Journal articles on the topic 'MMS Gateway'

In this study, we developed a wireless heat variation detection system that can measure the temperature difference between the molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) and magnetic contactor (MC) of the motor control center (MCC), collect data, and monitor the heat variation of the MCC connection. Thus far, we have developed a temperature controller and applied a multi-communication technique based on Bluetooth Low Energy between the repeater and temperature controller between the MCCB and MC. Furthermore, we designed the measured temperature data to be transmitted to the cloud server via a gateway. To verify the functionality and performance of the developed wireless heat variation detection system, we initially installed 1 gateway for communication with the MCC server, 4 sets of 4 types of temperature controllers in Repeater 1, 12 sets of 4 types of temperature controllers in Repeater 2, and 6 sets of 4 types of temperature controllers in Repeater 3. Then, we conducted an experiment to periodically monitor the temperature at 12 locations of the MCCB and MC terminal connections in real-time. This developed device can be applied not only to the MCC but also to the power distribution system using the MCCB and MC. This will contribute to the prevention and management of electrical fire accidents caused by heat variation that can occur because of poor contact, overcurrent, and abnormal current.

ZigBee wireless sensor devices possess characteristics of small size, light weight, low power consumption, having up to 65535 nodes in a sensor network, in theory. Therefore, the ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) is very suitable for use in developing monitoring and control (MC) applications, such as remote healthcare, industrial control, fire detection, environmental monitoring, and so on. This dissertation is directed towards the research on the issues of communication extension and backup, encountered in creating ZigBee-based MC systems for military storerooms, together with providing associated solutions. We design an embedded gateway that possesses wired network (Ethernet) and wireless communication (GSM) backup capability. The gateway can not only easily extend the monitoring distance of the ZigBee-based MCS, but can also solve the problem that some military zones do not have wire networks or possess communication blind spots. The results of this dissertation have been practically applied in constructing a paradigm monitoring system of a military storeroom. It is believed that the research results could be a useful reference for developing ZigBee-based MCSs in the future.

In order to remedy the deficiency of application of bar code that needs artificial intervention in automotive manufacture, we propose a solution to integrate Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system in the original enterprise information system based on Web service. Distributed real-time data of welding, lacquer covering and assembly workshops in the automotive manufacture are collected, that are used in the enterprise information system to provide more productions information for management. Firstly, the architecture of integrating the RFID system and the Manufacturing Execution System (MES) in automotive manufacture is given, that is focused on the RFID system network, the Middleware and the Application Gateway. Finally, web service implementation is designed to integrate RFID system in enterprise information system.

ABSTRACT Background: Spine surgery has been transformed significantly by the growth of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) procedures. Easily marketable to patients as less invasive with smaller incisions, MIS is often perceived as superior to traditional open spine surgery. The highest quality evidence comparing MIS with open spine surgery was examined. Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving MIS versus open spine surgery was performed using the Entrez gateway of the PubMed database for articles published in English up to December 28, 2015. RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs of MIS versus open spine surgery were evaluated for three particular entities: Cervical disc herniation, lumbar disc herniation, and posterior lumbar fusion. Results: A total of 17 RCTs were identified, along with six systematic reviews. For cervical disc herniation, MIS provided no difference in overall function, arm pain relief, or long-term neck pain. In lumbar disc herniation, MIS was inferior in providing leg/low back pain relief, rehospitalization rates, quality of life improvement, and exposed the surgeon to >10 times more radiation in return for shorter hospital stay and less surgical site infection. In posterior lumbar fusion, MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) had significantly reduced 2-year societal cost, fewer medical complications, reduced time to return to work, and improved short-term Oswestry Disability Index scores at the cost of higher revision rates, higher readmission rates, and more than twice the amount of intraoperative fluoroscopy. Conclusion: The highest levels of evidence do not support MIS over open surgery for cervical or lumbar disc herniation. However, MIS TLIF demonstrates advantages along with higher revision/readmission rates. Regardless of patient indication, MIS exposes the surgeon to significantly more radiation; it is unclear how this impacts patients. These results should optimize informed decision-making regarding MIS versus open spine surgery, particularly in the current advertising climate greatly favoring MIS.

This paper proposes CADRE (Collaborative Allocation and De-allocation of Replicas with Efficiency), which is a dynamic replication scheme for improving the typically low data availability in dedicated and cooperative mobile ad-hoc peer-to-peer (M-P2P) networks. In particular, replica allocation and de-allocation are collaboratively performed in tandem to facilitate effective replication. Such collaboration is facilitated by a hybrid super-peer architecture in which some of the mobile hosts act as the ‘gateway nodes’ (GNs) in a given region. GNs facilitate both search and replication. The main contributions of CADRE are as follows. First, it facilitates the prevention of ‘thrashing’ conditions due to its collaborative replica allocation and de-allocation mechanism. Second, it considers the replication of images at different resolutions to optimize the usage of the generally limited memory space of the mobile hosts (MHs). Third, it addresses fair replica allocation across the MHs. Fourth, it facilitates the optimization of the limited energy resources of MHs during replication. The authors’ performance evaluation demonstrates that CADRE is indeed effective in improving data availability in M-P2P networks with significant reduction in query response times and low communication traffic during replication as compared to a recent existing scheme as well as a baseline approach, which does not consider any replication.

Businesses do not operate in a vacuum. Activities of business have steadily increased pressure on the environment, leading to a growing demand for environmental sustainability and measures to address it. Eco-certification is seen as a strategic communication tool in green marketing strategy to build trust and credibility. This study provides evidence that eco-branding is more than just a branding gimmick. Using a sample of 120 students from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria, who are the future of environmentalism. The study observed that communication and campaign about environmental practices are not totally rejected by Nigerians. This mirrors the importance of perceived behavioural control especially – the dimension of self-efficacy and could serve as a foundation for developing policies that challenge certain assumptions held by young people concerning ecological issues. It also shows that young people are highly aware of eco-branding and labelling though their perception is limited to their level of exposure hence they consider such products being organic products. In addition, respondents prefer voluntary labelling than mandatory option. Voluntary labelling it emphasis the strength of value and ethical-moral burden and commitment of the firm to the environment. These voluntary labels often come from trusted third-party institutions with high credibility. This study, therefore, identified that consumer’s education is a gateway to achieving the intent of eco-labels and branding because consumer perception of certification is negative.as it is seen as a marketing gimmick which reflects credibility crisis about brands with massive investment to promote environmental performance. This study also provides evidence that what drives certification performance among consumers is their concern about the environment and awareness of benefit such concern have on sustainability. The role of marketing is to design a green communication strategy that improves corporate credibility. In going for eco-label policy, it is important to ensure the credibility of the certification as it reflects the credibility of the firm before the public. Keywords: brand credibility, eco-branding, eco-labelling, eco-certification, environment, youth.

Through a sustained engagement with postcolonial/subaltern studies scholarships, I would inquire into how intersectionality as an approach could advance an argument in the context of the postcolonial organization studies. This would ensure a submerged possibility of understanding ‘workplace resistances’ and their varied dynamics. The case study involves both contemporary ethnographic and in-depth historical accounts sourced from the Dalit women’s protests at tea plantations in the south Indian state of Kerala in 2015 (along with pertinent secondary sources). The article explores how ‘self-organizing’ by the mis-organized, during the course of the struggle, turned them into active political subjects: a ‘subject position from which to speak’. Exposing certain theoretical constraints within the postcolonial approach and incorporating insights from deeper subjective aspects of the labour process, social reproduction in postcolonial perspectives, and the feminist literature on intersectionality as an integrative narrative, an attempt is made to supplement the postcolonial organization studies and open up the gateway to its advancement.

Abstract In the “Oxen of the Sun” episode of Ulysses, James Joyce dramatizes the evolution of English prose styles by creating a stylistic matrix for gestation. This article links the episode’s stylistic evolution to the historical development of liberal thought about autonomy and self-determination, reading Joyce’s styles as rhetorical gateways to liberal discourses on statehood, politics, socioeconomics, national health, and sexuality. In the immediate historical context of national agitation in Ireland, the episode’s bodily tropes of reproduction, birth, emergence, and break dislocate the rhetoric of national conception, providing a critical insight into the development of liberal thought, particularly into the contradictory blend of progressive and regressive thinking from which liberal notions of autonomy and self-determination have emerged. By demonstrating how the stylistic evolution in “Oxen” moves through a series of breaks, the article relates Joyce’s disruptive tactics to the aesthetic practices of the historical avant-gardes, showing how the affinities with the avant-garde in “Oxen” work on the level of form, content, and imagined life praxis. The main argument at stake is understanding how Joyce creates a literary position of being in advance by way of engaging critically with biopolitics and the liberal discourses on national and social advancement.

Abstract. Records of past warm periods are essential for understanding interglacial climate system dynamics. Marine Isotope Stage 11 occurred from 425 to 394 ka, when global ice volume was the lowest, sea level was the highest, and terrestrial temperatures were the warmest of the last 500 kyr. Because of its extreme character, this interval has been considered an analog for the next century of climate change. The Bering Sea is ideally situated to record how opening or closing of the Pacific–Arctic Ocean gateway (Bering Strait) impacted primary productivity, sea ice, and sediment transport in the past; however, little is known about this region prior to 125 ka. IODP Expedition 323 to the Bering Sea offered the unparalleled opportunity to look in detail at time periods older than had been previously retrieved using gravity and piston cores. Here we present a multi-proxy record for Marine Isotope Stages 12 to 10 from Site U1345, located near the continental shelf-slope break. MIS 11 is bracketed by highly productive laminated intervals that may have been triggered by flooding of the Beringian shelf. Although sea ice is reduced during the early MIS 11 laminations, it remains present at the site throughout both glacials and MIS 11. High summer insolation is associated with higher productivity but colder sea surface temperatures, which implies that productivity was likely driven by increased upwelling. Multiple examples of Pacific–Atlantic teleconnections are presented including laminations deposited at the end of MIS 11 in synchrony with millennial-scale expansions in sea ice in the Bering Sea and stadial events seen in the North Atlantic. When global eustatic sea level was at its peak, a series of anomalous conditions are seen at U1345. We examine whether this is evidence for a reversal of Bering Strait throughflow, an advance of Beringian tidewater glaciers, or a turbidite.

E-learning is an innovative approach for delivering electronically mediated, well-designed, learner-centred interactive learning environments by utilizing internet and digital technologies with respect to instructional design principles. This paper presents the application of Software Development techniques in the development of a Mobile Based E-learning system that facilitates learning in a University environment. The developed application presents a system where a student after registration, has access to various functions that can improve the process of learning. Web pages were developed to serve as the user interface to the MLS and provide all the services needed for an E-learning portal including assessment and provision of feedback to learners. A portal exists for lecturers to upload learning contents and students’ examination results. The online portal uses Apache HTTP server as its web server, MySQL for relational database management and PHP as the scripting language to serve as a communication gateway between the back end and the users. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results. This work, if adopted in schools to aid conventional learning, is expected to immensely improve the learning process and performance of students.

This work describes a network of low power/low-cost microelectromechanical- (MEMS-) based three-axial acceleration sensors with local data processing and data-to-cloud capabilities. In particular, the developed sensor nodes are capable to acquire acceleration time series and extract their frequency spectrum peaks, which are autonomously sent through an ad hoc developed gateway device to an online database using a dedicated transfer protocol. The developed network minimizes the power consumption to monitor remotely and in real time the acceleration spectra peaks at each sensor node. An experimental setup in which a network of 5 sensor nodes is used to monitor a simply supported steel beam in free vibration conditions is considered to test the performance of the implemented circuitry. The total weight and energy consumption of the entire network are, respectively, less than 50 g and 300 mW in continuous monitoring conditions. Results show a very good agreement between the measured natural vibration frequencies of the beam and the theoretical values estimated according to the classical closed formula. As such, the proposed monitoring network can be considered ideal for the SHM of civil structures like long-span bridges.

These days, the fields of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) have provided increasing prevalence and consequently, MANET is now a subject of considerable significance for the researchers to instigate research activities. MANET is the collaborative commitment of an assemblage of portable (or mobile) hubs (or nodes) without the necessary mediation of any unified (or centralized) gateway (or access point) or existent framework. There exists a growing inclination or course to embrace MANET for business utilization. MANET is a rising domain of research to give different services in communication to end-clients or consumers. However, these communication services of MANET utilize a large amount of transfer speed (or bandwidth) and a huge measure of web speed. Bandwidth optimization is essential in different information interchanges for fruitful acknowledgement and the application of such a technological innovation. This paper integrates the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Multi-Agent System (MAS) to improve the QoS requirements. The proposed framework called Genetic Multi-Agent Routing Protocol (GMARP). The aims of the proposed framework are to utilize the benefits of both approaches in order to fulfil QoS such as (delay, bandwidth, and the number of hops) in the different types of routing conventions (or protocols) such as being (proactive and reactive). In this paper is a simulation scenario to demonstrate the ability of the proposed framework to be satisfied with QoS requirements.

Abstract. The rapid climatic variability characterising the Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 3 (~ 60–30 CAL-ka BP) provides key issues to understand the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere dynamics. Here we investigate the response of sea-surface paleoenvironments to the MIS3 climatic variability through the study of a high resolution oceanic sedimentological archive (core MD99-2281, 60°21′ N; 09°27′ W; 1197 m water depth), retrieved during the MD114-IMAGES (International Marine Global Change Study) cruise from the Southern part of the Faeroe Bank. This sector was under the proximal influence of European Ice Sheets (Fennoscandian Ice Sheet to the East, British Irish Ice Sheet to the South) and thus probably recorded their response to the MIS3 pulsed climatic changes. We conducted a multi-proxy analysis on core MD99-2281, including magnetic properties, X-Ray Fluorescence measurements, characterisation of the coarse (> 150 μm) lithic fraction (grain concentration) and the analysis of selected biogenic proxies (assemblages and stable isotope ratio of calcareous planktonic foraminifera, dinoflagellate cyst – e.g. dinocyst – assemblages). Results presented here are focussed on the dinocyst response, this proxy providing the reconstruction of past sea-surface hydrological conditions, qualitatively as well as quantitatively (e.g. transfer function sensu lato). Our study documents a very coherent and sensitive oceanic response to the MIS3 rapid climatic variability: strong fluctuations, matching those of stadial/interstadial climatic oscillations as depicted by Greenland Ice Cores, are recorded in the MD99-2281 archive. Proxies of terrigeneous and detritical material typify increases in continental advection during Greenland Stadials (including Heinrich events), the latter corresponding also to southward migrations of polar waters. At the opposite, milder sea-surface conditions seem to develop during Greenland Interstadials. After 30 ka, reconstructed paleohydrological conditions evidence strong shifts in SST: this increasing variability seems consistent with the hypothesised coalescence of the British and Fennoscandian ice sheets at that time, which could have directly influenced sea-surface environments in the vicinity of core MD99-2281.

Abstract. The rapid climatic variability characterising the Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 3 (~60–30 cal ka BP) provides key issues to understand the atmosphere–ocean–cryosphere dynamics. Here we investigate the response of sea-surface paleoenvironments to the MIS3 climatic variability through the study of a high resolution oceanic sedimentological archive (core MD99-2281, 60°21' N; 09°27' W; 1197 m water depth), retrieved during the MD114-IMAGES (International Marine Global Change Study) cruise from the southern part of the Faeroe Bank. This sector was under the proximal influence of European ice sheets (Fennoscandian Ice Sheet to the East, British Irish Ice Sheet to the South) during the last glacial and thus probably responded to the MIS3 pulsed climatic changes. We conducted a multi-proxy analysis of core MD99-2281, including magnetic properties, x-ray fluorescence measurements, characterisation of the coarse (>150 μm) lithic fraction (grain concentration) and the analysis of selected biogenic proxies (assemblages and stable isotope ratio of calcareous planktonic foraminifera, dinoflagellate cyst – e.g. dinocyst – assemblages). Results presented here are focussed on the dinocyst response, this proxy providing the reconstruction of past sea-surface hydrological conditions, qualitatively as well as quantitatively (e.g. transfer function sensu lato). Our study documents a very coherent and sensitive oceanic response to the MIS3 rapid climatic variability: strong fluctuations, matching those of stadial/interstadial climatic oscillations as depicted by Greenland ice cores, are recorded in the MD99-2281 archive. Proxies of terrigeneous and detritical material suggest increases in continental advection during Greenland Stadials (including Heinrich events), the latter corresponding also to southward migrations of polar waters. At the opposite, milder sea-surface conditions seem to develop during Greenland Interstadials. After 30 ka, reconstructed paleohydrological conditions evidence strong shifts in SST: this increasing variability seems consistent with the hypothesised coalescence of the British and Fennoscandian ice sheets at that time, which could have directly influenced sea-surface environments in the vicinity of core MD99-2281.

Abstract Introduction: Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) can occur in young people but it is mainly a disease of the elderly with a dramatic increase of incidence in the decades above 60 years. Accordingly, the factor age may be an important gateway to the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MDS. Insights into the molecular changes of aging hematopoiesis in healthy organisms have found molecular changes, which often parallel the observations in MDS such as increase of clonality with age, change of epigenetic profiles, skewed lineage commitment toward the myeloid compartment and reduced regenerative capacity after stress. The development of MDS is often suggestive of an accelerated extrapolation of molecular changes, which also occur in normal aging hematopoiesis. Beyond this, increasing evidence is suggesting that MDS hematopoiesis is highly dependent on support of the bone marrow (BM) stroma, which has been shown to display aberrant transcriptomic profiles as compared to healthy BM stroma. To this end, we aimed to test the hypothesis whether the emergence of MDS may be associated with a continuity of molecular changes in BM stroma cells during aging. Therefore, we performed explorative RNA sequencing in a set of MSCs collected from healthy young, healthy old and patients with MDS with a highly standardized pre-analytical work-up algorithm. Methods: We collected BM samples from voluntary healthy young adults (age = 24 - 25 years, female n=3, male n=3), healthy old adults (age 66 - 79 years, female n=3, male n=3) and patients with very low - intermediate risk MDS (age 51 - 87 years, female n=3, male n=3). After isolation of BM mononuclear cells by Ficoll gradient centrifugation, 5x106 mononuclear BM cells were seeded into 25cm² flasks and cultured using StemMACS human MSC Expansion Media (Miltenyi Biotec) with weekly media exchange to select for MSCs. These were expanded and harvested in passage 2. Absence of residual hematopoietic cells was controlled by FACS with anti CD45, CD31, and CD146. Whole transcriptome RNA-sequencing on all samples was carried out from 150ng of high quality RNA using the TruSeq stranded total RNA protocol and 100bp paired end sequencing (Illumina). The bio-informatical pipeline consisted of mapping using hisat2 and cufflinks for calculation of differentially expressed genes. Results: RNA-sequencing generated a mean of 94 million reads per sample. Between the groups "healthy young" and "healthy old" 331 differentially regulated genes were identified. Between "healthy old" and "MDS" 514 genes were differentially regulated (fold change > 1.5, false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05). Among these, 197 genes were differently expressed between all three groups. With these parameters, a total of 17 genes showed a continuous and significant increase of expression from healthy young over healthy old toward MDS. Among these were Kit ligand (KITLG) but also a cluster of membrane based cell adhesion molecules such as Cadherin-6 (CDH6), Laminin Subunit Alpha 2 (LAMA2) and Laminin Subunit Gamma 2 (LAMC2) and others. Conversely, 5 genes showed a continuous and significant decrease of expression from healthy young over healthy old toward MDS, among these Leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1), a gene implicated in regulation of T-cell migration. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that MDS MSCs exhibited a significant depletion of genes involved in early adipogenic differentiation and enrichment of gene sets associated with extracellular matrix remodeling (FDR < 0.05, normalized enrichment score > 1.7). Although cells were cultured under normoxic conditions, MDS-MSCs displayed marked intrinsic feature of hypoxia. Conclusion: By integrating transcriptomic data from BM stroma cells from healthy individuals during aging and comparison to BM stroma cells from MDS patients we have identified gene sets that are significantly differentially expressed per continuitatem. On the background of the hypothesis that molecular changes in the microenvironment of MDS are an exacerbation of changes also taking place during normal aging in the bone marrow, these genes, which are accumulated in the context of extracellular matrix and cell adhesion are promising candidates to further elucidate a BM stroma based pathogenesis of MDS. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The subject of research is modeling the structure of the Internet of things (IoT) network for controlling audio information based on the IoT platform. The purpose of the article is to detail the process of modeling the audio information monitoring network based on the IoT platform. The authors proposed the structure of a multi-agent system (MAS) for monitoring audio information (MASAI). The structure of MASAI includes many agents of sound transformation, analysis of information received from them, and decision-making. It was decided to use the IoT network, which includes sound sensors, the IoT platform, the notification service, and the user’s application to simulate the MASAI. The structure of this network using the Amazon platform is proposed. An algorithm for modeling the Internet of things network for analyzing audio information based on the AWS platform is presented, including simulating audio sensors, transmitting this information to the platform, sensors authenticating, processing information according to certain rules, generating notifications to a user. Detailed structure of the AWS platform is provided with a description of the functions of its components such as: device gateway, rule machine, certificate block, device copy block, database, analytics block, notification service. The algorithm for connecting devices to the AWS platform is given: creating a device certificate on the platform, creating a security policy, rules for processing information received from devices, and testing the network. The features of the algorithm for modeling the readings of sound information sensors on a smartphone are shown, steps are given for organizing its communication with the platform, performing security procedures, sending data in the form of an MQTT message, and displaying the captured audio information.

The verticals of 5G, such as the automotive, smart grid, and smart cities sectors, will bring new sensors and IoT devices requiring Internet connectivity. Most of these machine-type terminals will be sparsely distributed, covering a very large geographical area and, from time to time, will have to update their software, firmware, and/or other relevant data. Given this situation, one viable solution to implement the “Over-the-Air” update of these IoT terminals can be done with the aid of GEO satellite systems. However, due to the ultra-dense radio frequency reuse factor that contemporary High-Throughput Satellite (HTS) systems implement in the access link to serve the IoT terminals, the use of a time-packed Free Space Optical (FSO) link represents a practical solution to avoid the bottleneck that the satellite gateway experiences in the feeder link. The performance of both Detect-and-Forward and Decode-and-Forward relaying strategies are studied, assuming that the single-carrier M-PAM symbols that are transmitted on the optical feeder link are mapped into M-QAM symbols that modulate the multiple sub-carriers of the OFDM-based radio access link. In addition, the benefits of encapsulating the NB-IoT frames into DVB-S2(X) satellite frames is also analyzed in detail. The effects of the impairments introduced in both the optical feeder and radio access links are characterized in detail, and the end-to-end error correction capabilities of the Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) defined in the contemporary releases of the NB-IoT and DVB-S2(X) standards are studied for different working regimes.

ABSTRACT Introduction Although dental emergencies are primarily aimed at pain relief, in practice, dental emergency services have been overwhelmed by the massive inflow of patients with less complex cases, which could be resolved at basic levels of health care. They frequently become the main gateway to the system. We investigated the determinant factors of demand at the Central Dental Emergency Unit in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Materials and methods The questionnaire was applied to 521 users to evaluate sociodemographic profile; factors that led users to seek the service at the central dental emergency; perception of service offered. Results About 80.4% of users went directly to the central dental emergency, even before seeking basic health units. The reasons were difficulty to be attended (34.6%) and incompatible time (9.8%). To the perception of the necessity of the service, responses were problem as urgent (78.3%) and pain was the main complaint (69.1%). The profile we found was unmarried (41.5%), male (52.2%), white (62.8%), aged 30 to 59 (52.2%), incomplete basic education (41.6%), family income up to 2 minimum wages (47.4%), and no medical/dental plan (88.9%). Conclusion It was concluded that the users of central dental emergency come from all sectors of the city, due to difficult access to basic health units; they consider their complaint urgent; and they are satisfied with the service offered. Clinical significance To meet the profile of the user urgency's service so that it is not overloaded with demand that can be fulfilled in basic health units. How to cite this article Matsumoto MSA, Gatti MAN, de Conti MHS, de AP Simeão SF, de Oliveira Braga Franzolin S, Marta SN. Determinants of Demand in the Public Dental Emergency Service. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(2):156-161.

Since 2018 several FAIR Phase 0 beamtimes have been operated at GSI, Darmstadt. Here the new challenging technologies for the upcoming FAIR facility shall be tested while various physics experiments are performed with the existing GSI accelerators. One of these challenges concerns the performance, reliability, and scalability of the experiment data storage. Raw data as collected by event building software of large scale detector data acquisition has to be safely written to a mass storage system like a magnetic tape library. Besides this long term archive, it is often required to process this data as soon as possible on a high performance compute farm. The C library LTSM (“Lightweight Tivoli Storage Management”) has been developed at the GSI IT department based on the IBM TSM software. It provides a file API that allows for writing raw listmode data files via TCP/IP sockets directly to an IBM TSM storage server. Moreover, the LTSM library offers Lustre HSM (“Hierarchical Storage Management”) capabilities for seamlessly archiving and retrieving data stored on Lustre file system and TSM server. In spring 2019 LTSM has been employed at the FAIR Phase 0 beamtimes at GSI. For the HADES experiment LTSM was implemented into the DABC (“Data Acquisition Backbone Core”) event building software. During the 4 weeks of Ag+Ag@1.58 AGeV beam, the HADES event builders have transferred about 400 TB of data via 8 parallel 10 GbE sockets, both to the TSM archive and to the “GSI green cube” HPC farm. For other FAIR Phase 0 experiments using the vintage MBS (“Multi Branch System”) event builders, an LTSM gateway application has been developed to connect the legacy RFIO (“Remote File I/O”) protocol of these DAQ systems with the new storage interface.

Abstract Despite recent progress in treatment for multiple myeloma (MM), a complete cure remains elusive. To further improve the therapeutic outcome of patients with MM, elucidation of the pathology of refractory cases is important. Hyperamylasemia, which is associated with ectopic amylase (AMY) production by MM cells, is a rare condition, and it has been reported to present with poor prognosis showing rapid tumor growth, extramedullary tumor mass formation, and refractoriness of the condition. However, to date, there have been no biological analyses of MM cells ectopically producing AMY. In this study we generated transfectants that stably expressed AMY with human MM cells, and investigated the impact that ectopic AMY production has on tumor proliferation and changes in drug susceptibility in vitro and in vivo. Two human MM cell lines (RPMI8226 and KMS11) and the cDNA encoding AMY1 were used to establish transfectants with ViraPower™ Lentiviral Gateway Expression Kit (Invitrogen), because the increased AMY isotype was salivary type, which is coded in AMY1, in all MM patients previously reported. The constitutive expression and production of AMY1 were confirmed in the AMY-transfectants (8226/AMY and KMS11/AMY), while they were not in the mock controls. These transfectants were assayed for proliferation and apoptosis after exposure to dexamethasone (Dex), bortezomib (Bz) and lenalidomide (Len) in vitro. The anti-myeloma activity of Bz was also tested in vivo in a xenograft model generated by injecting 8226/AMY or the mock cells into NOD-SCID mice. 8226/AMY had no growth advantage in vitro but grew rapidly when subcutaneously transplanted in mice compared with the mock control (2,177±878 vs 970±131 mm3, p = 0.044). 8226/AMY showed a higher cell proliferation rate than the mock control in vitro when treated with Dex (40uM), Bz (2nM), and Len (1mM). The number of apoptotic 8226/AMY cells decreased after exposure to Bz and Len, but the number after exposure to Dex was equivalent compared with the mock control by the Annexin / Propidium Iodide assay. Therefore, 8226/AMY became less sensitive to Bz and Len partly through the inhibition of apoptosis induced by these drugs. 8226/AMY grew rapidly subcutaneously in mice compared with the mock control when treated with Bz (0.3mg/kg, twice weekly) (p = 0.017). As for KMS11/AMY, the AMY-transfectant showed a higher proliferation rate than the mock control in vitro. KMS11/AMY showed reduced susceptibility to Dex, no change in the susceptibility to Bz, and an enhanced susceptibility to Len unexpectedly in comparison with the mock control. The reason for a difference in the effect of ectopic AMY expression on the susceptibility to anti-MM drugs between 8226/AMY and KMS11/AMY is unclear; however, it might be due to the nature of their parental cells. No significant difference was observed in the gene expression profiling between both AMY-transfectants and each of the respective mock controls, except for AMY1, suggesting that ectopic AMY expression did not affect the expression level of the specific gene in MM. In conclusion, we found that 8226/AMY had reduced susceptibility to Dex, Bz, and Len in vitro and also rapid tumor growth with a weakened anti-tumor effect of Bz in vivo. All of these were consistent with the clinical course of previously reported patients with ectopic AMY-producing MM. On the other hand, KMS11/AMY showed an enhanced susceptibility to Len compared with the mock control, indicating that Len might be effective for some patients with AMY-producing MM. Our data provided beneficial clues for elucidating the molecular pathology and developing a treatment strategy for this clinical setting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The rodent olfactory bulb incorporates thousands of newly generated inhibitory neurons daily throughout adulthood, but the role of adult neurogenesis in olfactory processing is not fully understood. Here we adopted a genetic method to inducibly suppress adult neurogenesis and investigated its effect on behavior and bulbar activity. Mice without young adult-born neurons (ABNs) showed normal ability in discriminating very different odorants but were impaired in fine discrimination. Furthermore, two-photon calcium imaging of mitral cells (MCs) revealed that the ensemble odor representations of similar odorants were more ambiguous in the ablation animals. This increased ambiguity was primarily due to a decrease in MC suppressive responses. Intriguingly, these deficits in MC encoding were only observed during task engagement but not passive exposure. Our results indicate that young olfactory ABNs are essential for the enhancement of MC pattern separation in a task engagement-dependent manner, potentially functioning as a gateway for top-down modulation.

Abstract Aims The number of cardiovascular procedures using the coronary sinus (CS) as a gateway is constantly increasing. The present study aimed to define specific structures within CS, which could potentially complicate CS cannulation and to develop a new Thebesian valve (TV) classification system. Methods and results The study was performed on 560 consecutive unfixed cadaveric hearts during routine autopsy examination (1–3 days post-mortem). Basic CS dimensions were measured and the presence and dimensions of the TV and the Vieussens valve (VV) were assessed. Thebesian valves were classified according to their morphology into six main types: remnant fold, semilunar, fenestrated, chord, fused strands, and mixed shaped. The median age of hearts was 48 years (range 16–95 years), and 38.9% were female. Thebesian valve was present in 79.5%. The most common TV type was semilunar (54%) followed by fenestrated (8.2%), remnant fold (5.5%), fused strands (4.8%), chord (4.0%), and mixed shaped (3.0%). In 1.1% of hearts, TV totally covered the coronary sinus ostium (CSO). The VV was detected in 67.9%. Potentially occlusive VV was found in 1.1% hearts and in all of which it coexisted with obstructive TV. The median CSO area was 87.9 mm2 [interquartile range (IQR): 56.5–127.1 mm2] and median CS length was 38 mm (IQR: 29.5–45 mm). The CSO area and CS length correlated with each other and with the right atrium’s dimensions. Conclusion We identified six types of TVs, among which only 1.1% TVs caused total occlusion of CSO. The obstructive TV co-existed with potentially occlusive VV what might hinder CS cannulation.

<span lang="IN">Atth<span>i</span>dt<span>i</span>mea lotof <span>a</span>uto<span>m</span><span>a</span>t<span>i</span>onis us<span>e</span>d inv<span>a</span>riousfi<span>e</span>l<span>d</span>s that <span>a</span>re mand<span>a</span>to<span>r</span>y tokmake<span>i</span>t<span>ea</span>sierfor human todo <span>a</span>llthe wo<span>r</span>k. This r<span>e</span>s<span>e</span><span>a</span>r<span>c</span>hisin<span>t</span><span>e</span>n<span>d</span><span>e</span>d<span>t</span>o<span>c</span>re<span>a</span>te a mon<span>i</span>toring <span>s</span><span>y</span>s<span>t</span><span>e</span>m.<span> T</span>hiss<span>ec</span>uri<span>t</span>y <span>s</span><span>y</span>stem us<span>e</span>s <span>a</span>rduino m<span>i</span><span>c</span>ro<span>c</span>ontroll<span>e</span>r <span>a</span>sthe main <span>c</span>ontroll<span>e</span>r<span>t</span>h<span>a</span>ts<span>e</span>rv<span>e</span>sto i<span>m</span>prove thes<span>i</span><span>g</span>n<span>a</span>lf<span>r</span><span>o</span>mthel<span>i</span><span>g</span>ht s<span>e</span>nsor, fl<span>a</span>me s<span>e</span>nsor,<span>a</span><span>n</span>d<span>g</span><span>a</span>ss<span>e</span>nsor whi<span>c</span>h isthen us<span>e</span>d <span>a</span>s<span>o</span>utputsi<span>g</span>n<span>a</span>l <span>a</span>nds<span>e</span>nttothe<span>ac</span>tuato<span>r</span>.D<span>e</span>vice that <span>ac</span>t<span>a</span>s inputonth<span>i</span>s<span>s</span><span>y</span>st<span>e</span>m<span>a</span>re3<span>t</span><span>y</span>p<span>e</span>s of s<span>e</span>nsors,the<span>L</span>DRs<span>e</span>n<span>s</span>or <span>a</span>sa l<span>i</span><span>g</span>ht inpu<span>t</span>,fl<span>a</span>mes<span>e</span>n<span>s</span>or<span>a</span>s fi<span>r</span>ed<span>e</span>te<span>c</span>tor inpu<span>t</span>,<span>a</span>ndMQ<span>-</span>2 <span> </span>g<span>a</span>ss<span>e</span>nsor that s<span>e</span>rv<span>e</span>s<span>a</span>sa<span>g</span><span>a</span>sl<span>e</span><span>a</span>k <span>d</span><span>e</span>te<span>c</span>tor. T<span>h</span>e prog<span>ra</span>mon the <span>a</span>rduino is<span>e</span>n<span>a</span>bled to <span>c</span>onfi<span>g</span><span>u</span>re <span>a</span>ndin<span>i</span>t<span>i</span><span>a</span>l<span>iz</span>e <span>t</span>he h<span>a</span>rd<span>w</span><span>a</span>re <span>a</span>ndre<span>ce</span>ive inputs<span>i</span><span>g</span>n<span>a</span><span>l</span>sf<span>r</span>omthe 3 s<span>e</span>nsorswhi<span>c</span>hwillthebe proc<span>e</span>ssed und<span>e</span>rsome<span>c</span>ondi<span>t</span>i<span>o</span>nsto prod<span>uc</span>ethe d<span>e</span>sir<span>e</span>d outpu<span>t</span>. MQ-2 <span> </span><span>a</span>nd <span> </span><span>L</span>DR s<span>e</span>nsor test<span> r</span><span>e</span>sultshowd<span>a</span>ta witha f<span>a</span>ir<span>l</span>y <span>g</span>ood <span> </span>stand<span>a</span>rd <span> </span><span>d</span><span>e</span>viation <span> </span><span>a</span>nd th<span>i</span>sfin<span>a</span>lr<span>e</span>sultisa homes<span>ec</span>uri<span>t</span>y <span>s</span><span>y</span>stem that is mon<span>i</span>t<span>o</span>r<span>e</span>d thro<span>u</span><span>g</span>h <span>S</span>MSG<span>a</span>te<span>w</span><span>a</span>y withf<span>a</span>stsp<span>ee</span>d not<span>i</span>fi<span>ca</span>t<span>i</span>ond<span>e</span>l<span>i</span>v<span>e</span><span>r</span>y <span>s</span>p<span>ee</span>dusing T<span>e</span>lko<span>m</span>s<span>e</span>l <span>P</span>rovid<span>e</span>r.</span>

Background Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with undetermined neurobiological causes. Understanding the impact on brain anatomy of carrying genetic risk for the disorder will contribute to uncovering its neurobiological underpinnings. Aims To examine the effect of rare copy number variants (CNVs) associated with schizophrenia on brain cortical anatomy in a sample of unaffected participants from the UK Biobank. Method We used regression analyses to compare cortical thickness and surface area (total and across gyri) between 120 unaffected carriers of rare CNVs associated with schizophrenia and 16 670 participants without any pathogenic CNV. A measure of cortical thickness and surface area covariance across gyri was also compared between groups. Results Carrier status was associated with reduced surface area (β = −0.020 mm2, P < 0.001) and less robustly with increased cortical thickness (β = 0.015 mm, P = 0.035), and with increased covariance in thickness (carriers z = 0.31 v. non-carriers z = 0.22, P < 0.0005). Associations were mainly present in frontal and parietal areas and driven by a limited number of rare risk alleles included in our analyses (mainly 15q11.2 deletion for surface area and 16p13.11 duplication for thickness covariance). Conclusions Results for surface area conformed with previous clinical findings, supporting surface area reductions as an indicator of genetic liability for schizophrenia. Results for cortical thickness, though, argued against its validity as a potential risk marker. Increased structural thickness covariance across gyri also appears related to risk for schizophrenia. The heterogeneity found across the effects of rare risk alleles suggests potential different neurobiological gateways into schizophrenia's phenotype.

<p><strong>ANÁLISE CRÍTICO-FENOMENOLÓGICA DA LEGITIMIDADE DA DESAPROPRIAÇÃO INDIRETA À LUZ DOS VETORES POLÍTICOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988</strong></p><p><strong>Resumo:</strong> A investigação que se trilha nessa pesquisa se orienta no sentido de um problematizar ontológico acerca do fenômeno da desapropriação indireta, de modo a colocar a pergunta sobre a legitimidade desse instituto em vista dos paradigmas constitucionais vigentes. Para tanto, adotamos, em sentido epistemológico, o método hermenêutico-fenomenológico. Em sentido estrito, a abordagem metodológica é o anarquismo epistemológico de Paul Feyerabend (2007), vez que a apreensão da complexidade do fenômeno não é estática, mas em construção, o que, impossibilita a adoção de um único método. A orientação filosófica básica para conduzir essa pesquisa é o criticismo e a técnica empregada é a bibliográfica e documental. Como porta de entrada na questão ora colocada, analisaremos o Recurso Especial Nº 1.060.924-RJ (2008/6113189-7), que envolve o problema da desapropriação imprópria; percorreremos, brevemente, a história do direito de propriedade, e, em seguida, recorreremos ao arrimo doutrinário, para que tenhamos subsídios suficientes para trilharmos o caminho crítico, em que afirmar-se-á a ilegitimidade da prática dessa modalidade de esbulho por parte do Estado, por mostrarem-se ausentes fundamentos constitucionais para tanto.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chaves:</strong> Intervenção do Estado na Propriedade; Desapropriação; Esbulho; Fenomenologia; Legitimidade.</p><p><strong>CRITICAL-PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGITIMATE MISAPPROPRIATION INDIRECTLY IN THE LIGHT OF THE POLITICAL VECTORS 1988 CONSTITUTION </strong></p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> The research that track in this research is oriented towards an ontological questioning about the indirect expropriation phenomenon, in order to place the question of the legitimacy of this institution in view of the existing constitutional paradigms. Therefore, we have adopted in the epistemological sense, the hermeneutic phenomenological method. Strictly speaking, the methodological approach is the epistemological anarchism of Paul Feyerabend (2007), since the seizure of the complexity of the phenomenon is not static, but in construction, which makes it impossible to adopt a single method. The basic philosophical orientation to conduct this research is the criticism and the technique used is the literature and documents. As a gateway to the question now, we will analyze the Special Appeal No. 1,060,924-RJ (2008 / 6113189-7), which involves the problem of improper expropriation; we will cover briefly the history of property rights, and then we will use the doctrinaire breadwinner, so that we have enough information to wend the critical path, which will be stated the illegitimacy of the practice of this dispossession mode by the State, for showing up absent constitutional reasons therefor.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> State intervention in the property; Expropriation; dispossession; phenomenology; Legitimacy</p><p><strong>Data da submissão:</strong> 01/05/2016 <strong>Data da aprovação:</strong> 12/06/2016</p>

Introduction: From Trifle to Tiramisu Tiramisu is an Italian dessert cake, usually comprising sponge finger biscuits soaked in coffee and liquor, layered with a mixture of egg yolk, mascarpone and cream, and topped with sifted cocoa. Once a gourmet dish, tiramisu, which means “pick me up” in Italian (Volpi), is today very popular in Australia where it is available for purchase not only in restaurants and cafés, but also from fast food chains and supermarkets. Recipes abound in cookery books and magazines and online. It is certainly more widely available and written about in Australia than the once ubiquitous English trifle which, comprising variations on the theme of sherry soaked sponge cake, custard and cream, it closely resembles. It could be asserted that its strong coffee taste has enabled the tiramisu to triumph over the trifle in contemporary Australia, yet coffee is also a recurrent ingredient in cakes and icings in nineteenth and early twentieth century Australian cookbooks. Acknowledging that coffee consumption in Australia doubled during the years of the Second World War and maintained high rates of growth afterwards (Khamis; Adams), this article draws on examples of culinary writing during this period of increasing popularity to investigate the use of coffee in cookery as well as a beverage in these mid-twentieth century decades. In doing so, it engages with a lively scholarly discussion on what has driven this change—whether the American glamour and sophistication associated with coffee, post-war immigration from the Mediterranean and other parts of Europe, or the influence of the media and developments in technology (see, for discussion, Adams; Collins et al.; Khamis; Symons). Coffee in Australian Mid-century Epicurean Writing In Australian epicurean writing in the 1950s and 1960s, freshly brewed coffee is clearly identified as the beverage of choice for those with gourmet tastes. In 1952, The West Australian reported that Johnnie Walker, then president of the Sydney Gourmet Society had “sweated over an ordinary kitchen stove to give 12 Melbourne women a perfect meal” (“A Gourmet” 8). Walker prepared a menu comprising: savoury biscuits; pumpkin soup made with a beef, ham, and veal stock; duck braised with “26 ounces of dry red wine, a bottle and a half of curacao and orange juice;” Spanish fried rice; a “French lettuce salad with the Italian influence of garlic;” and, strawberries with strawberry brandy and whipped cream. He served sherry with the biscuits, red wine with the duck, champagne with the sweet, and coffee to finish. It is, however, the adjectives that matter here—that the sherry and wine were dry, not sweet, and the coffee was percolated and black, not instant and milky. Other examples of epicurean writing suggested that fresh coffee should also be unadulterated. In 1951, American food writer William Wallace Irwin who travelled to, and published in, Australia as “The Garrulous Gourmet,” wrote scathingly of the practice of adding chicory to coffee in France and elsewhere (104). This castigation of the French for their coffee was unusual, with most articles at this time praising Gallic gastronomy. Indicative of this is Nancy Cashmore’s travel article for Adelaide’s Advertiser in 1954. Titled “In Dordogne and Burgundy the Gourmet Will Find … A Gastronomic Paradise,” Cashmore details the purchasing, preparation, presentation, and, of course, consumption of excellent food and wine. Good coffee is an integral part of every meal and every day: “from these parts come exquisite pate de fois, truffles, delicious little cakes, conserved meats, wild mushrooms, walnuts and plums. … The day begins with new bread and coffee … nothing is imported, nothing is stale” (6). Memorable luncheons of “hors-d’oeuvre … a meat course, followed by a salad, cheese and possibly a sweet” (6) always ended with black coffee and sometimes a sugar lump soaked in liqueur. In Australian Wines and Food (AW&F), a quarterly epicurean magazine that was published from 1956 to 1960, coffee was regularly featured as a gourmet kitchen staple alongside wine and cheese. Articles on the history, growing, marketing, blending, roasting, purchase, and brewing of coffee during these years were accompanied with full-page advertisements for Bushell’s vacuum packed pure “roaster fresh” coffee, Robert Timms’s “Royal Special” blend for “coffee connoisseurs,” and the Masterfoods range of “superior” imported and locally produced foodstuffs, which included vacuum packed coffee alongside such items as paprika, bay leaves and canned asparagus. AW&F believed Australia’s growing coffee consumption the result of increased participation in quality dining experiences whether in restaurants, the “scores of colourful coffee shops opening their doors to a new generation” (“Coffee” 39) or at home. With regard to domestic coffee drinking, AW&F reported a revived interest in “the long neglected art of brewing good coffee in the home” (“Coffee” 39). Instructions given range from boiling in a pot to percolating and “expresso” (Bancroft 10; “Coffee” 37-9). Coffee was also mentioned in every issue as the only fitting ending to a fine meal, when port, other fortified wines or liqueurs usually accompanied a small demi-tasse of (strong) black coffee. Coffee was also identified as one of the locally produced speciality foods that were flown into the USA for a consulate dinner: “more than a ton of carefully selected foodstuffs was flown to New York by Qantas in three separate airlifts … beef fillet steaks, kangaroo tails, Sydney rock oysters, King prawns, crayfish tails, tropical fruits and passion fruit, New Guinea coffee, chocolates, muscatels and almonds” (“Australian” 16). It is noteworthy that tea is not profiled in the entire run of the magazine. A decade later, in the second half of the 1960s, the new Australian gourmet magazine Epicurean included a number of similar articles on coffee. In 1966 and 1969, celebrity chef and regular Epicurean columnist Graham Kerr also included an illustrated guide to making coffee in two of the books produced alongside his television series, The Graham Kerr Cookbook (125) and The Graham Kerr Cookbook by the Galloping Gourmet (266-67). These included advice to buy freshly roasted beans at least once a week and to invest in an electric coffee grinder. Kerr uses a glass percolator in each and makes an iced (milk) coffee based on double strength cooled brewed coffee. Entertaining with Margaret Fulton (1971) is the first Margaret Fulton cookery book to include detailed information on making coffee from ground beans at home. In this volume, which was clearly aimed at the gourmet-inclined end of the domestic market, Fulton, then cookery editor for popular magazine Woman’s Day, provides a morning coffee menu and proclaims that “Good hot coffee will never taste so good as it does at this time of the day” (90). With the stress on the “good,” Fulton, like Kerr, advises that beans be purchased and ground as they are needed or that only a small amounts of freshly ground coffee be obtained at one time. For Fulton, quality is clearly linked to price—“buy the best you can afford” (90)—but while advising that “Mocha coffee, which comes from Aden and Mocha, is generally considered the best” (90), she also concedes that consumers will “find by experience” (90) which blends they prefer. She includes detailed information on storage and preparation, noting that there are also “dozens of pieces of coffee making equipment to choose from” (90). Fulton includes instructions on how to make coffee for guests at a wedding breakfast or other large event, gently heating home sewn muslin bags filled with finely ground coffee in urns of barely boiling water (64). Alongside these instructions, Fulton also provides recipes for a sophisticated selection of coffee-flavoured desserts such as an iced coffee soufflé and coffee biscuits and meringues that would be perfect accompaniments to her brewed coffees. Cooking with Coffee A prominent and popular advocate of Continental and Asian cookery in Melbourne in the 1950s, Maria Kozslik Donovan wrote and illustrated five cookery books and had a successful international career as a food writer in the 1960s and 1970s. Maria Kozslik was Hungarian by birth and education and was also educated in the USA before marrying Patrick Donovan, an Australian, and migrating to Sydney with him in 1950. After a brief stay there and in Adelaide, they relocated to Melbourne in 1953 where she ran a cookery school and wrote for prominent daily newspaper The Age, penning hundreds of her weekly “Epicure’s Corner: Continental Recipes with Maria Kozslik” column from 1954 to 1961. Her groundbreaking Continental Cookery in Australia (1955) collects some 140 recipes, many of which would appear in her column—predominantly featuring French, Italian, Viennese, and Hungarian dishes, as well as some from the Middle East and the Balkans—each with an informative paragraph or two regarding European cooking and dining practices that set the recipes in context. Continental Cookery in Australia includes one recipe for Mocha Torte (162), which she translates as Coffee Cream Cake and identifies as “the favourite of the gay and party-loving Viennese … [in] the many cafés and sweet shops of Salzburg and Vienna” (162). In this recipe, a plain sponge is cut into four thin layers and filled and covered with a rich mocha cream custard made from egg yolks, sugar and a good measure of coffee, which, when cooled, is beaten into creamed butter. In her recipe for Mocha Cream, Donovan identifies the type of coffee to be used and its strength, specifying that “strong Mocha” be used, and pleading, “please, no essence!” She also suggests that the cake’s top can be decorated with shavings of the then quite exotic “coffee bean chocolate,” which she notes can be found at “most continental confectioners” (162), but which would have been difficult to obtain outside the main urban centres. Coffee also appears in her Café Frappe, where cooled strong black coffee is poured into iced-filled glasses, and dressed with a touch of sugar and whipped cream (165). For this recipe the only other direction that Donovan gives regarding coffee is to “prepare and cool” strong black coffee (165) but it is obvious—from her eschewing of other convenience foods throughout the volume—that she means freshly brewed ground coffee. In contrast, less adventurous cookery books paint a different picture of coffee use in the home at this time. Thus, the more concise Selected Continental Recipes for the Australian Home (1955) by the Australian-born Zelmear M. Deutsch—who, stating that upon marrying a Viennese husband, she became aware of “the fascinating ways of Continental Cuisine” (back cover)—includes three recipes that include coffee. Deutsch’s Mocha Creams (chocolate truffles with a hint of coffee) (76-77), almond meringues filled with coffee whipped cream (89-90), and Mocha Cream Filling comprising butter beaten with chocolate, vanilla, sugar, and coffee (95), all use “powdered” instant coffee, which is, moreover, used extremely sparingly. Her Almond Coffee Torte, for example, requires only half a teaspoon of powdered coffee to a quarter of a pint (300 mls) of cream, which is also sweetened with vanilla sugar (89-90). In contrast to the examples from Fulton and Donovan above (but in common with many cookbooks before and after) Deutsch uses the term “mocha” to describe a mix of coffee and chocolate, rather than to refer to a fine-quality coffee. The term itself is also used to describe a soft, rich brown color and, therefore, at times, the resulting hue of these dishes. The word itself is of late eighteenth century origin, and comes from the eponymous name of a Red Sea port from where coffee was shipped. While Selected Continental Recipes appears to be Deutsch’s first and only book, Anne Mason was a prolific food, wine and travel writer. Before migrating to England in 1958, she was well known in Australia as the presenter of a live weekly television program, Anne Mason’s Home-Tested Recipes, which aired from 1957. She also wrote a number of popular cookery books and had a long-standing weekly column in The Age. Her ‘Home-Tested Recipes’ feature published recipes contributed by readers, which she selected and tested. A number of these were collected in her Treasury of Australian Cookery, published in London in 1962, and included those influenced by “the country cooking of England […] Continental influence […] and oriental ideas” (11). Mason includes numerous recipes featuring coffee, but (as in Deutsch above) almost all are described as mocha-flavoured and listed as such in the detailed index. In Mason’s book, this mocha taste is, in fact, featured more frequently in sweet dishes than any of the other popular flavours (vanilla, honey, lemon, apple, banana, coconut, or passionfruit) except for chocolate. These mocha recipes include cakes: Chocolate-Mocha Refrigerator cake—plain sponge layered with a coffee-chocolate mousse (134), Mocha Gateau Ring—plain sponge and choux pastry puffs filled with cream or ice cream and thickly iced with mocha icing (136) and Mocha Nut Cake—a coffee and cocoa butter cake filled and iced with mocha icing and almonds (166). There are also recipes for Mocha Meringues—small coffee/cocoa-flavoured meringue rosettes joined together in pairs with whipped cream (168), a dessert Mocha Omelette featuring the addition of instant coffee and sugar to the eggs and which is filled with grated chocolate (181) and Mocha-Crunch Ice Cream—a coffee essence-scented ice cream with chocolate biscuit crumbs (144) that was also featured in an ice cream bombe layered with chocolate-rum and vanilla ice creams (152). Mason’s coffee recipes are also given prominence in the accompanying illustrations. Although the book contains only nine pages in full colour, the Mocha Gateau Ring is featured on both the cover and opposite the title page of the book and the Mocha Nut Cake is given an entire coloured page. The coffee component of Mason’s recipes is almost always sourced from either instant coffee (granules or powdered) or liquid coffee essence, however, while the cake for the Mocha Nut Cake uses instant coffee, its mocha icing and filling calls for “3 dessertspoons [of] hot black coffee” (167). The recipe does not, however, describe if this is made from instant, essence, or ground beans. The two other mocha icings both use instant coffee mixed with cocoa, icing sugar and hot water, while one also includes margarine for softness. The recipe for Mocha Cup (202) in the chapter for Children’s Party Fare (198-203), listed alongside clown-shaped biscuits and directions to decorate cakes with sweets, plastic spaceships and dolls, surprisingly comprises a sophisticated mix of grated dark chocolate melted in a pint of “hot black coffee” lightened with milk, sugar and vanilla essence, and topped with cream. There are no instructions for brewing or otherwise making fresh coffee in the volume. The Australian culinary masterwork of the 1960s, The Margaret Fulton Cookbook, which was published in 1968 and sold out its first (record) print run of 100,000 copies in record time, is still in print, with a revised 2004 edition bringing the number of copies sold to over 1.5 million (Brien). The first edition’s cake section of the book includes a Coffee Sponge sandwich using coffee essence in both the cake and its creamy filling and topping (166) and Iced Coffee Cakes that also use coffee essence in the cupcakes and instant coffee powder in the glacé icing (166). A Hazelnut Swiss Roll is filled with a coffee butter cream called Coffee Creme au Beurre, with instant coffee flavouring an egg custard which is beaten into creamed butter (167)—similar to Koszlik’s Mocha Cream but a little lighter, using milk instead of cream and fewer eggs. Fulton also includes an Austrian Chocolate Cake in her Continental Cakes section that uses “black coffee” in a mocha ganache that is used as a frosting (175), and her sweet hot coffee soufflé calls for “1/2 cup strong coffee” (36). Fulton also features a recipe for Irish Coffee—sweetened hot black coffee with (Irish) whiskey added, and cream floated on top (205). Nowhere is fresh or brewed coffee specified, and on the page dedicated to weights, measures, and oven temperatures, instant coffee powder appears on the list of commonly used ingredients alongside flour, sugar, icing sugar, golden syrup, and butter (242). American Influence While the influence of American habits such as supermarket shopping and fast food on Australian foodways is reported in many venues, recognition of its influence on Australian coffee culture is more muted (see, for exceptions, Khamis; Adams). Yet American modes of making and utilising coffee also influenced the Australian use of coffee, whether drunk as beverage or employed as a flavouring agent. In 1956, the Australian Women’s Weekly published a full colour Wade’s Cornflour advertorial of biscuit recipes under the banner, “Dione Lucas’s Manhattan Mochas: The New Coffee Cookie All America Loves, and Now It’s Here” (56). The use of the American “cookie” instead of the Australian “biscuit” is telling here, the popularity of all things American sure to ensure, the advert suggested, that the Mochas (coffee biscuits topped with chocolate icing) would be so popular as to be “More than a recipe—a craze” (56). This American influence can also been seen in cakes and other baked goods made specifically to serve with coffee, but not necessarily containing it. The recipe for Zulu Boys published in The Argus in 1945, a small chocolate and cinnamon cake with peanuts and cornflakes added, is a good example. Reported to “keep moist for some time,” these were “not too sweet, and are especially useful to serve with a glass of wine or a cup of black coffee” (Vesta Junior 9), the recipe a precursor to many in the 1950s and 1960s. Margaret Fulton includes a Spicy Coffee Cake in The Margaret Fulton Cookbook. This is similar to her Cinnamon Tea Cake in being an easy to mix cake topped with cinnamon sugar, but is more robust in flavour and texture with the addition of whole bran cereal, raisins and spices (163). Her “Morning Coffee” section in Entertaining with Margaret Fulton similarly includes a selection of quite strongly flavoured and substantially textured cakes and biscuits (90-92), while her recipes for Afternoon Tea are lighter and more delicate in taste and appearance (85-89). Concluding Remarks: Integration and Evolution, Not Revolution Trusted Tasmanian writer on all matters domestic, Marjorie Bligh, published six books on cookery, craft, home economics, and gardening, and produced four editions of her much-loved household manual under all three of her married names: Blackwell, Cooper and Bligh (Wood). The second edition of At Home with Marjorie Bligh: A Household Manual (published c.1965-71) provides more evidence of how, rather than jettisoning one form in favour of another, Australian housewives were adept at integrating both ground and other more instant forms of coffee into their culinary repertoires. She thus includes instructions on both how to efficiently clean a coffee percolator (percolating with a detergent and borax solution) (312) as well as how to make coffee essence at home by simmering one cup of ground coffee with three cups of water and one cup of sugar for one hour, straining and bottling (281). She also includes recipes for cakes, icings, and drinks that use both brewed and instant coffee as well as coffee essence. In Entertaining with Margaret Fulton, Fulton similarly allows consumer choice, urging that “If you like your coffee with a strong flavour, choose one to which a little chicory has been added” (90). Bligh’s volume similarly reveals how the path from trifle to tiramisu was meandering and one which added recipes to Australian foodways, rather than deleted them. Her recipe for Coffee Trifle has strong similarities to tiramisu, with sponge cake soaked in strong milk coffee and sherry layered with a rich custard made from butter, sugar, egg yolks, and black coffee, and then decorated with whipped cream, glace cherries, and walnuts (169). This recipe precedes published references to tiramisu as, although the origins of tiramisu are debated (Black), references to the dessert only began to appear in the 1980s, and there is no mention of the dish in such authoritative sources as Elizabeth David’s 1954 Italian Food, which features a number of traditional Italian coffee-based desserts including granita, ice cream and those made with cream cheese and rice. By the 1990s, however, respected Australian chef and food researcher, the late Mietta O’Donnell, wrote that if pizza was “the most travelled of Italian dishes, then tiramisu is the country’s most famous dessert” and, today, Australian home cooks are using the dish as a basis for a series of variations that even include replacing the coffee with fruit juices and other flavouring agents. Long-lived Australian coffee recipes are similarly being re-made in line with current taste and habits, with celebrated chef Neil Perry’s recent Simple Coffee and Cream Sponge Cake comprising a classic cream-filled vanilla sponge topped with an icing made with “strong espresso”. To “glam up” the cake, Perry suggests sprinkling the top with chocolate-covered roasted coffee beans—cycling back to Maria Koszlik’s “coffee bean chocolate” (162) and showing just how resilient good taste can be. Acknowledgements The research for this article was completed while I was the recipient of a Research Fellowship in the Special Collections at the William Angliss Institute (WAI) of TAFE in Melbourne, where I utilised their culinary collections. Thank you to the staff of the WAI Special Collections for their generous assistance, as well as to the Faculty of Arts, Business, Informatics and Education at Central Queensland University for supporting this research. Thank you to Jill Adams for her assistance with this article and for sharing her “Manhattan Mocha” file with me, and also to the peer reviewers for their generous and helpful feedback. All errors are, of course, my own.References “A Gourmet Makes a Perfect Meal.” The West Australian 4 Jul. 1952: 8.Adams, Jill. “Australia’s American Coffee Culture.” Australasian Journal of Popular Culture (2012): forthcoming. “Australian Wines Served at New York Dinner.” Australian Wines and Food 1.5 (1958): 16. Bancroft, P. 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