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1
Batista, Sara, Mariana Fernández-Pittol, Lorena San Nicolás, et al. "Design and Validation of a Simplified Method to Determine Minimum Bactericidal Concentration in Nontuberculous Mycobacteria." Antibiotics 14, no. 4 (2025): 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040381.
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Background/Objectives: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are rising, particularly those by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MAB). Treating NTM infections is challenging due to their poor response to antibiotics. This study aimed to optimize the treatment of NTM infection by selecting antibiotics with bactericidal activity for combination therapy. To do this, we used the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination approach to define bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity. We developed three main objectives: validate a new method to determine MBC based on a reincubation method, determine MBC values of 229 NTM clinical isolates using the reincubation method, and evaluate antibiotic stability in preincubated microtiter plates. Methods: First, we assessed the stability of the antibiotics included in SLOWMYCOI Sensititre™ microtiter plates. Five strains of MAC were studied comparing the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of those preincubated for seven days vs. non-incubated plates. Then, we evaluated the percentage of reproducibility of MBC values using two methods, reincubation and subculturing (standard or traditional method) in 30 MAC isolates. Finally, we validated the reincubation method and prospectively determined the MBC values of the 229 NTM clinical strains. Results: Antibiotic stability: The MIC was equivalent after 7 and 14 days for all the antibiotics, except rifampicin, for which the MIC increased by 2- to 3-fold after preincubation. Reincubation method: The percentage of reproducibility of the MBC values between the two methods was 95.2% (range 76.6% to 100%). Prospective validation: MBC/MIC ratios revealed differential bactericidal activity for most antibiotics according to the different species, being bactericidal in M. avium and Mycobacterium xenopi, and predominantly bacteriostatic in MAB. Conclusions: Preincubation of Sensititre™ microtiter plates did not alter the MIC values of the antibiotics included except for rifampicin, suggesting a loss of activity. MBC determination can be easily performed by the Reincubation method presented. MBC values provide useful additional information regarding MIC values since the MBC/MIC ratio reveals whether antibiotics have bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity according to the species, which is pivotal for selecting the most adequate antibiotic combination to ensure efficient treatment management.
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Lehtinen, Markku, Eila Pelttari, and Hannu Elo. "Antimicrobial Activity of Formylchromones: Detection by a Micro-Scale Method." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 66, no. 11-12 (2011): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-11-1205.
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We report the antimicrobial activity of formylchromones. These compounds are remote structural analogues of nalidixic acid and quinolone antibiotics, and their activity was investigated by a simple micro-scale method designed for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of drug candidates and antibiotics against aerobic bacteria and yeasts. Minimal bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC and MFC, respectively) were also determined in connection with the MIC determinations. The results obtained were compared with those obtained using classical agar diffusion methodology. In the MIC method, deep-well micro-titration plates are used, covered by silicone sealing mats that allow diffusion of oxygen to the wells. The appropriate broth is pipetted into the wells, followed by a standardized microbial suspension (except for sterile controls) and a dilution series of the test substance or control antibiotic or a mere control solvent. The use of white nontransparent polypropylene plates allows easy visual inspection of microbial growth. For the MBC and MFC methods, samples are taken from all wells that contain a test substance or control antibiotic and do not display growth in the MIC test. The samples are streaked on agar plates, the liquid is allowed to absorb into the agar, and finally the microbes are spread all over the plate with a bent rod. Colony counts are compared with that of the untreated microbial suspension at the beginning of the MIC test. The MIC method is suitable for high-throughput screening
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Pathmavathi, M., and P. Thamizhiniyan. "Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Plectranthus ambionicus and Phyllanthus amarus." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 1, no. 2 (2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2016.v1i2.22.
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Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves of Plectranthus ambionicus and Phyllanthus amarus were screened for their antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) against four strains of Gram positive bacteria, three strains of Gram negative bacteria and three species of fungi. The antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Plectranthus ambionicus and Phyllanthus amarus showed varied levels of antimicrobial activity against the studied bacterial and fungal pathogens. The mean zone of inhibition produced by all the tested extracts ranged from 7.0 ± 0.50 mm to 29.5 ± 0.50 mm. The MIC, MBC and MFC values were between 15.62 and 1000 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of Plectranthus ambionicus showed good antimicrobial activity with the highest mean zone of inhibition (29.5±0.5 mm), lowest MIC (15.62 μg/mL) and MBC (31.25 μg/mL) values followed by ethyl acetate extract of Phyllanthus amarus(23.6±0.50 mm; MIC=62.5; MBC=125 μg/mL) against Aspergillus fumigates.
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Ivanović, Milena, Dragana Grujić, Janez Cerar, et al. "Extraction of Bioactive Metabolites from Achillea millefolium L. with Choline Chloride Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Study of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity." Antioxidants 11, no. 4 (2022): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040724.
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In this study, the extraction efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and five different hydrogen bond donors (HBD; lactic acid, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, fructose and urea) was evaluated for the first time for the isolation of valuable bioactive compounds from Achillea millefolium L. The phytochemical profiles of NADES extracts obtained after ultrasound-assisted extraction were evaluated both spectrophotometrically (total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant assays) and chromatographically (UHPLC-MS and HPLC-UV). The results were compared with those obtained with 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water. The highest TPC value was found in the lactic acid-based NADES (ChCl-LA), which correlated with the highest antioxidant activity determined by the FRAP analysis. On the other hand, the highest antiradical potential against ABTS+• was determined for urea-based NADES. Phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers), flavones (luteolin and apigenin), and their corresponding glucosides were determined as the dominant individual phenolic compounds in all extracts. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the extracts obtained against four bacterial cultures and two yeasts were evaluated using two methods: the agar dilution method to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal or fungicidal concentration (MBC or MFC), and the disc diffusion method. ChCl-LA had the lowest MIC and MBC/MFC with respect to all microorganisms, with an MIC ranging from 0.05 mg mL−1 to 0.8 mg mL−1, while the water extract had the weakest inhibitory activity with MIC and MBC/MFC higher than 3.2 mg mL−1.
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Thosar, Nilima, Silpi Basak, Rakesh N. Bahadure, and Monali Rajurkar. "Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study." European Journal of Dentistry 07, S 01 (2013): S071—S077. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.119078.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: This study was aimed to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of five essential oils against oral pathogens and to find out the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of five essential oils against oral pathogens. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activities by detecting MIC and MBC/MFC of five essential oils such as tea tree oil, lavender oil, thyme oil, peppermint oil and eugenol oil were evaluated against four common oral pathogens by broth dilution method. The strains used for the study were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Results: Out of five essential oils, eugenol oil, peppermint oil, tea tree oil exhibited significant inhibitory effect with mean MIC of 0.62 ± 0.45, 9.00 ± 15.34, 17.12 ± 31.25 subsequently. Mean MBC/MFC for tea tree oil was 17.12 ± 31.25, for lavender oil 151.00 ± 241.82, for thyme oil 22.00 ± 12.00, for peppermint oil 9.75 ± 14.88 and for eugenol oil 0.62 ± 0.45. E. fecalis exhibited low degree of sensitivity compared with all essential oils. Conclusion: Peppermint, tea tree and thyme oil can act as an effective intracanal antiseptic solution against oral pathogens.
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Lu, Yin, Yun Peng Zhao, and Cheng Xin Fu. "Preliminary Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts from Actinidia macrosperma." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1200–1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1200.
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The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and aqueous successive extracts from the stems of Actinidia macrosperma C. F. Liang have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro using the disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). General toxicity of these extracts has also been assessed by brine shrimp lethality assay. The chloroform extract exhibited the most significant antimicrobial (MIC in the range of 60–500μg/ml, MBC in the range of 150–1000μg/ml, MFC in the range of 170–600μg/ml) and cytotoxic activities (LC50=16.82μg/ml at 24 hours).
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Makade, Chetana S., Pratima R. Shenoi, Bhoomendra A. Bhongade, Shrikant A. Shingane, Prajakta C. Ambulkar, and Akhilesh M. Shewale. "Estimation of MBC: MIC Ratio of Herbal Extracts against Common Endodontic Pathogens." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 16, Suppl 2 (2024): S1414—S1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_735_23.
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ABSTRACT Herbal extracts have evoked interest owing to the small number of terpenoids and phenolic compounds, which impart antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of four herbal extracts (lemon grass oil, basil oil, peppermint oil, and Obicure tea extract) against endodontic pathogens along with the MIC: MBC/MFC ratio were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity by detecting the MIC of three essential oils and tea extract was evaluated against eight common endodontic pathogens by the broth dilution method, while MBC was detected by subculturing onto blood agar from the first –three to five tubes from the MIC dilution tubes (showing no turbidity), which were plated on blood agar. All herbal extracts proved to be effective antimicrobials against tested endodontic pathogens. Basil oil had a bacteriostatic effect on all the organisms (P < 0.05). Mint oil showed bacteriostatic activity on Enterococcus (E.) faecalis and Peptostreptococcus (P > 0.05). Tea extract had a bacteriostatic effect (P > 0.05) against all tested microbes except Actinomyces, Lactobacilli, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, and Fusobacterium (F.) nucleatum. Lemon grass oil had a bactericidal effect against all the organisms and a bacteriostatic effect against Peptostreptococcus (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that basil oil showed a strong bactericidal effect on the test organisms. The MIC for the organisms ranged from 0.2 to 50 μg/ml.
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Denizkara, Ayşenur, İlker Atik, Azize Atik, and Gökhan Akarca. "https://acgpubs.org/doc/20220107214746A3-RAFC-2107-2149.pdf." Records of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1, no. 1-2 (2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rfac.4.2112.2294.
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In this study, antibacterial and antifungal properties of four medlar extracts obtained using four different solvents, ethanol, methanol, acetone and water, were investigated. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial effects of the extracts. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were determined. The antibacterial effect of the pure water extract of medlar on S. aureus bacteria was found to be high (11.46 mm). In addition, the MIC and MBC values of the pure water extract were determined as 35.15 and 23.39 µg/mL for S. aureus bacteria. When the antifungal effect was examined, the antifungal effect of the pure water extract of medlar against P. crysogenum was found to be high (14.00 mm). The MIC and MFC values of the pure water extract of medlar are 23.43 and 11.72 µg/mL for P. crysogenum, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the pure water extract had the highest antimicrobial effect.
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Datagni, G'massampou, Aklesso Pouwelong Mouzou, Kossi Metowogo, Yaovi-Gameli Afanyibo, Adodo Sadji, and Kwashie Eklu-Gadegbeku. "In vitro anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of Securidaca longepedunculata and Annona senegalensis hydro-alcoholic extract." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 5-S (2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-s.5090.
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Annona senegalensis and Securidaca longepedunculata are two plants traditionnaly used in inflammation and wounds infection treatment after snakebites.
 This study aims to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Annona senegalensis and Securidaca longepedunculata.
 Antimicrobial activity of the two plant extracts was examined against five bacterial strains with the well diffusion method and the inhibition zones diameters (IZD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the 96-well microplate dilution method. While antiinflammatory activity was assessed by the albumin denaturation method.
 The results obtained showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Annona senegalensis has antimicrobial property against Staphylococcus aureus (IZD=12.22 ± 0.24 mm, MIC=62.5 mg/mL, MBC=125 mg/mL) and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IZD=12.06 ± 0.06 mm, MIC=125 mg/mL, MBC=250 mg/mL). Securidaca longepedunculata also showed its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (IZD=12.03 ± 0.03 mm, MIC=125 mg/mL, MBC=250 mg/mL) and Candida albicans (IZD=12.12 ± 0.07 mm, MIC=62.5 mg/mL, MFC=125 mg/mL).
 In the order hand, Annona senegalensis and Securidaca longepedunculata exhibited concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory activity by reducing significantly (p<0.001) the denaturation of BSA. In addition S. longepedunculata inhibited haemolysis significantly (p<0.001) more than Diclofenac sodium at 200 and 400 µg/mL.
 Hence, it was concluded that Annona senegalensis and Securidaca longepedunculata possessed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and can be used in the treatment of inflammation and wounds infection after snakebites.
 Keywords: Annona senegalensis, Securidaca longepedunculata, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, BSA.
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Rana, Sadia, and Zartashia Arooj. "Assessment of the antimicrobial impact of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on Klebsiella pneumoniae strains." Journal of Science, Technology, Education, Art and Medicine 1, no. 1 (2024): 21. https://doi.org/10.63137/jsteam.879580.
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Background Tea tree oil (TTO) from Melaleuca alternifolia is renowned for its therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial effects. Standardized by ISO 4730:2017, TTO’s major component, terpinen-4-ol, contributes to its broad spectrum of activity. Notably, TTO demonstrates efficacy against Cutibacterium acnes, suggesting a potential role in acne treatment. In the context of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), a carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacillus associated with pneumoniae, this study explores TTO’s antibacterial and anti-adherent activities. Methods A 15% TTO solution was prepared, chemically analyzed via GC-MS, and tested in vitro against Kp strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was calculated using tube dilution method. Minimum inhibitory adherence concentration (MIAC) was also calculated using Albuquerque protocol. Results Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined, revealing strong antimicrobial effects with a MIC50 of 128 μg/mL, and MBC of 256 µg/mL, MIAC of 256 µg/mL concentration against Kp strains respectively. Conclusion The study underscores TTO’s pharmacological potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria like Kp, particularly in PU-associated infections. Further research is needed to validate efficacy, elucidate mechanisms, and develop suitable formulations for clinical use.
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IF, Okonkwo. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF Allium cepa (ONIONS) EXTRACTS." Agrobiological Records 9 (2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2022.012.
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The evolution of resistivity by microorganisms is a worldwide public health contest that renders antimicrobial agents impotent, leading to an upsurge in diseases and mortality in man and livestock. The current study was designed to ascertain the antimicrobial activities of Allium cepa (onions) extracts. The antimicrobial activities of the onion extracts on the trial organisms, including both gram-positive and -negative bacteria, were carried out using the Agar Well Diffusion method. The tube macro-dilution method determined the extracts' MIC (mg/mL). We investigated the MBC and MFC of the extracts. The antimicrobial assay proved that; the microorganisms tested were sensitive at 50mg/mL but resistant at 3.125mg/mL. From the MIC results, the increasing order of activity of the extracts was Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC 3.125mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 6.25mg/mL), Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 12.5mg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (25mg/mL). The MBC results proved that the onion extracts (50mg/mL) were bactericidal except for Staphylococcus aureus and fungistatic. Comparatively, at a 5% alpha level, pronounced differences were observed between the zones of inhibition and the solvent extracts by cold and hot water extract on the experimental organisms. However, no significant disparity was observed between the effect of aqueous and solvent extracts. Hence, the study recommends using onions, natural herbal medicine, and antimicrobial agents.
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A. Alwathnani, Hend. "Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Artemisia species against some Pathogenic Bacteria." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 2 (2017): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2486.
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ABSTRACT: The present study was lead with a view to evaluate the antibacterial potentials of aqueous extracts of Artemisia species against human pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli (E.coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. aeruginosa) , Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) and Enterococcus faecalis (Entero. faecalis) by two methods, first method was minimum inhibitory concentration (abbreviation: MIC) and sound method was minimum bactericidal concentration (abbreviation: MBC). Three crude plants extracts namely Artemisia monosperma, Artemisia cina and Artemisia argyi were found to show potential antibacterial properties against the isolated human pathogenic bacterial isolates. The results of MIC and MBC values of Artemisia monosperma for Enterococcus faecalis strains were at least concentration almost 2.3 and 4.1 mg/ml respectively, while MIC and MBC of Artemisia cina for Escherichia coli were highest concentration 3.9 and 4.9 mg/ml respectively. Moreover, MIC and MBC values for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis strains was correspondent with MIC and MBC values of Escherichia coli for aqueous extracts of Artemisia species meanwhile it is Artemisia cina which showed maximum activity against Escherichia coli. Among the Artemisia species tested, Artemisia cina showed the most promising result. Form these results prove the antibacterial potential of the plants and hence provide support for the use of them in traditional medicine.
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Das, Puspa, Shoma Dutta, Jaripa Begum, and Md Nural Anwar. "Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Analysis of Essential Oil of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 30, no. 1-2 (2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v30i1-2.28446.
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The essential oil of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth, also known as Patchouli oil was subjected for its antimicrobial investigation against a panel of ten human pathogenic bacteria and six human pathogenic fungi by Agar well diffusion method and Macrobroth dilution technique using Ampicillin (20ìg/well) and Nystatin (20ìg/well) as control. Antibacterial activity revealed that, the essential oil was more active against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. The largest zone of inhibition was 35 mm (against Bacillus cereus) with 20 ìl of oil. Ditermination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) showed that, Bacillus cereus exhibited the lowest MIC (250 ìg/ml) and MBC (750 ìg/ml). The oil showed moderate antifungal activity against all tested organisms. Candida albicans showed greater zone of inhibition (16 mm) than Saccharomyces cerevisiae (14 mm) with 20 ìl and Candida albicans showed lowest MIC and MFC (both were 750 ìg/ml). The zone of inhibition was 25 mm for each filamentous fungal strain with 20 ìl, except for Rhizopus oligosporus (15 mm) and the lowest MIC (250 ìg/ml) and MFC (500 ìg/ml) were reported for Aspergillus fumigatus.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 30, Number 1-2,June-Dec 2013, pp 7-10
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Heuser, Elisa, Karsten Becker, and Evgeny A. Idelevich. "Bactericidal Activity of Sodium Bituminosulfonate against Staphylococcus aureus." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (2022): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070896.
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Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide making it necessary to search for alternative antimicrobials. Sodium bituminosulfonate is a long-known substance, whose antimicrobial inhibitory activity has recently been re-evaluated. However, to the best of our knowledge, the bactericidal mode of action of this substance has not been systematically characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro bactericidal activity of sodium bituminosulfonate by determining the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC), as well as the rapidity of bactericidal effect by time-kill curves. Clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible (MSSA, n = 20) and methicillin-resistant (mecA/mecC-MRSA, n = 20) Staphylococcus aureus were used to determine MBC by a broth microdilution method. Sodium bituminosulfonate (Ichthyol® light) was tested in double-dilution concentration steps ranging from 0.03 g/L to 256 g/L. For time-kill analysis, two reference and two clinical S. aureus strains were tested with different concentrations of sodium bituminosulfonate (1× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 2× MIC, 4× MIC, 16× MIC and 256× MIC). For MSSA isolates, MBC50, MBC90 and the MBC range were 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 0.125–1.0 g/L; (MBC/MIC ratio)50, (MBC/MIC ratio)90 and the range of the MBC/MIC ratio were 4, 4 and 1–8, respectively. Among MRSA isolates, MBC50, MBC90 and the MBC range amounted to 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 0.06–1.0 g/L; (MBC/MIC ratio)50, (MBC/MIC ratio)90 and the range of the MBC/MIC ratio were 2, 4 and 1–8, respectively. Time-kill kinetics revealed a bactericidal effect after 30 min for sodium bituminosulfonate concentrations of 16× MIC and 256× MIC. The bactericidal activity against MSSA and MRSA was demonstrated for sodium bituminosulfonate. The killing was very rapid with the initial population reduced by 99.9% after only short incubation with concentrations of 16× MIC and higher.
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Cilia, Giovanni, Filippo Fratini, Elena della Buona, and Fabrizio Bertelloni. "Preliminary Evaluation of In Vitro Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Effect of Salt on Leptospira spp." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4 (2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040154.
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Environmental resistance is an important factor for understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Recently, new Leptospira hosts were identified, including also marine mammals. Moreover, halotolerant Leptospira strain, isolated from the environment and animals, highlighted the capability of this microorganism to persist in the seawater. The aim of this research was to investigate the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of salt on Leptospira strains belonging to 16 different serovars. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were verified through the microdilutions method starting from a 20% sodium chloride concentration. MIC values obtained were between 0.3125% and 10% of salt, while MBC values between 0.625% and >20%. Icterohaemorrhagiae (MIC: 0.3125%; MBC: 0.625%) resulted the most inhibited serovar, while the most resistant was Tarassovi (MIC: 10%; MBC: >20%). Interestingly, trends were reported for Pomona (MIC: 1.25%; MBC: >20%) and Bratislava (MIC: 0.625%; MBC: 20%), highlighting low MIC values but high MBC values. This is the first investigation aimed at the in vitro effect of salt on the growth of Leptospira spp. reference strains.
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Kurniasih, Mardiyah, Purwati Purwati, Ratna Stia Dewi, and Kasandra Budiarni. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver N-Methyl Chitosan." Molekul 17, no. 2 (2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.2.5059.
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This study synthesized silver N-methyl chitosan (Ag-NMC) and tested it for its antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Ag-NMC was characterized by FTIR, XRD, measured for its molecular weight (MW), solubility, and toxicity. The antimicrobial activity was tested by the agar diffusion method, determining the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration), MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, and determining the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) against the fungus Candida albicans. The results showed that Ag-NMC had MW, solubility, and LC50 of 555.65 g/mol, 50 mg/mL, 945,492 mg/L, respectively. The diameter of the inhibition zone from the resulting diffusion test showed that Ag-NMC had better antimicrobial activity than N-methyl chitosan (NMC) and chitosan. The MIC, MBC, and MFC values of Ag-NMC were always lower than that of NMC and chitosan.
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Putri, Chany Mony Dwiayu, Diani Prisinda, and Yuti Malinda. "<strong>The MIC and MBC of calcium hydroxide medicament against bacteria that cause chronic periapical abscess in the vulnerable initial 7-days of endodontic treatment</strong>." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 34, no. 1 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol34no1.28638.
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Introduction: The primary aetiology of chronic periapical abscesses, including E. faecalis, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and P. gingivalis, can be eliminated using intracanal medicaments such as calcium hydroxide. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of calcium hydroxide paste in the vulnerable initial 7-day of treatment against E. faecalis ATCC 29212, S. mutans ATCC 25175, S. sanguinis ATCC 10556, and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. Methods: An in-vitro laboratory experiment using a spectrophotometer as a microdilution method was conducted to determine bacteria's MIC and MBC values on calcium hydroxide paste. The sample used in this study was four bacteria using intracanal medicament of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), incubated for seven days at 37°C, and then bacterial growth was observed. The cell inhibition percentage was calculated using optical density measurements to determine the MIC value. The low MIC and MBC were defined as sensitive bacteria to calcium hydroxide. Results: Calcium hydroxide paste against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) with MIC values at a concentration of 750 μg/ml and MBC values at a concentration of 96,000 μg ml; S. mutans (ATCC 25175) with MIC value at a concentration of 3,000 ug/ml and MBC value at a concentration of 48,000 ug/ml; S. sanguinis (ATCC 10556) with MIC value at a concentration of 3,000 ug/ml and MBC value at a concentration of 6,000 ug/ml; P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) with MIC value at a concentration of 6,000 ug/ml and MBC value at a concentration of 48,000 ug ml. Conclusions: Calcium hydroxide can inhibit bacterial growth activity. E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and S. sanguinis (ATCC 10556) are more sensitive to calcium hydroxide paste than other bacteria, with the lowest MIC and MBC on seven days of incubation since the maximum calcium and hydroxyl ions are released.
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Silva, M. Denika C., Diana M. Perriman, Angela M. Fearon, Jacqui M. Couldrick, and Jennie M. Scarvell. "Minimal important change and difference for knee osteoarthritis outcome measurement tools after non-surgical interventions: a systematic review." BMJ Open 13, no. 5 (2023): e063026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063026.
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ObjectivesTo systematically review and provide estimates of the minimal important change (MIC) and difference (MID) for outcome tools in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) after non-surgical interventions.DesignA systematic review.Data sourcesMEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched up to 21 September 2021.Eligibility criteriaWe included studies that calculated MIC and MID using any calculation method including anchor, consensus and distribution methods, for any knee OA outcome tool after non-surgical interventions.Data extraction and synthesisWe extracted reported MIC, MID and minimum detectable change (MDC) estimates. We used quality assessment tools appropriate to the studies’ methods to screen out low-quality studies. Values were combined to produce a median and range, for each method.ResultsForty-eight studies were eligible (anchor-k=12, consensus-k=1 and distribution-k=35). MIC values for 13 outcome tools including Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)-pain, activities of daily living (ADL), quality of life (QOL) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC)-function were estimated using 5 high-quality anchor studies. MID values for 23 tools including KOOS-pain, ADL, QOL and WOMAC-function, stiffness and total were estimated using 6 high-quality anchor studies. One moderate quality consensus study reported MIC for pain, function and global assessment. MDC values from distribution method estimates for 126 tools including KOOS-QOL and WOMAC-total were estimated using 38 good-to-fair-quality studies.ConclusionMedian MIC, MID and MDC estimates were reported for outcome tools in people with knee OA after non-surgical interventions. The results of this review clarify the current understanding of MIC, MID and MDC in the knee OA population. However, some estimates suggest considerable heterogeneity and require careful interpretation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020215952.
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Buru, A. S., A. P. Tola, J. F. Akinseye, B. O. Oluboyo, A. H. Egbebi, and T. H. Zagi. "Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chemical and herbal toothpastes on selected clinical microbial oral flora." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 25, no. 4 (2024): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i4.10.
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Background: Microbes are most commonly found associated with oral diseases. Globally, researchers along with the world Health Organization (WHO) suggested that this could be due to poor oral health and encourage all individuals to practice good oral hygiene using daily oral health products. The study aimed to determine the antimicrobial effects of toothpastes, as acclaimed by the manufacturers, to selected microbial flora involved in oral infections. Methodology: The antimicrobial activity of 6 toothpastes (3 herbal and 3 chemical) was tested against 3 clinical microbial isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of each toothpaste determined for each microbial isolate using the broth dilution method. Results: Colgate exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against S. aureus with respective MIC and MBC of 125mg/ml and 125mg/ml, followed by Oral-B with MIC and MBC of 125mg/ml and 500mg/ml, Dabur herbal with MIC and MBC of 250mg/ml and 500mg/ml, and Longrich with MIC of 500mg/ml and MBC of 1000mg/ml. Colgate and CloseUp exhibited highest inhibitory activity against E. coli with respective MIC and MBC of 125mg/ml and 500mg/ml, followed by Dabur herbal with MIC of 500mg/ml but no MBC. Colgate exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against C. albicans with respective MIC and MBC of 125mg/ml and 500mg/ml, followed by CloseUp with MIC of 500mg/ml, Longrich with MIC of 500mg/ml and MBC of 1000mg/ml, and oral-B with MIC of 500mg/ml but no MBC. Longrich and Oral-B exhibited no MIC/MBC against E. coli while Gavia charcoal exhibited no MIC/MBC against all the 3 microbial isolates at the concentrations used in the assay.Conclusion: The results obtained showed that chemically formulated toothpastes (Colgate, CloseUp and Oral-B) had higher inhibitory activity on microbial isolates than herbal toothpastes (Longrich, Dabur herbal and Gavia charcoal). This supports the manufacturers claim for the chemical toothpastes used, however, the herbal toothpastes showed little or no inhibitory effects on the microbial flora.
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Golfakhrabadi, Fereshteh, Donyasadat Mansouri, Effat Abbasi Montazeri, Anayatollah Salimi, Fatemeh Babadi, and Vahid Rakhshan. "Preparing and evaluating the anti-microbial effect of Allium jesdianum mouthwash on some of the most common oral microorganisms." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 13, no. 2 (2024): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_855_23.
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ABSTRACT Background: Due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and anti-bacterial compounds in plants, Allium jesdianum Boiss plant extract can be used in mouthwash compounds with its anti-microbial activity. Methods and Materials: The anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of A. jesdianum mouthwash was investigated on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, S. salivarius and Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis. To analyse the anti-microbial effect of this mouthwash, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth microdilution method. Results: The average MIC and MBC of A. jesdianum mouthwash for S. mutans were 1.56 and 3.12 (mg/ml), respectively, for S. salivarius, 0.25 and 0.65 (mg/ml), and for S. sanguis, respectively, 0.25 and 0.65 (mg/ml). The highest MIC and MBC values were for S. mutans, and the MIC and MBC values were equal for S. sanguis and S. salivarius. Average MIC and MBC were determined as 2.41 and 4.16 (mg/ml) for C. albicans and 2.34 and 5.72 (mg/ml) for C. tropicalis, respectively. MIC values of mouthwash were higher for C. albicans and MBC values for C. tropicalis. Conclusion: Our results showed a promising anti-fungal-anti-bacterial effect of A. jesdianum extract. A. jesdianum extract may be used as an alternative to chemical mouthwashes.
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Windayani, Neneng, Yaya Rukayadi, Yana Maolana Syah, and Tri Cahyanto. "Lignans from Phyllanthus niruri L. and Their Antifusarium Properties." Jurnal Kimia Valensi 8, no. 2 (2022): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v8i2.25057.
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In this study, two lignan compounds were isolated from acetone extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. nirtetralin B (1) and phyllanthin (2) using several chromatographic methods followed by molecular structure elucidation mainly based on 1D and 2D of 1H and 13C NMR spectrum. The isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial properties against the plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, using the agar plate well diffusion method. The microdilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicide concentration (MFC). In addition, the microconidia germination inhibition test was carried out using the agar diffusion method. As a result, compound 1 had MIC and MFC values of 4 and 16 μg/mL, respectively. While compound 2 showed the same MIC and MFC values of 16 μg/mL. Further testing on the inhibition of germination of F. oxysporum microconidia showed that compound 2 inhibited microconidia germination 100% at a concentration of 2 × MIC. In comparison, compound 1 at the same concentration was only able to inhibit germination by 29%. This study revealed that compound 2 is a potential new fungicide derived from local medicinal plants. However, further research is needed to identify the interaction mechanism between the test compound and the fungal pathogen F. oxysporum to develop new antifungal agents.
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Rodríguez-Hernández, Adriana-Patricia, Alejandro L. Vega-Jiménez, América R. Vázquez-Olmos, Miriam Ortega-Maldonado, and Laurie-Ann Ximenez-Fyvie. "Antibacterial Properties In Vitro of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles for Dental Applications." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (2023): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030502.
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(1) Dental caries, periodontitis, or peri-implantitis are commensal infections related to oral biofilm former bacteria. Likewise, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) were studied to introduce them to the antibacterial properties of a few microorganisms. Considering this, the purpose of the present investigation was to determine the antibacterial properties of MgO-NPs on representative oral strains. (2) Methods: MgO-NPs with a cubic crystal structure were obtained by magnesium hydroxide mechanical activation. After synthesis, the MgO-NPs product was annealed at 800 °C (2 h). The MgO-NPs obtained were tested against ten oral ATCC strains at ten serial concentrations (1:1 20.0–0.039 mg/mL per triplicate) using the micro-broth dilution method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) or minimal bactericidal concentration (MIB). Measures of OD595 were compared against each positive control with a Student’s t-test. Viability was corroborated by colony-forming units. (3) Results: The polycrystalline structure had an average size of 21 nm as determined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (high resolution). Antimicrobial sensitivity was observed in Capnocytophaga gingivalis (MIB/MIC 10–5 mg/mL), Eikenella corrodens (MIB 10 mg/mL), and Streptococcus sanguinis (MIB 20 mg/mL) at high concentrations of the MgO-NPs and at lower concentrations of the MgO-NPs in Actinomyces israelii (MIB 0.039 mg/mL), Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum (MIB/MIC 5–2.5 mg/mL), Porphyromonas gingivalis (MIB 20 mg/mL/MIC 2.5 mg/mL), Prevotella intermedia (MIB 0.625 mg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 2.5 mg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (MIB 20 mg/mL/MIC 0.321 mg/mL), and Streptococcus sobrinus (MIB/MIC 5–2.5 mg/mL). (4) Conclusions: The MgO-NPs’ reported antibacterial properties in all oral biofilm strains were evaluated for potential use in dental applications.
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Baj, Tomasz, Anna Biernasiuk, Rafał Wróbel, and Anna Malm. "Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata." Open Chemistry 18, no. 1 (2020): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0011.
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AbstractThe purpose of this research was to investigate the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from: Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Poland, and to study their antifungal activity towards clinical isolates of oral Candida spp. The hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed using the GC-MS method. The antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro against oral isolates and reference strains of Candida albicans and C. glabrata, using the broth microdilution method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, allowing for estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). GC-MS analysis revealed that carvacrol was the main EO compound in oregano and summer savory, while thymol and linalool were the major ingredients of thyme and wild thyme oils, respectively. The EOs possessed fungicidal activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, including oral isolates, with MIC = 125 – 2000 mg/L, MFC = 250 – 4000 mg/L and MFC/MIC = 1 – 4, depending on the yeast and plant species. The most active was thyme oil – with MIC = 125 – 500 mg/L, MFC = 250 – 500 mg/L and MFC/MIC = 1 – 2.
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Bertelloni, Fabrizio, Giovanni Cilia, and Filippo Fratini. "Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Effect of Tigecycline on Leptospira spp." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080467.
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Tigecycline is a relatively new antimicrobial, belonging to glycylcyclines with antimicrobial activity against a large spectrum of bacteria. Very few data are available on its effect on Leptospira spp., which consist in a bacteriostatic mechanism. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of tigecycline on reference Leptospira strains belonging to 16 serovars. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined through the microdilutions method, and tetracycline was used as the control. Results showed that tigecycline had higher MIC and MBC values than tetracycline. Obtained MIC values were between 4 and 32 µg/mL, while MBC values between 16 and >128 µg/mL. Patoc (MIC: 4 µg/mL; MBC: 16 µg/mL) resulted in the most susceptible serovar, while the most resistant were Bataviae (MIC: 32 µg/mL; MBC: 64 µg/mL), Bratislava (MIC: 8 µg/mL; MBC 128 µg/mL), and Tarassovi (MIC: 8 µg/mL; MBC: >128 µg/mL). This is the first investigation focused on the effect of tigecycline against Leptospira spp. reference strains. Since tigecycline is used as a treatment for bacteremia and urinary tract disease, and these symptoms could be linked to Leptospira infection, the possibility of using this antibiotic as a treatment for leptospirosis should be evaluated. Further studies are needed to explore the possibility to use tigecycline for in vivo application against Leptospira.
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Rahmawati, Nadia Dwi, Tri Nur Kristina, Endang Sri Lestari, and Hardian Hardian. "IN VITRO TESTING OF CLOVE EXTRACTS IN INHIBITING AND KILLING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI." DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO) 10, no. 1 (2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v10i1.29420.
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Background: Diarrhea that could be caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli can be prevented by increasing hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rub, but frequent use might cause skin irritation. Replacing alcohol with herbs could avoid this side effect. Cloves have been proved to have antibacterial properties. However, most researches used complex extraction methods that might not be applicable on a household scale.Objective: To prove that clove extracts have ability to inhibit and to kill S. aureus and E. coli.Methods: This is an experimental study by using post-test only control group design. Clove extract was obtained with simple aqueous maceration. Samples were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 allocated into six groups: clove extracts at concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100% respectively; 70% alcohol as a positive control; and aquadest as a negative control. Each group was given 5 repetitions of intervention. MIC was measured with dilution method, while MBC with streak method. Negative controls were only used to monitor the quality of this work.Results: MIC of S. aureus was started at 50% concentration of clove extract, while MBC of S. aureus was started at 25 % concentration of the same extract. MIC and MBC of E. coli was both started at 25% concentration of clove extract. MIC and MBC of 100% concentration of clove extract were equal with 70% alcohol.Conclusion: Concentration of 100% clove extracts have similar ability with 70% alcohol to inhibit and to kill S. aureus and E. coli. Keywords: Clove Extracts, Escherichia coli, MBC, MIC, Staphylococcus aureus
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Makevych, Nataliia, Roman Kutsyk, and Lesia Kurovets. "THE EFFECT OF RUTA GRAVEOLENS L. ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS ON SKIN ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCI AND PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 76, no. 7 (2023): 1642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202307119.
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The aim: To define antimicrobial properties of 50%, 70% and 90% ethanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens L. against macrolide resistant (MLS-resistant) skin isolates of staphylococci and Propionibacterium acnes, and to determine MIC and MBC of investigated extracts. Materials and methods: Extracts were prepared by the method of maceration. Bacterial cultures were identified by biochemical microtests. Identification of MLS-resistance type was performed by using disc-diffusion method. The MIC and MBC were determined by serial two-fold dilution of ethanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens L. in MHB and HBB for staphylococci and P. acnes, respectively. Bacterial growth in each well was assayed by absorption at 495 nm, using a spectrophotometer SynergyTMHTX S1LFTA (BioTek Instruments, Inc., USA). Results: All ethanolic extracts of garden ruta were active against all staphylococci and P. acnes skin isolates and showed exclusively bactericidal activity (MBC/MIC ratios ranged from 1 to 2) against all investigated strains. 90% extract of Ruta graveolens L. showed better results than 50% and 70% extracts – average MIC and MBC concentations for P. acnes strains were 1.38±0.66 mg/mL and for staphylococcal strains average MIC was 2.1±1.16 mg/mL and MBC – 2.86±1.2 mg/mL. Conclusions: 50%, 70% and 90% ethanolic garden ruta extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against main skin pathogens, responsible for acnes vulgaris development – S. epidermidis, S. aureus and P. acnes. No difference in susceptibility between resistance and sensitive strains of staphylococci and P. acnes indicate that acquired MLS-resistance of investigated skin isolates does not affect on the level of their sensitivity to ruta extracts.
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Dang Thi Ngoc Thanh, Nguyen Thi Quynh Duyen, and Hoang Minh Tam. "Antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extract and fruit decoction from Morinda persicifolia Buch. – Ham." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 23, no. 3 (2023): 054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.23.3.0218.
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The study investigated antibacterial potentials of Morinda persicifolia Buch. – Ham collected from Lang Sen Wetland Reserve, Long An Province in Vietnam. Antimicrobial activity of M. persicifolia Buch. – Ham was evaluated based on size of antibacterial zone of methanol leaf extract by agar well diffusion method, values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by micro-well dilution method, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by spread plate method and MBC/MIC ratios of fruit decoction against five test bacteria. The results showed that the methanol leaf extract produced growth inhibition zones against test bacteria with diameters of smaller than 6 mm (2.41 mm -5.63 mm). The fruit decoction had MIC of 100 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa and 200 mg/mL for B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli; and MBC about 300 mg/mL to B. cereus and E. coli and 400 mg/mL to B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. MBC/MIC ratios of the fruit decoction against test bacteria were from 1.5 to 4. Thus, the methanol leaf extract was considered antibacterial at weak level and the fruit decoction was considered bactericidal.
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Sharma, Jaishree, and Padma Kumar. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SERIAL EXTRACTS FROM LEAVES AND FRUIT OF AEGLE MARMELOS AND CARICA PAPAYA." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 12 (2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i12.20228.
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Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of water, methanolic and pet ether extracts from leaves and fruit of A. marmelos and C. papaya. Methods: Crude extract of leaves and fruit of Aegle marmelos and Carica papaya were prepared for series of polar solvents by hot extraction method in soxhlet then the extracts were first screened for its antimicrobial activity by “Disc Diffusion Assay” against medically important bacteria, plant pathogen and fungi. Fractions showing activities were then used to determine MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC/MFC (minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentration) by broth dilution and total activity were also calculated.Result: Aegle marmelos shows comparatively significant antimicrobial activity than Carica papaya. However antimicrobial activity was found both solvent and organism dependent. Almost all the extracts of Aegle marmelos show an inhibitory effect against most of the test organism whereas the test extracts Carica papaya show an inhibitory effect against the very few test organisms. Lowest MIC values 0.0195 mg/ml were recorded against Roultella planticola and Klebsiella pneumonae indicate the significant antimicrobial potential of the test extracts. The high value of TA was recorded against Roultella planticola in both the plants. Data were analyzed by one way ANNOVA and values were considered significant at P<0.05Conclusion: The MIC and MBC/MFC values of Aegle marmelos showed its broad antimicrobial potential and is promising in the development of phytomedicine for antimicrobial properties then Carica papaya.
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Mahdiyah, Dede, Nor Maulina, Ali Rakhman Hakim, and Bayu Hari Mukti. "Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Biji Rotan Manau (Calamus manan Miq.) Terhadap Salmonella typhi dan Candida albicans." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 17, no. 2 (2024): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.23122.
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AbstrakDemam tifoid adalah penyakit demam akut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Salmonella typhi. Kandidiasis oral merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh fungi Candida albicans yang banyak terdapat pada mukosa rongga mulut. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu mengidentifikasi aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak biji rotan manau (Calamus manan Miq.) terhadap S. typhi dan C. albicans. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Skrining antimikroba ekstrak biji rotan manau menggunakan metode well-diffusion. Identifikasi aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak biji rotan manau terhadap S. typhi dan C. albicans untuk melihat Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) menggunakan metode broth dilution, sedangkan untuk melihat Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) terhadap S. typhi dan Minimum Fungisidal Concentration (MFC) terhadap C. albicans menggunakan metode solid dilution. Hasil skrining antimikroba didapatkan zona hambat pada ekstrak biji rotan manau terhadap S. typhi sebesar 21,39 mm dan terhadap C. albicans sebesar 16,14 mm. Nilai MIC ekstrak biji rotan manau pada konsentrasi 50% terhadap S. typhi dan C. albicans, sedangkan untuk MBC terhadap S. typhi maupun MFC terhadap C. albicans dari ekstrak biji rotan manau tidak ditemukan karena pada media padat masih ditemukannya pertumbuhan mikroba. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan untuk penelitian lanjutan sebagai temuan awal senyawa potensi antimikroba dari ekstrak biji rotan manau terhadap bakteri dan fungi.AbstractTyphoid fever is an acute febrile illness caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Oral candidiasis is an infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans which is abundant in the oral mucosa. The purpose of this study was to identify the antimicrobial activity of rattan manau seed extract (Calamus manan Miq.) against the bacteria Salmonella typhi and the fungus C. albicans. The extraction method used is the maceration method. Antimicrobial screening of rattan manau seed extract using the well-diffusion method. Identification of antimicrobial activity of rattan manau seed extract against S. typhi bacteria and C. albicans fungi to see Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using the broth dilution method, while to see Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against S. typhi bacteria and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) against the fungus C. albicans using the solid dilution method. The results of antimicrobial screening showed that the inhibition zone in the extract of rattan manau against S. typhi was 21.39 mm and against C. albicans was 16.14 mm. The MIC value of rattan manau seed extract was obtained at a concentration of 50% against S. typhi bacteria and C. albicans fungi, while for MBC against S. typhi and MFC against C. albicans from rattan manau seed extract not found because in solid media microbial growth is still found. The results of this study are expected to be a reference for further research as initial findings of antimicrobial potential compounds from the extract of manau rattan seeds against bacteria and fungi.
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Yetendje Chimi, Larissa, Armel Joseph Agokeng, Guy Sedar Singor Njateng, and Jean Paul Dzoyem. "Effect of combination of doxycycline with natural products against planktonic cells, biofilm, and virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Investigational Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology 7, no. 1 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2024.00091.
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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important environmental, opportunistic, and nosocomial pathogen with a significant threat to public health. Combination therapy has many advantages due to the simultaneous action of two drugs on two separate cellular targets. In the present study, the effect of the combination of doxycycline and natural products against planktonic cells, biofilm, and virulence factors of P. aeruginosa was evaluated. Methods: To perform this work, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of doxycycline and natural products were determined by broth microdilution method. The microtiter plate assay method was used to determine the minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). The effect of doxycycline and natural products against pyocyanin, swarming motility, and swimming motility was evaluated. The checkerboard method was used to evaluate the effect of the combination of doxycycline with natural products against planktonic and biofilm cells. Results: The MIC of doxycycline ranges between 2 µg/mL and 128 µg/mL with an average of 35.89 µg/mL. Sinapic acid shows the best inhibitory activity against planktonic cells with an average MIC of 27.79 µg/mL. At the sub-inhibitory concentrations, the pyocyanin production, swarming motility, and swimming motility decrease. Out of the six combinations tested, the combination formed by doxycycline and sinapic acid exhibited synergistic activity for the prevention of biofilm formation with a 7-fold reduction in MBIC of doxycycline. Conclusion: This study revealed that the doxycycline and sinapic acid combination could be considered as a promising candidate for the development of therapy against P. aeruginosa infections.
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Octiara, Essie, Asima Larasati Sipangkar, and Lora Prist. "Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Ethanol Extract of Batak Onion Bulbs (Allium chinense G.Don.) against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 17, no. 1 (2024): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2856.
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Background: S.mutans is the main pathogen causing caries, while E.faecalis is the dominant microorganism in dental root canals. Batak onion is one of Indonesia's biological resources frequently used as condiments by Batak tribes and possesses antibacterial compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. Aims: To analyze antibacterial activity test based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and antibiofilm from 70% ethanol extract of Batak onion bulbs against S.mutans and E.faecalis. Material and Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment with a post-test only control group design. Determination of MIC by Kirby Baurer disc diffusion method, determination of MBC by streaking method, and colony tests are calculated using colony counters, determination of antibiofilm by Static Microtiter Plate Assays method, and checking the optical density at around 600nm. Data analysis of MIC, MBC, and antibiofilm using Oneway Anova and Post Hoc LSD tests. Results: MIC on S.mutans and E.faecalis was at a concentration of 0.78% with an average of one of inhibition of 9.00 ± 0.43 mm and 8.06 ± 0.20 mm; no MBC was found because no group was able to reduce bacteria 98-98%, Batak onion bulb extract has antibiofilm ability starting at a concentration of 0.78% with the ability to reduce S.mutans bacteria by 84.55% and 85.73% on E.faecalis. Conclusion: 70% ethanol extract of Batak onion bulbs can inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm of S.mutans and E.faecalis. The recommended dose for antibacterial and antibiofilm is a 6.25-50% concentration.
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Kouassi, Elisée Kporou, Ibourahema Coulibaly, Gervais Melaine M'boh, et al. "Comparison of antiaspergillar activity of extracts of Tectona grandis Linn according to two antifungal susceptibility testing." Journal of Phytopharmacology 5, no. 3 (2016): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2016.5301.
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Plants used as antimicrobials in the treatment of infectious diseases in folk medicine are regularly evaluated in different Laboratories. And, the processes of evaluation of antifungal susceptibility are often different to one laboratory to another. This study was undertaken in the goal to compare parameters obtained (MIC and MFC) with two antifungal susceptibility testing. The first one is Agar slant double dilution tubes method (M1) and the second is disc diffusion method /broth dilution according document CLSI M38 -A2 supplemented to 2% glucose (M2). Ethanol (EtOH 70%), Methanol (MeOH) and n-Hexane (n-HexTG) extracts of leaves of Tectona grandis have been tested in comparison to Itraconazole against two clinicals strains of Aspergillus fumigatus 896/AB and Aspergillus flavus 1006/OM isolated to HIV patients. Results showed that on A. flavus, agar slant method (M1) gave MIC ranging between 200 µg/mL and 800 µg/mL while disc diffusion meth/broth dilution (M2) showed growth inhibition between 100 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL. On A. fumigatus, inhibition was observed between 200µg/mL and 400 µg/mL with M2 in contrary M1 gave MIC located between 400 µg/mL and 800 µg/mL. For each strain tested, according method M2, MIC and MFC are identical and with method M1, these parameters were different. Evaluation of Itraconazole on each strain gave with M2, MIC= 50 µg/mL while inhibition has been showed at 100 µg/mL and 200µg/mL with M1. Also considering extracts, hydroalcoholic extract of T. grandis (EtOHTG) showed antifungal susceptibility testing less 2 to 4 efficiency than Itraconazole. Disc diffusion method/broth dilution (M2) according CLSI M38-A2 to evaluate Tectona grandis antifungal susceptibility is the process of evaluation which allo wed having lo west antifungal parameters (MIC and MFC) on A. flavus and A. fumigatus.
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Surco-Laos, Felipe, Jorge A. Garcia, María R. Bendezú, et al. "In vitro antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of Senecio nutans Sch. Beep. (Asteraceae)." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 10, no. 6 (2022): 1026–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres22.1471_10.6.1026.
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Context: Senecio nutans Sch. Beep. is used by the Andean population of Ayacucho-Peru as traditional medicine for various health problems. Aims: To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of leaves of S. nutans against the enteropathogen Escherichia coli and the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Methods: The antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays; the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar diffusion method, and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal (MBC), and fungicidal concentration (MFC). Results: Polyphenols, terpenes, and tannins were identified; the total polyphenolic content was 67.91 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g. The ethanolic extract at 20 mg/mL showed moderate antibacterial activity (79.14 ± 0.02% inhibition, MIC and MBC >400 μg/mL on E. coli), and antifungal (88.90 ± 0.17% inhibition, MIC and MCF >400 μg/mL on A. niger); radical scavenging capacity (ABTS 10.31 ± 0.09 mM TE/g; DPPH 8.28 ± 0.07 IC50 µg/mL) and iron reducing power (FRAP 17.72 ± 0.11 mM TE/g). S. nutans turned out to be a potential antimicrobial and antioxidant species associated with the presence of its bioactive components, for which further investigation is warranted. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of leaves S. nutans showed moderate activity against pathogenic bacteria (E. coli) and filamentous fungus (A. niger), as well as antioxidant activity in three in vitro methods.
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G., Kalaivani N. Siddharthan G. Thangadurai E. Poongothai R. Thilagam and N. Hemalatha*. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM MARINE SPONGE (CLATHRIA INDICA) ASSOCIATED BACTERIA." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 11 (2017): 3888–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1041770.
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Objective: To isolate the potential bioactive secondary metabolites producing bacteria associated with Clathria indica from Thondi, Tamil Nadu. Methods: Ethyl acetate extraction method was used to extract the secondary metabolites and antimicrobial assays was carried out. Results: Three potential strains were highly active in test pathogens. The extracted secondary metabolites were used to MIC and MBC test. Conclusion: Based on the present study MSB11 secondary metabolites can be effective bioactive drug against clinical pathogens. Keywords: secondary metabolites, Clathria indica, MSB11 strain, clinical pathogens, MIC and MBC
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Moradi, Melika, Effat Abbasi Montazeri, Sirous Rafiei Asl, et al. "In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) and Carvacrol (CV) Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Antibiotics 14, no. 4 (2025): 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040367.
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Background/Objectives: Biofilm-embedded bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), are highly resistant to antibiotics, making their treatment challenging. Plant-based natural compounds (PBCs) and metal(loid)-based antimicrobials (MBAs) are promising alternatives. This study evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and synergistic effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), carvacrol (CV), and antibiotics (ciprofloxacin [CIP], tobramycin [TOB], and azithromycin [AZM]) against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Methods: The MIC and MBC of ZnSO4, CV, and antibiotics were determined using a 96-well plate method. Cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC), minimal biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) indices were calculated for each combination of agents. Checkerboard assays identified interactions, and the effectiveness of combinations was further evaluated in a mouse chronic lung infection model with treatments delivered intratracheally, intraperitoneally, and orally. Results: TOB had the lowest MIC and MBC values, proving most effective against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Strong synergy was observed with CV + ZnSO4 (CV + Zn) combined with CIP, CV with CIP, and CV + Zn with TOB, as indicated by low FIC indices. CV + Zn with TOB and CV with TOB had low FBC indices, while CV + Zn with AZM showed antagonism. In vivo, intratracheal TOB + CV + Zn reduced lung inflammation and tissue involvement, yielding the best histopathological outcomes. The MIC of CIP and TOB was reduced 5-fold and 4-fold, respectively, when combined with CV + Zn. Conclusions: CV + Zn demonstrated strong synergistic effects with antibiotics and effectively managed P. aeruginosa lung infections in mice. These findings highlight its potential as an innovative therapy for biofilm-associated infections.
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Sukmawati, Ika Kurnia, Diah Rakhmawati, and Ari Yuniarto. "ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT AND FRACTION OF AURICULARIA AURICULAR ON CANDIDA ALBICANS, MICROSPORUM GYPSEUM, AND ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 13 (2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s1.26591.
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Objective: Indonesia with high humidity and rainfall strongly supports the growth of fungi. The incidence of fungal infections has increased dramatically over the past three decades. Several factors including microbiological resistance led to the failure of antifungal therapy. This research was to evaluate the antifungal activity of extract and fraction of Auricularia auricula against the test fungus.Methods: Antifungal activity was performed by microdilution method using extract and n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, methanol, and water fraction of A. auricula. MIC was determined by observing the turbidity compared with the control solution. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined by the presence of fungi colonies growth on medium after incubation for 24 h.Results: The fractions of A. auricular have antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with MIC 512 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml; Microsporum gypseum with MIC 256 μg/ml in the extract; MIC 512 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml of ethyl acetate fraction; MIC 256 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml in n-hexane fraction; and Aspergillus flavus with MIC 2048 μg/ml and MFC 2048 μg/ml in the extract and ethyl acetate fraction. The most potent activity on C. albicans was exhibited by ethyl acetate fraction with MIC and MFC 512 μg/ml. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the structure of fungi cells after contact with the test solution.Conclusion: The best antifungal activity of A. auricula was ethyl acetate fraction against C. albicans.
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Kamalia, Nor, Maharani Laillyza Apriasari, and Yusrinie Wasiaturrahmah. "ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF MAULI BANANA STEM AND BASIL LEAVES EXTRACT MIXTURE AGAINST Candida albicans." Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 5, no. 2 (2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v5i2.8948.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Mauli banana stem and basil leaves are natural ingredients that have the potential to be used as a treatment for Candida albicans infections. The methanol extract of mauli banana stem with 25% concentration is merely fungistatic which is still not capable to induce fungicidal effect, while the 100% concentration is known to be less effective than 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Adding basil leaves extract to mauli banana stem extract is expected to increase antifungal activities against Candida albicans. Purpose: to analyze the antifungal activity of mauli banana stem and basil leaves extract mixture with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% against Candida albicans by dilution method. Method: This research used a true experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design consisting of 11 treatments to obtain Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Result: The 10% concentration was identified as the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and no concentration could be classified as the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) because all treatment group still exhibited Candida albicans growth on the SDA medium. Conclusion: Mauli banana stem and basil leaves extract mixture has an MIC value of 10% and does not demonstrate any value for the MBC. Keywords: Basil leaf, Candida albicans, Mauli banana stem, MBC, MIC
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Kikowska, Małgorzata, Jolanta Długaszewska, Marcelina Maria Kubicka, Izabela Kędziora, Jaromir Budzianowski, and Barbara Thiem. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts and their fractions from three Eryngium L. species." Herba Polonica 62, no. 2 (2016): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2016-0012.
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SummaryIntroduction:Due to increasing resistance against antibiotics and antifungal agents, crude plant extracts, fractions, and isolated pure compounds became a new interest as antimicrobial agents.Objectives:The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts and fractions ofEryngium planumL.,E. campestreL., andE. maritimumL. was evaluated against selected bacteria, yeast and mould, and compared in testedEryngiumspecies and in their organs.Methods:The antimicrobial activity was studied with use of broth microdilution method. The antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungal (Candida albicans,Aspergillus niger) activity of selected extracts and fractions compared with the reference substance was expressed by Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC). The extract and fraction compounds were identified on the basis of TLC examination.Results:The saponin-phenolic acid fractions ofE. maritimumandE. planumand a saponin fraction ofE. planumshowed the highest activity againstS. aureus(MIC = 1–2.5 mg·ml−1). The growth ofC. albicanswas inhibited by methanolic extract ofE. planumcell suspension culture (MIC = 7.8 mg·ml−1).Conclusion:The antimicrobial activity depends on theEryngiumspecies, tested biomass, and microorganism.
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Situmorang, Nurbaity. "Efek Ekstrak dan Fraksi Herbal Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth., Terhadap Beberapa Bakteri Patogen Kulit." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri, Kesehatan) 4, no. 2 (2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v4i2.973.
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The study of extract and fraction of <em>Peperomia pellucida</em> (L.) Kunth., herbal’s against several dermal pathogenic bacteria have been carried out in Research Laboratory of Pharmacy Department and Microbiology and Micology Laboratory Biology Department Faculty Mathematic and Natural Sciences Andalas University and Regional Medical Laboratory Center in Gunung Pangilun Padang from July until October 2007. Three kinds of dermal pathogenic bacteria were used : <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> and <em>Proteus vulgaris</em>. Antimicrobial activity was determined base on their MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) through dilution method that used “Microtiterplate 96-well”. The Result showed that the best activity of herbal extract was against <em>Proteus vulgaris</em> (MIC 7,81 ppm and MBC 125 ppm). The most active fraction was showed in n-hexane against <em>Proteus vulgaris</em> (MIC 0,63 ppm and MBC 250 ppm), the etil acetat fraction (MIC 2,50 ppm and MBC 500 ppm), while the activity of n-butanol and aquaeous fraction (MIC 5 ppm and MBC 500 ppm, respectively).
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Gniewosz, Małgorzata, Karolina Kraśniewska, Olga Kosakowska, Katarzyna Pobiega, and Iwona Wolska. "Chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of petitgrain (Citrus aurantium L. var. amara) essential oil." Herba Polonica 63, no. 4 (2017): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2017-0021.
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Summary Introduction: Due to its low cost and easy availability on the market, the petitgrain oil is commonly used in food, cosmetics, and aromatherapy. Objective: The examination of chemical composition and antibacterial activity of commercial petitgrain oil. Methods: Identification of chemical components of the petitgrain oil was performed by gas chromatography (GC). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were determined using macrodilution method for the reference strains of bacteria and fungi. Results: Twenty components were identified. The petitgrain oil contained mostly oxygenated monoterpene hydrocarbons (98.01%), and the main components included linalyl acetate (48.06%) and linalool (26.88%). The MIC/MBC of the petitgrain oil for bacteria was in the range of 0.63-5.0/1.25-5.0 mg/ml and for fungi in the range of 1.25-40/5.0-80 mg/ml. Conclusion: The petitgrain oil had higher antibacterial activity than antifungal activity. Bacillus subtilis among the tested bacteria and Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum among the fungi were found to be highly inhibited by the petitgrain oil.
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Widelski, Jarosław, Piotr Okińczyc, Katarzyna Suśniak, et al. "Phytochemical Profile and Antimicrobial Potential of Propolis Samples from Kazakhstan." Molecules 28, no. 7 (2023): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072984.
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In the current paper, we present the results of Kazakh propolis investigations. Due to limited data about propolis from this country, research was focused mainly on phytochemical analysis and evaluation of propolis antimicrobial activity. uHPLC-DAD (ultra-high-pressure-liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection, UV/VIS) and uHPLC-MS/MS (ultra-high-pressure-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) were used to phytochemical characteristics while antimicrobial activity was evaluated in the serial dilution method (MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration, and MBC/MFC, minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentration measurements). In the study, Kazakh propolis exhibited a strong presence of markers characteristic of poplar-type propolis—flavonoid aglycones (pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin and pinobanskin-3-O-acetate) and hydroxycinnamic acid monoesters (mainly caffeic acid phenethyl ester and different isomers of caffeic acid prenyl ester). The second plant precursor of Kazakh propolis was aspen–poplar with 2-acetyl-1,3-di-p-coumaroyl glycerol as the main marker. Regarding antimicrobial activity, Kazakh propolis revealed stronger activity against reference Gram-positive strains (MIC from 31.3 to above 4000 mg/L) and yeasts (MIC from 62.5 to 1000 mg/L) than against reference Gram-negative strains (MIC ≥ 4000 mg/L). Moreover, Kazakh propolis showed good anti-Helicobacter pylori activity (MIC and MBC were from 31.3 to 62.5 mg/L). All propolis samples were also tested for H. pylori urease inhibitory activity (IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration, ranged from 440.73 to 11,177.24 µg/mL). In summary Kazakh propolis are potent antimicrobial agents and may be considered as a medicament in the future.
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Yiase, S. G., S. O. Adejo, and S. T. Iningev. "Manganese (II) and Cobalt (II) Acetylacetonates as Antimicrobial Agents." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1 (March 14, 2019): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.43.
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Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes were prepared by reaction of the metal chlorides with acetylacetone in ammonical aqueous medium. The metal complexes were prepared in order to investigate their antimicrobial activity on some selected pathogens. The characterisation of the complexes was on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques like infrared and ultraviolet studies. The compounds were subjected to antimicrobial activity screening using serial broth dilution method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined. Mn(II) complex has shown significantly both antibacterial and antifungal activity with a MIC of 1.25 μg/mL while Co(II) complex was noticeable for antifungal activity at the same concentration. Whereas Mn(II) acetylacetonate is a more potent bactericide while Co(II) acetylacetonate is a more potent fungicide, both with MBC/MFC value of 2.5 μg/mL. Antimicrobial agent of the ligand has enhanced on complexation with Mn(II) and Co(II) ions. Though, the potency of the prepared antibiotics on the tested microbes is less compared to the standard drugs (Ciprofloxacin and Fulcin).
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Arya, Pooja. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Essential Oils from Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 7 (2024): 1196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63753.
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Abstract: This study investigates the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils extracted from Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and in vitro antimicrobial assays. Essential oils were extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus tereticornis through hydrodistillation, yielding 2.5% (v/w) of oil. GC-MS analysis identified 32 compounds, with 1,8-cineole (45.2%), α-pinene (15.8%), and β-pinene (9.3%) being the predominant constituents. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was tested against a range of pathogenic microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger), using the broth microdilution method. The essential oils exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 mg/mL. The lowest MIC value of 0.25 mg/mL was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, while Candida albicans and Escherichia coli showed MIC values of 1.0 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were generally one dilution higher than the MIC values, confirming the bactericidal and fungicidal properties of the oils.
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Korona-Głowniak, Izabela, Martyna Kasela, Barbara Pliszka, Daniel Zalewski, and Anna Malm. "Content of selected polyphenolic compounds in four Sambucus nigra l. cultivars in relation to their antimicrobial activity." Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research 80, no. 6 (2024): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/appdr/175051.
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European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) fruits constitute a valuable source of biologically active compounds useful in the pharmaceutical industry. We aimed to determine the content of chosen polyphenolic compounds in fruit extracts from four cultivars of elderberry (Alleso, Korsor, Sampo, Samyl) and their relation to antibacterial and antifungal activity. The content of polyphenols was determined with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while antimicrobial activity, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal (MBC) or fungicidal (MFC) concentration, was studied with the use of microbroth dilution method. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of concentrations of cyanidin glycosides, caffeic and quercetin derivatives depending on the plant cultivar. The extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus spp. (MIC = 0.313 – 0.625 mg/mL) and Helicobacter pylori (MIC = 0.313 – 1.25 mg/mL) and antifungal against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis (MIC = 0.313 – 2.5 mg/mL). Results showed that the concentration of cyanidin glycosides, caffeic and quercetin derivatives depended on the analyzed S. nigra L. cultivar and pointed towards a correlation between their high content and antimicrobial activity. These results support the idea that elderberry fruits contain bioactive compounds providing them significant antimicrobial potential.
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Sader, Helio S., Thomas R. Fritsche, and Ronald N. Jones. "Daptomycin Bactericidal Activity and Correlation between Disk and Broth Microdilution Method Results in Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains with Decreased Susceptibility to Vancomycin." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 7 (2006): 2330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01491-05.
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ABSTRACT A total of 207 Staphylococcus aureus strains, including 105 well-characterized strains with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin (17 vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus [VISA] and 88 heteroresistant VISA [hVISA] strains) and 102 wild-type methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA-WT) strains were tested by reference/standardized broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods, as well as by Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden), against daptomycin and vancomycin. The lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that killed ≥99.9% of the initial inoculum was defined as the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) endpoint, and time-kill curves were performed in selected strains to further evaluate bactericidal activity. All MRSA-WT and hVISA strains were inhibited by ≤1 μg/ml of daptomycin, while the VISA strains showed slightly higher daptomycin MICs (range, 0.5 to 4 μg/ml). All daptomycin MBC results were at the MIC or twofold higher. In contrast, 14.7% of MRSA-WT, 69.3% of hVISA, and all VISA strains showed a vancomycin MBC/MIC ratio of ≥32 or an MBC of ≥16 μg/ml (tolerant). The correlation coefficients between broth microdilution and disk diffusion method results were low for daptomycin (0.07) and vancomycin (0.11). Eight (3.8%) strains (all hVISA or VISA) were “nonsusceptible” to daptomycin by broth microdilution methods but susceptible by the disk diffusion method. For vancomycin, 35 (16.9%) strains were nonsusceptible by broth microdilution methods but susceptible by disk diffusion methods. In conclusion, daptomycin was highly bactericidal against S. aureus strains, and its bactericidal activity was not affected by decreased susceptibility to vancomycin. In contrast, many (one in seven) contemporary MRSA-WT, the majority of hVISA, and all VISA strains showed vancomycin MBC/MIC ratios consistent with tolerance, a predictor of poor clinical response. Disk diffusion tests generally failed to detect strains categorized as nonsusceptible to daptomycin or vancomycin by the reference broth microdilution method or Etest, and reassessment of breakpoints should be immediately attempted for MIC methods suggested as the test of choice.
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Malinda, Yuti, Dea Hanin Azhara, Kartikaning Harnung, and Diani Prisinda. "<strong>Effectiveness of ChKM solution compared to triple-antibiotic paste as an intracanal medicament for bacteria that cause a chronic periapical abscess</strong>." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 34, no. 1 (2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol34no1.28642.
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Introduction: Chronic periapical abscesses are caused by polymicrobial bacteria, including E. faecalis, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and P. gingivalis. These bacteria can be eliminated with chlorophenol camphor menthol (ChKM) solution and triple-antibiotic paste (TAP) as an intracanal medicament. This study compared the effectiveness of ChKM solution to triple-antibiotic paste as an intracanal medicament for bacteria that cause a chronic periapical abscess. Methods: An experimental laboratory was conducted in-vitro with the microdilution method and optical density measurement using a spectrophotometer. The cell inhibition percentage was calculated to determine the MIC value. The MBC values were confirmed by cultivating the Mueller Hinton Agar samples, incubating them at 37°C for 24 hours, and observing bacterial growth. Bacteria did not grow in the medium at MBC value. The lower MIC and MBC were sensitive and could be an effective medicament choice. Results: The MIC ChKM solution inhibits E. faecalis ATCC 29212, S. mutans ATCC 25175, S. sanguinis ATCC 10556, and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 were 4000, 4000, 2000, and 2000 µg/mL consecutively. While MIC of TAP were 6, 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, MBC of the ChKM solution were 32000, 32000, 8000, 8000 µg/mL and MBC of the TAP were 768, 24, 24, 96 µg/mL. Conclusions: ChKM solution and TAP effectively inhibited and killed E. faecalis, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and P. gingivalis as an intracanal medicament, as seen from the MIC and MBC values. However, TAP is more effective than the ChKM solution because MIC and MBC values of TAP are much lower than the ChKM solution. This finding indicated that TAP is more effective at the lowest concentration than ChKM solution. It should be highlighted that this was an in-vitro study involving specific microbes; thus, further clinical research is needed.
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Dharsono, Hendra Dian Adhita, Denny Nurdin, Fajar Fatriadi, Yolanda Dwiutami Gondowidjojo, Ellizabeth Yunita, and Eti Apriyanti. "Antibacterial potential of strawberries and basil extracts combination against Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556)." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 33, no. 3 (2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol33no3.35894.
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Introduction: Streptococcus sanguinis is a commensal microorganism as well as a pioneer colony in forming dental plaque. Oral biofilm formation can be prevented by a mechanical cleaning procedure followed by the use of mouthwash. The current gold standard for mouthwash is chlorhexidine. Nevertheless, it has side effects that are not recommended for long-term use. Previous studies had proven that herbal-based mouthwashes such as basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) and strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa) have been shown to have antibacterial properties. The effectivity of antibacterial activity phenomenon in combined extracts has been reported in other studies. This research aims to observe the antibacterial potential of the F. x ananassa and O. basilicum extract combinations against S. sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Methods: The sample of this study was a combination of F. x ananassa and O. basilicum extract, which initially screened for their antibacterial activities. Antibacterial activities of F. x ananassa and O. basilicum extracts against S. sanguinis were observed using Kirby Bauer method, while Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by serial microdilution method. The 2% concentration from each extract was combined in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 volume ratio variations then tested for inhibitory zones, MIC, and MBC. Results: F. x ananassa extract had 0.125% and 0.25% for MIC and MBC respectively, while O. basilicum extract showed the value of MIC and MBC as 0.031% and 0.063% against S. sanguinis (ATCC 10556). The extract combinations in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 volume ratio variations showed 0.016% for MIC and 0.031% for MBC. Conclusions: It was concluded that combining extracts of 2 % F. x ananassa and 2% O. basilicum in various ratios were observably to have the antibacterial potential against S. sanguinis (ATCC 10556).
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Wang, Panru, and Junying Zhang. "A novel piecewise-linear method for detecting associations between variables." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0290280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290280.
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Detecting the association between two variables is necessary and meaningful in the era of big data. There are many measures to detect the association between them, some detect linear association, e.g., simple and fast Pearson correlation coefficient, and others detect nonlinear association, e.g., computationally expensive and imprecise maximal information coefficient (MIC). In our study, we proposed a novel maximal association coefficient (MAC) based on the idea that any nonlinear association can be considered to be composed of some piecewise-linear ones, which detects linear or nonlinear association between two variables through Pearson coefficient. We conduct experiments on some simulation data, with the results show that the MAC has both generality and equitability. In addition, we also apply MAC method to two real datasets, the major-league baseball dataset from Baseball Prospectus and dataset of credit card clients’ default, to detect the association strength of pairs of variables in these two datasets respectively. The experimental results show that the MAC can be used to detect the association between two variables, and it is computationally inexpensive and precise than MIC, which may be potentially important for follow-up data analysis and the conclusion of data analysis in the future.
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Akinjogunla, Olajide J., Abigail E. Otong, Uko C. Etok, and Opeyemi K. Fatunla. "Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by <i>Lactobacillus planetarium</i> isolated from fermented sorghum bicolor and in vitro antimicrobial activities." Science World Journal 20, no. 1 (2025): 206–13. https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v20i1.27.
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The need for novel antimicrobial agents has driven interest in the synthesis of nanoparticles with broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. This study was undertaken to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Lactobacillus plantarum from fermented sorghum. The Ag-NPs were characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, and IR-470 spectrometer. The antimicrobial efficacies of Ag-NPs were determined by the agar well diffusion method. The UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the Ag-NPs had an absorption peak at 420 nm. Of the sixteen isolates tested, 25 µg/mL of biosynthesized AgNPs inhibited 81.3% of isolates, 100 µg/mL of biosynthesized AgNPs inhibited 93.8% of isolates, while all the isolates were sensitive to biosynthesized AgNPs at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. The lowest and highest mean zone of inhibition obtained was 9.2 ± 0.2 mm and 20.0 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 6.25 μg/mL for S. aureus, C. freundii, P. aeruginosa, C. dubliniensis, and C. parapsilosis to 100 μg/mL for S. flexneri and C. glabrata. The minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of biosynthesized AgNPs ranged between 12.5 to ˃200 μg/mL. The MBC/MIC biosynthesized AgNPs on bacterial isolates and MFC/MIC ratios of biosynthesized AgNPs on Candida isolates ranged from 1 to 4 and 2 to 4, respectively. The regression values of biosynthesized AgNPs, as exhibited by the bacterial and Candida isolates, ranged from 0.6049 to 0.9285 and 0.5750 to 0.8902, respectively. Biosynthesized AgNPs from the CFS of L. plantarum demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with MBC and MFC values confirming their bactericidal and fungicidal effects.
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Nardi, Gianna Maria, Sara Fais, Cinzia Casu, et al. "Mouthwash Based on Ozonated Olive Oil in Caries Prevention: A Preliminary In-Vitro Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (2020): 9106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239106.
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(1) Background: Ozone (O3) proved to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds, and its efficacy against bacteria, viruses and fungi plasma membranes was of interest. Ozone vehicle can be a gaseous form, ozonated water or ozonized oil. The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of ozonated olive oil against Streptococcus mutans. (2) Methods: Two different commercial mouthwashes were tested: Ialozon Blu (IB) (Gemavip, Cagliari, Italy), with ozonated olive oil, and Ialozon Rose (IR) (Gemavip, Cagliari, Italy), with ozonated olive oil, hyaluronic acid and vitamin E. All formulates were analyzed in a dilution range from 2- to 256-folds in saline solution, as to reproduce the salivary dilution. Streptococcus mutans CIP103220 strain was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test, and the Kirby–Bauer inhibition method was performed to evaluate the Minimum Inhibitory (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal (MBC), and Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC). (3) Results: Both formulates showed the same antimicrobial activity. MIC, MBC, and MBIC were observed for dilution factors of 1/32, 1/8 and 1/8, respectively. The mean value of inhibition zone diameter was 16.5 mm for IB, and 18 mm for IR. (4) Conclusions: The results suggested that ozonized olive oil formulates were able to inactivate Streptococcus mutans avoiding the salivary dilution effect in the oral cavity.