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Hussein, Shno, and Abbas Rabaty. "Red cell distribution width’s role in differentiating iron deficiency anemia from other hypochromic microcytic anemias." Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 25, no. 3 (2021): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2021.028.
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Background and objective: The red cell distribution width is suggested to be a more sensitive indicator for microcytic hypochromic anemia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of red cell distribution width in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia from other causes of hypochromic microcytic anemia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved the children patients who attended Rapareen Teaching Hospital in Erbil city in 2019 and were diagnosed with hypochromic microcytic anemia. Results: The red cell distribution width was determined in a group of 70 children with iron deficiency anemia and 30 cases with a non-iron deficiency (other hypochromic microcytic anemias). Patients with a higher socio-demographic status were more likely to have iron deficiency anemia than those with low socio-demographic status; 82.61% vs. 76.60%, respectively. The patients with symptoms were more likely to be diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia (P = 0.024). The mean red cell distribution width value was 14.38%, 15.73%, and18.02% among mild, moderate, and severely anemic children (P <0.001). Increasing red blood cells (r=-0.271), hemoglobin (r=-0.454), serum iron (r=-0.601), and serum ferritin (r=-0.560) lead to decrease red cell distribution width. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of red cell distribution width in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia in children patients were 77.14%, 63.33%, 83.08%, 54.29%, and 73.0%, respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that red cell distribution width has good sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia. Keywords: RDW; IDA; RBC indices; Microcytic anemia; Serum iron.
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Richardson, M. "Microcytic Anemia." Pediatrics in Review 28, no. 1 (2007): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.28-1-5.
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Zanetti, Richard, Brian Feldman, and Timothy Porea. "Microcytic Anemia." Pediatrics in Review 42, no. 1 (2021): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2019-0295.
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Richardson, Matthew. "Microcytic Anemia." Pediatrics In Review 28, no. 1 (2007): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.28.1.5.
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DeLoughery, Thomas G. "Microcytic Anemia." New England Journal of Medicine 371, no. 14 (2014): 1324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1215361.
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Lateaf, Khitam, Manar Hadi Allawi, and Nuha Jameel Akmoosh. "Phenotypic Classification and Clinical Examination of Anemia in Iraqi Water Buffalo in Nasiriyah Governorate." Journal of Buffalo Science 12 (September 25, 2023): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2023.12.12.
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This research aims to classify anemia cases in the Iraqi water buffalo population by collecting 140 blood samples from buffaloes in Nasiriyah Governorate pastures. These samples were collected randomly from three age groups: > 1 year, 1-4 years, and < 5 years. Blood sample analysis revealed 45 anemia cases (32.12%) and 95 healthy cases (67.88%). Phenotypic classification of anemia encompassed microcytic hypochromic (12.14%), macrocytic hypochromic (7.85%), normocytic hypochromic (6.42%), and normocytic normochromic (5.71%) cases. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) notably increased in anemic buffaloes, displaying a statistically significant disparity (P< 0.05) compared to healthy counterparts. Anemia cases exhibited higher neutrophil counts in white blood cell relative differentials. For the three age groups, hemoglobin (Hb), packed blood cell volume (PCV), and total red blood cell count (RBC) values indicated significant decreases from normal levels, showcasing statistical significance (P< 0.05) between healthy and anemic buffaloes. While anemia cases generally displayed normal iron concentrations, microcytic anemia demonstrated lower iron levels in the 1-4 and >5 years age groups, with iron levels reaching the minimum global normal range in the <1 year age group. Copper concentrations remained normal in all healthy cases and anemia cases, except for microcytic anemia, which showed reduced levels across age groups.
 In conclusion, this study comprehensively characterizes anemia in Iraqi water buffaloes through clinical, hematological, and elemental analyses. The findings underscore the prevalence of various anemia types, their age-related variations, and significant hematological deviations in anemic buffaloes compared to healthy counterparts. This research enhances our understanding of anemias' impact on this population and provides valuable insights for future diagnostic and management strategies.
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Ohgami, Robert S., Dean R. Campagna, Brendan Antiochos, et al. "nm1054: a spontaneous, recessive, hypochromic, microcytic anemia mutation in the mouse." Blood 106, no. 10 (2005): 3625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-01-0379.
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AbstractHypochromic, microcytic anemias are typically the result of inadequate hemoglobin production because of globin defects or iron deficiency. Here, we describe the phenotypic characteristics and pathogenesis of a new recessive, hypochromic, microcytic anemia mouse mutant, nm1054. Although the mutation nm1054 is pleiotropic, also resulting in sparse hair, male infertility, failure to thrive, and hydrocephaly, the anemia is the focus of this study. Hematologic analysis reveals a moderately severe, congenital, hypochromic, microcytic anemia, with an elevated red cell zinc protoporphyrin, consistent with functional erythroid iron deficiency. However, serum and tissue iron analyses show that nm1054 animals are not systemically iron deficient. From hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and iron uptake studies in nm1054 reticulocytes, we provide evidence that the nm1054 anemia is due to an intrinsic hematopoietic defect resulting in inefficient transferrin-dependent iron uptake by erythroid precursors. Linkage studies demonstrate that nm1054 maps to a genetic locus not previously implicated in microcytic anemia or iron phenotypes.
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Quaderi, Humaira Rafiqa, Md Mahbubul Hoque, Nawshad Uddin Ahmed, Dilruba Begum, and Bithi Debnath. "Prevalence of Anemia in Children Aged Six Months to Thirty Six Months - A Hospital Based Study." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 40, no. 2 (2017): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v40i2.31565.
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Background: Anemia is a common problem in childhood, especially children aged 6months to 24 months old. In Bangladesh overall, 68 % of children aged 6-59 months are anemic. Anemia impairs normal development, decreases physical exercise tolerance & intellectual performance in children which may lead to a slowdown of growth in children. It constitutes a major public health problem in young children in the developing world with wide social & economic implications.Objective: To see the prevalence of anemia among hospitalized children aged 6 months to 36 months.Methodology: Children 6 months 36 months aged who were admitted in Dhaka Shishu (Children) hospital due to some acute illness, were enrolled from 1st June, 2010 to 30th August, 2010. Children were classified as anemic when Hb level was <11gm/dl. On the values of MCV and morphology of RBC anemic babies were further classified as microcytic anemia, normocytic anaemia and macrocytic anaemia. Again in children with microcytic hypochromic RBC, serum ferritin, Hb electrophoresis, stool R/E and c-reactive protein were done to find out the cause.Results: Among 331 admitted children, 201(61%) children had anemia (Hb <11gm/ dl), Male was 123(61.2%) and female was 78(38.8%). Mean hemoglobin concentration was 9.2±1.2 gm/dl. Mild, moderate, severe anemia were19%, 39.3% and 2.4% respectively. The most affected age group was 6-23 months(76%). Microcytic anemia, macrocytic anemia, and normocytic anemia were present in 101(50.2%), 10(5%) and 90(44.8%) cases respectively. Among the microcytic hypochromic anemia, IDA was found in 60(59.4%), which was 29.85% among total anemic children.Conclusion: A large proportion of hospitalized children under 3 years were found anemic. Raising awareness of the problem and providing health care education in this group will be the key strategies to prevent and control this huge public health problem in Bangladesh.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (2) :98-102
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Sharief, Suchi Avnalurini, Sitti Patimah, Nur Ulmy Mahmud, and Ira Jayanti. "Identify the type and cause of anemia in pregnant women by examining peripheral blood smears." Multidisciplinary Science Journal 7, no. 6 (2024): 2025280. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025280.
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The primary objective of this research is to identify the types and causes of anemia in pregnant women in the city of Makassar. This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive design and an analytical observational method using a cross-sectional approach. Purposive sampling was conducted among pregnant women in the third trimester undergoing pregnancy checks at Community Health Centers in Tamalate, Antang, and Pampang, with hemoglobin levels <11 g/dL. The findings revealed two types of anemia among the 40 respondents, namely microcytic and normocytic anemia. The distribution was 60% for microcytic anemia and 40% for normocytic anemia. Predominantly, 35% of microcytic anemia cases were attributed to iron deficiency linked to chronic disease with signs of infection, while 15% of normocytic anemias were associated with infection. The majority of pregnant women experienced a moderate degree of anemia. Peripheral blood smear examinations depicted a prevalence of microcytic anemia with characteristics of Fe-DD deficiency and infection, followed by normocytic anemia with infectious causes. Peripheral blood smears proved to be effective in describing the types and causes of anemia in pregnant women. The hope is that by understanding the specific causes, appropriate treatments can be administered to address anemia in mothers.
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Idrissi, Ayoub, Hamza El jadi, Lahoussaine Abainou, et al. "Microcytic Anemia Revealing Acromegaly." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 11, no. 09 (2023): 1753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2023.v11i10.008.
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Acromegaly is a rare endocrinopathy, related to the hyperfunction of the somatotropic axis. We report through this observation an unusual mode of discovery of acromegaly: microcytic anemia. 38-year-old patient, followed for 1 year for microcytic anemia under iron treatment. On clinical examination, the patient presents an anemic syndrome with a frank dysmorphic syndrome evoking acromegaly. The assessment showed a microcytic anemia at 3.8 g/dl for which he received a transfusion of 09 red blood cells. An IGF1 assay and a hypothalamic-pituitary MRI confirmed the diagnosis of acromegaly secondary to a pituitary macro-adenoma measuring 30x25x18mm. Pituitary Function Testing revealed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia 5 times normal and thyrotropic deficit. The etiological assessment of the anemia revealed several hemorrhagic gastrointestinal angiodysplasia lesions, probably related to his acromegaly. Acromegaly is a classic cause of colonic polyps, but angiodysplasia lesions have not been described in the literature to our knowledge: is it a digestive tropism of acromegaly that continues to grow? Acromegaly is rarely revealed by anemia, the causal link remains to be established.
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Kafle, S., and M. Lakhey. "Etiological study of microcytic hypochromic anemia." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 6, no. 12 (2016): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v6i12.16280.
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Background: Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a distinct morphologic subtype of anemia with well- de ned etiology and treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the etiology and frequency of microcytic hypochromic anemia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. One hundred cases of microcytic hypochromic anemia were included. Relevant clinical history, hemogram, reticulocyte count, iron pro les were documented in a proforma. Bone marrow aspiration and hemoglobin electrophoresis was conducted when required. Data was analysed by Microsoft SPSS 16 windows. Result: Iron de ciency was the commonest etiology (49%). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (20.8%) was the commonest cause of iron de ciency, malignancy (24.3%) was the commonest cause of anemia of chronic disease. Mean value of Mean Corpuscular Volume was lowest in hemolytic anemia (71.0 ). Mean Red cell Distribution Width was normal (14.0%) in hemolytic anemia but was raised in other types. Mean serum iron was reduced in iron de ciency anemia (32.2μg/dl) and chronic disease (34.8μg/dl), normal in hemolytic anemia (83μg/dl) and raised in sideroblastic anemia (295μg/dl). Mean serum ferritin was reduced in iron de ciency anemia (7.6ng/ml), raised in chronic disease (158.6ng/ml) and normal in hemolytic anemia (99.2ng/ml). Serum ferritin was normal in sideroblastic anemia (93ng/ml). Mean Total Iron Binding Capacity was raised in iron de ciency anemia (458μg/dl) and normal in other microcytic hypochromic anemias. Conclusion: Diagnosis of microcytic hypochromic anemia requires a standardized approach which includes clinical details, hemogram, peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count, iron pro le, hemoglobin electrophoresis and bone marrow examination.
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Cappellini, Maria Domenica, Roberta Russo, Immacolata Andolfo, and Achille Iolascon. "Inherited microcytic anemias." Hematology 2020, no. 1 (2020): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000158.
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Abstract Inherited microcytic anemias can be broadly classified into 3 subgroups: (1) defects in globin chains (hemoglobinopathies or thalassemias), (2) defects in heme synthesis, and (3) defects in iron availability or iron acquisition by the erythroid precursors. These conditions are characterized by a decreased availability of hemoglobin (Hb) components (globins, iron, and heme) that in turn causes a reduced Hb content in red cell precursors with subsequent delayed erythroid differentiation. Iron metabolism alterations remain central to the diagnosis of microcytic anemia, and, in general, the iron status has to be evaluated in cases of microcytosis. Besides the very common microcytic anemia due to acquired iron deficiency, a range of hereditary abnormalities that result in actual or functional iron deficiency are now being recognized. Atransferrinemia, DMT1 deficiency, ferroportin disease, and iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia are hereditary disorders due to iron metabolism abnormalities, some of which are associated with iron overload. Because causes of microcytosis other than iron deficiency should be considered, it is important to evaluate several other red blood cell and iron parameters in patients with a reduced mean corpuscular volume (MCV), including mean corpuscular hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, reticulocyte hemoglobin content, serum iron and serum ferritin levels, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and sometimes reticulocyte count. From the epidemiological perspective, hemoglobinopathies/thalassemias are the most common forms of hereditary microcytic anemia, ranging from inconsequential changes in MCV to severe anemia syndromes.
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Novak, Robert W. "Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Pediatric Microcytic Anemias." Pediatrics 80, no. 2 (1987): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.2.251.
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The RBC distribution width has been reported to be of value in the discrimination of iron deficiency anemia from other microcytic anemias, but studies in pediatric populations are lacking. A population of 734 normal children was studied to establish age-appropriate normal values for RBC distribution width. The RBC distribution width of 47 patients with microcytic anemia was then evaluated. RBC distribution width was elevated in 19 of 22 patients with iron deficiency but was also increased in six of 14 patients with thalassemia trait and two of 11 patients with anemia secondary to inflammatory disease. The resulting discrimination was better than that obtained by using Mentzer's index or the discriminant function in the patients studied. The RBC distribution width, albeit a less then perfect tool, can be of value in evaluating pediatric patients with microcytic anemia.
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Dolai, Tuphan Kanti, Somnath Mondal, Manisha Jain, and Prakas Kumar Mandal. "The prevalence of anemia among the tribal children from the western districts of West Bengal, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 2 (2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210239.
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Background: Tribal population in West Bengal constitutes a significant proportion (5.1%) and the vulnerable group because of lower socio-economic status, poor literacy rate and malnutrition. The present study was conducted to evaluate hemoglobin level and prevalence of anemia among the tribal children from the western districts of West Bengal, India.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on school going (class I to class VIII) tribal children (≥5 to <13years) during March 2019 to February 2020. A complete blood count was done by automated blood cell counter and anemia was classified as per WHO criteria. They were also tested for markers of common nutritional anemias (serum ferritin, serum vitamin B12 and serum folate). Data entry and analysis was done on SPSS version 15. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Total 1, 010 tribal children were included with male:female=1:1.35. Among these, 46.34% (n=468) children had anemia. Among all anemic children 47.65% (n=223), 51.93% (n=243/468) and 0.42% (n=2) respectively had mild, moderate and severe anemia. There was a high prevalence (81.68%) of microcytic red blood cells in the total cohort; among anemic children, 53.94% have microcytosis while no macrocytosis was revealed. Among all grade anemias, iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiency were found in 44.65% (n=209/468), 13.24% (n=62/468) and 25% (n=117/468) respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia among tribal children of West Bengal is a matter of concern. The high prevalence of microcytic indices in non-anemic population highlights the dire need for screening for the causes of anemia in this population.
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Diah Sutarini, I. Dewa Ayu Agung, and Romy Windiyanto. "Relationship between Febrile Seizures and the Incidence of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in Children at Sanjiwani General Hospital, Gianyar, Indonesia." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 6, no. 18 (2023): 2944–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v6i18.736.
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Background: Febrile seizures are the most common seizures in children. As many as 2% to 5% of children aged less than 5 years have had seizures accompanied by fever, and most occurrences are at the age of 17-23 months. Microcytic hypochromic anemia causes hypoxic conditions and neuronal instability due to iron depletion. This study aimed to explore the relationship between febrile seizures and the incidence of microcytic hypochromic anemia in children at Sanjiwani General Hospital, Gianyar, Indonesia.
 Methods: This study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 59 subjects participated in this study. Data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS software in univariate and bivariate to determine the relationship between febrile seizures and microcytic hypochromic anemia.
 Results: There is a relationship between the incidence of febrile seizures and the incidence of microcytic hypochromic anemia, with p<0.05. This study also showed that the risk of febrile seizures increased 1.7 times higher in individuals with microcytic hypochromic anemia.
 Conclusion: There is a relationship between the incidence of febrile seizures and the incidence of microcytic hypochromic anemia in pediatric patients at Sanjiwani General Hospital, Gianyar, Indonesia.
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Kurdi, Barnabás, Zoltán András Mezei, Ádám Kellner, and Miklós Egyed. "Thalassaemiás betegen észlelt anaemia perniciosa – a diagnózis nehézségei." Orvosi Hetilap 159, no. 33 (2018): 1368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.31097.
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Abstract: The bone marrow aspiration, which was done in a leukopenic, hypochromic, microcytic, progressive anemic, thalassemic patient, revealed megaloblastic morphology. The low level of vitamin B12 and the reticulocytosis following the B12 supportation strenghtened the diagnosis of pernicious anemia. The set of the right diagnosis has been delayed by the fact that even in severe anemia one could not obtain the typical signs of B12 deficiency, having a hypochromic, microcytic erythrocyte morphology, due to the thalassemia minor disorder. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(33): 1368–1371.
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Ullah, Hamid, Liaqat Ali, Mujahid Aslam, et al. "Frequency of Celiac Disease in Microcytic Anemia Patients of Nowshera." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 12 (2022): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221612337.
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Background: Celiac disease a chronic gastrointestinal disorder is caused by an immune response to the gluten. Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide on the relationship between anemia and celiac disease. Objective: To find out the frequency of celiac disease in microcytic anemia patients of Nowshera Methodology: The current study was cross sectional carried out at the Gastroenterology department, Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera from October 2021 to October 2022. For serological diagnosis of the celiac disease, all the patients were tested for IgA and IgG tTG (anti-tissue transglutaminase). OesophagoGastroDuodenoscopy (OGD) was done for all the patients with raised level of IgA and IgG tTG (anti-tissue transglutaminase). All the analysis of collected data was done by employing IBM SPSS version 24. Results: In this study a total of 300 patients with microcytic anemia were enrolled. There were 165 (55%) female participants while 135 (45%) patients were male. IgA and IgG tTG (anti-tissue transglutaminase) levels were raised in 15 (5%) patients amongst 300 patients with microcytic anemia. In duodenal biopsy of 15 patients with celiac disease, Marsh I was observed in 4 (33.33%) patients, Marsh II in 5 (41.67%) patients, Marsh III in 3 (25%) patients, while 3 (20%) cases showed normal histo-pathological findings. Thus the overall frequency of celiac disease amongst microcytic anemia patients was 15 (5%). Conclusion: Our study concludes that celiac disease is more prevalent amongst the patients with microcytic anemia. The microcytic anemia can be considered as additional gastrointestinal manifestation of the celiac disease. Keywords: Frequency; Celiac disease; Microcytic anemia
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Akkinepally, Sudha, and Christian Mendez. "Microcytic Anemia and Eosinophilia." American Journal of Gastroenterology 104 (October 2009): S263. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200910003-00710.
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Jain, Shilpa, and Deepak Kamat. "Evaluation of Microcytic Anemia." Clinical Pediatrics 48, no. 1 (2008): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922808323115.
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Amer, Johnny. "A Retrospective Study Using Mentzer Index for Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Infants Visiting Maternal Centers at the Age of One Year." Anemia 2022 (March 27, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7236317.
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Anemia, defined as a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below the mean for age, is prevalent in infants and children worldwide. Characterizing anemia as microcytic and normocytic depends on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which is an important parameter in differentiating many types of anemia. Microcytic anemia due to iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia in children. In this study, we aimed to assess the Mentzer index used by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Palestine as a useful tool in differentiating between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thalassemia. We assessed for the prevalence of IDA among infants at the age of one year visiting the mother centers from seven West Bank provinces in Palestine. Medical records and hematology laboratory data of 3262 infants were retrospectively analyzed from the years of 2018 to 2020. The Mentzer index applied to all population by dividing mean corpuscular volume (MCV, in fL) by the red blood cell count (RBC, in millions per microliter). A corrected Mentzer index was further calculated among anemic infants to include only microcytic (MCV with less than 72 fl) and hypochromic (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) with less than 32 g/L) indices. Mentzer index calculations for the whole population showed that 29.1% were anemic (hemoglobin (HGB) less than 11 g/dl): 21.1% had mild anemia, 7.6% had moderate anemia, while 0.2% had severe anemia. The corrected Mentzer index calculations showed a prevalence of 5.9% and 3.2% among IDA and thalassemia infants, respectively. Severity of anemia was correlated with low body weight and infants born through cesarean mother birth with no interference with gender influence. CBC indices of RBC count, HGB, MCV, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) showed a significant difference ( p values < 0.05) between IDA and thalassemia infants’ populations following the corrected Mentzer index. With the corrected Mentzer index, we introduced a new CBC index among infants at the age of 1 year in Palestine. These lab references could aid in differentiating IDA and thalassemia among the population and improve initial diagnosis screenings. The Mentzer index calculation for the whole population did not necessarily include cases of IDA, and therefore, it is recommended to comprise microcytic and hypochromic anemia indices prior to performing the Mentzer index.
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Boutry, Mireille, and Robert Needlman. "Use of Diet History in the Screening of Iron Deficiency." Pediatrics 98, no. 6 (1996): 1138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.98.6.1138.
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Objective. To determine the relationship between diet history and microcytic anemia, a proxy for iron deficiency, and the utility of a brief dietary history in screening for microcytic anemia. Design. Cross-sectional study based on review of clinical records. Setting. Urban academic primary care clinic. Subjects. A total of 305 healthy, African-American inner-city children, presenting for well child care at 15 to 60 months of age. Children with recent minor illness or medicinal iron intake, hemoglobinopathies, chronic illnesses, failure to thrive, or elevated lead levels were excluded. Method. A brief dietary history was taken in the course of primary care visits. Dietary deficiency was defined as: (1) less than five servings each of meat, grains, vegetables, and fruit per week; (2) more than 16 oz of milk per day; or (3) daily intake of fatty snacks, sweets, or more than 16 oz of soft drink. Hematologic indices were obtained. Results. The prevalence of microcytic anemia (hemoglobin, &lt; 11 g/dL; mean corpuscular volume, &lt;73 fL) was 8% (24 of 305). The prevalence of low hemoglobin (&lt;11 g/dL) with or without microcytosis was 12% (38 of 305). Dietary deficiency was associated with microcytic anemia (x2 = 26.8). As a screening test for microcytic anemia, dietary deficiency had a sensitivity of 71% (17 of 24), specificity of 79% (222 of 281), and negative predictive value of 97% (222 of 229). Conclusion. Microcytic anemia was associated with a deficient diet among low-income African-American children. A brief dietary history correctly identified children at low risk for microcytic anemia 97% of the time.
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Zu, Afshan Sultana, Firdous Fakeha, M. Anjani, Saad Hussain Md., and J. Vani Padmaja G. "Evaluation of Immature Reticulocyte Fraction in Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemias of Paediatric Age Group in Tertiary Care Hospital-a Cross Sectional Study." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 13, no. 11 (2023): 166–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10999066.
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Microcytic hypochromic anemia is characterized by presence of microcytic and hypochromic RBC’s on peripheral smear and MCV of less than 80fl.It could be due to iron defeciency anemia or thalassemia or other causes. Differentiation between the thalassemia and non thalassemic microcytosis has important clinical implications, because each has a different causes, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment. The assessment of reticulocyte maturation is useful in understanding pathophysiology of anemias. Immature Reticulocyte Fraction [IRF] represents the proportion of young reticulocytes with highest RNA content. It is a sensitive measure of erythropoiesis. Its clinical utility has been reported in a variety of conditions. It’s analysis has been made easy by the use of automated hematology analyzers. In our study which was carried out in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Telangana, all microcytic hypochromic anemia patients in the age group of new born to 12 years of age were evaluated. IRF is an important parameter which helps in diagnosis and thereby helps in treatment at an early stage itself,thereby decreasing the morbidity in pediatric population . IRF helps in differentiating etiological causes of anemia like nutritional anemia, hemoglobinopathies and aplastic crisis.It also gives information about the recovery status of anemia cases on treatment. IRF is a simple, quick, effective and cost effective tool on automated hematology analyzers, which helps in diagnosing anemia cases.
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Saidova, F. Kh, N. F. Muradov, J. B. Aslanova, O. M. Shahsuvarov, and L. M. Akhmedova. "HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS." BULLETIN OF SURGERY IN KAZAKHSTAN, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35805/bsk2022ii031.
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Objective. Identify the frequency of occurrence of various morphological types and different degrees of severity of anemia in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Material and methods.Were analyzed97 case histories of patients operated for autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT)in 2012. When assessing hematological parameters, two groups were identified: group 1 – patients with AIT with mild anemia (n = 72), age 45.7 ± 1.6, men - 5 (6.9%), women - 67 (93, 1%); group 2 - patients with AIT with moderate anemia (n = 25), age 40.0 ± 2.3, men - 1 (4%), women - 24 (96%). In the clinical analysis of blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit, the number of erythrocytes and erythrocyte indexes of MCV, MCH, MCHC were determined. Results. By morphological type in patients with AIT with mild anemia, the hypochromic type was observed in 56 (77.8%) patients, normochromic - in 16 (22.2%) patients. In moderate anemia, this tendency was more pronouned: hypochromic type of anemia was detected in 23 (92%) patients, normochromic type - in 1(4%) and hyperchromic in 1(4%). Thus, in patients with AIT, mild anemia was more often determined (in 72.4%), then moderate anemia (in 25.7%). With moderate severity of anemia, microcytic (84%) and hypochromic (92%) types of anemia were more often observed. With mild anemia, the same types of anemias were observed, but with a lower frequency (76.4% and 77.8%, respectively). Conclusion. The hemogram in patients with AIT was characterized by a more frequent development of mild anemia (72.4%). With mild anemia, hematological disorders were characterized by microcytic (76.4%) and hypochromic (77.8%) types of anemia. Similar, but more pronounced disorders were observed in moderate anemia: microcytic 84% and hypochromic 92%, which is characteristic for iron deficiency anemia
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Alharbi, Raed A. "The prevalence of neonatal anemia in Al Baha, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective observational study." Egyptian Journal of Haematology 48, no. 3 (2023): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejh.ejh_63_23.
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Abstract Background Neonatal anemia contributes to the global burden of anemia, a crucial public health concern. It is primarily associated with mild to severe neurological impairment, which may result in perinatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and its association with sex and age in newborns at Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. A retrospective observational study was performed using the R-studio/r-base coding tool. The analysis included the mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, correlation matrix, and logistic regression. The overall prevalence of neonatal anemia was 25.36% (n = 140). The mean±SD of hemoglobin (Hgb) (g/dl) was significantly different between anemic and nonanemic neonates, with values of 9.36 ± 1.04 and 15.74 ± 3.35 (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of neonatal anemia in males and females was 29.8% and 20.5%, respectively. Among males, the neonatal anemia Severity was 14.4% (mild anemia) and 6.1% (moderate anemia), while among females, it was 20.1% (mild anemia) and 9.7% (moderate anemia). In female neonates, the prevalence of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia was 6.08%, 62.36%, and 31.56%, respectively. In contrast, the prevalence rate of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia among male neonates, was 8.3%, 54.4%, and 29.07%, respectively. In females, only normocytic iron deficiency anemia was observed (55%), whereas the prevalence of normocytic iron deficiency anemia and microcytic iron deficiency anemia in males was 69% and 31%, respectively. Overall, iron deficiency anemia affected 65% of males. Compared with neonates aged 0-90 days, neonates aged 90-180 days have ~0.4 times more likelihood of developing neonatal anemia. Female sex is one of the risk factors associated with anemia. Further investigation and implementation of preventive measures are crucial to address the prevalence and severity of neonatal anemia.
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Turedi Yildirim, Aysen, Huseyin Demirbilek, Semra Saygi, Cigdem Aliosmanoglu, and Murat Soker. "Combined nutritional anemia coexisting with microcytic anemia." Journal of Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital 3, no. 1 (2013): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5222/buchd.2013.044.
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Zviahina, O. V., S. V. Shevchuk, and O. V. Shevchuk. "Prevalence of anemia in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and peculiarities of hemopoiesis and ferrokinetics, depending on the degree of anemia." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 23, no. 2 (2019): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2019-23(2)-08.
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Anemic syndrome is a frequent complication of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), worsening the course of the disease and prognosis. The purpose of this work was to determine the frequency of anemia, relationship with age, sex and duration of the disease, as well as the peculiarities of hemopoiesis and ferrokinetics in patients with AS. 118 patients with AS and 26 controls were examined. Hematologic parameters were determined on the apparatus of ERMA PCE-210 (Japan), indicators of ferrokinetics were determined on a biochemical analyzer Humalyzer 2000 using sets in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. Statistical data was processed using the Microsoft Office Excel statistical software package. The probability of the results was estimated using Student's criteria (probable results were considered at p<0.05) and Fischer's criterion. Analysis of data showed that anemia was detected in 28.8% of patients. In 79.4%, anemia was mild, and 20.6% had an average degree of severity. Anemia was detected in 68.8% of women and 22.5% of men. Anemia was observed in 52.9% of patients with a disease duration of up to 5 years. According to cytometric indices, it is normocytic anemia in 55.9%, microcytic it is in 26.5%, and only in 17.6% is macrocytic. In patients with moderate severity of anemia, serum iron levels, ferritin and coefficient of saturation of transferrin were significantly lower, compared with light, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and sTfR levels were higher, p<0.05. Thus, among patients with SAR, anemia is detected in 28.8% of patients with predominantly mild degrees. Anemia is more often diagnosed in women than in men. There is no relationship between age and the occurrence of anemia. In debut disease, every second patient has anemic syndrome. According to the cytometric characteristic, anemia is a mild degree of normocytic, and anemia of middle degree is microcytic. Patients with microcytic anemia had the lowest levels of iron, ferritin, coefficient of saturation of transferrin, and the highest levels of TIBC and sTfR.
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Rehman, Abdur Aziz, Yasir Khan, Salman Khan, et al. "Prevalence of microcytic hypochromic anemia and their assosiated risk factor among female students of Sarhad University Peshawar, Pakistan." International journal of health sciences 8, S1 (2024): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v8ns1.14820.
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Microcytic hypochromic anemia which is a type of blood condition in which the cells become paler and smaller than they should be and it is caused by many reasons that include nutritional deficiencies. Material and methods: It were a descriptive analytical and cross-sectional study conducted at Sarhad University Peshawar, Pakistan that included 50 females. This study was performed in the duration of four months. All the females who were pregnant students, those with prior diagnoses, and thalassemia-positive cases were excluded. Results: Within these 50 participants, the income groups were categorized showing a 35% prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia in the 40k-50k income group and 8.5% in the above 50k group. Stress groups showed a 20% prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia in those experiencing stress compared to 13.3% in the non-stress group, forming a basis for comparisons in our research analysis with 44 anemia-familiar participants and 6 non familiar participants. Conclusion: more anemia cases, specifically microcytic hypochromic anemia, were seen in higher-income families, especially those with incomes between 40k to 50k; Stress also seemed to play a role, as stressed students had a higher likelihood of having this type of anemia, highlighting the complex relationship between income, stress, and anemia prevalence.
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Ferih, Khaled, Basel Elsayed, Amgad M. Elshoeibi, et al. "Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Thalassemia: A Comprehensive Review." Diagnostics 13, no. 9 (2023): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091551.
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Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects the beta or alpha subunits of the hemoglobin structure. Thalassemia is classified as a hypochromic microcytic anemia and a definitive diagnosis of thalassemia is made by genetic testing of the alpha and beta genes. Thalassemia carries similar features to the other diseases that lead to microcytic hypochromic anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Therefore, distinguishing between thalassemia and other causes of microcytic anemia is important to help in the treatment of the patients. Different indices and algorithms are used based on the complete blood count (CBC) parameters to diagnose thalassemia. In this article, we review how effective artificial intelligence is in aiding in the diagnosis and classification of thalassemia.
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Seidita, Aurelio, Pasquale Mansueto, Stella Compagnoni, et al. "Anemia in Celiac Disease: Prevalence, Associated Clinical and Laboratory Features, and Persistence after Gluten-Free Diet." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 10 (2022): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101582.
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Anemia is considered to be the most frequent extra-intestinal manifestation of Celiac Disease (CD). We assessed frequency, severity, morphologic features, and pathogenic factors of anemia in patients of the Sicilian Regional Network of Celiac Disease and attempted to identify putative pre-diet factors influencing anemia persistence. We retrospectively analyzed CD patients admitted to three centers between 2016–2020. 159 patients entered the study (129 females). More than half (54.7%) had mild-moderate, hypochromic and microcytic anemia, associated with below normal total serum iron and ferritin, indicative of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). One year after diagnosis, 134 patients were following ‘strict’ GFD. Hypochromic and microcytic anemia persisted in 46% of subjects who were anemic at diagnosis. Patients with persistent anemia had at diagnosis a higher prevalence of female gender (p = 0.02), lower body mass index (BMI, p = 0.01), higher prevalence of poly/hypermenorrhea (p = 0.02) and atopy (p = 0.04), and lower ferritin levels (p = 0.05) than the whole group of non-anemic ones. IDA is found in more than 50% of CD patients at diagnosis; nevertheless, in a lot of women IDA is not corrected by ‘strict’ GFD. Low BMI and poly/hypermenorrhea at diagnosis characterize this subgroup, suggesting that IDA might be due to iron loss rather than malabsorption, or to their coexistence/overlap.
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Qureshi, Muhammad Waqas Ahmed, Elaf Khalid, Faryal Riaz Khan, Hadia Chaudry, Sakina Sarfraz, and Maria Ahmed. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANEMIA, CRP AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN ELDERLY MALE POPULATION." Insights-Journal of Health and Rehabilitation 2, no. 2 (Health & Allied) (2024): 406–12. https://doi.org/10.71000/ijhr156.
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Background: Anemia is a prevalent medical condition in elderly populations, contributing significantly to morbidity and healthcare burden globally. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and systemic inflammation, indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), are potential contributors to anemia. Understanding the relationship between anemia, H. pylori, and CRP in elderly males can enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings where these conditions are highly prevalent. Objective: To determine the association between anemia, CRP levels, and H. pylori infection in elderly males. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted over six months from January 1 to June 30, 2023, at a tertiary care hospital in Rawalpindi. A total of 300 male participants aged above 65 years were recruited. After informed consent, 2cc venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for hemoglobin levels, red blood cell indices, and CRP-Q levels using Sysmex XP-100 and Beckman Coulter automated analyzers. Stool samples were tested for H. pylori antigen using the H. PYLORI QUIK CHEK enzymatic immunoassay. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Out of 300 participants, 270 (90%) were anemic, with 90 (33.3%) classified as mild anemia, 145 (53.7%) as moderate, and 35 (12.9%) as severe anemia. Microcytic anemia was the most common subtype (60.7%), with 158 (96.3%) of the 164 microcytic anemia cases testing positive for H. pylori. CRP-Q was elevated in 237 (87.7%) individuals, with a strong correlation observed between elevated CRP levels, H. pylori positivity, and microcytic anemia. H. pylori stool antigen was positive in 242 (89%) participants, particularly among those with anemia. Conclusion: This study highlights a strong association between anemia, H. pylori infection, and CRP levels in elderly males, emphasizing the importance of addressing H. pylori infection as part of anemia management in this population.
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Segel, George B. "Anemia." Pediatrics In Review 10, no. 3 (1988): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.10.3.77.
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The differential diagnosis of anemia is made easier by classifying RBC morphology as (1) hypochromic and microcytic, (2) normochromic and normocytic, and (3) macrocytic. This limits the number of diagnostic considerations and, hence, limits the laboratory evaluation. There are relatively few considerations if the RBCs are hypochromic and microcytic, including iron deficiency and the thalassemia syndromes. If the RBCs are normochromic, the reticulocyte percentage indicates whether the bone marrow is providing an appropriate response for the degree of anemia. There also are few possibilities if the reticulocyte percentage is low, ie, Diamond-Blackfan syndrome and transient erythroblastopenia of childhood. In the absence of bleeding, a brisk reticulocyte response indicates hemolysis due either to an intrinsic (congenital) or to extrinsic (acquired) RBC defect. The patient's history and physical examination findings may provide additional clues, and RBC features such as irreversibly sickled cells or spherocytes may indicate a specific diagnosis. Finally, the macrocytic anemias are suggested when the MCV exceeds 100 fL per cell and there are macroovalocytes on the blood smear. Such findings warrant further exploration of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency syndromes.
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Khan, Hamzullah, Khalid Khan, Fazle Raziq, and Aamir Naseem. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 01 (2018): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.01.1919.
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Objectives: To determine the importance of the RDW and other red cell indices(MCV, HBG) in the prediction of iron deficiency anemia in third trimester of pregnancy in a tertiarycare hospital of Peshawar. Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: OPD Department ofGynecology and Obstetrics Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady reading Hospital (PGMI-LRH)st th Peshawar. Period: 1 August 2012- 10 Dec 2012. Material and Methods: A Total of 152 womenattending the centre were included. Necessary information’s were recorded on the questionnaireprepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. Results: A total of 152 women in theirthird trimester presenting to Gynecology and obstetrics department of Lady reading hospitalPeshawar. The age range of the patient was from 20 years to 55 years with mean age of33+3.4years.Out of total 27(18%) were primagravida. Majority of the cases 118(77.6%) werefrom Peshawar, 9% from charsadda, 8% nowshera etc. We also received 2 patients 1.2% fromAfghanistan. Regarding financial status 57 %( 87) females were in upper Class ( i.e. income>20000/month) on recall. Of total 81(53%) of the females were having hemoglobin less than11g/dl and 22% of the women had HCT<32% which as per criteria of the WHO were anemic at thetime of presentation. While 29(19%) patients had low value of MCV (microcytic). Fifty five patients(36.2%) had RDW CV(%) more than 15% which points more towards the microcytic nature ofanemia and more anisocytosis. Conclusions: Fifty five patients (36.2%) had RDW CV(%) morethan 15% which points more towards the microcytic nature of anemia. While 29(19%) patientshad low value of MCV (microcytic). Increased RDW is best indicator for the detection of irondeficiency anemia than MCV. Increased RDW even in the presence of normal MCV can be anearly signal for iron deficiency anemia in pregnacy. Hence RDW is more reliable indicator for irondeficiency especially in pregnancy. Changes in RDW in last trimester is more significant that MCV.
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Alharbi, Raed. "Prevalence and morphological characteristics of anemia in young children in Albaha, Saudi Arabia." Rawal Medical Journal 49, no. 2 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/rmj.20240214052807.
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Objective: To assess the anemia among children in Albaha and to recognize the morphological and hematological features of anemia in them. Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted in Albaha region, Saudi Arabia using the existing data since 2020. The study included data on children aged 0-69 months. Morphological criteria included high RDW, and low RBCs, Hgb, Hct, MCV, and MCHC. The data were analyzed by the SPSS, version 24. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied including averages, independent t-tests, and univariate and bivariate binary logistic regression. Results: Average age of children was 46.4 months, representing both genders. The prevalence of anemia was 16.7%, 14.7%, and 14.1% for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, respectively. The predominant type of anemia was microcytic hypochromic anemia, affecting 81.4% of males and 14.1% of females. There were insignificant correlations between age, or gender, with anemia status. Conclusion: Microcytic hypochromic anemia was the most prevalent type among young children in this study. It also emerges the necessity for further assessment to confirm the predominance of microcytic hypochromic anemia among young children in Saudi Arabia in regional contexts.
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Ayesha, Nageen, Suhail Kidwai Saera, Bashir Farhat, Ara Jamal, and Muhammad Munir Syed. "Anemia-an Unnoticed Entity in Asian Males A Focus on the Anemic Parameters of Adult Males in Pakistan." British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 22, no. 1 (2017): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2017/33695.
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<strong>Background: </strong>There is a general lack of awareness that anemia could be present in a significant number of apparently healthy adult males which might then lead to a misdiagnosis and a prolonged suffering of the patient. This study questions the frequency of anemia in healthy adult males which if found high will be an eye opener and an alarm for the doctors. <strong>Aims: </strong>This study was to determine the extent of anemia and its related parameters in apparently healthy adult males of a general population. <strong>Study Design:</strong> A cross sectional, observational study. <strong>Place and Duration of Study:</strong> The research was done in a tertiary care hospital, Creek General Hospital, Karachi from May 2016 to August 2016. <strong>Methodology:</strong> we included 493 healthy adult males by convenient sampling. The exclusion criteria included males less than 18 years or with any organ insufficiency, terminal illness or blood dyscrasias or hemoglobinopathies. Complete Blood Count was done to mark anemia and to assess its severity. The Mean Corpuscular Volume was categorized as normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 20. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 493 males, 238(51.4%) were anemic out of which114 (47.8%) were normocytic, 98(41.1%) were microcytic and 26(11%) were macrocytic (P=0.00). The severity of anemia among the 238 anemic males showed 164(69%) males to have mild anemia, 44(18.4%) to have moderate and 30(12.6%) to have severe anemia. (P=.000). The mean hemoglobin in males is 12.5 (STD±2.4).In younger age group (<30 years) of 210 males, 102 (42%) were anemic. In the middle age group (31- 50 years), out of the 165 that presented 76 (46%) were anemic while 118 patients in the elderly age group (> 50 years), 60 (51%) had anemia (P=0.72). There were 45 diabetic males, out of which 27(60%) were anemic and among them 20 had mild (74%) anemia and 18 (67%) were normocytic (P=0.049). In accordance to ethnicity, in decreasing order, 60% of Sindhis, 54% of Pashtuns, 51% of the Urdu speaking sector, 51% of Bengalis,46% of Gilgitis, 35% of Punjabis and 22% of Balouchis were anemic (p=0.04). 49% of Muslims, 35.7% of Christians were anemic. 168 were smokers in which 72 (42.8%) were anemic (P=0.132) with 46% being normocytic and 33% being microcytic. Logistic regression did not show any correlation between hemoglobin and age in the study. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Anemia is highly prevalent in the adult males- a fact which has remained unnoticed.
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Farrukh, Sarah, Qurat ul Ain Ayyaz, Farhan Ali Khanzada, Huma Sheikh, Ambreen Anwar, and Soubia Cheema. "Comparison of classification of anemia based on mean corpuscular volume by hematology analyzer and peripheral smear examination." Pakistan Journal of Pathology 35, no. 2 (2024): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55629/pakjpathol.v35i2.793.
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Objective: This study was conducted to identify different morphological patterns of anemia based on mean corpuscular volume determined by a hematology analyzer and comparing it with peripheral smear examination. Material and Methods: A total of 94 anemic patients were studied at Punjab Institute of Cardiology. Anemia was characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration below normal limit i.e <12g/dl in women and <13.0 g/dl in men using an automated analyzer. Morphological classification was done based on peripheral smear examination findings and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Frequencies were calculated for gender and subtypes of anemia and its severity was calculated into percentages. Age was calculated as mean and SD. Post stratification Chi- square test was applied to compare PSE and automated analyser taking p value of more 0.0001 as significant. Results: The mean age of included patients was 34.88± 15.25 years with minimum and maximum age 7 months old and 85 years. Females were more commonly affected than males with male to female ratio 1:2. Majority, i.e. 53% of patients suffered from moderate degree of anemia while 39% participants had hypochromic microcytic pattern of anemia. Post stratification Chi- square test was applied to compare peripheral smear examination and automated analyzer which gave a significant p value of 0.0002. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the role of PSE in comparison with automated hematology analyzer for the diagnosis and subtyping of various forms of anemias. Keywords: Anemia, Microcytic hypochromic, Normocytic normochromic
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Asghar, Rabiah, Javera Tariq, Nabeela Naeem, Anila Zafar, Khadija Qureshi, and Shameela Majeed. "Comparison of peripheral blood smear examination with automated haematology analyzer for diagnosing different types of anemia." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 10 (2021): 1433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.10.6179.
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Objective: This study aims to determine diagnostic accuracy of peripheral blood smear and automated haematology analyzer and to determine frequency of different types of anemia diagnosed by peripheral blood smear and automated hematology analyzer. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. Period: November 2015 to April 2016. Material & Methods: Sample size of 149 suspected anemia patients was calculated using WHO calculator with 95% confidence interval. Research approval was taken from hospital ethical board. Patients were approached through non probability consecutive sampling method. Both peripheral blood smear examination and automated haematology analysis of each sample was performed. Diagnostic accuracy and frequency of anemia types was measured. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 25. Chi-square and fissure exact test and ROC curve analysis was applied and significant (p<0.05) results were reported. Results: Total 149 patients were included in study. There were 42(28.2%) male and 107(71.8%) female. Mean age of patients was 35.1±2.1SD. Peripheral blood smear and automated haematology analyzer showed sensitivity (68% vs 92%), specificity (59% vs 88%), PPV (72% vs 92%), NPV (55% vs 88%) and diagnostic accuracy (64% vs 91) respectively. Most common type of anemia diagnosed with peripheral blood smear was microcytic hypochromic anemia with raised RDW 36.7% followed by normocytic normochromic anemia with raised RDW 13.3% and macrocytic anemia (p=0.001) while in automated haematology analyzer microc ytic hypochromic anemia with raised RDW54.4% followed by normochromic normocytic anemoia with normal RDW 11.1% (p=0.000). Conclusion: Automated haematyology analyzer had high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosis of anemia. Microcytic hypochromic anemia and normocytic normochromic are most common anemias diagnosed by peripheral blood smear and automated hematology analyzer and peripheral blood smear cannot be completely replaced by automated haemolytic analyzer. However, if both methods are used simultaneously, more accurate results can be obtained.
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Umar, Tungki Pratama. "Microcytic Anemia: A Brief Overview." Annals of SBV 9, no. 2 (2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10085-8126.
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Haurani, Farid I. "Microcytic anemia with iron malabsorption." American Journal of Hematology 54, no. 2 (1997): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199702)54:2<177::aid-ajh21>3.0.co;2-b.
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Yadav, Rakesh K., Mansoor Ahmad, Manoj K. Mathur, and Vishal Dhingra. "Study of prevalence and types of anemia in primary hypothyroidism." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 5 (2019): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20194221.
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Background: Hypothyroidism is common disease with varying frequency between countries. Anemia in hypothyroidism can be normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic and macrocytic hypochromic. Anemia severity is associated with hypothyroidism degree. Objective of this study to study the association between anemia and hypothyroidism and prevalence and types of anemia in primary hypothyroidism (subclinical and overt both).Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at tertiary care hospital in North India. Newly diagnosed 100 primary hypothyroid patients and 100 controls with age and sex matched evaluated for anemia. Prevalence and types of anemia were studied and severity of anemia was correlated with that of hypothyroidism.Results: Anemia was observed in 90 patients with hypothyroidism. Symptoms due to anemia were higher in cases than in controls. RBCs morphology showed normocytic normochromic in 59, microcytic hypochromic in 26 and macrocytic hypochromic in 15 cases. Serum anti-TPO positivity was present in 71.1% in cases as compared to 33.33% in controls. Anemia was severe in cases with high TSH.Conclusions: Anemia was more prevalent in cases of hypothyroidism than in euthyroid controls. Normocytic normochromic type of anemia was most common type in this study. Serum anti-TPO positivity was 71.1% in cases. There was statistically significant negative correlation between TSH and haemoglobin. Symptoms of anemia were more in hypothyroid patients than in euthyroid anemic patients.
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Bebeshko, V. G., K. M. Bruslova, N. M. Tsvietkova, L. O. Gonchar, and O. G. Aleksieiev. "Causal-Investigative Analysis of the Formation of Anemia in Children." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (2020): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.271.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the main causal factors in the formation of anemia in children of Ukraine, depending on the morphometric changes in erythrocytes of blood, indicators of iron metabolism for the formation of a risk group for oncohematological diseases. Material and methods. 770 children were examined: 724 with anemia, 46 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We studied the parameters of the erythrocyte lineage of hematopoiesis, morphometric parameters of erythrocytes, indicators of iron metabolism (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, the transferrin saturation with iron, hematocrit, the content of δ-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin in urine, pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone depending on the type of somatic pathology. Anemic states were distributed taking into account the average erythrocyte volume and the average hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte, and dividing diagnoses microcytic-hypochromic or normocytic-normochromic anemia, respectively. Results and discussion. The study showed that in children with normocytic-normochromic anemia, the number of erythrocytes and hematocrit were lower than in patients with microcytic-hypochromic anemia, while average erythrocyte volume, average hemoglobin content, serum iron, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation with iron were higher. The number of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood in all the examined subjects was standard. That is, the anemic conditions in children differed in ferrokinetic parameters, in particular, with and without iron deficiency. Taking into account the age of the children and the reasons for the development of anemia, a third of the girls of puberty with microcytic-hypochromic anemia had menorrhagias. In children under 6 years of age with normocytic-normochromic anemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were more often registered; in the older 6 years – gastrointestinal diseases, helminthiasis and allergic reactions compared with patients with microcytic-hypochromic anemia. The development of normocytic-normochromic anemia in children and the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract were influenced by drug treatment for chronic pathology in the body. All children with anemia had an irrational diet. Porphyria was diagnosed in 3.8% of children with microcytic-hypochromic anemia. In 12.7% of children with normocytic-normochromic anemia, the serum thyroid stimulating hormone level was at the upper limit of the reference value (mean 3.3±0.6) mU/L), which correlated with a reduced number of erythrocytes in blood (r = -0.65) and increased values of average erythrocyte volume (r = 0.41) and average hemoglobin content (r = 0.35), and indicates changes in the erythrocyte lineage of hematopoiesis associated with the initial manifestations of thyroid hypofunction. An excess of iron was observed in 7.1% of older boys with normocytic-normochromic anemia, which requires additional examination. In patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anemia of varying severity. The serum ferritin level was (272.1±28.4) ng/ml and was significantly higher than in children with normocytic-normochromic anemia. In 12 of 46 patients, transferrin saturation with iron was increased and amounted to (70.2±2.3)%. Moreover, the higher the level of serum iron and serum ferritin, the higher was the transferrin saturation with iron (rs = 0.5; rs = 0.85). An inverse correlation was established between transferrin saturation with iron, patient survival (rs = -0.45) and a higher probability of death (rs = -0.46). Conclusion. Children with normocytic-normochromic anemia require in-depth examination and constitute a risk group for the development of myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia
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Asif, Muhammad, Saima Siddiqui, Shabnam Dildar, Rehana Ahmed, and Tahir Shamsi. "The catch in complete blood count when vitamin B12 deficiency is hiding behind microcytic anemia." Egyptian Journal of Haematology 48, no. 3 (2023): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejh.ejh_89_22.
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Abstract Background Insufficient stores of vitamin B12 in human body are thought to result in macrocytic anemia. However, anemia in most of the patients is multifactorial. This is commonly owing to mixed nutritional deficiencies or bowel disorders affecting absorption of more than one element. Resultantly, a single causative agent of anemia like vitamin B12 deficiency may take macrocytic, normocytic, or microcytic forms. Patients presenting with microcytic anemia may have underlying insufficiency of this vitamin in some instances. Assessment of complete blood count (CBC) parameters may be helpful to identify such cases. Methods This study was conducted on 155 patients of microcytic anemia. Assessment of complete blood count (CBC) parameters and vitamin B12 was done using state of the art analyzers. The overall data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results Subnormal vitamin B12 levels were found in 17.4% of the studied cases. CBC parameters showed distinct changes in this group. Mean hemoglobin and red blood cell values were lower compared to the subjects having normal B12 values, and mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration had an upward trend in cases of severe deficiency. Features of leucopenia and pancytopenia were more frequent also. Macrocytic red blood cells on peripheral smear were useful to detect the hidden deficiency even when the predominant picture consisted of microcytic cells. Conclusions Vitamin B12 deficiency maybe underlying in microcytic anemia patients. Important clues in CBC include very low hemoglobin but mildly decreased MCV values in the presence of leucopenia and macrocytic RBCs on peripheral smear.
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Silva, Roberto Aguilar Machado Santos, Heitor Miragaia Herrera, Luzimari Borges da Silveira Domingos, Flora Auxiliadora Ximenes, and Alberto Martin Rivera Dávila. "Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs and horses: hematological and clinical aspects." Ciência Rural 25, no. 2 (1995): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781995000200010.
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Trypanosoma evansi caused severe anemia in horses and pronounced leukopenia in dogs, both naturally infected. The horses presented microcytic normochromic anemia and the dogs showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. The clinical signs observed were fever, anemia, edema of the legs and lower parts, weakness and inappetence. Light microscopic studies demonstrated that Trypanosoma evansi produced several alterations in erythrocytes of dogs and horses. These pathologic changes included vacuolation, acanthocytes, dacrocytes, codocytes, microspherocytes and bizarre shapes. Mature erythrocyte were observed adhered to trypanosomes. Erythrophagocytosis was also demonstred.
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Francis, Feby T., Aysha Ali, and Priya P. Kartha. "Hypersegmented neutrophils in peripheral smear –An etiological analysis." Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology 9, no. 1 (2022): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpo.2022.009.
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Hypersegmentation of neutrophils is defined as presence of 5% or more neutrophils with five or more lobes or single neutrophil with 6 lobes. It is usually associated with deficiency of or failure to utilize cobalamin or folate and impaired DNA synthesis is the accepted mechanism for the morphological changes seen in megaloblastosis. Other causes of neutrophil hypersegmentation (NH) listed include microcytic hypochromic anemia(MHA) but the evidence for this is based mainly on a limited number of case studies in which MHAs with vit B12 and folic acid deficiency also were included. More studies are needed to establish itiological factors other than already established megaloblastic anemia.The present study was conducted in Department of Pathology in a tertiary care centre in Central Kerala, India. 100 cases peripheral smears with NH were evaluated. Aim of the study was to classify the itiological factors of NH in peripheral smears, study NH in microcytic hypochromic anemia and to check whether there is any connection between microcytic hypochromic anemia with NH and thrombocytosis. Complete blood count of all cases were taken using automated hematology analysers. Peripheral smear picture were correlated with the blood counts. Cases with MHA were examined for underlying vit B12 and folic acid deficiency. Study shows that 31% cases of peripheral smears with hypersegmentaion of neutrophils were pure microcytic hypochromic anemias with normal vitB12 and folic acid levels. Study also points to increased incidence thrombocytosis in pure MHA cases compared to other etiological factors.
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Indrati, Agnes Rengga, Yehezkiel Yonathan, Hendro Hendro, Lazuardi Dwipa, and Cissy Kartasasmita. "Characteristics of Anemia in the Elderly: Hospital-Based Study in West Java." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 29, no. 3 (2023): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v29i3.2018.
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Geriatric anemia can cause many problems and is a major health condition worldwide and in Indonesia. It is important to know the characteristics and prevalence of anemia among geriatrics in Indonesia, especially in West Java. By using simple hematology parameters to detect anemia in geriatrics, and then giving adequate treatment, morbidity, and mortality due to anemia may decrease in geriatrics. This study aimed to identify the type of anemia, etiology, age, gender, and prevalence of elderly patients with anemia in West Java. This was a cross-sectional study. Patients above 59 years old attending the geriatric clinic in Hasan Sadikin General Hospital and the geriatric community was included in this study to be evaluated for anemia, the characteristics of anemia (normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic) based on MCV and MCHC, age group (<=65 and > 65 year old), and gender. Among 247 elderly patients, anemia was found in 33 patients (13.64%) and mostly found in females. Mostly represented as normochromic normocytic anemia (78.8%) and microcytic hypochromic anemia (21.2%), respectively. Individuals older than 65 years old were mostly presented with microcytic hypochromic anemia (66.7%). Meanwhile, normocytic normochromic anemia was more commonly found in individuals below 65 years old (12.1%). Anemia was commonly found in people older than 65 years old. The most common type of anemia in geriatrics in West Java was normocytic normochromic. Females experience anemia more than males.
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Gupta, Ankit, Mohd Usman Gani, and Pramod Kumar. "Macrocytosis is highly prevalent in Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 5 (2020): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201496.
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Background: Anemia is a most common health issue in Indian population mainly due to nutritional deficiencies. A number of factors contribute in anemia which is further categorized based on various parameters in hematological indices and microscopic examination.Methods: A retrospective study has been carried out on the patients (n = 1332) in a retrospective study on the patients (n = 1332) in Raebareli district to determine prevalence of anemia and subsequent categorization into normocytic, microcytic and macrocytic based on complete blood count (CBC) profile and blood smear.Results: This study demonstrates 15.54% patients were diagnosed for anemia and more than half of the total anemic patients (55.07%) were found to be suffered from macrocytosis which was found significantly more prevalent among male (65.17%) compare to female (38.38%) patients.Conclusions: Several factors may contribute to macrocytosis among male population including alcoholism in Raebareli region. However, female patients were found almost equally susceptible to all three forms of anemia: normocytic, microcytic and macrocytic. This study provides a key insight into prevalence and possible causes of different types of anemia in this region which may be useful for implementation of government health programs to counter this problem and provide better treatment plans.
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Maulide Cane, Réka, Sérgio Chicumbe, Youssouf Keita, et al. "Characteristics of Anemia in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years Attending External Consultations at a Pediatric Hospital in Lisbon, Portugal." Children 12, no. 7 (2025): 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070832.
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Background/Objectives: Childhood anemia remains a serious public health issue, negatively affecting cognitive and psychomotor development, with repercussions on school performance and adult productivity. This study aimed to characterize the profile of children aged 6 months to 5 years diagnosed with or at risk of anemia who attended a pediatric hospital in Lisbon, Portugal. Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from September 2023 to September 2024. Descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions and cross-tabulations, summarized participant characteristics and key variables. Results: We observed that 33.3% (74/222) of the children were either anemic or at risk of anemia. Among these, 93.2% (69/74) were confirmed anemic or at risk based on hemoglobin levels. Five children (6.8%) had normal hemoglobin but abnormal red-cell indices, with microcytic (60.0%; 3/5) or normocytic (40.0%; 2/5) patterns. Anemia rates were higher in males (55.1%), children aged 24–59 months, those residing in the Metropolitan Lisbon Area (82.6%), children whose caregivers had only basic or secondary education (58.0%), and those whose mothers were born in foreign countries (48.4%). Microcytic red-cell indices were observed in 63.1% of cases. Serum iron results indicated that 32.0% were pre-anemic and 40.0% anemic. Ferritin levels showed iron-deficiency anemia in 22.2% of tested cases. In addition, 33.3% carried the sickle cell trait, and 35.0% had elevated C-reactive protein, suggesting anemia of inflammation. Conclusions: Anemia is a moderate public health issue, mainly affecting children with less-educated caregivers and migrant mothers. Targeted public health actions, including systematic screening, caregiver education, and multiculturally sensitive interventions, are crucial to address anemia.
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Othman, Fadhila. "Microcytic Anemia Among patient In Al-Bayda Medical Educational Center through Complete Blood Count." International Science and Technology Journal 36, no. 2 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.62341/foma1305.
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Microcytic anemia is a common hematologic disorder primarily caused by iron deficiency, and to a lesser extent by thalassemia and chronic diseases such as renal failure. It is characterized by the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) with reduced mean corpuscular volume (MCV), leading to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity and associated with some symptom's. This study aimed to assess the hematological parameters of patients with microcytic anemia in comparison with healthy group, while identifying the most prevalent underlying causes and associated demographic patterns. The study was conducted at Al-Bayda Medical Educational Center, Libya, in May 2024. A total of 61 participants (30 patients and 31 healthy controls), aged between 18 and 60 years, were included. Blood samples were analyzed using automated hematology analyzers to measure Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and HCT. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v23, with significance set at p < 0.05. The study revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.000) between patients and controls in all measured hematological parameters. The causes of microcytic anemia among the 30 patients were identified based on their medical records. iron deficiency was the most frequent diagnosis (80%), followed by anemia of chronic renal disease (13.3%) and thalassemia (6.7%). Among the patient group, 90% were female, reflecting a gender predominance in this population. Iron deficiency remains the leading cause of microcytic anemia in the studied population, predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Routine hematological screening, nutritional interventions, and awareness programs are essential for early detection, prevention, and management. Further research is recommended to investigate the molecular mechanisms and long-term impacts of iron deficiency on health and quality of life. KEYWORDS: Iron deficiency anemia, microcytic anemia, hematological parameters.
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T., Glebova,. "Anemic Syndrome in Children in the Children’s Regional Hospital." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/86/26.
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The study of a general blood test determining the nature of anemic syndrome in young children (0-12 years old) and children (3-6 years old) with infectious processes in the infectious department of the Penza Regional Children's Hospital was carried out. In the study, 4 groups were identified according to blood parameters in the age group 0-12 years. The study of the indicators of the general blood test showed that the first group cannot be attributed to the manifestations of severe anemia syndrome. In the second – normochromic, normocytic anemia syndrome. The third group had a manifestation of anemic normochromic, normocytic syndrome. In children in the fourth group, microcytosis of erythrocytes, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and hypochromia were detected in blood smears. The data of the general blood test indicated the presence of concomitant anemia microcytic, hypochromic syndrome in children. And in children in the age group of 3-6 years, only in 25.8% of cases, the manifestation of anemic syndrome was found in the test’s of 1010 children. In children, the revealed anemic syndrome corresponded to the normochromic, normocytic process. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that young children (0-12 years old) and aged 3-6 years who are being treated for the underlying disease have concomitant anemia syndromes in most cases of normochromic, normocytic and in a minority of cases of hypochromic, microcytic nature.
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Roy Chowdhury, Anadi, and Manas Talukdar. "Prevalence of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy in antenatal mothers with relation to complete hemogram and high performance liquid chromatography-a hospital based study of Eastern India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 3 (2018): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180617.
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Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and Beta thalassemia (BT) are two most common causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia in our country affecting the reproductive age group. It is important to discriminate between these two entities to prevent treatment with iron of individuals with thalassemia trait as well as prevent homozygous transmission of B thalassemia trait (BTT). Aim of the study was to investigate causes of microcytic anemia in antenatal mothers and to find out the role of Cell Counter and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) so as to screen BTT and other hemoglobinopathies.Methods: This study was done over a period of six months (May 2017 to October 2017) in the Department of Pathology in R. G. Kar Medical College. We analyzed the blood samples of all antenatal mothers attending Department of Pathology for blood tests and a complete hemogram and hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) quantitation was done.Results: Total cases evaluated were 2200 of which 442 patients were found to have microcytic hypochromic anemia (MCV<80%, MCH<27). Rest that is 1758 was normal. Of 442 cases of microcytic hypochromic anemia, 205 were found to have IDA, 115 BTT, 112 E trait, 1 case each of Hemoglobin E disease, E-Beta thalassemia and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH). Hemoglobinopathies like S trait and Hemoglobin J (Hb J) was found in 4 and 3 cases respectively.Conclusions: In India, Microcytic hypochromic anemia is common and may be due to IDA, BTT or other hemoglobinopathies Cell counter-based parameters and formulas, along with HPLC can be an effective method of thalassemia screening in a society.
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Mishra, Satyendra Kumar, Surendra Marasini, Badri Kumar Gupta, Krishna Kumar Agrawal, and Narayan Gautam. "Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Anemic Patients: A Hospital Based Study." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 6, no. 2 (2018): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v6i2.22494.
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Introduction: In developing countries like Nepal, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the major concern. The high rate incidence has been related to insufficient iron intake, accompanied by chronic intestinal blood loss due to parasitic and malarial infections. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of IDA in anemic patients of Universal College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital (UCMS-TH), South Western region, Nepal.
 Material and Method It was a hospital based cross sectional study comprised of 100 anemic patients. Their detailed medical history and lab investigations, focusing on hematological parameters were documented. Peripheral smear examination and serum ferritin estimation were done to observe red cell morphology and iron status respectively.
 Results: This study revealed that out of 100 anemic patients, 35% were that of IDA. The most affected age group was 21-40 years with frequency 42.55%. IDA was more common in females (42.85%) than in male (21.62%). Out of 100 anemic patients, microcytic hypochromic anemia was predominant in 47% followed by macrocytic anemia (31%) and then normocytic normochromic anemia (22%). Out of 47 microcytic hypochromic anemic patients, 12 had normal serum ferritin. There was a statistical significant difference in Hb (p=0.011), MCV (p=0.0001), MCH (p=0.0001), MCHC (p=0.0001) and serum ferritin (p=0.0001) among all types of anemia. There was a statistical significant positive correlation of ferritin with Hemoglobin (0.257, p= 0.01), MCV (0.772, p= 0.0001), MCH (0.741, p=0.0001) and MCHC (0.494, p=0.0001).
 Conclusion: The peripheral smear in conjunction with serum ferritin estimation needs to be included for susceptible individuals to screen the IDA and other types of anemia.