Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mobile cellular communication networks'

<p>After more than two decades’ development, modern mobile cellular networks now have almost approached to the commercial level of fourth generation communication networks. For each of the mobile solutions, there are special attributes but also similarities compared to the other competitive solutions. We can also find relationships between the old generation solutions and the inheritors or innovations.</p><p>During the communicating session using any kind of existing mobile handset, the handover procedure is a very important one that may effect connection quality and also the phone call continuity. Nowadays, the mobile cellular networks have a trend to interact with LAN networks. They will co-exist and work together to support higher data rate over a wider coverage. Seamless handover proposals like Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) can support the heterogeneous handover between Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Wireless (Wi-Fi) Network. Several Media Independent Handover (MIH) proposals can handle the vertical handover in the hybrid mobile data network environment such like between wireless local area network (WLAN) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) by different solutions.</p>

Dans les années à venir, le trafic de données dans les réseaux cellulaires connaîtra une forte croissance en raison de l'augmentation de l’utilisation des moyens de télécommunications sans fil. Par conséquent, les opérateurs de réseaux mobiles visent à augmenter la capacité et la couverture de leurs réseaux afin de répondre à cette croissance. Dans ce contexte, l'un des principaux efforts est de densifier les réseaux Macrocells actuels par les Small cells afin d’offrir plus de couverture et de débit aux utilisateurs. Les antennes Small cells émettent de faibles puissances et sont souvent déployées à de faibles hauteurs. En conséquence, ils sont plus proches des utilisateurs, peuvent être déployés massivement mais génèrent également des inquiétudes chez les riverains. Les téléphones portables sont utilisés pour une grande variété d'utilisations qui nécessitent différentes quantités de données et de débit. Les applications de voix sur IP telles que Skype sont devenues très populaires car elles fournissent une communication vocale internationale peu onéreuse et peuvent être utilisées sur les appareils mobiles. Étant donné que les systèmes LTE ne prennent en charge que les services par paquets, le service vocal utilise la technologie voix sur LTE au lieu de la technologie « circuits » classique comme avec le GSM et UMTS.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'influence des nouvelles architectures des réseaux et usages sur l'exposition actuel du publique induite par les réseaux cellulaires. À cet égard, plusieurs campagnes de mesures ont été menées dans différentes villes et environnements.En ce qui concerne l'exposition aux champs électromagnétiques dans les réseaux hétérogènes, les résultats suggèrent qu'en déployant les Small cells, la puissance émise par le téléphone mobile, en raison de la proximité de l’antenne et par conséquent l’exposition global diminue. De plus, pour évaluer l'exposition EMF des utilisateurs indoor induite par les Small cells, deux modèles statistiques sont proposés pour les expositions montante et descendante induite dans un réseau hétérogène LTE.La dernière partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'évaluation de l'exposition aux nouveaux types d'usages. Les résultats suggèrent que la puissance émise et la durée d'émission par un téléphone mobile dépendent fortement de l’usage et de la technologie du réseau. Les communications voix nécessitent un débit continu et généralement faible afin de maintenir la communication pendant l'appel. Au contraire, dans le cas de l’usage données, le téléphone mobile nécessite des débits plus élevés pour effectuer la tâche le plus rapidement. Par conséquent, pendant un appel voix, même si l'utilisateur utilise le téléphone portable pendant une durée relativement longue, la durée de l'exposition est moins longue car l'utilisation ne nécessite pas une grande quantité de données. Ainsi, le taux d'occupation temporelle de plusieurs types d'appels voix pour différentes technologies est évalué par les mesures<br>In coming years, there will be a sharp growth in wireless data traffic due to the increasing usage of mobile phones and implementation of IoT technology. Therefore, mobile network operators aim to increase the capacity of their networks, to provide higher data traffic with lower latency, and to support thousands of connections. One of the primary efforts toward these goals is to densify today's cellular Macrocell networks using Small cells to bring more coverage and higher network capacity. Small cell antennas emit lower power than Macrocells and are often deployed at low heights. As a consequence, they are closer to the user and can be implemented massively. The latter can result in an important raise in public concerns. Mobile phones are used on the one hand, for a large variety of data usages that require different amounts of data and throughput and on the other hand for making phone calls. Voice over IP applications such as Skype has become very popular since they provide cheap international voice communication and can be used on mobile devices. Since LTE systems only support packet services, the voice service uses Voice over LTE technology instead of classical circuit-switched voice technology as in GSM and UMTS. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize and analyse the influence of new network architectures and usages on the actual human exposure induced by cellular networks. In this regard, several measurement campaigns were carried out in various cities and environments. Regarding the EMF exposure in heterogeneous networks, results suggest that by implementing Small cells, the global exposure (i.e. exposure induced by mobile phone and base station antenna) reduces due to the fact that by bringing the antenna closer to the user the emitted power by mobile phone and the usage duration reduce owing to power control schemes implemented in cellular network technologies. However, the magnitude of exposure reduction depends on the location of the Small cell with respect to Macrocells. Moreover, to assess the EMF exposure of indoor users induced by Small cells, two statistical models are proposed for the uplink and downlink exposures in an LTE heterogeneous environment based on measurements. The last part of the thesis was devoted to the assessment of the exposure for new types of usages through measurements. Results suggest that the amount of uplink emitted power and the emission time duration by a mobile phone is highly dependent on the usage and network technology. Voice call communications require a continuous and generally low throughput in order to maintain the communication during the call. On the contrary, in data usage, the mobile phone requires higher data and throughput to perform the task as fast as possible. Therefore during a voice call even if the user is using the mobile phone for a relatively long time, the exposure time duration should be lower since the usage does not require high amounts of data. The temporal occupation rate for several types of voice calls for different technologies is assessed through measurements

Durante los últimos años las redes móviles celulares han experimentado un considerable crecimiento y desarrollo debido al nuevo modo en que la sociedad crea, comparte y consume información. El enorme impacto y penetración de los servicios móviles telefónicos en la sociedad actual, así como la introducción de un amplio abanico de nuevos servicios de datos y servicios multimedia, han llevado a un crecimiento espectacular del volumen de tráfico transportado por este tipo de redes. Esta tendencia se mantendrá en los próximos años ya que constantemente van apareciendo nuevas aplicaciones que demandan mayor calidad de servicio y ancho de banda. Sin embargo, lasredesmóviles celulares actualestienen fuerteslimitaciones de ancho de banda debido a la escasez de frecuencias en el espectro radioeléctrico. Así, estas nuevas necesidades establecen nuevosretos para la industria de las telecomunicaciones. Es necesario gestionar un creciente número de servicios que demandan elevadas cantidades de recursos, conjuntamente con la escasez del espectro radioeléctrico, para ofrecer servicios que satisfagan las necesidades de los usuarios de un modo eficaz y económico. Dentro de este contexto, la gestión de los recursos radio se presenta como una estrategia clave para hacer frente a las características especiales de estasredes. Concretamente, el control de admisión es un mecanismo clave para utilizar eficientemente los recursos radio disponibles, proporcionando al mismo tiempo las garantías de calidad de servicio requeridas para todoslos usuarios. El presente trabajo se centra en el diseño y evaluación de políticas de control de admisión implementadas en redes móviles celulares multiservicio que transportan diferentes servicios portadores. Además, la presente tesis es una contribución al desarrollo de modelos con los que evaluar diferentes políticas de control de admisión en el desafiante contexto introducido por las redes 4G de próxima aparición. En la primera parte de esta tesis se trata el desarrollo de políticas de control de admisión para redes utilizadas actualmente, mientras que en la segunda parte de esta tesis se proponen políticas de control de admisión novedosas con el objetivo de hacerfrente a los retos introducidos por las redes de próxima aparición, tales como las redes Long TermEvolution o las de tecnología Cognitive Radio<br>Bernal Mor, E. (2013). Design and evaluation of admission control policies in mobile cellular networks [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/27714<br>Alfresco

Huge amounts of data are being collected as a result of the increased use of mobile telecommunications. Insight into information and knowledge derived from these databases can give operators a competitive edge in terms of customer care and retention,<br /> marketing and fraud detection. One of the strategies for fraud detection checks for signs of questionable changes in user behavior. Although the intentions of the mobile phone users cannot be observed, their intentions are reflected in the call data which define usage patterns. Over a period of time, an individual phone generates a large pattern of use. While call data are recorded for subscribers for billing purposes, we are making no prior assumptions about the data indicative of fraudulent call patterns, i.e. the calls made for billing purpose are unlabeled. Further analysis is thus, required to be able to isolate fraudulent usage. An unsupervised learning algorithm can analyse and cluster call patterns for each subscriber in order to facilitate the fraud detection process.<br /> <br /> This research investigates the unsupervised learning potentials of two neural networks for the profiling of calls made by users over a period of time in a mobile telecommunication network. Our study provides a comparative analysis and application of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks algorithms to user call data records in order to conduct a descriptive data mining on users call patterns.<br /> <br /> Our investigation shows the learning ability of both techniques to discriminate user call patterns<br>the LSTM recurrent neural network algorithm providing a better discrimination than the SOM algorithm in terms of long time series modelling. LSTM discriminates different types of temporal sequences and groups them according to a variety of features. The ordered features can later be interpreted and labeled according to specific requirements of the mobile service provider. Thus, suspicious call behaviours are isolated within the mobile telecommunication network and can be used to to identify fraudulent call patterns. We give results using masked call data<br /> from a real mobile telecommunication network.

La qualité de communication dans un réseau sans fil est déterminée par la qualité du signal, et plus précisément par le rapport signal à interférence et bruit. Cela pousse chaque récepteur à se connecter à l'émetteur qui lui donne la meilleure qualité du signal. Nous utilisons la géométrie stochastique et la théorie des extrêmes pour obtenir la distribution de la meilleure qualité du signal, ainsi que celles de interférence et du maximum des puissances reçues. Nous mettons en évidence comment la singularité de la fonction d'affaiblissement modifie leurs comportements. Nous nous intéressons ensuite au comportement temporel des signaux radios en étudiant le franchissement de seuils par un processus stationnaire X (t). Nous démontrons que l'intervalle de temps que X (t) passe au-dessus d'un seuil γ → −∞ suit une distribution exponentielle, et obtenons 'egalement des r'esultats caract'erisant des franchissements par X (t) de plusieurs seuils adjacents. Ces r'esultats sont ensuite appliqu'es 'a la gestion de mobilit'e dans les r'eseaux cellulaires. Notre travail se concentre sur la fonction de 'handover measurement'. Nous identifions la meilleure cellule voisine lors d'un handover. Cette fonction joue un rôle central sur expérience perçue par l'utilisateur. Mais elle demande une coopération entre divers mécanismes de contrôle et reste une question difficile. Nous traitons ce problème en proposant des approches analytiques pour les réseaux émergents de types macro et pico cellulaires, ainsi qu'une approche d'auto- optimisation pour les listes de voisinage utilisées dans les réseaux cellulaires actuels.

To provide mobile hosts with seamless and broadband wireless Internet access, two fundamental problems that need to be tackled in wireless networking are transparently supporting host mobility and effectively utilizing wireless bandwidth. The increasing heterogeneity of wireless networks and the proliferation of wireless devices, however, severely expose the limitations of the paradigms adopted by existing solutions. In this work, we explore new research directions for addressing network heterogeneity and bandwidth scarcity in future wireless data networks. In addressing network heterogeneity, we motivate a transport layer solution for transparent mobility support across heterogeneous wireless networks. We establish parallelism and transpositionality as two fundamental principles to be incorporated in designing such a transport layer solution. In addressing bandwidth scarcity, we motivate a cooperative wireless network model for scalable bandwidth utilization with wireless user population. We establish base station assistance and multi-homed peer relay as two fundamental principles to be incorporated in designing such a cooperative wireless network model. We present instantiations based on the established principles respectively, and demonstrate their performance and functionality gains through theoretic analysis, packet simulation, and testbed emulation.

La interfaz radio de los sistemas de comunicaciones móviles es normalmente considerada como la única limitación de capacidad en la red de acceso radio. Sin embargo, a medida que se van desplegando nuevas y más eficientes interfaces radio, y de que el tráfico de datos y multimedia va en aumento, existe la creciente preocupación de que la infraestructura de transporte (backhaul) de la red celular pueda convertirse en el cuello de botella en algunos escenarios. En este contexto, la tesis se centra en el desarrollo de técnicas de gestión de recursos que consideran de manera conjunta la gestión de recursos en la interfaz radio y el backhaul. Esto conduce a un nuevo paradigma donde los recursos del backhaul se consideran no sólo en la etapa de dimensionamiento, sino que además son incluidos en la problemática de gestión de recursos. Sobre esta base, el primer objetivo de la tesis consiste en evaluar los requerimientos de capacidad en las redes de acceso radio que usan IP como tecnología de transporte, de acuerdo a las recientes tendencias de la arquitectura de red. En particular, se analiza el impacto que tiene una solución de transporte basada en IP sobre la capacidad de transporte necesaria para satisfacer los requisitos de calidad de servicio en la red de acceso. La evaluación se realiza en el contexto de la red de acceso radio de UMTS, donde se proporciona una caracterización detallada de la interfaz Iub. El análisis de requerimientos de capacidad se lleva a cabo para dos diferentes escenarios: canales dedicados y canales de alta velocidad. Posteriormente, con el objetivo de aprovechar totalmente los recursos disponibles en el acceso radio y el backhaul, esta tesis propone un marco de gestión conjunta de recursos donde la idea principal consiste en incorporar las métricas de la red de transporte dentro del problema de gestión de recursos. A fin de evaluar los beneficios del marco de gestión de recursos propuesto, esta tesis se centra en la evaluación del problema de asignación de base, como estrategia para distribuir el tráfico entre las estaciones base en función de los niveles de carga tanto en la interfaz radio como en el backhaul. Este problema se analiza inicialmente considerando una red de acceso radio genérica, mediante la definición de un modelo analítico basado en cadenas de Markov. Dicho modelo permite calcular la ganancia de capacidad que puede alcanzar la estrategia de asignación de base propuesta. Posteriormente, el análisis de la estrategia propuesta se extiende considerando tecnologías específicas de acceso radio. En particular, en el contexto de redes WCDMA se desarrolla un algoritmo de asignación de base basado en simulatedannealing cuyo objetivo es maximizar una función de utilidad que refleja el grado de satisfacción de las asignaciones respecto los recursos radio y transporte. Finalmente, esta tesis aborda el diseño y evaluación de un algoritmo de asignación de base para los futuros sistemas de banda ancha basados en OFDMA. En este caso, el problema de asignación de base se modela como un problema de optimización mediante el uso de un marco de funciones de utilidad y funciones de coste de recursos. El problema planteado, que considera que existen restricciones de recursos tanto en la interfaz radio como en el backhaul, es mapeado a un problema de optimización conocido como Multiple-Choice Multidimensional Knapsack Problem (MMKP). Posteriormente, se desarrolla un algoritmo de asignación de base heurístico, el cual es evaluado y comparado con esquemas de asignación basados exclusivamente en criterios radio. El algoritmo concebido se basa en el uso de los multiplicadores de Lagrange y está diseñado para aprovechar de manera simultánea el balanceo de carga en la intefaz radio y el backhaul.

Les demandes de haut débit, faible latence et grande fiabilité augmentent dans les nouvelles générations de systèmes de radiocommunications. Par conséquent, on propose de combiner la transmission non orthogonale avec les retransmissions HARQ afin de combattre les fluctuations de canal de transmission à haut débit. Dans la première partie de la thèse, on propose des protocoles de retransmissions HARQ avec l'aide d'un relai afin d'améliorer le débit et la fiabilité du système. Une version renforcée du protocole HARQ qui prend en compte le délai de retour est proposée dans la seconde partie de la thèse<br>HARQ has become an important research field in the wireless digital communications area during the last years. In this thesis, we improve the HARQ mechanisms in terms of throughput and/or latency which are the bottleneck of next generation wireless communication systems. More precisely, we improve the time-slotted HARQ systems by mimicking NOMA, which means using superposed packets in a single-user context. In the first part of the thesis, we propose HARQ protocols using the help of a relay to improve the transmission rate and reliability. An enhanced HARQ protocol adapted to delayed feedback is proposed in the second part. In this new multi-layer HARQ protocol, additional redundant packets are sent preemptively before receiving the acknowledgement, and in superposition to other HARQ processes

Face à l'explosion du trafic mobile entraînée par le succès des smartphones, les opérateurs de réseaux mobiles (MNOs) densifient leurs réseaux à travers le déploiement massif des stations de base à faible portée (SBS), capable d’offrir des services très haut débit et de remplir les exigences de capacité et de couverture. Cette nouvelle infrastructure, appelée réseau cellulaire hétérogène (HetNet), utilise un mix de stations de base hiérarchisées, comprenant des macro-cellule à forte puissance et des SBS à faible puissance.La prolifération des HetNets soulève une nouvelle préoccupation concernant leur consommation d'énergie et empreinte carbone. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation de technologies de production d'énergie dans les réseaux mobiles a suscité un intérêt particulier. Les sources d'énergie respectueuses de l'environnement couplées à un système de stockage d'énergie ont le potentiel de réduire les émissions carbone ainsi que le coût opérationnel énergétique des MNOs.L'intégration des énergies renouvelables (panneau solaire) et du stockage d'énergie (batterie) dans un SBS gagne en efficacité grâce aux leviers technologiques et économiques apportés par le smart grid (SG). Cependant, l'architecture résultante, que nous appelons Green Small-Cell Base station (GSBS), est complexe. Premièrement, la multitude de sources d'énergie, le phénomène de viellissement du système et le prix dynamique de l'électricité dans le SG sont des facteurs qui nécessitent planification et gestion pour un fonctionnement plus efficace du GSBS. Deuxièmement, il existe une étroite dépendance entre le dimensionnement et le contrôle en temps réel du système, qui nécessite une approche commune capable de résoudre conjointement ces deux problèmes. Enfin, la gestion holistique d’un HetNet nécessite un schéma de contrôle à grande échelle pour optimiser simultanément les ressources énergétiques locales et la collaboration radio entre les SBSs.Par conséquent, nous avons élaboré un cadre d'optimisation pour le pré-déploiement et le post-déploiement du GSBS, afin de permettre aux MNOs de réduire conjointement leurs dépenses d'électricité et le vieillissement de leurs équipements. L'optimisation pré-déploiement consiste en un dimensionnement du GSBS qui tient compte du vieillissement de la batterie et de la stratégie de gestion des ressources énergétiques. Le problème associé est formulé et le dimensionnement optimal est approché en s'appuyant des profils moyens (production, consommation et prix de l'électricité) à travers une méthode itérative basée sur le solveur non-linéaire “fmincon”. Le schéma de post-déploiement repose sur des capacités d'apprentissage permettant d'ajuster dynamiquement la gestion énergétique du GSBS à son environnement (conditions météorologiques, charge de trafic et coût de l'électricité). La solution s'appuie sur le fuzzy Q-learning qui consiste à combiner le système d'inférence floue avec l'algorithme Q-learning. Ensuite, nous formalisons un système d'équilibrage de charge capable d'étendre la gestion énergétique locale à une collaboration à l'échelle réseau. Nous proposons à ce titre un algorithme en deux étapes, combinant des contrôleurs hiérarchiques au niveau du GSBS et au niveau du réseau. Les deux étapes s'alternent pour continuellement planifier et adapter la gestion de l'énergie à la collaboration radio dans le HetNet.Les résultats de la simulation montrent que, en considérant le vieillissement de la batterie et l'impact mutuel de la conception du système sur la stratégie énergétique (et vice-versa), le dimensionnement optimal du GSBS est capable de maximiser le retour sur investissement. En outre, grâce à ses capacités d'apprentissage, le GSBS peut être déployé de manière plug-and-play, avec la possibilité de s'auto-organiser, d'améliorer le coût énergétique du système et de préserver la durée de vie de la batterie<br>Pushed by an unprecedented increase in data traffic, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) are densifying their networks through the deployment of Small-cell Base Stations (SBS), low-range radio-access transceivers that offer enhanced capacity and improved coverage. This new infrastructure – Heterogeneous cellular Network (HetNet) -- uses a hierarchy of high-power Macro-cell Base Stations overlaid with several low-power (SBSs).The augmenting deployment and operation of the HetNets raise a new crucial concern regarding their energy consumption and carbon footprint. In this context, the use of energy-harvesting technologies in mobile networks have gained particular interest. The environment-friendly power sources coupled with energy storage capabilities have the potential to reduce the carbon emissions as well as the electricity operating expenditures of MNOs.The integration of renewable energy (solar panel) and energy storage capability (battery) in SBSs gain in efficiency thanks to the technological and economic enablers brought by the Smart Grid (SG). However, the obtained architecture, which we call Green Small-Cell Base Station (GSBS), is complex. First, the multitude of power sources, the system aging, and the dynamic electricity price in the (SG) are factors that require design and management to enable the (GSBS) to efficiently operate. Second, there is a close dependence between the system sizing and control, which requires an approach to address these problems simultaneously. Finally, the achievement of a holistic management in a (HetNet) requires a network-level energy-aware scheme that jointly optimizes the local energy resources and radio collaboration between the SBSs.Accordingly, we have elaborated pre-deployment and post-deployment optimization frameworks for GSBSs that allow the MNOs to jointly reduce their electricity expenses and the equipment degradation. The pre-deployment optimization consists in an effective sizing of the GSBS that accounts for the battery aging and the associated management of the energy resources. The problem is formulated and the optimal sizing is approximated using average profiles, through an iterative method based on the non-linear solver “fmincon”. The post-deployment scheme relies on learning capabilities to dynamically adjust the GSBS energy management to its environment (weather conditions, traffic load, and electricity cost). The solution is based on the fuzzy Q-learning that consists in tuning a fuzzy inference system (which represents the energy arbitrage in the system) with the Q-learning algorithm. Then, we formalize an energy-aware load-balancing scheme to extend the local energy management to a network-level collaboration. We propose a two-stage algorithm to solve the formulated problem by combining hierarchical controllers at the GSBS-level and at the network-level. The two stages are alternated to continuously plan and adapt the energy management to the radio collaboration in the HetNet.Simulation results show that, by considering the battery aging and the impact of the system design and the energy strategy on each other, the optimal sizing of the GSBS is able to maximize the return on investment with respect to the technical and economic conditions of the deployment. Also, thanks to its learning capabilities, the GSBSs can be deployed in a plug-and-play fashion, with the ability to self-organize, improve the operating energy cost of the system, and preserves the battery lifespan

L'explosion du trafic dans les réseaux mobiles d'aujourd'hui est l'une des préoccupations majeures des opérateurs mobiles. En effet, entre investir dans le développement de l’infrastructure pour supporter l’évolution des besoins des utilisateurs et faire face à la concurrence accrue des nouveaux acteurs du marché, l’enjeu est considérable. Dans ce contexte, les communications Device-to-Device (D2D) offrent aux opérateurs mobiles de nouvelles opportunités aussi bien financières que techniques, à travers les communications directes entre les appareils mobiles permettant de délester le réseau d'une partie du trafic. L'organisme de standardisation 3GPP a défini des évolutions de son architecture LTE/4G fonctionnelle pour supporter les communications D2D dans le cadre de Services de Proximité (ProSe). Cependant, les modèles économiques autour de ces nouveaux services sont encore flous et les solutions actuellement proposées par le 3GPP visent un déploiement à court terme d’un ensemble limité de services (ex : les services de sécurité publique). La première contribution proposée dans le cadre de cette thèse est une évolution de l'architecture ProSe vers une architecture cible distribuée dans laquelle les fonctions liées à ProSe sont mutualisées avec d'autres fonctions réseaux. La deuxième contribution porte sur l’intégration des services véhiculaires dans les réseaux mobiles en tant que services ProSe particuliers reposant sur les communications D2D. L'architecture CVS (Cellular Vehicular Services) est alors proposée comme solution pour un déploiement à grande échelle des services véhiculaires en s'appuyant sur une nouvelle évolution de l’architecture ProSe distribuée. Un algorithme de « clustering » ainsi que des procédures de communication en mode relais D2D sont utilisés dans la conception de la solution afin d’optimiser l'usage des ressources du réseau. Enfin, les performances de ces contributions sont évaluées à l'aide de modèles analytiques et de simulations afin de valider les approches et solutions proposées<br>The traffic explosion in today’s mobile networks is one of the major concerns of mobile operators. This explosion is mostly widening the gap between networks’ capacities and users’ growing needs in terms of bandwidth and QoS (Quality of Service), which directly impacts operators’ business profitability. In this context, Device-to-Device (D2D) communications offer mobile operators business and technical opportunities by allowing the network traffic offload with D2D direct communications between mobile devices. The recent standardization of D2D-based services as Proximity Services (ProSe) by the 3GPP provides already a set of enhancements to the current LTE/4G architecture to support these services. However, still in its infancy, the proposed solutions are envisioned for short-term market deployments and for a limited set of service categories (i.e public safety services). As a first contribution of this thesis, the proposed Distributed ProSe Architecture enhances the current ProSe architecture for a longer term deployment perspective of D2D-based services. On the basis of this enhanced architecture, vehicular communications and related services are further investigated as a specific implementation of ProSe as well as a new market opportunity for mobile operators. The CVS (Cellular Vehicular Services) solution is then introduced as an architecture framework that enables the integration of vehicular networks into mobile operators’ network infrastructure. A mobile network clustering algorithm and D2D relay-based communication mechanisms are used in the solution design in order to optimize the use of both core and radio network resources. Performance evaluation through analytical modeling and simulations are also carried out to validate the proposed contributions

Thesis (MComm (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>Measuring advertising effectiveness has become an increasingly important issue due to the substantial sums of money invested in the advertising industry. The purpose of this research was to design an Advertising Balanced Scorecard (ABSC), which is an adaptation to the advertising field of the managerial Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The ABSC was developed to identify a balanced pattern between the perspectives leading to effectiveness, namely strategy, execution, media and creative, in order to measure and control advertising effectiveness. This study reviews the South African mobile communication industry and Vodacom in particular. It examines Vodacom’s successful marketing and advertising strategy with a special attention given to iconic advertising by the use of a character such as Maurice the meerkat. After investigating the elements of Vodacom’s award winning advertisements, a balance between strategy, execution, media and creative could not be isolated systematically. However, when fewer perspectives were involved balance could be reached. The results therefore confirm the complexity of advertising effectiveness measurement and indicate that measurement of advertising effectiveness is possible when focus is placed on fewer perspectives.

Les futures applications sans fil anticipent une explosion de la pléthore de cas d'utilisation et de services, qui ne peut être soutenue par des améliorations incrémentielles des schémas de communication existants. Pour cela, deux axes de recherche sont particulièrement intéressants: la densification du réseau à l'aide de petites cellules et la communication par ondes millimétriques (ondes millimétriques). Dans cette thèse, nous modélisons et évaluons des réseaux cellulaires constitués de petites cellules à ondes millimétriques utilisant la technique d'accès multi-radio (RAT) déployées au-dessus de la macro-architecture existante. Premièrement, nous modélisons mathématiquement un déploiement homogène de petites cellules multi-RAT et caractérisons les performances de l'utilisateur et du réseau en termes de probabilité de couverture signal sur brouillage plus rapport de bruit (SINR), de débit descendant et de probabilité de surcharge de cellule. Ensuite, nous étudions l'association des utilisateurs à différents niveaux et la sélection optimale de différents RAT, de manière à optimiser ces mesures de performance. En règle générale, les modèles de réseau cellulaire qui supposent des déploiements homogènes de petites cellules ne tiennent pas compte des nuances des caractéristiques de blocage urbain. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous modélisons les emplacements de petites cellules le long des routes d'une ville, puis nous prenons en compte les blocages de signaux dus à la construction d'immeubles ou au déplacement de véhicules sur les routes. Sur ce réseau, nous supposons que l’opérateur prend en charge trois types de services v.i.z., les communications ultra-fiables à faible temps de latence (URLLC), les communications massives de type machine (mMTC) et le haut débit mobile amélioré (eMBB) avec des besoins différents. En conséquence, nous étudions la sélection optimale de RAT pour ces services avec divers blocages de véhicules. Enfin, sur la base du modèle de déploiement sur route de petites cellules à ondes millimétriques, nous étudions un réseau conçu pour prendre en charge simultanément des services de positionnement et de données. Nous caractérisons la précision du positionnement en fonction des limites de la localisation, puis étudions des stratégies optimales de partitionnement des ressources et de sélection de la largeur de faisceau afin de répondre à diverses exigences de positionnement et de débit de données<br>Future wireless applications anticipate an explosion in the plethora of use-cases and services, which cannot be sustained by incremental improvements on the existing communication schemes. For this, two research directions are particularly attractive: network densification using small cells and millimeter wave (mm-wave) wave communications. In this thesis, we model and evaluate cellular networks consisting of multi-radio access technique (RAT) mm-wave small cells deployed on top of the legacy macro-architecture. First, we mathematically model a homogeneous deployment of multi-RAT small cells and characterize the user and network performance in terms of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) coverage probability, downlink throughput, and the cell overloading probability. Then, we study users association to different tiers and optimal selection of different RATs, so as to optimize these performance metrics. Generally, cellular network models that assume homogeneous deployments of small cells fail to take into account the nuances of urban blockage characteristics. To address this, we model the small cell locations along the roads of a city, and subsequently, we take into consideration the signal blockages due to buildings or moving vehicles on the roads. In this network, we assume that the operator supports three types of services v.i.z., ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) with different requirements. Consequently, we study the optimal RAT selection for these services with varying vehicular blockages. Finally, based on the on-road deployment model of mm-wave small cells, we study a network designed to support positioning and data services simultaneously. We characterize the positioning accuracy based on the localization bounds and then study optimal resource partitioning and beamwidth selection strategies to address varied positioning and data-rate requirements

Les réseaux actuels et la prochaine génération des réseaux sans fil cellulaires (5G) doivent garantir, non seulement, les communications entre les gens (aussi connu sous le nom d'humain à humain - H2H), mais aussi à un déploiement massif de communication de type machine (MTC). MTC, ou encore Machine à Machine (M2M), peut être considérée comme des appareils qui peuvent établir des communications avec d’autres appareils sans aucune intervention humaine. M2M est aussi vue comme la pierre angulaire de la vision des objets connectés (IoT). Elle attire beaucoup d'attention, car elle peut être considérée comme une nouvelle opportunité pour les opérateurs de réseau et service IoT. Il existe aujourd’hui plusieurs types d’applications se basant sur MTC couvrant plusieurs domaines. On peut citer comme exemples les applications suivantes: la santé, les systèmes de transport intelligents (ITS), les compteurs intelligents et les réseaux intelligents, et la sécurité publique (PS). Le déploiement de ce type d'applications dans les réseaux mobiles cellulaires actuels, particulièrement Long Term Evolution (LTE) et LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , ne peut être effectif sans surmonter les challenges posés par le déploiement d’un grand nombre d’équipement MTC dans la même cellule. En effet, le déploiement d'une myriade d'appareils MTC causera une congestion et une surcharge du système des réseaux d'accès radio (RAN) et du cœur de réseau (CN). Comme les appareils MTC sont équipés d'une batterie non rechargeable, la consommation d'énergie est aussi un défi. Dans cette thèse, nous allons étudier les problèmes de congestion et de consommation d'énergie dans le contexte des réseaux LTE et LTE-A en présence des appareils M2M. En ce qui concerne la congestion et la surcharge de système, nous nous concentrons sur la partie RAN, puisqu'elle peut être considérée comme la première ligne de défense pour le réseau cellulaire. Les contributions de cette thèse sont organisées sous les axes suivants: 1) Proposition d'un algorithme générique pour prédire le trafic entrant, de sorte que la congestion dans le réseau peut être facilement résolue, 2) Étude et proposition d'un modèle analytique générique de la procédure d'accès aléatoire au canal (RACH). Le modèle a pour but l’évaluation des méthodes de contrôle de congestion ciblant la partie RAN, 3) Approfondissement et proposition des méthodes permettant d'améliorer la méthode Pagination de Groupe (GP) approuvée par le 3GPP pour contrôler la congestion<br>The current and next generation wireless cellular networks (5G) have to deal with not only communications between people (known as Human-to-Human - H2H), but also with a massive deployment of Machine-Type-Communication (MTC). MTC, or alternatively Machine-to-Machine (M2M), can be viewed as devices connected among them without any human intervention. M2M can be considered as the cornerstone of Internet-of-Things (IoT) vision. It attracts a lot of attention, since it can be considered as a new opportunity and business market. Nowadays, there is a vast number of MTC applications, covering a large number of fields. Some of these applications are Healthcare, Intelligent Transport System (ITS), smart metering and smart grids, public safety (PS), forming the so-called smart city. Deploying this type of applications in the current cellular mobile networks, especially Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), cannot be achieved before overcoming the accompanied challenges. Indeed, caused by the existence of a myriad of MTC devices, Radio Access Network (RAN) and Core Network (CN) congestion and system overload is one of these challenging issues. As the MTC devices are using non-rechargeable batteries, power consumption is also a challenge. In this thesis, we study the congestion and power consumption problems in the context of LTE and LTE-A networks featuring M2M communications. Regarding the congestion and system overload, the focus will be on the RAN part since it can be considered as the first defense line on the network. The contributions of the thesis are organized on the following axes: 1) Propose a general algorithm to predict the incoming traffic, so that the congestion in the network can be easily remedied, 2) Study and propose a general analytical model of the Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure. The model can help to evaluate the congestion control methods targeting the RAN part, 3) Depth study and propose methods improving the performance of Group Paging (GP) method, one of the methods approved by 3GPP to control the congestion

Cette thèse porte principalement sur la modélisation, l'évaluation des performances et l'optimisation au niveau système des réseaux cellulaires de nouvelle génération à l'aide de la géométrie stochastique. En plus, la technologie émergente des surfaces intelligentes reconfigurables (RISs) est étudiée pour l'application aux futurs réseaux sans fil. En particulier, reposant sur un modèle d’abstraction basé sur la loi de Poisson pour la distribution spatiale des nœuds et des points d’accès, cette thèse développe un ensemble de nouveaux cadres analytiques pour le calcul d’importantes métriques de performance, telles que la probabilité de couverture et l'efficacité spectrale potentielle, qui peuvent être utilisés pour l'analyse et l'optimisation au niveau système. Plus spécifiquement, une nouvelle méthodologie d'analyse pour l'analyse de réseaux cellulaires tridimensionnels est introduite et utilisée pour l'optimisation du système. Un nouveau problème d’allocation de ressources est formulé et résolu en combinant pour la première fois géométrie stochastique et programmation non linéaire mixte en nombres entiers. L'impact du déploiement de surfaces réfléchissantes intelligentes sur un réseau sans fil est quantifié à l'aide de processus ponctuels, et les avantages potentiels des RISs contre le relais sont étudiés à l'aide de simulations numériques<br>The main focus of this thesis is on modeling, performance evaluation and system-level optimization of next-generation cellular networks by using stochastic geometry. In addition, the emerging technology of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) is investigated for application to future wireless networks. In particular, relying on a Poisson-based abstraction model for the spatial distribution of nodes and access points, this thesis develops a set of new analytical frameworks for the computation of important performance metrics, such as the coverage probability and potential spectral efficiency, which can be used for system-level analysis and optimization. More specifically, a new analytical methodology for the analysis of three-dimensional cellular networks is introduced and employed for system optimization. A novel resource allocation problem is formulated and solved by jointly combining for the first time stochastic geometry and mixed-integer non-linear programming. The impact of deploying intelligent reflecting surfaces throughout a wireless network is quantified with the aid of line point processes, and the potential benefits of RISs against relaying are investigated with the aid of numerical simulations

Esta tesis doctoral se enmarca en la temática de Gestion de Recursos Radioelectricos en los sistemas de comunicaciones móviles, 3G, B3G y 4G. Como es ampliamente conocido los recursos radios son escasos, particularmente en los sistemas de comunicaciones móviles celulares, y en consecuencia es de uso obligado una gestión eficiente de los mismos. Desde un punto de vista práctico si bien estos sistemas se basan en el uso de tecnologías de acceso radio estandarizada, no es este el caso para los algoritmos subyacentes a la gestión de los recursos radio, de manera que siempre son posibles nuevas realizaciones de los mismos que resulten más convenientes en el marco del estándar en cuestión. Es en esta dirección hacia donde apunta la realización de esta tesis doctoral, y entiendo que lo consigue con éxito al introducir nuevas estrategias de Gestion de los Recursos Radio en el marco de las estrategias de múltiple acceso CDMA en los sistemas 3G, TDMA/CDMA en los sistemas B3G y OFDMA en los sistemas 4G. Esta tesis, tras identificar los gestores más usuales de gestión de recursos radio y una breve descripción de los mismos, introduce una descripción básicamente autocontenida de los aspectos más relevantes de los sistemas de acceso múltiple WCDMA y OFDMA. En este sentido se detallan mecanismos de su funcionamiento que con posterioridad serán utilizados en la definición y especificación de los algoritmos de gestión de recursos propiamente dichos. Con posterioridad se hace un breve recorrido sobre lo que son las redes neuronales , para finalizar en una exposición más detallada de las Redes Neuronales de Hopfield que serán el hilo conductor de los trabajos de esta tesis. En particular se describen las ecuaciones que caracterizan estas redes como sistemas dinámicos y se establecen sus condiciones de convergencia a través de los teoremas de estabilidad Lyapunov y la definición de la función Energía.De la conjunción de las particularidades de los sistemas de acceso WCDMA, TDMA y OFDMA y de las redes neuronales de Hopfield se van desarrollando una serie de algoritmos que operan en escenarios unicelulares y que entiendo novedosos y que a continuación enumeran brevemente.Admisión en un sistema WCDMA , enlace ascendente, mediante una gestión optimizada de las distintas velocidades de transmisión asignadas a los usuarios que comparten el acceso y que se les permite distintos perfiles. Aspectos relativos a la robustez del algoritmo, y en particular a su convergencia son también detallados. Se suponen restricciones de carga de la red máxima, repartición del espectro justa y potencia máxima disponible en los terminales móviles. Se suponen un servicio en tiempo real con velocidades variables. La probabilidad de bloqueo se usa para exhibir las prestaciones del algoritmo.Gestión de las velocidades de los usuarios ya admitidos en un sistema WCDMA,enlace ascendente, con objeto de garantizarles una definida probabilidad de satisfacción superior a un determinado valor y que está basada en las velocidades reales de transmisión asignadas. Se supone también un servicio en tiempo real con velocidades variables y las mismas restricciones que en Admisión. Gestión de las velocidades de los usuarios ya admitidos en un sistema WCDMA, enlace descendente, con objeto de garantizarles un máximo retardo en la entrega de paquetes. Se suponen restricciones de repartición del espectro justa y potencia máxima disponible en la estación de base. Se supone un servicio interactivo basado en un modelo de tráfico para servicios www. Se introduce también un algoritmo de referencia a efectos comparativos. La probabilidad de pérdida es el parámetro usado para valorar las prestaciones del algoritmo.Gestión combinada de servicios en tiempo real e interactivos en sistemas WCDMA, enlace descendente. Incorpora parte de los algoritmos anteriormente enunciados y se mantienen los mismos modelos de tráfico y las mismas restricciones. Se han usado en esta caso las probabilidades de satisfacción y de pérdida para capturar el la velocidad de transmisión agregada y retardo respectivamente Algoritmo de Gestión común de recursos radio para un escenario B3G donde un usuario puede ser servido por más de un acceso. En este caso se han usado WCDMA y TDMA. Algoritmos de Gestión de las velocidades de los usuarios ya admitidos en un sistema OFDMA, enlace descendente, con objeto de garantizarles un máximo retardo en la entrega de paquetes.La tesis apunta también hacia prometedoras futuras líneas de investigación que pretenden explotar la base de la metodología desarrollada en esta tesis y que consisten en escenarios celulares centralizadas para pasar después a distribuidas en entornos multicelulares y en particular para los sistemas OFDMA , base de los accesos en 4G.

En la actualidad, la Internet de las Cosas (Internet of Things, IoT) es una tecnología esencial para la próxima generación de sistemas inalámbricos. La conectividad es la base de IoT, y el tipo de acceso requerido dependerá de la naturaleza de la aplicación. Uno de los principales facilitadores del entorno IoT es la comunicación machine-to-machine (M2M) y, en particular, su enorme potencial para ofrecer conectividad ubicua entre dispositivos inteligentes. Las redes celulares son la elección natural para las aplicaciones emergentes de IoT y M2M. Un desafío importante en las redes celulares es conseguir que la red sea capaz de manejar escenarios de acceso masivo en los que numerosos dispositivos utilizan comunicaciones M2M. Por otro lado, los sistemas celulares han experimentado un tremendo desarrollo en las últimas décadas: incorporan tecnología sofisticada y nuevos algoritmos para ofrecer una amplia gama de servicios. El modelado y análisis del rendimiento de estas redes multiservicio es también una tarea desafiante que podría requerir un gran esfuerzo computacional. Para abordar los desafíos anteriores, nos centramos en primer lugar en el diseño y la evaluación de las prestaciones de nuevos mecanismos de control de acceso para hacer frente a las comunicaciones masivas M2M en redes celulares. Posteriormente nos ocupamos de la evaluación de prestaciones de redes multiservicio y proponemos una nueva técnica analítica que ofrece precisión y eficiencia computacional. Nuestro principal objetivo es proporcionar soluciones para aliviar la congestión en la red de acceso radio cuando un gran número de dispositivos M2M intentan conectarse a la red. Consideramos los siguientes tipos de escenarios: (i) los dispositivos M2M se conectan directamente a las estaciones base celulares, y (ii) forman grupos y los datos se envían a concentradores de tráfico (gateways) que les proporcionan acceso a la infraestructura. En el primer escenario, dado que el número de dispositivos añadidos a la red aumenta continuamente, esta debería ser capaz de manejar el considerable incremento en las solicitudes de acceso. El 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ha propuesto el access class barring (ACB) como una solución práctica para el control de congestión en la red de acceso radio y la red troncal. El ajuste correcto de los parámetros de ACB de acuerdo con la intensidad del tráfico es crítico, pero cómo hacerlo de forma dinámica y autónoma es un problema complejo cuya solución no está recogida en las especificaciones del 3GPP. Esta tesis doctoral contribuye al análisis del rendimiento y al diseño de nuevos algoritmos que implementen efectivamente este mecanismo, y así superar los desafíos introducidos por las comunicaciones masivas M2M. En el segundo escenario, dado que la heterogeneidad de los dispositivos IoT y las arquitecturas celulares basadas en hardware imponen desafíos aún mayores para permitir una comunicación flexible y eficiente en los sistemas inalámbricos 5G, esta tesis doctoral también contribuye al diseño de software-defined gateways (SD-GWs) en una nueva arquitectura propuesta para redes inalámbricas definidas por software que se denomina SoftAir. Esto permite manejar tanto un gran número de dispositivos como el volumen de datos que estarán vertiendo en la red. Otra contribución de esta tesis doctoral es la propuesta de una técnica novedosa para el análisis de prestaciones de redes multiservicio de alta capacidad que se basa en un nuevo enfoque del modelizado analítico de sistemas que operan a diferentes escalas temporales. Este enfoque utiliza el análisis del transitorio de una serie de subcadenas absorbentes y lo denominamos absorbing Markov chain approximation (AMCA). Nuestros resultados muestran que para un coste computacional dado, AMCA calcula los parámetros de prestaciones habituales de un sistema con mayor precisión, en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por otr<br>Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) is an essential technology for the upcoming generation of wireless systems. Connectivity is the foundation for IoT, and the type of access required will depend on the nature of the application. One of the leading facilitators of the IoT environment is machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, and particularly, its tremendous potential to offer ubiquitous connectivity among intelligent devices. Cellular networks are the natural choice for emerging IoT and M2M applications. A major challenge in cellular networks is to make the network capable of handling massive access scenarios in which myriad devices deploy M2M communications. On the other hand, cellular systems have seen a tremendous development in recent decades; they incorporate sophisticated technology and algorithms to offer a broad range of services. The modeling and performance analysis of these large multi-service networks is also a challenging task that might require high computational effort. To address the above challenges, we first concentrate on the design and performance evaluation of novel access control schemes to deal with massive M2M communications. Then, we focus on the performance evaluation of large multi-service networks and propose a novel analytical technique that features accuracy and computational efficiency. Our main objective is to provide solutions to ease the congestion in the radio access or core network when massive M2M devices try to connect to the network. We consider the following two types of scenarios: (i) massive M2M devices connect directly to cellular base stations, and (ii) they form clusters and the data is forwarded to gateways that provide them with access to the infrastructure. In the first scenario, as the number of devices added to the network is constantly increasing, the network should handle the considerable increment in access requests. Access class barring (ACB) is proposed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a practical congestion control solution in the radio access and core network. The proper tuning of the ACB parameters according to the traffic intensity is critical, but how to do so dynamically and autonomously is a challenging task that has not been specified. Thus, this dissertation contributes to the performance analysis and optimal design of novel algorithms to implement effectively this barring scheme and overcome the challenges introduced by massive M2M communications. In the second scenario, since the heterogeneity of IoT devices and the hardware-based cellular architectures impose even greater challenges to enable flexible and efficient communication in 5G wireless systems, this dissertation also contributes to the design of software-defined gateways (SD-GWs) in a new architecture proposed for wireless software-defined networks called SoftAir. The deployment of these SD-GWs represents an alternative solution aiming at handling both a vast number of devices and the volume of data they will be pouring into the network. Another contribution of this dissertation is to propose a novel technique for the performance analysis of large multi-service networks. The underlying complexity of the network, particularly concerning its size and the ample range of configuration options, makes the solution of the analytical models computationally costly. However, a typical characteristic of these networks is that they support multiple types of traffic flows operating at different time-scales. This time-scale separation can be exploited to reduce considerably the computational cost associated to determine the key performance indicators. Thus, we propose a novel analytical modeling approach based on the transient regime analysis, that we name absorbing Markov chain approximation (AMCA). For a given computational cost, AMCA finds common performance indicators with greater accuracy, when compared to the results obtained by other approximate methods proposed in the literature.<br>En l'actualitat, la Internet de les Coses (Internet of Things, IoT) és una tecnologia essencial per a la propera generació de sistemes sense fil. La connectivitat és la base d'IoT, i el tipus d'accés requerit dependrà de la naturalesa de l'aplicació. Un dels principals facilitadors de l'entorn IoT és la comunicació machine-to-machine (M2M) i, en particular, el seu enorme potencial per oferir connectivitat ubiqua entre dispositius intel · ligents. Les xarxes mòbils són l'elecció natural per a les aplicacions emergents de IoT i M2M. Un desafiament important en les xarxes mòbils que actualment está rebent molta atenció és aconseguir que la xarxa siga capaç de gestionar escenaris d'accés massiu en què una gran quantitat de dispositius utilitzen comunicacions M2M. D'altra banda, els sistemes mòbils han experimentat un gran desenvolupament en les últimes dècades: incorporen tecnologia sofisticada i nous algoritmes per oferir una àmplia gamma de serveis. El modelatge i análisi del rendiment d'aquestes xarxes multiservei és també un desafiament important que podria requerir un gran esforç computacional. Per abordar els desafiaments anteriors, en aquesta tesi doctoral ens centrem en primer lloc en el disseny i l'avaluació de les prestacions de nous mecanismes de control d'accés per fer front a les comunicacions massives M2M en xarxes cel · lulars. Posteriorment ens ocupem de l'avaluació de prestacions de xarxes multiservei i proposem una nova tècnica analítica que ofereix precisió i eficiència computacional. El nostre principal objectiu és proporcionar solucions per a alleujar la congestió a la xarxa d'accés ràdio quan un gran nombre de dispositius M2M intenten connectar-se a la xarxa. Considerem els dos tipus d'escenaris següents: (i) els dispositius M2M es connecten directament a les estacions base cel · lulars, i (ii) formen grups i les dades s'envien a concentradors de trànsit (gateways) que els proporcionen accés a la infraestructura. En el primer escenari, atès que el nombre de dispositius afegits a la xarxa augmenta contínuament, aquesta hauria de ser capaç de gestionar el considerable increment en les sol · licituds d'accés. El 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ha proposat l'access class barring (ACB) com una solució pràctica per al control de congestió a la xarxa d'accès ràdio i la xarxa troncal. L'ajust correcte dels paràmetres d'ACB d'acord amb la intensitat del trànsit és crític, però com fer-ho de forma dinàmica i autònoma és un problema complex, la solució del qual no està recollida en les especificacions del 3GPP. Aquesta tesi doctoral contribueix a l'anàlisi del rendiment i al disseny de nous algoritmes que implementen efectivament aquest mecanisme, i així superar els desafiaments introduïts per les comunicacions massives M2M en les xarxes mòbils actuals i futures. En el segon escenari, atès que l'heterogeneïtat dels dispositius IoT i les arquitectures cel · lulars basades en hardware imposen desafiaments encara més grans per permetre una comunicació flexible i eficient en els sistemes sense fil 5G, aquesta tesi doctoral també contribueix al disseny de software-defined gateways (SD-GWS) en una nova arquitectura proposada per a xarxes sense fils definides per programari que s'anomena SoftAir. Això permet gestionar tant un gran nombre de dispositius com el volum de dades que estaran abocant a la xarxa. Una altra contribució d'aquesta tesi doctoral és la proposta d'una tècnica innovadora per a l'anàlisi de prestacions de xarxes multiservei d'alta capacitat que es basa en un nou enfocament del modelitzat analític de sistemes que operen a diferents escales temporals. Aquest enfocament utilitza l'anàlisi del transitori d'una sèrie de subcadenes absorbents i l'anomenem absorbing Markov chain Approximation (AMCA). Els nostres resultats mostren que per a un cost computacional donat, AMCA calcula els paràmetres de prestacions habituals d<br>Tello Oquendo, LP. (2018). Design and Performance Analysis of Access Control Mechanisms for Massive Machine-to-Machine Communications in Wireless Cellular Networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107946<br>TESIS

O crescente aumento da demanda de tráfego nas redes celulares vem aumentando a necessidade de uma melhor utilização dos recursos do sistema, já que sua expansão é custosa. Nas estações rádio base (ERB), a disponibilidade de largura de faixa de freqüências é limitada e desta maneira, em uma rede de comunicação móvel celular, o controle de admissão de chamadas exerce grande influência no desempenho do sistema, pois determina a utilização de banda das ERBs e se uma determinada quantidade de recursos (banda) será alocado ou não para uma determinada chamada. O desempenho da rede pode ser atrelado a determinados parâmetros, como a probabilidade de bloqueio de novas chamadas, probabilidade de bloqueio de chamadas handoff e a utilização de banda da rede. Este trabalho propõe um controle de admissão de chamadas que, no atendimento de uma chamada, faz o empréstimo de banda de chamadas em andamento na célula no caso de banda insuficiente. O sistema adota um mecanismo heurístico que determina a banda disponível para novas chamadas conforme os valores de certos parâmetros do sistema. O empréstimo de banda é realizado em chamadas em andamento nas células até níveis mínimos estabelecidos para cada tipo de chamada, que se diferenciam pelas necessidades de banda de cada uma. O algoritmo foi aplicado às bandas e características de uma rede de terceira geração (3G), que possui chamadas de voz, videoconferência, interação multimídia, e-mail, downloads e transferência de arquivos e a uma rede GSM/GPRS (global system for mobile communications/ general packet radio service), que possui chamadas de voz e de dados. Os resultados mostram melhorias na probabilidade de bloqueio de novas chamadas, probabilidade de bloqueio de handoff e na utilização de banda do sistema.<br>The recent growth in traffic loads in cellular networks has seen the need for a better use of system resources as its expansion is expensive. In the base transceiver station (BTS), the bandwidth availability is limited. Thus, in cellular networks the call admission control greatly influences the system performance because it determines the bandwidth use of the BTSs and if an amount of resources will or will not be allocated to a call. The network performance can be evaluated by parameters such as blocking probability of new calls, dropping probability of handoff calls and bandwidth use. This work proposes a call admission control that carries out the bandwidth borrowing when a call arrives and there is not enough bandwidth. The system makes use of a heuristic mechanism that determines the available bandwidth for the new calls according to some parameter values of the system. The bandwidth borrowing is applied to the cell ongoing calls until the minimum levels for each type are met. The algorithm was applied to the bandwidths and characteristics of a third generation cellular network, which supports voice calls, videoconference, multimedia interaction, e-mails, downloads and file transfers. It was also applied to a GSM/GPRS (global system for mobile communications/ general packet radio service), which supports voice and data calls. The results show improvements in the blocking probability of new calls, dropping probability of handoff calls and in the bandwidth use of the system.

Orientador: Shusaburo Motoyama<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T02:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_LeandroBentoSena_D.pdf: 3039404 bytes, checksum: 84c76813ec2349c45ae1c49f833c31d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de desempenho dos enlaces diretos dos sistemas CDMA 1xEVDO RA, UMTS/HSDPA e WiMAX com ênfase em escalonadores de dados e nos novos critérios de aceitação de tráfego handoff horizontal e vertical para redes 3G e 4G. Estes novos critérios de aceitação de tráfego handoff horizontal e vertical levam em conta a ocupação do enlace, a ocupação do buffer, a potência do sinal recebido (RSS) e o tamanho do quantum (DRR) como parâmetros para a decisão do processo de handoff. Além disso, o estudo considera os escalonadores de dados Max C/I (Maximum Carrier Interference), DRR (Deficit Round Robin), PF (Proportional Fair), Pr (Prioritário) e a nova proposta Pr/PF (Priority Proportional Fair). Os critérios combinados aos escalonadores são avaliados pormeio de métricas de QoS em função da chegada de tráfego HTTP interno ou em handoff. Os resultados mostraram que conforme o critério e o escalonador adotados, podem assegurar a QoS dos sistemas móveis e ainda aceitar uma boa quantidade de tráfego handoff. O estudo é baseado em simulações computacionais através da ferramenta de software Matlab<br>Abstract: This work presents a performance study of the forward links of CDMA 1xEV-DO RA, UMTS/HSDPA and WiMAX systems with emphasis on data schedulers and new criteria for horizontal and vertical handoff traffic acceptance in the 3G and 4G networks. These new criteria for horizontal and vertical handoff traffic acceptance take into account the link occupation, the buffer occupation, the received signal strength (RSS) and the size of quantum (DRR) as inputs for decision of handoff process. Moreover, the study considers the data schedulers Max C/I (Maximum Carrier Interference), DRR (Deficit Round Robin), PF (Proportional Fair), Pr (Priority) and the new proposal Pr/PF (Priority Proportional Fair). The criteria combined with the data schedulers are evaluated using QoS metrics in function of internal HTTP traffic or handoff traffic. The results showed that depending on the chosen criterion and scheduler, it is possible to assure the QoS of mobile systems and still accept a good amount of handoff traffic. The study is based on computer simulations through Matlab software tool<br>Doutorado<br>Telecomunicações e Telemática<br>Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

La quinta generación de redes móviles (5G) se encuentra a la vuelta de la esquina. Se espera provea de beneficios extraordinarios a la población y que resuelva la mayoría de los problemas de las redes 4G actuales. El éxito de 5G, cuya primera fase de estandarización ha sido completada, depende de tres pilares: comunicaciones tipo-máquina masivas, banda ancha móvil mejorada y comunicaciones ultra fiables y de baja latencia (mMTC, eMBB y URLLC, respectivamente). En esta tesis nos enfocamos en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, pero también proveemos una solución para lograr eMBB en escenarios de distribución masiva de contenidos. Específicamente, las principales contribuciones son en las áreas de: 1) soporte eficiente de mMTC en redes celulares; 2) acceso aleatorio para el reporte de eventos en redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSNs); y 3) cooperación para la distribución masiva de contenidos en redes celulares. En el apartado de mMTC en redes celulares, esta tesis provee un análisis profundo del desempeño del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio, que es la forma mediante la cual los dispositivos móviles acceden a la red. Estos análisis fueron inicialmente llevados a cabo por simulaciones y, posteriormente, por medio de un modelo analítico. Ambos modelos fueron desarrollados específicamente para este propósito e incluyen uno de los esquemas de control de acceso más prometedores: access class barring (ACB). Nuestro modelo es uno de los más precisos que se pueden encontrar en la literatura y el único que incorpora el esquema de ACB. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de este modelo y por simulación son claros: los accesos altamente sincronizados que ocurren en aplicaciones de mMTC pueden causar congestión severa en el canal de acceso. Por otro lado, también son claros en que esta congestión se puede prevenir con una adecuada configuración del ACB. Sin embargo, los parámetros de configuración del ACB deben ser continuamente adaptados a la intensidad de accesos para poder obtener un desempeño óptimo. En la tesis se propone una solución práctica a este problema en la forma de un esquema de configuración automática para el ACB; lo llamamos ACBC. Los resultados muestran que nuestro esquema puede lograr un desempeño muy cercano al óptimo sin importar la intensidad de los accesos. Asimismo, puede ser directamente implementado en redes celulares para soportar el tráfico mMTC, ya que ha sido diseñado teniendo en cuenta los estándares del 3GPP. Además de los análisis descritos anteriormente para redes celulares, se realiza un análisis general para aplicaciones de contadores inteligentes. Es decir, estudiamos un escenario de mMTC desde la perspectiva de las WSNs. Específicamente, desarrollamos un modelo híbrido para el análisis de desempeño y la optimización de protocolos de WSNs de acceso aleatorio y basados en cluster. Los resultados muestran la utilidad de escuchar el medio inalámbrico para minimizar el número de transmisiones y también de modificar las probabilidades de transmisión después de una colisión. En lo que respecta a eMBB, nos enfocamos en un escenario de distribución masiva de contenidos, en el que un mismo contenido es enviado de forma simultánea a un gran número de usuarios móviles. Este escenario es problemático, ya que las estaciones base de la red celular no cuentan con mecanismos eficientes de multicast o broadcast. Por lo tanto, la solución que se adopta comúnmente es la de replicar e contenido para cada uno de los usuarios que lo soliciten; está claro que esto es altamente ineficiente. Para resolver este problema, proponemos el uso de esquemas de network coding y de arquitecturas cooperativas llamadas nubes móviles. En concreto, desarrollamos un protocolo para la distribución masiva de contenidos, junto con un modelo analítico para su optimización. Los resultados demuestran que el modelo propuesto es simple y preciso, y que el protocolo puede reducir el con<br>La cinquena generació de xarxes mòbils (5G) es troba molt a la vora. S'espera que proveïsca de beneficis extraordinaris a la població i que resolga la majoria dels problemes de les xarxes 4G actuals. L'èxit de 5G, per a la qual ja ha sigut completada la primera fase del qual d'estandardització, depén de tres pilars: comunicacions tipus-màquina massives, banda ampla mòbil millorada, i comunicacions ultra fiables i de baixa latència (mMTC, eMBB i URLLC, respectivament, per les seues sigles en anglés). En aquesta tesi ens enfoquem en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, però també proveïm una solució per a aconseguir eMBB en escenaris de distribució massiva de continguts. Específicament, les principals contribucions són en les àrees de: 1) suport eficient de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars; 2) accés aleatori per al report d'esdeveniments en xarxes sense fils de sensors (WSNs); i 3) cooperació per a la distribució massiva de continguts en xarxes cel·lulars. En l'apartat de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars, aquesta tesi realitza una anàlisi profunda de l'acompliment del procediment d'accés aleatori, que és la forma mitjançant la qual els dispositius mòbils accedeixen a la xarxa. Aquestes anàlisis van ser inicialment dutes per mitjà de simulacions i, posteriorment, per mitjà d'un model analític. Els models van ser desenvolupats específicament per a aquest propòsit i inclouen un dels esquemes de control d'accés més prometedors: el access class barring (ACB). El nostre model és un dels més precisos que es poden trobar i l'únic que incorpora l'esquema d'ACB. Els resultats obtinguts per mitjà d'aquest model i per simulació són clars: els accessos altament sincronitzats que ocorren en aplicacions de mMTC poden causar congestió severa en el canal d'accés. D'altra banda, també són clars en què aquesta congestió es pot previndre amb una adequada configuració de l'ACB. No obstant això, els paràmetres de configuració de l'ACB han de ser contínuament adaptats a la intensitat d'accessos per a poder obtindre unes prestacions òptimes. En la tesi es proposa una solució pràctica a aquest problema en la forma d'un esquema de configuració automàtica per a l'ACB; l'anomenem ACBC. Els resultats mostren que el nostre esquema pot aconseguir un acompliment molt proper a l'òptim sense importar la intensitat dels accessos. Així mateix, pot ser directament implementat en xarxes cel·lulars per a suportar el trànsit mMTC, ja que ha sigut dissenyat tenint en compte els estàndards del 3GPP. A més de les anàlisis descrites anteriorment per a xarxes cel·lulars, es realitza una anàlisi general per a aplicacions de comptadors intel·ligents. És a dir, estudiem un escenari de mMTC des de la perspectiva de les WSNs. Específicament, desenvolupem un model híbrid per a l'anàlisi de prestacions i l'optimització de protocols de WSNs d'accés aleatori i basats en clúster. Els resultats mostren la utilitat d'escoltar el mitjà sense fil per a minimitzar el nombre de transmissions i també de modificar les probabilitats de transmissió després d'una col·lisió. Pel que fa a eMBB, ens enfoquem en un escenari de distribució massiva de continguts, en el qual un mateix contingut és enviat de forma simultània a un gran nombre d'usuaris mòbils. Aquest escenari és problemàtic, ja que les estacions base de la xarxa cel·lular no compten amb mecanismes eficients de multicast o broadcast. Per tant, la solució que s'adopta comunament és la de replicar el contingut per a cadascun dels usuaris que ho sol·liciten; és clar que això és altament ineficient. Per a resoldre aquest problema, proposem l'ús d'esquemes de network coding i d'arquitectures cooperatives anomenades núvols mòbils. En concret, desenvolupem un protocol per a realitzar la distribució massiva de continguts de forma eficient, juntament amb un model analític per a la seua optimització. Els resultats demostren que el model proposat és simple i precís<br>The 5th generation (5G) of mobile networks is just around the corner. It is expected to bring extraordinary benefits to the population and to solve the majority of the problems of current 4th generation (4G) systems. The success of 5G, whose first phase of standardization has concluded, relies in three pillars that correspond to its main use cases: massive machine-type communication (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC). This thesis mainly focuses on the first pillar of 5G: mMTC, but also provides a solution for the eMBB in massive content delivery scenarios. Specifically, its main contributions are in the areas of: 1) efficient support of mMTC in cellular networks; 2) random access (RA) event-reporting in wireless sensor networks (WSNs); and 3) cooperative massive content delivery in cellular networks. Regarding mMTC in cellular networks, this thesis provides a thorough performance analysis of the RA procedure (RAP), used by the mobile devices to switch from idle to connected mode. These analyses were first conducted by simulation and then by an analytical model; both of these were developed with this specific purpose and include one of the most promising access control schemes: the access class barring (ACB). To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the most accurate analytical models reported in the literature and the only one that incorporates the ACB scheme. Our results clearly show that the highly-synchronized accesses that occur in mMTC applications can lead to severe congestion. On the other hand, it is also clear that congestion can be prevented with an adequate configuration of the ACB scheme. However, the configuration parameters of the ACB scheme must be continuously adapted to the intensity of access attempts if an optimal performance is to be obtained. We developed a practical solution to this problem in the form of a scheme to automatically configure the ACB; we call it access class barring configuration (ACBC) scheme. The results show that our ACBC scheme leads to a near-optimal performance regardless of the intensity of access attempts. Furthermore, it can be directly implemented in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) cellular systems to efficiently handle mMTC because it has been designed to comply with the 3GPP standards. In addition to the analyses described above for cellular networks, a general analysis for smart metering applications is performed. That is, we study an mMTC scenario from the perspective of event detection and reporting WSNs. Specifically, we provide a hybrid model for the performance analysis and optimization of cluster-based RA WSN protocols. Results showcase the utility of overhearing to minimize the number of packet transmissions, but also of the adaptation of transmission parameters after a collision occurs. Building on this, we are able to provide some guidelines that can drastically increase the performance of a wide range of RA protocols and systems in event reporting applications. Regarding eMBB, we focus on a massive content delivery scenario in which the exact same content is transmitted to a large number of mobile users simultaneously. Such a scenario may arise, for example, with video streaming services that offer a particularly popular content. This is a problematic scenario because cellular base stations have no efficient multicast or broadcast mechanisms. Hence, the traditional solution is to replicate the content for each requesting user, which is highly inefficient. To solve this problem, we propose the use of network coding (NC) schemes in combination with cooperative architectures named mobile clouds (MCs). Specifically, we develop a protocol for efficient massive content delivery, along with the analytical model for its optimization. Results show the proposed model is simple and accurate, and the protocol can lead to energy savings of up to 37 percent when compared to the traditional approach.<br>Leyva Mayorga, I. (2018). On reliable and energy efficient massive wireless communications: the road to 5G [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/115484<br>TESIS

Telecommunication technologies and networks are constantly changing; with the introduction of the GSM system the shift from wired to wireless telephony experienced a unique boom. Since then, behaviour and communication needs of users (i.e. subscribers) have undergone rapid changes from initially the need for pure wireless voice transmission to now data and multimedia content traffic. Introduction of the 3rd Generation (UMTS/IMT 2000) promised the delivery of these services and the integration with the Internet. However, legacy technologies and networks are not likely to be replaced soon, the different wireless and wired communication and information infrastructures will co-exist and will have to work, seemingly seamless, together. The here documented research work delivers basic mechanisms supporting this integration, therefore a variety of technologies from different areas, ranging from Software Radio technology to Object-Oriented computing, have been brought together to introduce reconfigurability to mobile communication networks. Distributed object computing technologies are evaluated and their application as signalling and support platforms for reconfigureable systems is shown in different examples. Other novelties are the introduction of a protocol for download of reconfiguration software, from various software sources, these sources include Smart Cards, wired outlets and Over-The-Air. Furthermore, an object-oriented framework for flexible, 'on-the-fly' protocol exchange has been developed; the mechanisms and architecture of this framework are described within this thesis. Combining protocol reconfiguration, software download and distributed platforms and focusing on control and management of reconfiguration have led to the design and definition of a reconfiguration management architecture. Functionality and structure of this architecture are documented, and its single modules are described. Providing means and mechanisms enabling management and control of reconfiguration within reconfigureable mobile communication networks is the purpose of this thesis. KM, Guildford, July 2001 Key words: reconfiguration, reconfiguration management. Software Radio, object-orientation, middleware, CORBA, Universal Control CHannel.

The main objectives of this research are to investigate and design low profile antennas for mobile handsets applications using the balanced concept. These antennas are considered to cover a wide range of wireless standards such as: DCS (1710¿1880 MHz), PCS (1850¿1990 MHz), UMTS (1920¿2170 MHz), WLAN (2400¿2500 MHz and 5000 ¿ 5800 MHz) and UWB frequency bands. Various antennas are implemented based on built-in planar dipole with a folded arm structure. The performance of several designed antennas in terms of input return loss, radiation patterns, radiation efficiency and power gain are presented and several remarkable results are obtained. The measurements confirm the theoretical design concept and show reasonable agreement with computations. The stability performance of the proposed antenna is also evaluated by analysing the current distribution on the mobile phone ground plane. The specific absorption rate (SAR) performance of the antenna is also studied experimentally by measuring antenna near field exposure. The measurement results are correlated with the calculated ones. A new dual-band balanced antenna using coplanar waveguide structure is also proposed, discussed and tested; this is intended to eliminate the balanced feed network. The predicted and measured results show good agreement, confirming good impedance bandwidth characteristics and excellent dual-band performance. In addition, a hybrid method to model the human body interaction with a dual band balanced antenna structure covering the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz bands is presented. Results for several test cases of antenna locations on the body are presented and discussed. The near and far fields were incorporated to provide a full understanding of the impact on human tissue. The cumulative distribution function of the radiation efficiency and absorbed power are also evaluated.<br>UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

The main objectives of this research are to investigate and design low profile antennas for mobile handsets applications using the balanced concept. These antennas are considered to cover a wide range of wireless standards such as: DCS (1710-1880 MHz), PCS (1850-1990 MHz), UMTS (1920-2170 MHz), WLAN (2400-2500 MHz and 5000-5800 MHz) and UWB frequency bands. Various antennas are implemented based on built-in planar dipole with a folded arm structure. The performance of several designed antennas in terms of input return loss, radiation patterns, radiation efficiency and power gain are presented and several remarkable results are obtained. The measurements confirm the theoretical design concept and show reasonable agreement with computations. The stability performance of the proposed antenna is also evaluated by analysing the current distribution on the mobile phone ground plane. The specific absorption rate (SAR) performance of the antenna is also studied experimentally by measuring antenna near field exposure. The measurement results are correlated with the calculated ones. A new dual-band balanced antenna using coplanar waveguide structure is also proposed, discussed and tested; this is intended to eliminate the balanced feed network. The predicted and measured results show good agreement, confirming good impedance bandwidth characteristics and excellent dual-band performance. In addition, a hybrid method to model the human body interaction with a dual band balanced antenna structure covering the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz bands is presented. Results for several test cases of antenna locations on the body are presented and discussed. The near and far fields were incorporated to provide a full understanding of the impact on human tissue. The cumulative distribution function of the radiation efficiency and absorbed power are also evaluated.

The next-generation electric power system, known as smart grid, relies on a robust and reliable underlying communication infrastructure to improve the efficiency of electricity distribution. Cellular networks, e.g., LTE/LTE-A systems, appear as a promising technology to facilitate the smart grid evolution. Their inherent performance characteristics and well-established ecosystem could potentially unlock unprecedented use cases, enabling real-time and autonomous distribution grid operations. However, cellular technology was not originally intended for smart grid communication, associated with highly-reliable message exchange and massive device connectivity requirements. The fundamental differences between smart grid and human-type communication challenge the classical design of cellular networks and introduce important research questions that have not been sufficiently addressed so far. Motivated by these challenges, this doctoral thesis investigates novel radio access network (RAN) design principles and performance analysis for the seamless integration of smart grid traffic in future cellular networks. Specifically, we focus on addressing the fundamental RAN problems of network scalability in massive smart grid deployments and radio resource management for smart grid and human-type traffic. The main objective of the thesis lies on the design, analysis and performance evaluation of RAN mechanisms that would render cellular networks the key enabler for emerging smart grid applications. The first part of the thesis addresses the radio access limitations in LTE-based networks for reliable and scalable smart grid communication. We first identify the congestion problem in LTE random access that arises in large-scale smart grid deployments. To overcome this, a novel random access mechanism is proposed that can efficiently support real-time distribution automation services with negligible impact on the background traffic. Motivated by the stringent reliability requirements of various smart grid operations, we then develop an analytical model of the LTE random access procedure that allows us to assess the performance of event-based monitoring traffic under various load conditions and network configurations. We further extend our analysis to include the relation between the cell size and the availability of orthogonal random access resources and we identify an additional challenge for reliable smart grid connectivity. To this end, we devise an interference- and load-aware cell planning mechanism that enhances reliability in substation automation services. Finally, we couple the problem of state estimation in wide-area monitoring systems with the reliability challenges in information acquisition. Using our developed analytical framework, we quantify the impact of imperfect communication reliability in the state estimation accuracy and we provide useful insights for the design of reliability-aware state estimators. The second part of the thesis builds on the previous one and focuses on the RAN problem of resource scheduling and sharing for smart grid and human-type traffic. We introduce a novel scheduler that achieves low latency for distribution automation traffic while resource allocation is performed in a way that keeps the degradation of cellular users at a minimum level. In addition, we investigate the benefits of Device-to-Device (D2D) transmission mode for event-based message exchange in substation automation scenarios. We design a joint mode selection and resource allocation mechanism which results in higher data rates with respect to the conventional transmission mode via the base station. An orthogonal resource partition scheme between cellular and D2D links is further proposed to prevent the underutilization of the scarce cellular spectrum. The research findings of this thesis aim to deliver novel solutions to important RAN performance issues that arise when cellular networks support smart grid communication.<br>Las redes celulares, p.e., los sistemas LTE/LTE-A, aparecen como una tecnología prometedora para facilitar la evolución de la próxima generación del sistema eléctrico de potencia, conocido como smart grid (SG). Sin embargo, la tecnología celular no fue pensada originalmente para las comunicaciones en la SG, asociadas con el intercambio fiable de mensajes y con requisitos de conectividad de un número masivo de dispositivos. Las diferencias fundamentales entre las comunicaciones en la SG y la comunicación de tipo humano desafían el diseño clásico de las redes celulares e introducen importantes cuestiones de investigación que hasta ahora no se han abordado suficientemente. Motivada por estos retos, esta tesis doctoral investiga los principios de diseño y analiza el rendimiento de una nueva red de acceso radio (RAN) que permita una integración perfecta del tráfico de la SG en las redes celulares futuras. Nos centramos en los problemas fundamentales de escalabilidad de la RAN en despliegues de SG masivos, y en la gestión de los recursos radio para la integración del tráfico de la SG con el tráfico de tipo humano. El objetivo principal de la tesis consiste en el diseño, el análisis y la evaluación del rendimiento de los mecanismos de las RAN que convertirán a las redes celulares en el elemento clave para las aplicaciones emergentes de las SGs. La primera parte de la tesis aborda las limitaciones del acceso radio en redes LTE para la comunicación fiable y escalable en SGs. En primer lugar, identificamos el problema de congestión en el acceso aleatorio de LTE que aparece en los despliegues de SGs a gran escala. Para superar este problema, se propone un nuevo mecanismo de acceso aleatorio que permite soportar de forma eficiente los servicios de automatización de la distribución eléctrica en tiempo real, con un impacto insignificante en el tráfico de fondo. Motivados por los estrictos requisitos de fiabilidad de las diversas operaciones en la SG, desarrollamos un modelo analítico del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio de LTE que nos permite evaluar el rendimiento del tráfico de monitorización de la red eléctrica basado en eventos bajo diversas condiciones de carga y configuraciones de red. Además, ampliamos nuestro análisis para incluir la relación entre el tamaño de celda y la disponibilidad de recursos de acceso aleatorio ortogonales, e identificamos un reto adicional para la conectividad fiable en la SG. Con este fin, diseñamos un mecanismo de planificación celular que tiene en cuenta las interferencias y la carga de la red, y que mejora la fiabilidad en los servicios de automatización de las subestaciones eléctricas. Finalmente, combinamos el problema de la estimación de estado en sistemas de monitorización de redes eléctricas de área amplia con los retos de fiabilidad en la adquisición de la información. Utilizando el modelo analítico desarrollado, cuantificamos el impacto de la baja fiabilidad en las comunicaciones sobre la precisión de la estimación de estado. La segunda parte de la tesis se centra en el problema de scheduling y compartición de recursos en la RAN para el tráfico de SG y el tráfico de tipo humano. Presentamos un nuevo scheduler que proporciona baja latencia para el tráfico de automatización de la distribución eléctrica, mientras que la asignación de recursos se realiza de un modo que mantiene la degradación de los usuarios celulares en un nivel mínimo. Además, investigamos los beneficios del modo de transmisión Device-to-Device (D2D) en el intercambio de mensajes basados en eventos en escenarios de automatización de subestaciones eléctricas. Diseñamos un mecanismo conjunto de asignación de recursos y selección de modo que da como resultado tasas de datos más elevadas con respecto al modo de transmisión convencional a través de la estación base. Finalmente, se propone un esquema de partición de recursos ortogonales entre enlaces celulares y D2

Cellular networks are multi-user communication systems that consist of three basic elements: interference, cooperation, and feedback. A fundamental goal of multi-user systems research is to find out the capacity limit and its achievability of a general model that consists of many senders, receivers, and intermediate nodes. In the past 60 years, a huge amount of research efforts have been paid towards five special problems of multi-user systems: multiple-access channel, broadcast channel, relay channel, crosstalk channel, and feedback channel. Although most of those problems have not received a satisfactory answer yet, rapid development of cellular networks have motivated communication-theoretic research about cooperation in those special channels. The primary objective of this thesis is to study the cooperation theory in relay and crosstalk channels. The overall organisation of this thesis is based on our new vision about cooperative behaviour in communication networks. This new vision indicates that cooperative behaviour in relay and crosstalk networks can be classified into three groups, namely. Postman, Host, and Synergy. The classification is based on how a cooperative node utilises the multi-user side information such as channel quality information (CQI), codebook, message, in various communication scenarios. Specifically, major contributions of this thesis are summarised as follows. The Postman describes cooperative behaviour in relay networks, where a cooperative node offers cooperation by delivering other's message to its desired destination. Our first work in this category is about doubly differential cooperative relaying scheme proposed for mobile communication over rapidly time-varying channel. It is shown that the proposed scheme can enjoy full cooperative diversity-gain without need of full channel state information. The other work in this category is about adaptive bit-power allocation for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based relay networks. Provided full knowledge of CQI, a number of sub-optimum approaches have been proposed to improve the power efficiency through multi-link optimisation. The Host describes cooperative behaviour in cognitive interference networks, where a primary user offers cooperation to a secondary user by opening its own spectrum and sharing knowledge of side information. The work in this category is about overlay and underlay cognitive radio channels, where the primary user broadcasts its private codebook and knowledge of CQI, so that the secondary user can perceive the primary user's message and interference state. Capacity theorem of two-user Gaussian cognitive interference channels have been carefully investigated, based on which power allocation and spectrum access approaches have been proposed in terms of power and spectrum efficiency. The Synergy describes cooperative behaviour in crosstalk channels. A typical example is the cooperative bit-power allocation between two individual transmitter-receiver pairs. One cooperative behaviour is sharing of codebook and CQI between two transmitter-receiver pairs. The purpose of sharing is to maximize their common profit and to allow an optimal treatment of mutual interference. Provided full knowledge of multi-user CQI at transmitters, two transmitter-receiver pairs first perform iterative rate-adaptation to maximize the sum-rate, and then employ proportional fairness for rate allocation.

Orientador: Celso de Almeida<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T04:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoyaOsorio_DianaPamela_M.pdf: 1282063 bytes, checksum: 0bd5600058b4051f103c6622f93e5cc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: Na próxima geração de redes celulares, a ICC (Interferência de Co-Canal ) constitui a causa principal para a degradação do desempenho, especialmente para os usuários na borda da célula, o que é um grande obstáculo para alcançar amplas áreas de cobertura e alta eficiência espectral. Neste trabalho, o desempenho do enlace reverso de uma rede celular em termos da eficiência espectral média e na presença de ICC é avaliado mediante uma simulação semi-analítica. Foram considerados dois cenários, canal AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise) e canal com desvanecimento plano do tipo Rayleigh, além de um modelo de propagação com perda de percurso exponencial. A avaliação é feita para fatores de reuso clássicos e modulações M-QAM (Multi-Level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Considera-se também uma estratégia de controle de potência e modulação adaptativa baseada na SIR (Signal-to-Noise Interference) e a BER (Bit Error Rate). Adicionalmente, é analisada a utilização de arranjo de antenas para diminuição dos efeitos da interferência e técnicas de diversidade para mitigação dos efeitos do desvanecimento<br>Abstract: In the next generation of wireless cellular networks, the CCI (Co-Channel Interference) constitutes the primary cause of performance degradation, specially for cell edge users, which is a big obstacle to attain wide area coverage and high spectral efficiency. In this work, the performance of the uplink of cellular networks in terms of the mean spectral efficiency is evaluated through a semi-analytical simulation, by considering the presence of CCI. It was considered two sceneries, an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel and a Rayleigh flat fading channel, as well as an exponential pathloss propagation model. The evaluation is done for classical reuse factors and M-QAM (Multi-Level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulations. It is also considered a power control strategy and adaptive modulation based on the SIR (Signal-to-Noise Interference) and BER (Bit Error Rate). Besides, it is analyzed the utilization of an antenna array to reduce the interference effects and diversity techniques to mitigate fading effects<br>Mestrado<br>Telecomunicações e Telemática<br>Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Esta tese apresenta novos algoritmos para controle de admissão de usuários em redes móveis celulares. É utilizada a técnica de reserva de recursos, também conhecida por uso de canais de guarda, para atingir os graus de qualidade de serviço desejados para cada tipo de usuário. São propostos algoritmos dinâmicos, capazes de se adaptar ao perfil de tráfego presente na rede e que possuem diferentes filosofias de projeto. Inicialmente, foi considerado o caso de uma classe que resulta em dois tipos de usuários: chamadas novas e chamadas em handoff. Os algoritmos propostos são testados em condições de tráfego representadas por diversas distribuições para o tempo de permanência do usuário na célula. Foi desenvolvido um novo simulador em linguagem C que é capaz de verificar o desempenho dos algoritmos propostos. Resultados analíticos para desempenho dos algoritmos de uma classe e um número fixo de recursos reservados são apresentados empregando uma modelagem por Cadeia de Markov. Foi desenvolvido um método que permite calcular a intensidade de tráfego máxima a qual o sistema pode ser submetido, e a quantidade de recursos a ser reservada assumindo que o objetivo é maximizar a utilização do sistema atendendo os valores de qualidade de serviço estabelecidos, no caso de tempo de retenção do recurso de rádio modelado por uma chamada com distribuição exponencial. Foi proposto um algoritmo simples, dinâmico e distribuído, baseado em medidas em tempo real, cuja meta é acompanhar a curva ótima de número de recursos reservados. Posteriormente, os resultados analíticos empregando Cadeia de Markov são generalizados para M classes. Alguns dos algoritmos definidos para o caso de uma classe são estendidos para o caso de duas classes e seu desempenho é avaliado, utilizando o simulador desenvolvido neste trabalho. O método para calcular a intensidade máxima de recursos que o sistema comporta, sem violar os requisitos de qualidade de serviço, é estendido para o caso de duas classes. Finalmente, são definidos parâmetros que permitem comparar o desempenho dos algoritmos com 2M classes, considerando uma distribuição genérica para o tempo de permanência do usuário na célula.<br>This thesis presents new algorithms for Channel Admission Control in wireless communications systems. We investigate techniques based in resource reservation, also known as guard channel, to achieve the quality of service desired for each class of users. We propose dynamic schemes based in the cell traffic. Each algorithm has a different goal, some try to minimize the probability of handoff fail, others try to maximize the traffic intensity when the limit imposed by QoS is being approached. First, we considered one class (M = 1) divided in two classes: new users and handoff users. In order to test the new schemes we developed a simulator in C that uses different distributions for the dwell-time. During the simulation, the measures of channel solicitations and the result of their allocation are used to decide whether new calls will be admitted. We also obtained analytic results using a Markov Chain model. We developed a method to calculate the maximum traffic intensity that the system supports without violating the established quality of service constraints, assuming one class of users and the dwell-time modelled by a exponential distribution. This method allows to identify the maximum traffic intensity supported by the system and also the exact number of resources to be reserved for each value of traffic intensity. We proposed a new, dynamic and distributed algorithm based on real time measures which targets to follow the optimum number of reserved curve obtained from our procedure. We generalized the analytic results using M-dimensional Markov Chains to 2M classes of users. Some of the algorithms defined to two classes (M = 1) were extended to the case of four classes (M = 2) and their performances are evaluated using the simulator developed in this work. The method to evaluate the maximum intensity of traffic within the limits of QoS is also extended to the case of four classes. Finally we define new parameters that allow the performance comparison among 2M class algorithms, considering any dwell- time distribution.