Relevant bibliographies by topics / Minimum quality lubrication

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Minimum quality lubrication'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Minimum quality lubrication"

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Duc, Tran Minh, Tran The Long, and Dang Van Thanh. "Evaluation of minimum quantity lubrication and minimum quantity cooling lubrication performance in hard drilling of Hardox 500 steel using Al2O3 nanofluid." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 2 (2020): 168781401988840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019888404.

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The work in this study presents an experimental evaluation on minimum quantity cooling lubrication based on the Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube and minimum quantity lubrication performance in hard drilling of Hardox 500 steel (49–50 HRC) using coated carbide drills. Al2O3 nanoparticles are suspended in the based fluids including water-based emulsion and rice bran oil to enhance the cooling and lubricating effects. The response variables, consisting of drilling thrust force, surface roughness, surface profile and microstructure, and tool wear, are studied, and the analysis of variance is used for evaluating the input machining parameters under minimum quantity lubrication and minimum quantity cooling lubrication conditions. The results of this article indicate that minimum quantity cooling lubrication using Al2O3 nanofluid provides the better machining performance and gives out better surface quality and lower thrust force compared to minimum quantity lubrication with/without nanofluid and minimum quantity cooling lubrication with pure fluid. Also, based on the optimization results, the validation experiments are conducted to study more on drilling thrust force, chip morphology, and tool wear.
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Sun, Hao, and Yi Hua Feng. "The Research of Minimum Quantity Lubrication Mechanism in Grinding with Mechanical Mechanics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (December 2012): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.129.

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Effective cooling and lubricating is got by use a small amount of cutting fluid in MQL grinding. Compare grinding performance under various cooling lubrication, reasonable grinding temperature, lower grinding force, improved surface quality and extended wheel life is got in MQL grinding. The grinding performance of MQL grinding is also influenced by many factors, such as the nozzle shape, position, distance, and MQL flow rate.
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Yang, Xueming, Xiang Cheng, Yang Li, Guangming Zheng, and Rufeng Xu. "Machinability investigation and sustainability analysis of minimum quantity lubrication–assisted micro-milling process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 11 (2020): 1388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420921727.

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Machining conditions such as cutting fluids exert a crucial function in micro-milling, which removes chips from the cutting area and lubricates the interface between the tool and workpiece. Therefore, it is necessary to identify suitable cutting fluids for processing different materials. In this article, the effects of cutting fluids (dry, flood cooling, minimum quantity lubrication, and jet cold air) on tool wear, surface roughness, and cutting force were studied. The Pugh matrix environmental approach was used to compare different cutting fluids in terms of sustainable production. In addition, a curved thin wall was processed to demonstrate the value of minimum quantity lubrication in industry. The experimental results illustrated that the minimum quantity lubrication can not only effectively reduce tool wear and cutting force but also improve the finished surface quality. According to the sustainability assessment results, minimum quantity lubrication was superior to other cutting fluids in terms of environmental impact and production quality. The curved thin wall size error was only 2.25% under minimum quantity lubrication condition. This indicated minimum quantity lubrication was particularly suitable for micro-milling of H59 brass and 6061 aluminum compared to other cutting fluids.
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Thakur, Archana, Alakesh Manna, and Sushant Samir. "Experimental investigation of nanofluids in minimum quantity lubrication during turning of EN-24 steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 5 (2019): 712–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119878286.

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The present work evaluates the performance of different machining environments such as dry, wet, minimum quantity lubrication, Al2O3 nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication, CuO nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication and Al–CuO hybrid nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication on machining performance characteristics during turning of EN-24. The nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids were prepared by adding the Al2O3, CuO and Al2O3/CuO to the soluble oil with different weight percentages (0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%). The thermal and tribological properties of hybrid nanofluid and nanofluids were analyzed. The comparative analysis of different turning environments has been done. From comparative analysis it is clearly observed that the nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid shows better performance during turning of EN-24 steel. So there is a need for optimization of parameters during turning of EN-24 under Al2O3 nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication, CuO nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication and Al–CuO hybrid nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication. The optimization of parameters has been done by response surface methodology. The significance of developed model was identified from analysis of variance. Multi-response optimization was done using desirability function approach. To verify the accuracy of developed models, confirmatory experiments were performed. The experimental results reveal that Al–CuO hybrid nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication significantly improves surface quality, reduces cutting temperature and cutting forces.
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Maruda, R. W., S. Wojciechowski, N. Szczotkarz, et al. "Metrological analysis of surface quality aspects in minimum quantity cooling lubrication." Measurement 171 (February 2021): 108847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108847.

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Zhang, Chun Yan, Gui Cheng Wang, Hong Jie Pei, and Chun Gen Shen. "The Influence of Spray Characteristics on Surface Roughness in Minimum Quantity Lubrication Turning." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1906.

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In Minimum Quantity Lubrication machining, cutting fluid is provided as mist. Mist with different velocity and diameter may lead to different cooling, lubrication effect and cutting quality. Thus, cutting quality is highly influenced by spray characteristics in MQL machining. In this study, the mathematics model of mist flow was set up first. Then spray characteristics were tested by a 3-Dimensional Particle Dynamic Analyzer. In order to study the influence of spray characteristics on cutting quality, precision turning of 45 steel was performed by a CNC Super Precision Machine Tool. The results indicate that the lowest surface roughness was obtained by supplying more cutting fluid at proper position for spraying distance of 20mm.
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Mao, Cong, Xiaojun Tang, Hongfu Zou, ZhiXiong Zhou, and Wangwu Yin. "Experimental investigation of surface quality for minimum quantity oil–water lubrication grinding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 59, no. 1-4 (2011): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3491-3.

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Huang, Wei-Tai, Wei-Shu Liu, Jinn-Tsong Tsai, and Jyh-Horng Chou. "Multiple Quality Characteristics of Nanofluid/Ultrasonic Atomization Minimum Quality Lubrication for Grinding Hardened Mold Steel." IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 15, no. 3 (2018): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tase.2017.2726000.

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Bianchi, Eduardo C., Rafael L. Rodriguez, Rodolfo A. Hildebrandt, et al. "Application of the auxiliary wheel cleaning jet in the plunge cylindrical grinding with Minimum Quantity Lubrication technique under various flow rates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 4 (2018): 1144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418774599.

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Minimum Quantity Lubrication is an alternative technique to conventional techniques that are related to environmental sustainability and economic benefits. This technique promotes the substantial reduction of the amount of coolant employed in machining processes, representing a mitigation of risks to people’s health that are involved with the process. On the other hand, it has been reported in the literature that some problems of using the Minimum Quantity Lubrication technique can impair the grinding efficiency. One of these problems is associated with wheel clogging phenomenon, which is caused by inefficient chip removal from the cutting zone as well as from mixture of metal dust and oil accumulated on the wheel surface during grinding. If chips lodge inside the pores of the grinding wheel as machining progresses, they will adversely affect dimensional and geometric quality of final product. Also, this will require more frequent dressing. A solution for this problem can be an effective cleaning system of the abrasive wheel during grinding with the traditional Minimum Quantity Lubrication technique Assisted with Wheel Cleaning Jet. In this context and aiming to explore the various potential health, environmental and economic benefits that have been widely reported in the literature about the use of Minimum Quantity Lubrication technique in grinding, this study presents an application of the Minimum Quantity Lubrication technique at flow rates (30, 60 and 120 mL/h) and assisted with wheel cleaning jet (Minimum Quantity Lubrication + Assisted with Wheel Cleaning Jet) in plunge grinding of a hardened steel with an aluminum oxide wheel. Experiments were also carried out with traditional Minimum Quantity Lubrication (without wheel cleaning) and with the conventional coolant techniques for comparison. The output variables were geometrical errors (surface roughness and roundness) of the workpiece, diametric wheel wear, acoustic emission, vibration and tangential cutting force. Results showed that Minimum Quantity Lubrication + Assisted with Wheel Cleaning Jet (with wheel cleaning jet) not only outperformed the traditional Minimum Quantity Lubrication technique in all the parameters analyzed, but in some cases it proved to be compatible with the conventional coolant technique under the conditions investigated. Also, most of values of the output parameters tested decreased with increase in flow rate.
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Banerjee, Nilanjan, and Abhay Sharma. "Improving machining performance of Ti-6Al-4V through multi-point minimum quantity lubrication method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 1 (2018): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405417754164.

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This article provides an improved lubrication system for minimum quantity lubrication machining wherein oil is locally supplied and individually controlled at different heating zones during machining operation. The proposed lubrication method, that is, a multi-point minimum quantity lubrication system, is aimed at improving energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of cutting process. An experimental system is devised in which process parameters, such as air pressure, stroke volume (i.e. amount of oil in one stroke of pump), stroke frequency, and oil distribution factor (i.e. proportion of oil at rake and flank face), are individually controlled for each supply system. The devised system is demonstrated through machining of Ti-6Al-4V. The results of the experimental study on effects of oil quantity and supply method on specific cutting energy, tool wear, and machined surface quality are presented and discussed and corroborated with scientific evidence. The study suggests that distributing oil at the rake face and the flank face in unequal proportions can be more beneficial than injecting it solely at a single location. The investigation also provides mechanism of multi-point minimum quantity lubrication machining through analysis of adiabatic shear zones, observed in scanning electron microscope images of chips.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Minimum quality lubrication"

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Shaikh, Vasim. "Effects of Minimum Quantity Lubrication in Drilling 1018 Steel." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9739/.

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A common goal for industrial manufacturers is to create a safer working environment and reduce production costs. One common method to achieve this goal is to drastically reduce cutting fluid use in machining. Recent advances in machining technologies have made it possible to perform machining with minimum-quantity lubrication (MQL). Drilling takes a key position in the realization of MQL machining. In this study the effects of using MQL in drilling AISI 1018 steel with HSS tools using a vegetable based lubricant were investigated. A full factorial experiment was conducted and regression models were generated for both surface finish and hole size. Lower surface roughness and higher tool life were observed in the lowest speed and feed rate combination.
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Chen, Chin-Yi, and 陳進益. "Taguchi Method and Analysis of Variance Discuss Processing Quality of Deep-Hole Drilling on Minimal Quantity Lubrication and Suppress Vibration." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62771184174377257442.

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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>機械工程系所<br>97<br>This research discuss the processing quality of BTA deep-hole drilling, and we review the quality of workpiece by roundness of holes and surface roughness, respectively. Further, we discuss that influence of flow of cutting fluid on processing quality. Taguchi methods and statistical techniques are used in experimental layout, in the analysis of various parameters. The experiment results show that we can get better quality and the flow of cutting fluid can reduced indeed. The influence of flow of cutting fluid is too small on processing quality. We have achieve the goal of save the cost and reduce pollution.
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盧彥男. "Taguchi Method and Neural Network Analyses of Drilling Quality of Deep Hole Drilling Influenced by Minimal Quantity Lubrication and Magneto-Rheological Fluid Vibration Damper." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09145504306782687352.

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Book chapters on the topic "Minimum quality lubrication"

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Tiwari, Anamika, Deepak Agarwal, and Anurag Singh. "Nano-Minimum Quality Lubrication (NMQL) and Machining Characteristics of Surface Using Various Nanofluids in Different Machining Processes: A Computational Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0909-1_18.

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"Heat Transfer Mechanism of Minimum Quantity Lubrication Grinding." In Enhanced Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluid MQL Cooling Grinding. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1546-4.ch004.

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Grinding temperature rise at the grinding interface has a great bearing on workpiece surface quality and service life of grinding wheel. In order to study influence degree of temperature on workpiece and analyze heat transfer at the grinding interface, as thermal influence at the grinding interface is regarded as a moving heat source on workpiece surface, influence of heat source on heat transfer will be investigated in the gradual expansion form of heat source by point, line, and surface on the theoretical foundation in Chapter 3. The influences of heat quantity transferred to workpiece and energy proportionality coefficient will be studied according to convective heat transfer theory on workpiece surface so as to provide a theoretical foundation for heat transfer of grinding temperature field model in the finite element simulation software.
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Conference papers on the topic "Minimum quality lubrication"

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Khetre, Subhash, Arunkumar Bongale, Satish Kumar, and Anupkumar Bongale. "Minimum quality lubrication: A comprehensive review." In THE VII INTERNATIONAL YOUNG RESEARCHERS’ CONFERENCE – PHYSICS, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATIONS (PTI-2020). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0030390.

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Makhesana, Mayur A., and Kaushik M. Patel. "Investigations on the Application of Minimum Quantity Solid Lubrication in Turning." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2654.

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Machining is the manufacturing process, capable of producing required shape and size by material removal. In recent times industries are striving to enhance the performance of machining processes. One of the problem associated with machining is the amount of heat generation as a result of friction between tool and workpiece. Heat generated may affect the quality of machined surface and tool wear. In order to control it, cutting fluid is applied in large quantity. The problem arises with the use of cutting fluid is its effect on worker’s health and environment. The present investigation is an attempt to explore the use the solid lubricants in machining as an alternative to cutting fluid. The work involves development of minimum quantity solid lubrication set up. Turning experiments has been performed by applying solid lubricants mixed with cutting fluid in minimum quantity. The performance of minimum quantity solid lubrication has been assessed in form of obtained surface finish, power consumption and tool wear during turning. Experimental findings discovered the superiority of minimum quantity solid lubrication over conventional cutting fluid and can be considered as cost effective and sustainable lubrication method.
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Li, Kuan-Ming, and Shih-Yen Chou. "Effect of Minimum Quantity Lubrication on Tool Wear and Surface Roughness in Micro-Milling." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84353.

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Micro-milling is a suitable technique for manufacturing of microstructures with high aspect ratios and intricate geometries. The application of the micro-milling process in cutting hardened tool steel is particularly challenging. The low strength of the miniaturized end mills implies accurate control of the chip load in order to prevent the tool break and product dimension errors, which requires high positioning accuracy. It is known that the application of cutting fluids can improve the performance of machining operations. However, the supply of cutting fluids in a conventional way is not appropriate for miniature machine tools due to the plentiful electronic components used to construct micro-scale machine tools. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a possible alternative for micro-cutting with respect to the minimum impact on the electronic components as well as low tool wear, better heat dissipation, and machined surface quality in metal cutting. This study compares the mechanical performance of MQL to completely dry condition for the micro-milling of SKD 61 steel based on experimental measurements of tool wears and surface finish. The effect of MQL on the burr formation is also observed. Results indicate that the use of MQL leads to reduced tool wears, better surface roughness, and less burr formation.
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Kulandaivel, Arul, and Senthil Kumar Santhanam. "Experimental Investigation on Turning of Monel K500 Alloy Using Nano Graphene Cutting Fluid Under Minimum Quantity Lubrication." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10056.

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Abstract Turning operation is one of the most commonly used machining processes. However, turning of high strength materials involves high heat generation which, in turn, results in undesirable characteristics such as increased tool wear, irregular chip formation, minor variations in physical properties etc. In order to overcome these, synthetic coolants are used and supplied in excess quantities (flood type). The handling and disposal of excess coolants are tedious and relatively expensive. In this proposed work, Water Soluble Cutting Oil suspended with nanoparticles (Graphene) is used in comparatively less quantities using Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method to improve the quality of machining. The testing was done on Turning operation of Monel K500 considering the various parameters such as the cutting speed, feed and depth of cut for obtaining a surface roughness of 0.462μm and cutting tool temperature of 55°C for MQL-GO (Graphene oxide) process.
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Kim, Jung Sub, Jin Woo Kim, Young Chang Kim, and Sang Won Lee. "Experimental Study on Environmentally-Friendly Micro End-Milling Process of Ti-6Al-4V Using Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication With Chilly Gas." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8748.

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This research experimentally investigates the characteristics of micro end-milling process of titanium alloy using nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with chilly CO2 gas. In the nanofluid MQL, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) particles having a lamellar structure are used. They have high aspect ratio and enable sliding against other particles, which can provide better lubricity. In addition, the chilly CO2 gas enhances a cooling effect during the micro end-milling process. A series of micro end-milling experiments are conducted in the meso-scale machine tool system, and milling force, coefficient of friction, surface roughness and tool wear are observed and analyzed according to varying lubrication and cooling conditions. The results show that the nanofluid MQL with chilly gas can be effective for reducing milling forces, coefficient of friction, tool wear and improving surface quality.
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Deng, Ben, Haowei Wang, Fangyu Peng, Rong Yan, and Lin Zhou. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on Tool Wear and Surface Quality in Micro Milling of SiCp/Al Composites Under Dry and MQL Conditions." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86071.

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During the machining processes of ceramic particle reinforced metal matrix composites, the severe tool wear constrains the quality and cost of the parts. This paper presents the experimental and theoretical investigations of the tool wear behavior and surface quality when micro milling the 45vol% SiCp/Al composites under dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) show that the wear mechanism of diamond coated micro mills are adhesive, abrasion, oxidization, chipping and tipping, even though it has been reported that abrasion is the most important tool wear mechanism when machining particle reinforced metal matrix composites. Compared with dry lubrication condition, the environmentally friendly MQL technique can enhance the tool life and surface roughness, and reduce the cutting force significantly under given cutting parameters. Then, finite element (FE) simulations are employed to investigate chip formation process in micro orthogonal cutting to reveal the effects of reinforced particle on tool wear and surface quality. The FE simulations shows the local high stress, hard reinforced particles in metal matrix, debonded and cracked particles are the key factors leading to the severe tool wear and the unsmoothed surface morphology.
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Kannan, Sathish, Salman Pervaiz, and Abhishek Ghoshal. "An Experimental Investigation of Inclined Hole Drilling for CFRP Under Various Lubrication Techniques." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87550.

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Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is favoured in the aerospace, automotive, structural and sports-based industries due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, rigidity and comparatively higher stiffness. CFRP is termed as a difficult-to-machine material due to the problems associated with its machined quality, surface integrity and tooling cost. As per the industrial applications and requirements, drilling operation is mainly conducted on the CFRP material. Due to the layered structure of CFRP material, drilling operation produces defects such as delamination, burr formation, uncut fiber, fiber breakout and fiber pullout etc. These defects are mainly observed at the entrance and exit of the drilled hole. This poor surface finish and associated defects can play a very critical role towards the load carry capacity, reliability and service life of the final product, especially if the component is more prone to experience fatigue type of loading. There are several applications where the requirement is to have a hole at some inclination angle. To facilitate and develop the understanding of CFRP machining performance under inclined drilling, the presented study is focused on the drilling of inclined hole. The study will also incorporate different lubrication strategies such as dry cutting, conventional flood and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) during the drilling of CFRP material.
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Zedan, Y., S. A. Niknam, A. Djebara, and V. Songmene. "Burr Size Minimization When Drilling 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86412.

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The burr formation mechanisms strongly depend on the machining methods as well as cutting conditions. Cutting fluids play significant roles in machining, including reduction of friction and temperature. Using a cutting fluid, however, degrades the quality of the environment and increases machining costs. In the present work, initially the effects of cutting fluid application (dry, mist and flood) and their interaction with cutting parameters on the burr size during drilling of 6061-T6 aluminum alloys were investigated using multi-level full factorial design. Second-order non-linear mathematical models were developed to predict burr height for various lubrication modes. The accuracy of the regression equations formulated to predict burr height when using different lubrication modes has been verified through carrying out random experiments in the range of variation of these variables. A procedure was developed to minimize burr size for drilling holes by presenting the optimal levels of process parameters. Taguchi optimization method based on L9 orthogonal array design of experiment was then used which has shown very accurate process parameters selection that leads to minimum burr height. According to experimental study, it was observed that dry and mist drilling can produce parts with quality comparable with those obtained in wet drilling when using the optimal cutting conditions. In addition, increase in cutting speed and feed rate exhibits a decrease in burr size.
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Anand, M., M. Hadfield, JL Viesca, and B. Thomas. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Marine Engine Lubricant Degradation on Tribological Performance of Cylinder Liner and Piston Rings Contact Using a Tuning Fork Technology Based Oil Sensor." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.009.

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An investigation was carried out to study the effect of changes in oil quality on its tribological performance using a tuning fork technology based oil sensor. In this research, a tribological testing system was commissioned, to simulate the piston ring-cylinder liner sliding contact, and to measure the lubricant condition in real-time using an oil sensor. Tribological contact between cylinder liners and piston rings in marine engines is the most affected region due to excessive thermo-mechanical stresses. At top dead centre, the effect of such stresses is at a maximum where piston-sliding speed is lowest, while the temperature is high due to fuel combustion, and radial load behind the piston rings compressing against the cylinder liner surface is at a maximum due to gas pressure and the compression fit of piston rings within the cylinder liner. At bottom dead centre, this effect is less severe due to a reduction in temperature and gas pressure on the piston rings, as the piston is positioned away from the combustion chamber. These two regions experience boundary lubrication conditions, where anti-wear and anti-friction additives are responsible for forming a protective lubricious film on sliding surfaces. At mid-stroke, piston-sliding speed is maximum, therefore, a full hydrodynamic film is formed in this region separating the piston rings and cylinder liner. The formation of oil film depends upon, the physical properties of oil (such as viscosity and density) under hydrodynamic lubrication conditions, and the oil chemistry (such as presence of additives in oil) under mixed or boundary lubrication conditions. Lubricants in marine engines undergo intense degradation in quality due to contamination with wear particles, water, soot, un-burnt fuel, coolant, and additives depletion. Such degradation of lubricants leads to a reduction in their capability to form a minimum thickness of oil film between two moving engine components to avoid direct metal-to-metal contact, which may cause wear. Therefore, monitoring the condition of marine engine lubricants is vital in order to predict any significant change in its quality. The results obtained from tribology testing and oil condition monitoring in the current research showed a good correlation and are useful to understand the performance of lubricants for piston ring-liner contacts.
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Meshreki, M., A. Damir, A. Sadek, and M. H. Attia. "Investigation of Drilling of CFRP-Aluminum Stacks Under Different Cooling Modes." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67039.

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Drilling of stacks poses great challenges due the heterogeneity and abrasiveness of the composites, the chip evacuation through the stack, in addition to the difference in properties between the metallic and the composite materials. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of drilling conditions such as tool material and geometry and lubrication mode on the hole quality as well as the tool wear in drilling of composite stacks (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics CFRP-Aluminum). The thickness of each material was 19 mm. A 2-flute uncoated drill was used. Four different cooling modes were applied namely dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with low pressure (&lt;1.5 bar) and high flow rate (400 ml/hr), MQL with high pressure (4.25 bars) and low flow rate (10 ml/hr), and finally flood cooling. The process control parameters, namely the forces and temperatures were measured using a special fixture design using a Kistler dynamometer and a reflective system with an infrared camera. The quality of the holes was compared in terms of delamination, surface roughness, circularity, concentricity, and diameter errors. The resultant cutting forces were found to be much lower than the thrust forces. The mean forces in the Aluminum were more than double those in the CFRP. Negligible tool wear was observed (less than 60 μm). No indication of thermal damage was found on the circumference of the holes in all the tested conditions. Due to the fact that the CFRP was supported by the Aluminum stack, the exit of the holes was mostly free from delamination. The dry and flood conditions produced holes free from entry delamination, while the holes drilled with MQL had delamination within 24% of the hole diameter. Both MQL cooling modes resulted in comparable temperatures, forces and hole quality.
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