Academic literature on the topic 'Migration flyways'

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Journal articles on the topic "Migration flyways"

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Marques, Paulo A. M., and Paulo E. Jorge. "Winter Latitudinal Population Age-Structure of a Migratory Seagull (Larus fuscus) Differs between Its Two Major Migratory Flyways." International Journal of Ecology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/737616.

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The migration is energy-demanding and is expected to greatly affect the distribution of individuals over the species range and condition the choice of migratory routes. We investigated the wintering distributions and migratory flyways use of geographically contiguous populations of Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) and difference in population winter age structure between migratory flyways. Recoveries of metal ringed pulli from Denmark, Sweden, and Finland were used. The results showed that contiguous populations can have distinct wintering distribution patterns and migratory flyways. More importantly, we found that depending on the place of origin, the population winter distribution may or may not show a latitudinal cline in the age structure. The population migrating via the eastern Atlantic flyway (western flyway) showed a winter age-related latitudinal cline, with adults staying at more northern latitudes than immatures. In contrast, no such pattern was found in the population migrating along the Mediterranean/Black sea flyway (eastern flyway). Interestingly, immatures within the eastern population showed a more dispersed pattern of migratory bearings. Overall, our results enhance the importance of the migration flyway in shaping the age structure of populations in the winter quarters and how it may influence the effect of other factors like sexual maturation.
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Weiss, N. "Steppe Eagle’s population structure migrating through the bottleneck of Eilat in spring." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-269-270.

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Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis) migrate in large numbers past key migration flyways from almost its entire breeding region. On its spring migration route from Africa many birds fly through the bottleneck of Eilat in southern Israel. Migration timing and age structures in the population are often key elements of conservation works. In the four springs of 2015 to 2018 we systematically counted the passing Steppe Eagles at two count stations. An average of 15,039 Steppe Eagles were counted per spring. We also recorded the ages of many of the Eagles. We found patterns in the Eagle's migration that is related to the age of the eagles. Adults arrive early and are most abundant, followed by sub adults, and juveniles in timing and numbers. Furthermore, we compared our data of the structure of the passing populations with different flyways and wintering sites and found significant differences. The flyway in Eilat is mostly occupied by adult migrating birds, 72% of the aged birds were adults in the survey. The different usage of flyways by ages can be an important factor in future conservation projects.
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Tian, Huaiyu, Sen Zhou, Lu Dong, et al. "Avian influenza H5N1 viral and bird migration networks in Asia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 1 (2014): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405216112.

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The spatial spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and its long-term persistence in Asia have resulted in avian influenza panzootics and enormous economic losses in the poultry sector. However, an understanding of the regional long-distance transmission and seasonal patterns of the virus is still lacking. In this study, we present a phylogeographic approach to reconstruct the viral migration network. We show that within each wild fowl migratory flyway, the timing of H5N1 outbreaks and viral migrations are closely associated, but little viral transmission was observed between the flyways. The bird migration network is shown to better reflect the observed viral gene sequence data than other networks and contributes to seasonal H5N1 epidemics in local regions and its large-scale transmission along flyways. These findings have potentially far-reaching consequences, improving our understanding of how bird migration drives the periodic reemergence of H5N1 in Asia.
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La Sorte, Frank A., Daniel Fink, Wesley M. Hochachka, John P. DeLong, and Steve Kelling. "Spring phenology of ecological productivity contributes to the use of looped migration strategies by birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1793 (2014): 20140984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0984.

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Migration is a common strategy used by birds that breed in seasonal environments. The patterns and determinants of migration routes, however, remain poorly understood. Recent empirical analyses have demonstrated that the locations of two North America migration flyways (eastern and western) shift seasonally, reflecting the influence of looped migration strategies. For the eastern but not western flyway, seasonal variation in atmospheric circulation has been identified as an explanation. Here, we test an alternative explanation based on the phenology of ecological productivity, which may be of greater relevance in western North America, where phenology is more broadly dictated by elevation. Migrants in the western flyway selected lower-elevation spring routes that were wetter, greener and more productive, and higher-elevation autumn routes that were less green and less productive, but probably more direct. Migrants in the eastern flyway showed little season variation but maintained associations with maximum regional greenness. Our findings suggest the annual phenology of ecological productivity is associated with en route timing in both flyways, and the spring phenology of ecological productivity contributes to the use of looped strategies in the western flyway. This fine-tuned spatial synchronization may be disrupted when changing climate induces a mismatch between food availability and needs.
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Nourani, Elham, Kamran Safi, Noriyuki M. Yamaguchi, and Hiroyoshi Higuchi. "Raptor migration in an oceanic flyway: wind and geography shape the migratory route of grey-faced buzzards in East Asia." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 3 (2018): 171555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171555.

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Flapping flight is relatively costly for soaring birds such as raptors. To avoid costly flight, migrating raptors generally avoid flying over water. As a result, all but one of the global raptor migration flyways are largely over land. The East Asian oceanic flyway for raptors is the exception. Raptor species using this flyway migrate by island-hopping, flying over open ocean for distances of up to 300 km between islands. We used satellite telemetry data for grey-faced buzzards Butastur indicus , a species that dominates the southern part of the flyway, to investigate the geographical and atmospheric factors responsible for the suitability of this flyway for raptor migration. Using a combination of least-cost path analysis and a step selection function, we found that the occurrence of numerous islands and also suitable wind support along the oceanic flyway are responsible for route selection in grey-faced buzzards. These results confirm the role of islands, but also wind, in shaping the East Asian oceanic flyway of long-distance raptor migration.
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Briedis, Martins, Silke Bauer, Peter Adamík, et al. "Broad‐scale patterns of the Afro‐Palaearctic landbird migration." Global Ecology and Biogeography 29, no. 4 (2020): 722–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3931980.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Aim Knowledge of broad‐scale biogeographical patterns of animal migration is important for understanding ecological drivers of migratory behaviours. Here, we present a flyway‐scale assessment of the spatial structure and seasonal dynamics of the Afro‐Palaearctic bird migration system and explore how phenology of the environment guides long‐distance migration. Location Europe and Africa. Time period 2009&ndash;2017. Major taxa studied Birds. Methods We compiled an individual‐based dataset comprising 23 passerine and near‐passerine species of 55 European breeding populations, in which a total of 564 individuals were tracked during migration between Europe and sub‐Saharan Africa. In addition, we used remotely sensed primary productivity data (the normalized difference vegetation index) to estimate the timing of vegetation green‐up in spring and senescence in autumn across Europe. First, we described how individual breeding and non‐breeding sites and the migratory flyways link geographically. Second, we examined how the timing of migration along the two major Afro‐Palaearctic flyways is tuned with vegetation phenology at the breeding sites. Results We found the longitudes of individual breeding and non‐breeding sites to be related in a strongly positive manner, whereas the latitudes of breeding and non‐breeding sites were related negatively. In autumn, migration commenced ahead of vegetation senescence, and the timing of migration was 5&ndash;7 days earlier along the Western flyway compared with the Eastern flyway. In spring, the time of arrival at breeding sites was c . 1.5 days later for each degree northwards and 6&ndash;7 days later along the Eastern compared with the Western flyway, reflecting the later spring green‐up at higher latitudes and more eastern longitudes. Main conclusions Migration of the Afro‐Palaearctic landbirds follows a longitudinally parallel leapfrog migration pattern, whereby migrants track vegetation green‐up in spring but depart before vegetation senescence in autumn. The degree of continentality along migration routes and at the breeding sites of the birds influences the timing of migration on a broad scale.
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Newcombe, Patrick B., Cecilia Nilsson, Tsung-Yu Lin, et al. "Migratory flight on the Pacific Flyway: strategies and tendencies of wind drift compensation." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0383.

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Applications of remote sensing data to monitor bird migration usher a new understanding of magnitude and extent of movements across entire flyways. Millions of birds move through the western USA, yet this region is understudied as a migratory corridor. Characterizing movements in the Pacific Flyway offers a unique opportunity to study complementary patterns to those recently highlighted in the Atlantic and Central Flyways. We use weather surveillance radar data from spring and autumn (1995–2018) to examine migrants' behaviours in relation to winds in the Pacific Flyway. Overall, spring migrants tended to drift on winds, but less so at northern latitudes and farther inland from the Pacific coastline. Relationships between winds and autumn flight behaviours were less striking, with no latitudinal or coastal dependencies. Differences in the preferred direction of movement (PDM) and wind direction predicted drift patterns during spring and autumn, with increased drift when wind direction and PDM differences were high. We also observed greater total flight activity through the Pacific Flyway during the spring when compared with the autumn. Such complex relationships among birds’ flight strategies, winds and seasonality highlight the variation within a migration system. Characterizations at these scales complement our understanding of strategies to clarify aerial animal movements.
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Wommack, Elizabeth A., Lisa C. Marrack, Stefania Mambelli, Joshua M. Hull, and Todd E. Dawson. "Using oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes to track the migratory movement of Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) along Western Flyways of North America." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0226318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226318.

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The large-scale patterns of movement for the Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus), a small forest hawk found throughout western North America, are largely unknown. However, based on field observations we set out to test the hypothesis that juvenile migratory A. striatus caught along two distinct migration routes on opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of North America (Pacific Coast and Intermountain Migratory Flyways) come from geographically different natal populations. We applied stable isotope analysis of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) of feathers, and large scale models of spatial isotopic variation (isoscapes) to formulate spatially explicit predictions of the origin of the migrant birds. Novel relationships were assessed between the measured hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of feathers from A. striatus museum specimens of known origin and the isoscape modeled hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of precipitation at those known locations. We used these relationships to predict the origin regions for birds migrating along the two flyways from the measured isotope values of migrant’s feathers and the associated hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation where these feathers were formed. The birds from the two migration routes had overlap in their natal/breeding origins and did not differentiate into fully separate migratory populations, with birds from the Pacific Coast Migratory Flyway showing broader natal geographic origins than those from the Intermountain Flyway. The methodology based on oxygen isotopes had, in general, less predictive power than the one based on hydrogen. There was broad agreement between the two isotope approaches in the geographic assignment of the origins of birds migrating along the Pacific Coast Flyway, but not for those migrating along the Intermountain Migratory Flyway. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for conservation efforts of A. striatus in western North America, and the use of combined hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis to track the movement of birds of prey on continental scales.
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Constantino, Valerie. "Instinct Extinct: The Great Pacific Flyway." Leonardo 52, no. 1 (2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01599.

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This article, or artist’s inquiry, was written in concert with the exhibition Instinct Extinct: The Great Pacific Flyway. Beginning with introductions to bird migration, the concept of global flyways and the history of conservation, the text considers the poetics of art-making relative to academic research. Areas of artistic exploration include a map depicting California’s changing waterscape, video portraits of people of the flyway and assemblages of invented and found avian artifacts. The article concludes with a review of current environmental conditions affecting migratory birds and some reflective passages.
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Emmenegger, Tamara, Steffen Hahn, Raphaël Arlettaz, Valentin Amrhein, Zehtindjiev Pavel, and Silke Bauer. "Shifts in vegetation phenology along flyways entail varying risks of mistiming in a migratory songbird." Ecosphere 7, no. 6 (2016): e01385. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775230.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Long-term shifts in vegetation phenology generally follow the pattern of global warming. Yet, topographical complexity and biome diversity cause uneven spatial trends in the phenological response of vegetation to climate change. If phenology changes similarly along migration routes, individuals may adequately respond by shifting the whole migration schedule to still time life history with local phenological events. On the contrary, phenological shifts that differ in direction or magnitude between sites can enhance the risk of mistiming, resulting in reduced survival and reproductive success and eventually population declines. We identified the direction and magnitude of long-term shifts in vegetation phenology along avian migration routes, using remotely sensed vegetation data over 29 yr (1982&ndash;2010) to estimate the risk of mistiming for different sets of assumptions concerning cues and adaptability of migration timing. For this study, we used individual series of non-breeding, spring stopover and breeding sites (determined by light-level geolocation) of three European populations of <em>Luscinia megarhynchos</em> (Common Nightingale), an insectivorous Palearctic long-distance migrant. The breeding populations in France, Italy, and Bulgaria are representatives for populations migrating on the western, central, and eastern flyway toward sub-Saharan Africa. The direction and magnitude of phenological shifts differed between migration stages and across flyways and under most sets of assumptions, the resulting risk of mistiming was higher in the Western compared to Central and Eastern flyway. We emphasize that estimates for the risk of mistiming as resulting from phenological shifts highly depend on the cues that migrants use to time migratory progression and on the adaptive potential of the particular migratory species to react to phenological shifts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Migration flyways"

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Anderson, Ian Alfred. "Deviation Factors in the Mississippi Flyway: Geographic Barriers and Ecological Quality." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1597314324074134.

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Zimmerman, Christina Elizabeth. "LONG-TERM TREND ANALYSIS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS INFLUENCING AUTUMN-WINTER MIGRATION OF MALLARDS IN THE MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04032009-103013/.

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Anecdotal evidence suggests that increased numbers of waterfowl are remaining at northern latitudes throughout winter in the Mississippi Flyway. A calculated weather severity index (WSI), based on temperature and snow data, determined that local mallard abundance decreases when a WSI of 8 is reached. In mapping the WSI 8 line, mallard movement can be estimated. A fifty year trend analysis of the climatic factors driving duck migration for various locations within the Mississippi Flyway was used to determine whether climatic shifts have occurred, finding that although there are sinusoidal temperature trends throughout those years, the past decade has a longer and overall warmer trend. In examining the role of El Niño Southern Oscillation, it was found that in La Niña there is a more severe WSI, and El Niño correlates with a less severe WSI. A neutral Oceanic Niño Index caused a very high or very low WSI (was inconclusive).
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Barton, Regina A. "Stopover ecology of five species of migratory songbirds at a coastal site in the Pacific flyway." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13682.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Biology<br>Brett K. Sandercock<br>The migratory period is a critical time for birds. Population declines in long-distance migratory birds have been associated with trophic mismatches among climate change, timing of food availability, and timing of migratory movements. Studies on migratory songbirds have been limited to eastern North America and Europe, and migration strategies of birds may differ along the Pacific flyway. We evaluated the stopover ecology of five species of migratory songbirds at a coastal site in northern California. We found variation in changes in timing of spring migration, but consistent changes in timing of autumn migration over a 22-year period. Timing of spring migration advanced for Swainson’s Thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) and Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia), was compressed for Pacific-slope Flycatchers (Empidonax difficilis) and Wilson’s Warblers (Cardellina pusilla), but was protracted for Orange-crowned Warblers (Oreothlypis celata). In contrast, timing of autumn migration was delayed for Pacific-slope Flycatchers, Orange-crowned Warblers, and Yellow Warblers, but was protracted for Wilson’s Warblers. Warm, wet conditions were associated with advanced spring migration, and warm, dry conditions were associated with delayed autumn migration. Changes in timing of migration related to climate conditions were strongest for Pacific-slope Flycatchers and Orange-crowned Warblers. Stopover duration of our five study species was longer than songbirds in eastern flyways, and on average, was longer in spring than autumn. Pacific-slope Flycatchers and Yellow Warblers had longer stopovers in spring, whereas Swainson’s Thrushes and Wilson’s Warblers stopped had longer stopovers in autumn. Birds captured at low body mass had longer stopovers in spring and autumn. Migratory birds in western North America may have different migration strategies because of differences in climate and geography, but more study is needed to discover migratory routes and compare our results to other stopover sites along the Pacific flyway. Understanding differences in migration strategies of different populations of the same species are important in directing conservation efforts, especially in light of ongoing climate change.
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Mellone, Ugo. "Movement ecology of long-distance migrants: insights from the Eleonora's falcon and other raptors." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/35523.

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Pardal, Sara Lopes. "Ecoimmunology perspective of host-parasite interactions in Limosa limosa across its migratory flyway." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/36848.

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Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, na especialidade de Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra<br>For long-distance migrant birds, ecological changes along the flyway and strenuous work, can unbalance immune investments and thereby increasing the vulnerability to disease and reducing survival. Despite an essential self-maintenance component, immunity comes with costs as well as benefits. At an ecological context (i.e. limited energy), trade-offs are generated between immunity and other competing physiological components, leading to variations on immune response across time (annual-cycle) and space (different environments). Moreover, immune responses also vary between species and are optimized according to specific situations of an individual´s life, to maximize survival and fitness. Many ecoimmunology studies are focused on understanding the general patterns of immune responses in free-living birds, and what mechanisms mediate the changes in disease susceptibility, which in turn may affect population dynamics and survival. Information regarding these immunologic trade-offs remain largely unknown, and thus becoming of paramount importance when contextualized with climate change effects over migration ecology and the distribution of animal diseases. The work comprised in this thesis addressed the general question of how differences in environmental pathogen pressure shape the innate and adaptive immunity of a free-living bird species. The long-distance migrant Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa; hereafter godwit), was used as a study model, since the two subspecies, nominate (Limosa limosa limosa) and Icelandic (L. l. islandica), vary on migratory strategy and habitat-use, which consequently differ in pathogen pressure. Below, I summarize the main contributions of my work for the ecoimmunology research area. On chapter I, I tested whether the strength of immune response is indeed correlated with the environmental pathogen risk that differ with the migratory strategies and habitat use of godwit´s. The work focused innate baseline immunity parameters and I showed that it changes during the annual cycle of godwits in response to seasonal demands, availability of resources and physiological trade-offs. The investments in immune defence and the strategies deployed also varied in response to risk of getting infected. Trade-offs between innate immunity and other physiological components were more apparent during energetically demanding periods, such as the breeding season. For e.g. the Icelandic godwits downregulated innate responses when occupying parasite-poor breeding areas. Moreover, data indicates that immune adjustments and strategies are rather unique for each species. Nonetheless, migration seems to affect several bird species the same way, leading to an overall immunosuppression of the innate immune response and possibly to a higher vulnerability to disease. On chapter II, the MHC-I gene of the Icelandic godwit is characterized based on Sanger and ultradeep Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Characterization mostly focused the α2 domain (exon 3) of this gene, which is known to be highly polymorphic and for coding the proteins that recognize pathogens. I found 47 new alleles of MHC-I exon 3 and of a putatively classical nature (functional). Individuals had between one to four loci, with at least three being expressed. The gene organization was quite similar to their closest relative, the Red knots (Calidris canutus), but comparing to other Charadriiformes species, the alleles had a lower polymorphism and few sites subjected to positive selection. This pattern most likely reflects the lower pathogenic pressure that individuals experience along their migratory flyway. On chapter III, the role of pathogens as drivers of the diversifying selection of MHC genes is analysed. By using Illumina MiSeq sequencing we compared two godwit subspecies in terms of MHC-I exon 3 diversity and polymorphism. Both nominate and Icelandic godwits overlapped in terms of number of alleles (and loci) per individual, but nominate birds had significantly higher number of alleles and polymorphism. A population size effect could partly explain the differences seen between subspecies at the MHC-I diversity, but the number of positively selected sites for the nominate godwit was twice as high as those found for the Icelandic godwits. Positive selection differences suggest a stronger balancing selection for the nominate godwit and thus an adaptation to pathogen-rich habitats. Chapter IV is focus on sexual signals and whether they truly advertise the quality of mates and their capacity to fight-off pathogens. I tested whether investment on innate immunity could be reflected by the sexual characters of godwits. Results indicate that some plumage features of male and female godwits were linked to soluble parameters of innate immunity and were not cost-free. Moreover, the signal was honest for males but not for females, a difference that may be related to sex-specific energetic demands and roles undertaken in breeding. Results suggest that females select males that are better at combining moult and migration and more able to fight infections. Chapter V tackles a more pratical issue faced by researchers that work with free-living birds, and with no immediate access to laboratory facilities. Immunological assays have become a widespread tool for an integrate approach of immune variation, but it was unknown whether post-sampling repeated freeze-thawing (FT) cycles could affect the final outcome of the assays. An experimental approach testing post-sampling handling and methodological issues was implemented, and overall results showed that plasma (and serum) samples remain stable after repeated FT cycles, and thus the indices of immune function are mostly unaffected. Moreover, small methodological deviations of the assay´s protocols, caused no substantial variations on the final results.<br>Para aves migradoras de longa distância, as mudanças ecológicas ao longo da migração, aliadas ao esforço físico, podem desequilibrar os investimentos em imunidade, levando a uma maior a vulnerabilidade à doença e reduzindo a capacidade de sobrevivência. Apesar de a imunidade ser um componente fisiológico de auto-preservação, esta implica custos bem como benefícios. Num contexto ecológico (ex. energia limitada), são gerados trade-offs entre a imunidade e outros componentes fisiológicos, dando origem a variações da resposta imune ao longo do tempo (ciclo anual) e do espaço (diferentes habitats). Para além disso, as respostas imunitárias também variam entre espécies e são optimizadas em função de situações específicas da vida de um indivíduo para maximizar a sobrevivência e o fitness. Muitos estudos em ecoimunologia focam-se na compreensão dos padrões globais de respostas imunes em aves selvagens e nos mecanismos que alteram a susceptibilidade à doença, o que consequentemente poderá afectar a sobrevivência e a dinâmica populacional. Infelizmente a informação relativa a estes trade-offs imunológicos permanece maioritariamente desconhecida, tratando-se portanto de conhecimento essencial quando contextualizado com os efeitos das alterações climáticas sobre a ecologia das migrações e distribuição de doenças animais. O trabalho englobado nesta tese procurou responder como é que as diferenças na pressão parasítica ambiental afectam a imunidade inata e adaptativa de aves selvagens. O migrador de longa distância Maçarico-de-bico-direito (Limosa limosa; Maçarico), foi usado como modelo de estudo, uma vez que duas das suas subespécies, nominal (Limosa limosa limosa) e islandesa (L. l. Islandica), variam na estratégia migratória e uso de habitat, que consequentemente difere na pressão parasítica. De seguida, resumo as principais contribuições do meu trabalho para a área da ecoimunologia. No capítulo I, usando uma ave límicola como modelo, testei se a capacidade da resposta imune está de facto correlacionada com o risco de contrair doenças, uma vez que o risco difere com as estratégias de migração e habitat. O trabalho focou parâmetros de imunidade inata e demonstrei que esta não é de natureza estanque, mas que varia ao longo do ciclo anual dos Maçaricos em resposta à estação do ano, disponibilidade de recursos e trade-offs fisiológicos. Os investimentos na imunidade e estratégias aplicadas também variaram em resposta ao risco de infecção. Os trade-offs entre a imunidade e outros componentes fisiológicos, tornaram-se mais evidentes durante períodos energeticamente exigentes, como a reprodução. Por exemplo, neste período a subespécie islandesa suprimiu alguns componentes da imunidade inata, quando ocupava áreas onde o risco de infecção é baixo. Os resultados também indicam que os ajustes e estratégias imunitárias são únicas para cada espécie. Contudo a migração parece afectar as variadas espécies de aves da mesma maneira, dando origem a uma imunosupressão geral da resposta inata e possivelmente a uma maior vulnerabilidade à doença. No capítulo II, o gene MHC-I da subespécie islandesa de Maçarico foi caracterizado com o auxílio da sequenciação de Sanger e Illumina MiSeq. A caracterização focou quase exclusivamente o domínio α2 (exão 3) deste gene, que é conhecido pelo seu polimorfismo e por codificar parte das glicoproteínas que reconhecem agentes patogénicos. Neste trabalho descobri 47 novos alelos do gene MHC-I, todos eles de natureza provavelmente clássica (ou funcional). Os Maçaricos islandeses têm entre um e quatro loci, com pelo menos três a ser expressos. A organização do gene MHC-I é bastante semelhante à do seu parente mais próximo, a Seixoeira (Calidris canutus), mas comparado com outras espécies de Charadriiformes, os alelos tinham um polimorfismo menor e poucos locais sujeitos a selecção positiva. Este padrão parece ser um reflexo de os indivíduos experienciarem a uma menor pressão patogénica ao longo da sua rota de migração. No capítulo III, aprofundámos o papel da pressão patogénica como origem da diversificação dos genes MHC. Com o auxílio da sequenciação Illumina MiSeq, comparámos as duas subespécies de Maçarico relativamente à diversidade e ao polimorfismo do exão 3 do gene MHC-I. Ambas as subespécies sobrepuseram-se no que toca ao número de alelos (e loci) por indivíduo, mas a subespécie nominal, tinha significativamente mais alelos e tendencialmente um maior polimorfismo. Diferentes tamanhos populacionais poderão explicar parcialmente as diferenças encontradas entre subespécies ao nível da diversidade genética, no entanto, o número de locais sujeitos a selecção positiva encontrados para a subespécie nominal, foi duas vezes superior ao encontrado para a subespécie islandesa. As diferenças no que toca à selecção positiva, sugerem que a selecção natural é mais forte para a subespécie nominal e portanto uma adaptação a habitats ricos em parasitas. O capítulo IV centra-se nos sinais sexuais e avalia se eles realmente reflectem a qualidade dos parceiros e a sua capacidade em combater doenças. Para isso testei se o investimento na imunidade inata poderia ser reflectido pelos carácteres sexuais secundários da plumagem dos Maçaricos. Os resultados indicam que algumas características da plumagem dos machos e fêmeas estão ligadas a componentes solúveis de imunidade inata e que os investimentos na plumagem são custosos. Para além disso, o sinal foi honesto para os machos, mas não para as fêmeas, uma diferença que poderá estar relacionada com constrangimentos energéticos específicos para cada sexo, e pelos papéis desempenhados durante a reprodução. Em resumo, os dados indicam que as fêmeas seleccionam não só os machos que são melhores a combinar a muda da plumagem e a migração, mas também os mais competentes no combate às infecções. O Capítulo V aborda uma questão mais prática enfrentada por investigadores que trabalham com aves selvagens e sem acesso fácil ou imediato ao laboratório. Os ensaios imunológicos tornaram-se uma ferramenta generalizada para uma abordagem integrada da imunidade, mas desconhecia-se até à data se os ciclos repetidos de congelamento-descongelamento (CD) pós-amostragem poderiam afectar o resultado final dos ensaios imunológicos. Neste trabalho foi implementada uma abordagem experimental para o tratamento pós amostragem, bem como outras questões metodológicas, e os resultados indicaram que as amostras de plasma (ou soro) permanecem estáveis após ciclos repetidos de CD e que portanto, os componentes imunológicos permanecem inalterados. Mostrámos também que pequenas alterações metodológicas nos protocolos destes ensaios não causaram variações substanciais nos resultados finais.<br>GHTM, IHMT, UNL – Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa<br>The Ruffords Foundation
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Books on the topic "Migration flyways"

1

Furtman, Michael. On the wings of a north wind: The waterfowl and wetlands of America's inland flyways. Stackpole Books, 1991.

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Ilya, Maclean, ed. The effects of climate change on migratory waterbirds within the African-Eurasian flyway. British Trust for Ornithology, 2007.

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Blake, Tupper Ansel. Tracks in the sky: Wildlife and wetlands of the Pacific flyway. Chronicle Books, 1987.

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Ens, B. J. Effects of climate change on bird migration strategies along the East Atlantic Flyway. NRP Programme Office, 1995.

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Furtman, Michael. On The Wings of a North Wind: A Journey With Waterfowl. Birch Portage Press, 2017.

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Weidensaul, Scott, and Mike Lenz. A World on the Wing: The Global Odyssey of Migratory Birds. HighBridge Audio, 2021.

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World on the Wing: The Global Odyssey of Migratory Birds. Norton & Company, Incorporated, W. W., 2021.

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World on the Wing: The Global Odyssey of Migratory Birds. Norton & Company, Incorporated, W. W., 2021.

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A World on the Wing: The Global Odyssey of Migratory Birds. W. W. Norton & Company, 2022.

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Follow the Flyway: The Marvel of Bird Migration. Barefoot Books, Incorporated, 2023.

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Book chapters on the topic "Migration flyways"

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Vest, Josh L., David A. Haukos, Neal D. Niemuth, et al. "Waterfowl and Wetland Birds." In Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_13.

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AbstractThe future of wetland bird habitat and populations is intrinsically connected with the conservation of rangelands in North America. Many rangeland watersheds are source drainage for some of the highest functioning extant wetlands. The Central and Pacific Flyways have significant overlap with available rangelands in western North America. Within these flyways, the importance of rangeland management has become increasingly recognized by those involved in wetland bird conservation. Within the array of wetland bird species, seasonal habitat needs are highly variable. During the breeding period, nest survival is one of the most important drivers of population growth for many wetland bird species and rangelands often provide quality nesting cover. Throughout spring and fall, rangeland wetlands provide key forage resources that support energetic demands needed for migration. In some areas, stock ponds developed for livestock water provide migration stopover and wintering habitat, especially in times of water scarcity. In the Intermountain West, drought combined with water demands from agriculture and human population growth are likely headed to an ecological tipping point for wetland birds and their habitat in the region. In the Prairie Pothole Region, conversion of rangeland and draining of wetlands for increased crop production remains a significant conservation issue for wetland birds and other wildlife. In landscapes dominated by agricultural production, rangelands provide some of the highest value ecosystem services, including water quality and wetland function. Recent research has shown livestock grazing, if managed properly, is compatible and at times beneficial to wetland bird habitat needs. Either directly, or indirectly, wetland bird populations and their habitat needs are supported by healthy rangelands. In the future, rangeland and wetland bird managers will benefit from increased collaboration to aid in meeting ultimate conservation objectives.
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Reports on the topic "Migration flyways"

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Jung, Jacob, Richard Fischer, Chester McConnell, and Pam Bates. The use of US Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs as stopover sites for the Aransas–Wood Buffalo population of whooping crane. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44980.

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This technical report summarizes the use of US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) reservoirs as spring and fall migration stopover sites for the endangered Aransas–Wood Buffalo population of whooping cranes (WHCR), which proved much greater than previously known. We assessed stopover use within the migration flyway with satellite transmitter data on 68 WHCR during 2009–2018 from a study by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and collaborators, resulting in over 165,000 location records, supplemented by incidental observations from the US Fish and Wildlife Ser-vice (USFWS) and the USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) databases. Significant stopover use was observed during both spring and fall migration, and one reservoir served as a wintering location in multiple years. Future efforts should include (a) continued monitoring for WHCR at USACE reservoirs within the flyway; (b) reservoir-specific management plans at all projects with significant WHCR stopover; (c) a USACE-specific and range-wide Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(1) conservation plan that specifies proactive conservation actions; (d) habitat management plans that include potential pool-level modifications during spring and fall to optimize stopover habitat conditions; and (e) continued evaluation of habitat conditions at USACE reservoirs.
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Struthers, Kim. Natural resource conditions at Fort Pulaski National Monument: Findings and management considerations for selected resources. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2300064.

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The National Park Service (NPS) Water Resources Division’s Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program initiated an NRCA project with Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU) in 2022. The purpose of an NRCA is to synthesize information related to the primary drivers and stressors affecting natural resource conditions at a park and to report conditions for natural resource topics selected by park managers. Resource conditions are evaluated as either a condition assessment or a gap analysis, depending on data availability. For FOPU’s NRCA, managers selected salt marsh, shorebirds, Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and butterflies as the focal resources. FOPU is comprised of two islands in coastal Georgia, McQueens and Cockspur, which are separated by the Savannah River near its confluence with the Atlantic Ocean. Cockspur Island contains the 19th century masonry fort, Fort Pulaski, and the monument’s visitor services and facilities and is primarily constructed with dredge material from the Savannah River. McQueens Island is almost entirely salt marsh habitat and most of its area is eligible federal wilderness, containing one of Georgia’s oyster recreational harvest areas (RHAs), Oyster Creek RHA. Both McQueens and Cockspur islands are designated as a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Protected Area (MPA), underscoring FOPU’s natural resource significance. Riverine, freshwater, and estuarine wetlands cover 83.81% of FOPU, with the latter accounting for almost 99% of all monument wetlands. Persistently emergent vegetation of smooth cordgrasses (Spartina spp.) and unconsolidated shore represent the dominant wetland types. McQueens Island estuarine wetlands were evaluated for 11 functions and were rated primarily as high functioning, except for the wetland north of Highway 80, where the causeway has altered its ability to function properly. The wetland west of the Highway 80 bend is composed of unconsolidated material so was rated as moderately functioning in carbon sequestration, retention of sediments, and shore stabilization. In contrast, the unconsolidated shore wetland in the Oyster Creek RHA, where the highest concentration of FOPU’s oysters occurs, were rated high for all expected wetland functions. In 2013, over 75% of the total oyster area from within four of Georgia’s RHAs was in the Oyster Creek RHA. A spectral analysis of oyster density in Oyster Creek RHA, comparing 2013 and 2018 images, reported an increase in the high-density class, a decrease in the moderate-low class, and an increase in the no oyster class, with the latter likely a function of how oyster areas were drawn between the images. A successful 2013 enhanced reef project in Oyster Creek RHA reported a pre-enhancement oyster area of 2.68 m2 (28.8 ft2) that increased to 894.2 m2 (0.22 ac) of oysters by 2018. FOPU’s extensive salt marsh habitat and beaches provide critical food sources and habitat for shorebirds in the Atlantic Flyway, especially during the pre-breeding season. The American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliates), Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), and the federally threatened rufa subspecies of Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa) are identified as high priority species in the flyway and have been observed on Cockspur Island during the Manomet International Shorebird Surveys (2019–2022) at FOPU. The USFWS (2023) is seeking additional critical habitat designation, which will include Cockspur Island, for the rufa subspecies of Red Knot, whose estimated population abundance trend is declining throughout its entire range. FOPU’s non-wetland, upland habitat is primarily located on Cockspur Island and supports vegetation that can serve as host, roost and/or nectar plants for pollinators, especially butterflies. Cedar–Live Oak–Cabbage Palmetto (Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola–Q. virginiana–Sabal palmetto) Marsh Hammock and Cabbage Palmetto Woodland contain the most diversity of beneficial butterfly plants. While a comprehensive butterfly inventory is needed, fall migration surveys have recorded three target species of the Butterflies of the Atlantic Flyway (BAFA): monarch (Danaus plexippus), gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae), and cloudless sulphur (Phoebis sennae). Collectively, FOPU’s natural resources are affected by the sea level, which has risen by 0.35 m (1.15 ft) from 1935 to 2022. Hardened shorelines, such as causeways or armored structures, are identified as the greatest threat to the salt marsh habitat’s ability to migrate upland with continued sea level rise. Erosion along Cockspur Island’s north shore is an ongoing issue and FOPU managers have been working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop solutions to address the erosion, while also creating habitat for shorebirds. Several agencies routinely monitor for water and sediment pollution in and around FOPU, which, if managed collectively, can inform landscape-level management actions to address drivers that are influencing resource conditions at the ecosystem level.
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