Empire of the Achaemenids with neighbouring nations in the Mediterranean region, Herodotus’ work is a unique resource for study which traditionally belongs to the prerogatives of modern comparative linguoconceptology. Despite the abundance of scholarship on falsehood and deception in Herodotus (Lateiner 1990; Harrison 2004; Mash 2010; Hollmann 2011; Wesselmann 2011), little has paid attention to the communicative entities within different ethnic groups and discursive areas. This study of the Ancient Greeks’ concept of deceit has used traditional semasiological methods in combination with cognitive methods of discourse analysis, metaphorical modelling, and axiological scaling. As a result of the semantic and stylistic analysis of 36 denotations of the concept, represented by cognates of ψευδ-, (á¼Î¾)απατ-, διαβαλ-, δολ-, μηχαν- etc., ‘the core’ and ‘the periphery’ have been singled out. These lexical means have been differentiated according to the frequency of use, variety of derivatives, types of connotative meanings, and discursive functions. Discursive distribution of the lexical items concerned the social sphere in the political, religious, and personal domain. A comparative analysis of deceit in different ethnic communities showed that representatives of the East were inclined to use non-verbal forms of trickery, while Greeks prevailed in verbal deception. Among verbal means, in Herodotus’ view, Asian peoples preferred misinformation – straight untruth through a complete alteration of the reality – while for the Ionians, Athenians, and other Hellenes, verbal tactics appear as more complex and demanding, since their misleading manipulations balanced between truth and untruth, so that they could not have been easily refuted. Quantitative parameters, as well as stylistic sensitivity, of lexical items have revealed these tendencies for the eastern and western oecumenes, with marginal peculiarities for the Trojans and Ionians, which seem to challenge some regional stereotypes concerning deception.