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Journal articles on the topic 'Microcystin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Rohrlack, Thomas, Elke Dittmann, Thomas Börner, and Kirsten Christoffersen. "Effects of Cell-Bound Microcystins on Survival and Feeding of Daphnia spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 8 (2001): 3523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.8.3523-3529.2001.

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ABSTRACT The influence of cell-bound microcystins on the survival time and feeding rates of six Daphnia clones belonging to five common species was studied. To do this, the effects of the microcystin-producing Microcystis strain PCC7806 and its mutant, which has been genetically engineered to knock out microcystin synthesis, were compared. Additionally, the relationship between microcystin ingestion rate by the Daphnia clones andDaphnia survival time was analyzed. Microcystins ingested with Microcystis cells were poisonous to allDaphnia clones tested. The median survival time of the animals wa

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2

Johansson, Emma, Catherine Legrand, Caroline Björnerås, et al. "High Diversity of Microcystin Chemotypes within a Summer Bloom of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis botrys." Toxins 11, no. 12 (2019): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120698.

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The fresh-water cyanobacterium Microcystis is known to form blooms world-wide, and is often responsible for the production of microcystins found in lake water. Microcystins are non-ribosomal peptides with toxic effects, e.g. on vertebrates, but their function remains largely unresolved. Moreover, not all strains produce microcystins, and many different microcystin variants have been described. Here we explored the diversity of microcystin variants within Microcystis botrys, a common bloom-former in Sweden. We isolated a total of 130 strains through the duration of a bloom in eutrophic Lake Vom

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Ballot, Andreas, Morten Sandvik, Thomas Rundberget, Christo J. Botha, and Christopher O. Miles. "Diversity of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 2 (2014): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13153.

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The South African Hartbeespoort Dam is known for the occurrence of heavy Microcystis blooms. Although a few other cyanobacterial genera have been described, no detailed study on those cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted. The diversity of cyanobacterial species and toxins is most probably underestimated. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Hartbeespoort Dam, water samples were collected in April 2011. In a polyphasic approach, 27 isolated cyanobacterial strains were classified morphologically and phylogenetically

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4

Vaitomaa, Jaana, Anne Rantala, Katrianna Halinen, et al. "Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Determination of Microcystin Synthetase E Copy Numbers for Microcystis and Anabaena in Lakes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 12 (2003): 7289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7289-7297.2003.

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ABSTRACT Cyanobacterial mass occurrences in freshwater lakes are generally formed by Anabaena, Microcystis, and Planktothrix, which may produce cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, microcystins. Thus far, identification of the most potent microcystin producer in a lake has not been possible due to a lack of quantitative methods. The aim of this study was to identify the microcystin-producing genera and to determine the copy numbers of microcystin synthetase gene E (mcyE) in Lake Tuusulanjärvi and Lake Hiidenvesi in Finland by quantitative real-time PCR. The microcystin concentrations and cyanoba

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5

Wang, Suqin, Siyu Yang, Jun Zuo, et al. "Simultaneous Removal of the Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis and Cyanotoxin Microcystins via Combined Use of Algicidal Bacterial Filtrate and the Microcystin-Degrading Enzymatic Agent, MlrA." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (2021): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081594.

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Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms (e.g., Microcystis blooms) constitute a major global environmental problem because of their risks to public health and aquatic ecological systems. Current physicochemical treatments of toxic cyanobacteria cause the significant release of cyanotoxin microcystins from damaged cells. Biological control is a promising eco-friendly technology to manage harmful cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Here, we demonstrated an efficient biological control strategy at the laboratory scale to simultaneously remove Microcystis and microcystins via the combined use of the algicidal

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6

Ho, Lionel, Nawal Kayal, Rino Trolio, and Gayle Newcombe. "Determining the fate of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and microcystin toxins following chloramination." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (2010): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.448.

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The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa can produce potent toxins known as microcystins. While many studies have focussed on the chlorination of microcystin toxins, little work has been conducted with respect to the chloramination of the microcystins. In addition, no studies have been reported on the effect of chloramination on intact Microcystis cells. This study was conducted to determine the fate of M. aeruginosa cells and microcystin toxins following chloramination of a drinking water source. Results indicate that monochloramine could effectively oxidise dissolved microcystin-LR (MCLR) p

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7

Kurmayer, Rainer, Guntram Christiansen, and Ingrid Chorus. "The Abundance of Microcystin-Producing Genotypes Correlates Positively with Colony Size in Microcystis sp. and Determines Its Microcystin Net Production in Lake Wannsee." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 2 (2003): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.2.787-795.2003.

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ABSTRACT The working hypotheses tested on a natural population of Microcystis sp. in Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany) were that (i) the varying abundance of microcystin-producing genotypes versus non-microcystin-producing genotypes is a key factor for microcystin net production and (ii) the occurrence of a gene for microcystin net production is related to colony morphology, particularly colony size. To test these hypotheses, samples were fractionated by colony size with a sieving procedure during the summer of 2000. Each colony size class was analyzed for cell numbers, the proportion of microcys

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8

Bittencourt-Oliveira, MC, MC Oliveira, and E. Pinto. "Diversity of microcystin-producing genotypes in Brazilian strains of Microcystis (Cyanobacteria)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 1 (2011): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000100030.

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Microcystis Kützing ex Lemmermann is among the genera of cyanobacteria often associated to toxic blooms with the release of microcystins. A gene cluster codes for microcystin synthetases, which are involved in the biosynthesis of this toxin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of the mcyB gene, specifically the B1 module, in Brazilian strains of Microcystis spp. and its microcystin variants. Broad genetic diversity was revealed in this region. From the phylogenetic analysis, three clusters were obtained that were not related to the geographic origin or morphos

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9

Wang, Hui, Cyndee L. Gruden, Thomas B. Bridgeman, and Justin D. Chaffin. "Detection and quantification of Microcystis spp. and microcystin-LR in Western Lake Erie during the summer of 2007." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (2009): 1837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.517.

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Microcystis spp. blooms have occurred annually in western Lake Erie since about 1995. Microcystis produce a group of toxins known as microcystins which can be harmful to livestock and to humans. In this study, surface water samples were collected from six sites during six sampling events from July to October in 2007. In situ environmental data (e.g. pH, temperature) and laboratory analyses (e.g. nutrients) were carried out to characterize the six sites. The Microcystis spp. density ranged from 102 to 107 cells/ml. Microcystin-LR concentration of 20 of all 36 samples were below the detection li

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10

Oh, Hee-Mock, Seog June Lee, Jee-Hwan Kim, Hee-Sik Kim, and Byung-Dae Yoon. "Seasonal Variation and Indirect Monitoring of Microcystin Concentrations in Daechung Reservoir, Korea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 4 (2001): 1484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.4.1484-1489.2001.

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ABSTRACT Physicochemical and biological water quality, including the microcystin concentration, was investigated from spring to autumn 1999 in the Daechung Reservoir, Korea. The dominant genus in the cyanobacterial blooming season was Microcystis. The microcystin concentration in particulate form increased dramatically from August up to a level of 200 ng liter−1 in early October and thereafter tended to decrease. The microcystin concentration in dissolved form was about 28% of that of the particulate form. The microcystins detected using a protein phosphatase (PP) inhibition assay were highly

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11

Rohrlack, Thomas, Elke Dittmann, Manfred Henning, Thomas Börner, and Johannes-Günter Kohl. "Role of Microcystins in Poisoning and Food Ingestion Inhibition of Daphnia galeata Caused by the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 2 (1999): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.2.737-739.1999.

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ABSTRACT The effects of microcystins on Daphnia galeata, a typical filter-feeding grazer in eutrophic lakes, were investigated. To do this, the microcystin-producing wild-type strain Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 was compared with a mcy− PCC7806 mutant, which could not synthesize any variant of microcystin due to mutation of a microcystin synthetase gene. The wild-type strain was found to be poisonous toD. galeata, whereas the mcy− mutant did not have any lethal effect on the animals. Both variants of PCC7806 were able to reduce the Daphnia ingestion rate. Our results suggest that microcystin

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12

Zilliges, Yvonne, Jan-Christoph Kehr, Stefan Mikkat, et al. "An Extracellular Glycoprotein Is Implicated in Cell-Cell Contacts in the Toxic Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 8 (2008): 2871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01867-07.

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ABSTRACT Microcystins are the most common cyanobacterial toxins found in freshwater lakes and reservoirs throughout the world. They are frequently produced by the unicellular, colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa; however, the role of the peptide for the producing organism is poorly understood. Differences in the cellular aggregation of M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 and a microcystin-deficient ΔmcyB mutant guided the discovery of a surface-exposed protein that shows increased abundance in PCC 7806 mutants deficient in microcystin production compared to the abundance of this protein in the w

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13

Murphy, Tom, Kim Irvine, Jay Guo, et al. "New Microcystin Concerns in the Lower Great Lakes." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 1 (2003): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.008.

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Abstract Water samples were collected in the summer of 2001 for microcystin analysis, nutrients and algal enumeration from Hamilton Harbour (Lake Ontario), Wendt Beach (Lake Erie) and Presque Isle (Lake Erie). Microcystin concentrations varied largely and were present at acute toxicity levels only in some wind-concentrated scums of blue-green algae (&gt;90% Microcystis, primarily M. botrys, M. viridis and some M. wesenbergii) in Hamilton Harbour. In Hamilton Harbour, microcystin-RR was the main microcystin with microcystin-YR and -LR also present. The two samples of August 17 and September

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Wiedner, Claudia, Petra M. Visser, Jutta Fastner, James S. Metcalf, Geoffrey A. Codd, and Luuc R. Mur. "Effects of Light on the Microcystin Content of Microcystis Strain PCC 7806." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 3 (2003): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.3.1475-1481.2003.

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ABSTRACT Many cyanobacteria produce microcystins, hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides that can affect animals and humans. The effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on microcystin production by Microcystis strain PCC 7806 were studied in continuous cultures. Microcystis strain PCC 7806 was grown under PAR intensities between 10 and 403 μmol of photons m−2 s−1 on a light-dark rhythm of 12 h -12 h. The microcystin concentration per cell, per unit biovolume and protein, was estimated under steady-state and transient-state conditions and on a diurnal timescale. The cellular microcystin

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15

Falcone-Dias, Maria Fernanda, Marianna Vaz Rodrigues, Jeppe Lund Nielsen, et al. "Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and microcystins in hydroelectric reservoirs used for fish farming." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 6 (2020): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.089.

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Abstract Fish farming can have a negative impact on water quality and aquatic organisms due to emerging blooms of Cyanobacteria and the production of cyanotoxins. In this study, the effect of aquaculture in hydroelectric reservoirs in Brazil was evaluated in six fish farms and in upstream and downstream water through analysis of the microbiome, Cyanobacteria and microcystin concentrations. Synechococcus and Microcystis were observed at all six locations, while Limnothrix was also observed abundantly at two locations. An increase in the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria inside the fish farms

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Lahti, K., J. Rapala, A.-L. Kivimäki, J. Kukkonen, M. Niemelä, and K. Sivonen. "Occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources and treated drinking water of Finnish waterworks." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (2001): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0744.

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Problems caused by cyanobacteria are common around the world and also in raw water sources of drinking water treatment plants. Strains belonging to genera Microcystis, Anabaena and Planktothrix produce potent hepatotoxins, the microcystins. Laboratory and pilot scale studies have shown that microcystins dissolved in water may pass the conventional surface water treatment processes. In 1998 the World Health Organization proposed a guide value of 1 μg/L for microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking water. The purpose of this research was to study the occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources of s

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Et al., Abed. "Molecular and Immunological Methods to Confirm Toxiginicity (Microcystin Production) of Westiellopsis Prolifica Isolated from Tigris River – Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 4(Suppl.) (2019): 0978. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.4(suppl.).0978.

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Several toxigenic cyanobacteria produce the cyanotoxin (microcystin). Being a health and environmental hazard, screening of water sources for the presence of microcystin is increasingly becoming a recommended environmental procedure in many countries of the world. This study was conducted to assess the ability of freshwater cyanobacterial species Westiellopsis prolifica to produce microcystins in Iraqi freshwaters via using molecular and immunological tools. The toxigenicity of W. prolifica was compared via laboratory experiments with other dominant bloom-forming cyanobacteria isolated from th

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McElhiney, Jacqui, Mathew Drever, Linda A. Lawton, and Andy J. Porter. "Rapid Isolation of a Single-Chain Antibody against the Cyanobacterial Toxin Microcystin-LR by Phage Display and Its Use in the Immunoaffinity Concentration of Microcystins from Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 11 (2002): 5288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.11.5288-5295.2002.

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ABSTRACT A naïve (unimmunized) human semisynthetic phage display library was employed to isolate recombinant antibody fragments against the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR. Selected antibody scFv genes were cloned into a soluble expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli for characterization against purified microcystin-LR by competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The most sensitive single-chain antibody (scAb) isolated was capable of detecting microcystin-LR at levels below the World Health Organization limit in drinking water (1 μg liter−1) and cross-react

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Rodriguez Uro, Victor Hugo, Joana Azevedo, Mário Jorge Araújo, et al. "New Report of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in El Pañe Reservoir: A Threat for Water Quality in High-Andean Sources from PERU." Toxins 16, no. 9 (2024): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090378.

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Cyanobacteria are cosmopolitan organisms; nonetheless, climate change and eutrophication are increasing the occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms (cyanoblooms), thereby raising the risk of cyanotoxins in water sources used for drinking, agriculture, and livestock. This study aimed to determine the presence of cyanobacteria, including toxigenic cyanobacteria and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in the El Pañe reservoir located in the high-Andean region, Arequipa, Peru, to support water quality management. The study included morphological observation of cyanobacteria, molecular determination of cyanob

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20

Sorokovikova, E. G., I. V. Tikhonova, Ya A. Naidanova, and O. I. Belykh. "Identification of microcystin producing cyanobacteria in the plankton of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Reservoir." Limnology and Freshwater Biology, no. 4 (2024): 1101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31951/2658-3518-2024-a-4-1101.

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Genes of synthesis of hepatotoxic microcystin belonging to the genera Microcystis and Dolichospermum (Anabaena) were previously identified in samples of plankton from Lake Baikal and reservoirs of the Angara HPP cascade. However, accurate identification of toxin producing species is not possible without culture studies. In this study, 17 strains of planktonic cyanobacteria belonging to the most widespread species in water bodies of temperate zone were obtained by isolation and propagation of individual filaments or colonies. Using molecular biological and immunoassay analyses, it was revealed

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Hu, Chenlin, Yanxia Zuo, Liang Peng, Nanqin Gan, and Lirong Song. "Widespread Distribution and Adaptive Degradation of Microcystin Degrader (mlr-Genotype) in Lake Taihu, China." Toxins 13, no. 12 (2021): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120864.

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Microbial degradation is an important route for removing environmental microcystins (MCs). Here, we investigated the ecological distribution of microcystin degraders (mlr-genotype), and the relationship between the substrate specificity of the microcystin degrader and the profile of microcystin congener production in the habitat. We showed that microcystin degraders were widely distributed and closely associated with Microcystis abundance in Lake Taihu, China. We characterized an indigenous degrader, Sphingopyxis N5 in the northern Lake Taihu, and it metabolized six microcystin congeners in in

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Koreivienė, Judita, Olga Belous, and Jūratė Kasperovičienė. "Variations of microcystins in freshwater ecosystems." Botanica Lithuanica 19, no. 2 (2013): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2013-0017.

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Abstract Koreivienė J., Belous O., Kasperovičienė J., 2012: Variations of microcystins in freshwater ecosystems [Mikrocystinai gėlavandenėse ekosistemose]. - Bot. Lith., 19(2): 139-148 Increased frequency, severity of harmful algae blooms and their extent worldwide have become a global challenge due to the production of toxins that are released to the water. Cyanotoxins are detected in 25-75% of blooms. Hazardous hepatotoxin-microcystin potential producers, spatial and temporal variations of toxins as well as their variations depending on environmental variables are discussed in this overview.

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Puddick, Jonathan, Eric O. Goodwin, Ian Hawes, David P. Hamilton, and Susanna A. Wood. "In Situ Collection and Preservation of Intact Microcystis Colonies to Assess Population Diversity and Microcystin Quotas." Toxins 11, no. 8 (2019): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080435.

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Understanding of colony specific properties of cyanobacteria in the natural environment has been challenging because sampling methods disaggregate colonies and there are often delays before they can be isolated and preserved. Microcystis is a ubiquitous cyanobacteria that forms large colonies in situ and often produces microcystins, a potent hepatotoxin. In the present study a new cryo-sampling technique was used to collect intact Microcystis colonies in situ by embedding them in a sheet of ice. Thirty-two of these Microcystis colonies were investigated with image analysis, liquid chromatograp

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Knoll, Lesley B., Orlando Sarnelle, Stephen K. Hamilton, et al. "Invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) increase cyanobacterial toxin concentrations in low-nutrient lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 3 (2008): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-181.

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We investigated whether concentrations of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin were positively associated with Dreissena polymorpha invasion by conducting surveys of 39 inland lakes in southern Michigan with low to moderate total phosphorus concentrations (≤20 µg·L–1). Lakes with D. polymorpha had 3.3 times higher microcystin concentrations and 3.6 times higher biomass of Microcystis aeruginosa (a major producer of microcystin) than comparable lakes without D. polymorpha. In contrast, the biomass of Anabaena spp. (another potential producer of microcystin) was 4.6 times higher in lakes without

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Adekolurejo, O. A. "Survival and Accumulation of Microcystins in a Native Amphipod Shredder, Gammarus Pulex under Environmentally Relevant Cyanotoxin Exposure." Science View Journal 4, no. 1 (2023): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55989/oyrr4786.

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Microcystin release in freshwaters is a major public health and ecological threat, affecting survival and trophic interactions across food web components. Although bioaccumulation has been suggested to represent an important pathway for microcystin uptake and trophic transfer across different food web compartments, it is rarely known how microcystin exposure may affect survival and accumulation among lower trophic levels under environmentally realistic scenario. Therefore, in this study, survival and microcystin accumulations in the UK native amphipod species, Gammarus pulex were monitored dur

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Pilkaitytė, Renata, Donata Overlingė, Zita Rasuolė Gasiūnaitė, and Hanna Mazur-Marzec. "Spatial and Temporal Diversity of Cyanometabolites in the Eutrophic Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea)." Water 13, no. 13 (2021): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131760.

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This work aims to determine the profiles of cyanopeptides and anatoxin synthetized by cyanobacteria in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea) and to characterize their spatial and temporal patterns in this ecosystem. Cyanometabolites were analysed by a LC-MS/MS system and were coupled to a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. During the investigation period (2013–2017), 10 microcystins, nodularin, anatoxin-a, 16 anabaenopeptins, including 1 oscillamide, 12 aeruginosins, 1 aeruginosamide, 3 cyanopeptolins and 4 microginins were detected. The most frequ

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Sevilla, E., H. Smienk, P. Razquin, L. Mata, and M. L. Peleato. "Optimization of intracellular microcystin-LR extraction for its analysis by protein phosphatase inhibition assay." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (2009): 1903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.527.

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Microcystins are toxins produced by some strains of cyanobacteria. Several methods have been developed to allow the quantification of microcystins, which are mainly endotoxins. Among those methods, the protein phosphatase inhibition assay is a good candidate as a screening method because of its sensitivity, simplicity and specificity. In this work a method for intracellular microcystin extraction in field water samples and lab cyanobacterial cultures prior to their analysis by protein phosphatase inhibition assay has been optimized. Microcystin-LR and Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 were used

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SIELAFF, Heike, Elke DITTMANN, Nicole TANDEAU de MARSAC, et al. "The mcyF gene of the microcystin biosynthetic gene cluster from Microcystis aeruginosa encodes an aspartate racemase." Biochemical Journal 373, no. 3 (2003): 909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030396.

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Microcystins are hepatotoxic, non-ribosomal peptides produced by several genera of freshwater cyanobacteria. Among other enzymic activities, in particular those of peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases, microcystin biosynthesis requires racemases that provide d-aspartate and d-glutamate. Here, we report on the cloning, expression and characterization of an open reading frame, mcyF, that is part of the mcy gene cluster involved in microcystin biosynthesis in the Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806. Conserved amino acid sequence motifs suggest a function of the McyF protein as an aspar

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Gabyshev, Viktor A., Sergey I. Sidelev, Ekaterina N. Chernova, et al. "Year-Round Presence of Microcystins and Toxin-Producing Microcystis in the Water Column and Ice Cover of a Eutrophic Lake Located in the Continuous Permafrost Zone (Yakutia, Russia)." Toxins 15, no. 7 (2023): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070467.

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This study aimed to test the hypothesis of the year-round presence of toxigenic Microcystis and cyanotoxins in the water and ice of the shallow eutrophic Lake Ytyk-Kyuyol located in the continuous permafrost zone. Three independent approaches—mass-spectrometry, molecular methods and light microscopy—were applied in the study. The cyanobacterial biomass ranged from 1.0 × 10−4 to 4.8 mg L−1. Microcystis flos-aquae and M. aeruginosa were the dominant morphospecies in plankton throughout the observation. In environmental DNA, the presence of M. aeruginosa was supported and mcy gene regions respons

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Czyżewska, Wanda, Marlena Piontek, and Katarzyna Łuszczyńska. "The Occurrence of Potential Harmful Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in the Obrzyca River (Poland), a Source of Drinking Water." Toxins 12, no. 5 (2020): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050284.

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Harmful cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins may contaminate drinking water resources and their effective control remains challenging. The present study reports on cyanobacterial blooms and associated cyanotoxins in the Obrzyca River, a source of drinking water in Poland. The river was examined from July to October 2019 and concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin were monitored. The toxicity of water samples was also tested using an ecotoxicological assay. All studied cyanotoxins were detected with microcystins revealing the highest levels. Maximal microcystin concent

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D'ors, A., M. C. Bartolomé, and S. Sánchez-Fortún. "Importance of strain type to predict the toxicological risk associated with Microcystis aeruginosa blooms: comparison of Microtox® analysis and immunoassay." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 2 (2012): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.081.

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The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments, associated with human health problems and animal deaths, has increased the need for rapid, reliable and sensitive methods to determine the toxicity of microcystin produced by cyanobacteria. An in vitro Microtox® system and a commercially available microcystin ELISA were used to screen out the potential risk associated with selected Microcystis aeruginosa strains (Ma1D–Ma8D). Results showed the existence of three differentiated groups in the selected M. aeruginosa strains. Strains Ma7D and Ma6D were determined to be very tox

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Saitou, T., N. Sugiura, T. Itayama, Y. Inamori, and M. Matsumura. "Degradation of microcystin by biofilm in practical treatment facility." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (2002): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0744.

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Potential for degradation of microcystin by biofilm was examined by some batch experiments using biofilm scraped from practical biological treatment facility combined with conventional treatment processes. The viable cells of Microcystis viridis, which produced microcystin LR, RR and YR were degraded at 6 to 10 days by the addition of biofilm. Biofilm collected in summer season had especially higher potential for degradation of Microcystis with complete degradation at 6 days. In all seasons, Monas spp. grew remarkably, accompanied with the higher decrease of the viable cells of Microcystis and

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Aragão, Marianna Correia, Kelly Cristina dos Reis, Allan Clemente Souza, Maria Aparecida Melo Rocha, and Jose Capelo Neto. "Modeling total microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa using multiple regression." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 69, no. 5 (2020): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.128.

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Abstract Microcystis sp. is one of the most studied genus of cyanobacteria worldwide. Once it has been identified in raw water, frequent analyses of cell density and toxic metabolites (microcystins) are recommended at the water treatment plants. However, both analytical procedures are highly time-consuming and labor-intensive, allowing the potentially contaminated finished water to reach customers. The identification of easily measurable parameters related to toxin production, preferably by on-line equipment, would mitigate this issue and help water companies to improve water safety and decrea

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Botha, C. J., P. N. Laver, A. Singo, et al. "Evaluation of a Norwegian-developed ELISA to determine microcystin concentrations in fresh water." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (2018): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.118.

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Abstract Cyanobacteria are known for their extensive and highly visible blooms in rivers or dams in Africa. One of the most important cyanobacteria is Microcystis aeruginosa which can synthesise various microcystins that may affect the health of humans and animals. Accurate and efficient detection of microcystins in water is thus important for public and veterinary health. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), a commercially-available ELISA kit (Abraxis) and a newly-developed Norwegian ELISA (putatively cheaper and more robust) were used to detect microcystins in fresh water in South

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Paes, T. A. S. V., I. A. S. Costa, A. P. C. Silva, and E. M. Eskinazi-Sant’Anna. "Can microcystins affect zooplankton structure community in tropical eutrophic reservoirs?" Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, no. 2 (2016): 450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.21014.

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Abstract The aim of our study was to assess whether cyanotoxins (microcystins) can affect the composition of the zooplankton community, leading to domination of microzooplankton forms (protozoans and rotifers). Temporal variations in concentrations of microcystins and zooplankton biomass were analyzed in three eutrophic reservoirs in the semi-arid northeast region of Brazil. The concentration of microcystins in water proved to be correlated with the cyanobacterial biovolume, indicating the contributions from colonial forms such as Microcystis in the production of cyanotoxins. At the community

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Oksanen, Ilona, Jouni Jokela, David P. Fewer, Matti Wahlsten, Jouko Rikkinen, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Discovery of Rare and Highly Toxic Microcystins from Lichen-Associated Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Strain IO-102-I." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 10 (2004): 5756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.5756-5763.2004.

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ABSTRACT The production of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides, microcystins, is almost exclusively reported from planktonic cyanobacteria. Here we show that a terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I isolated from a lichen association produces six different microcystins. Microcystins were identified with liquid chromatography-UV mass spectrometry by their retention times, UV spectra, mass fragmentation, and comparison to microcystins from the aquatic Nostoc sp. strain 152. The dominant microcystin produced by Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I was the highly toxic [ADMAdda5]microcystin-LR,

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Yuan, Jian, Hyun-Joong Kim, Christopher T. Filstrup, et al. "Utility of a PCR-based method for rapid and specific detection of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in farm ponds." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 3 (2020): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720916156.

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Microcystis is a widespread freshwater cyanobacterium that can produce microcystin, a potent hepatotoxin harmful to animals and humans. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor for the presence of toxigenic Microcystis spp. to provide early warning of potential microcystin contamination. Microscopy, which has been used traditionally to identify Microcystis spp., cannot differentiate toxigenic from non-toxigenic Microcystis. We developed a PCR-based method to detect toxigenic Microcystis spp. based on detection of the microcystin synthetase C ( mcyC) gene and 16S rRNA gene. Specificity was validated

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Wood, Susanna A., Jonathan Puddick, Ian Hawes, Konstanze Steiner, Daniel R. Dietrich, and David P. Hamilton. "Variability in microcystin quotas during a Microcystis bloom in a eutrophic lake." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254967.

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Microcystis is a bloom-forming genus of cyanobacteria with some genotypes that produce highly toxic microcystin hepatotoxins. In waterbodies where biological and physical factors are relatively homogenous, toxin quotas (the average amount of toxin per cell), at a single point in time, are expected to be relatively constant. In this study we challenged this assumption by investigating the spatial distribution of microcystin quotas at a single point in time on two separate occasions in a lake with a major Microcystis bloom. Microcystis cell concentrations varied widely across the lake on both sa

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Chia, Mathias Ahii, Ilu Ameh, Korie Chibuike George, Emmanuel Oluwadare Balogun, Suwebat Ayanronke Akinyemi, and Adriana Sturion Lorenzi. "Genetic Diversity of Microcystin Producers (Cyanobacteria) and Microcystin Congeners in Aquatic Resources across Africa: A Review Paper." Toxics 10, no. 12 (2022): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120772.

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Microcystins are produced by multifaceted organisms called cyanobacteria, which are integral to Africa’s freshwater environments. The excessive proliferation of cyanobacteria caused by rising temperature and eutrophication leads to the production and release of copious amounts of microcystins, requiring critical management and control approaches to prevent the adverse environmental and public health problems associated with these bioactive metabolites. Despite hypotheses reported to explain the phylogeography and mechanisms responsible for cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic water bodies, many as

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Janse, Ingmar, W. Edwin A. Kardinaal, Marion Meima, Jutta Fastner, Petra M. Visser, and Gabriel Zwart. "Toxic and Nontoxic Microcystis Colonies in Natural Populations Can Be Differentiated on the Basis of rRNA Gene Internal Transcribed Spacer Diversity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 7 (2004): 3979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.7.3979-3987.2004.

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ABSTRACT Assessing and predicting bloom dynamics and toxin production by Microcystis requires analysis of toxic and nontoxic Microcystis genotypes in natural communities. We show that genetic differentiation of Microcystis colonies based on rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences provides an adequate basis for recognition of microcystin producers. Consequently, ecological studies of toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria are now possible through studies of rRNA ITS genotypic diversity in isolated cultures or colonies and in natural communities. A total of 107 Microcystis colonies were isola

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Radkova, Mariana, Katerina Stefanova, Blagoy Uzunov, Georg Gärtner, and Maya Stoyneva-Gärtner. "Morphological and Molecular Identification of Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria in Nine Shallow Bulgarian Water Bodies." Toxins 12, no. 1 (2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010039.

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The paper presents results from the first application of polyphasic approach in studies of field samples from Bulgaria. This approach, which combined the conventional light microscopy (LM) and molecular-genetic methods (based on PCR amplified fragments of microcystin synthetase gene mcyE), revealed that almost all microcystin-producers in the studied eutrophic waterbodies belong to the genus Microcystis. During the molecular identification of toxin-producing strains by use of HEPF × HEPR pair of primers, we obtained 57 sequences, 56 of which formed 28 strains of Microcystis, spread in six clus

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Liang, Shuang, Xing Li, and Yan Ling Yang. "Effect and Mechanism of Microcystin Removal by Potassium Permanganate Loaded Zeolite." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.521.

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A microcystin detection and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope investigation were carried out to analyze the microcystin removal effect and the forms of Microcystis aeruginosa cells with different dosage of potassium permanganate loaded zeolite. The results showed that potassium permanganate loaded zeolite had significant microcystin-LR removal effect both in the Microcystis aeruginosa and Nostoc samples. The optimal dosage and the optimal removal rate were 96.0% at 220mg/L and 77% at 110mg/L separately. The cell wall of Microcystis aeruginosa was ruptured by dosing both potassium perm

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Arruda-Neto, Joao Dias Toledo, Erika Cavalcante-Silva, Henriette Righi, Odete Rocha, Maria do Carmo Bitten court-Oliveira, and Micheline K. Cordeiro-Araújo. "Attenuation of Microcystins Using Electron Beams and Gamma Radiation: A Study with Environment-Bound Conditions." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology 1, no. 3 (2021): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-7669.ject-21-3970.

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Microcystins (MCs) are toxins profusely synthesized by cyanobacteria, causing livestock poisonings and endangering human health. We design and execute an experiment to investigate the attenuation (degradation) of microcystins by exposing them to gamma radiation and electron beams at doses of 0 (control), 3, 5, 10 and 15 kGy. The experimental conditions simulate microcystin contamination of aquatic environments; we thus consider (1) microcystins inside whole cells and extracellular dissolved in water, simulated by non-sonicated and sonicated cells, respectively, and (2) two acute microcystin co

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Sorokovikova, Ekaterina, Irina Tikhonova, Galina Fedorova, et al. "Two New Strains of Microcystis Cyanobacteria from Lake Baikal, Russia: Ecology and Toxigenic Potential." Limnological Review 25, no. 3 (2025): 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030031.

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Microcystis, a potentially toxigenic cyanobacterium known to form extensive blooms in eutrophic lakes globally, was investigated in the cold oligotrophic Lake Baikal. We report the isolation of two Microcystis strains, Microcystis aeruginosa and M. novacekii, and document the presence of the latter species in Lake Baikal for the first time. In M. aeruginosa strain BN23, we detected the microcystin synthetase gene mcyE. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of two microcystin variants in BN23, with microcystin-LR, a highly potent toxin, being the dominant form. The conce

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Gobry, Josephine J., Hilda S. Bachwenkizi, Offoro N. Kimambo, Faustin N. Ngassapa, and Kessy F. Kilulya. "Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms in Freshwater Sources of Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams, Tanzania." Journal of Toxicology 2023 (October 16, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5532962.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to the production of toxins. The identification and quantification of these toxins are crucial for water quality management decisions. This study used DNA analysis (PCR techniques) to identify toxin-producing strains and liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify microcystins in samples from Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams in Tanzania. The results showed that HABs were detected in both dams. The BLAST results revealed that the 16S gene sequences of uncultured samples were

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Guljamow, Arthur, Tino Barchewitz, Rebecca Große, Stefan Timm, Martin Hagemann, and Elke Dittmann. "Diel Variations of Extracellular Microcystin Influence the Subcellular Dynamics of RubisCO in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (2021): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061265.

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The ubiquitous freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis is remarkably successful, showing a high tolerance against fluctuations in environmental conditions. It frequently forms dense blooms which can accumulate significant amounts of the hepatotoxin microcystin, which plays an extracellular role as an infochemical but also acts intracellularly by interacting with proteins of the carbon metabolism, notably with the CO2 fixing enzyme RubisCO. Here we demonstrate a direct link between external microcystin and its intracellular targets. Monitoring liquid cultures of Microcystis in a diel experiment r

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Gandhi, Vikram Pal, and Anil Kumar. "Isolation and Characterization of Microcystin Degrading Bacteria from Holy Ponds in India." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, no. 4 (2017): 436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i4.16249.

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Microcystins (MCs) are toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by few toxic cyanobacteria and generally form blooms in eutrophic surface fresh water bodies. They cause acute to chronic poisoning and other health related problems mainly by irreversible inhibition of protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to limitation of non-biological methods of water treatments the exploration of MCs degrading bacteria is emerging at a quite pace to address, through bioremediation, the problems posed by MCs in water and water-bodies. Report and study of M

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Luu, Pham Thanh, and Ngo Xuan Quang. "DETECTION OF POTENTIALLY TOXIGENIC MICROCYSTIS STRAINS FROM DAU TIENG RESERVOIR." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 4 (2018): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15/4/13418.

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Microcystis is a bloom-forming, common cyanobacterium in Dau Tieng reservoir used for public water supply. To assess the presence of potentially microcystin-producing Microcystis, molecular techniques were conducted and acute toxicity bioassays were performed with the microcrustacean Daphnia magna exposed to cyanobacterial crude extracts. Potentially toxigenic of isolated strains was characterized by amplifying mcyD genes and identification of Microcystis was confirmed by 16S rRNA amplification. Microcystins (MCs) concentration in bloom samples and cultured strains were quantified by High Perf

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My, Ngô Thị Diễm, Nguyễn Thị Mỹ, Nguyễn Thị Ánh Nguyệt та ін. "NGHIÊN CỨU SỰ BIẾN ĐỘNG CỦA QUẦN XÃ THỰC VẬT PHÙ DU (PHYTOPLANKTON) VÀ HÀM LƯỢNG ĐỘC TỐ VI KHUẨN LAM TRONG HỒ CHỨA HOÀ BÌNH". Tạp chí khoa học Tài nguyên và Môi trường, № 56 (30 червня 2025): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.63064/khtnmt.2025.676.

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Nghiên cứu phân tích sự biến động của quần xã thực vật phù du và mức độ xuất hiện độc tố Microcystin trong hồ Hòa Bình từ tháng 6/2023 đến tháng 5/2024. Kết quả ghi nhận 44 chi thực vật phù du thuộc 5 ngành: Chlorophyta (50 %), Bacillariophyta (26 %), Cyanophyta (17 %), Dinophyta (5 %) và Euglenophyta (2 %). Trong đó, Chlorophyta và Dinophyta là nhóm chiếm ưu thế theo mùa, với Dinophyta phát triển mạnh vào mùa mưa, trong khi Chlorophyta trội hơn vào mùa khô. Vi khuẩn lam có sinh khối thấp và có 4 chi (Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Pseudanabaena) có khả năng sản xuất độc tố Microcystin,

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McDonald, Kimberlynn, Natasha DesRochers, Justin B. Renaud, Mark W. Sumarah, and David R. McMullin. "Metabolomics Reveals Strain-Specific Cyanopeptide Profiles and Their Production Dynamics in Microcystis aeruginosa and M. flos-aquae." Toxins 15, no. 4 (2023): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040254.

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Cyanobacterial blooms that release biologically active metabolites into the environment are increasing in frequency as a result of the degradation of freshwater ecosystems globally. The microcystins are one group of cyanopeptides that are extensively studied and included in water quality risk management frameworks. Common bloom-forming cyanobacteria produce incredibly diverse mixtures of other cyanopeptides; however, data on the abundance, distribution, and biological activities of non-microcystin cyanopeptides are limited. We used non-targeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics to study the cyanopeptide p

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