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1

Eppihimer, Melissa. Exemplars of Kingship. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903015.001.0001.

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The Akkadian kings (ca. 2334–2154 BCE) created the first territorial state in the ancient Near East and were remembered as model kings for more than two millennia thereafter. Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians evaluates how later rulers engaged with Akkadian visual models and memories of Akkadian kingship in their own images. Through analyses of post-Akkadian victory monuments, votive statues, cylinder seals, and other works of art, the book explores the intersection of visual traditions and cultural memory in ancient Mesopotamia. Exemplars of Kingship also
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2

Tilly, Charles. States, State Transformation, and War. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0011.

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This article employs a stripped-down model of a state: a ruler, an apparatus of rule, a subject population, and external interactions of various sorts, from trade, diplomacy, and mass migration to war. It aims to identify common properties and systematic variations among states, including their involvement in war. First, using the example, of Tiglath-pileser I (ruler of Assyria, 1114–1076 bce), it places Middle Eastern empires in a much wider range of states across the entire world from the state's first emergence toward 3000 bce to the present. The rest of the discussion proceeds through four
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3

Whitmarsh, Tim. The Romance of Zarinaea and Stryangaeus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199742653.003.0006.

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Another ‘romance’ that was clearly influential on later Greek novels was the story of Zarinaea and Stryangaeus, first recounted (in Greek) in Ctesias’s Persica (early fourth century BCE). A fragment of a heavily novelistic version by Nicolaus of Damascus survives from the time of Augustus. This shows that erotic romance existed, and pre-existed, in forms different from the Hellenocentric mode adopted by Chariton and his immediate successors.
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4

Frangipane, Marcella. Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0045.

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This article discusses findings from excavations at Arslantepe–Malatya. Arslantepe is a tell about 4.5 hectares in extension and 30 meters high, at the heart of the fertile Malatya Plain, some 12 kilometers from the right bank of the Euphrates, and surrounded by mountains, which, in the past, were covered by forests. In the earliest phases of its history, in the Chalcolithic period, it had close links with the Syro-Mesopotamian world, with which it shared many cultural features, structural models, and development trajectories. But in the early centuries of the third millennium BCE, far-reachin
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5

Bernard, Seth. A Cost Analysis of the Republican Circuit Walls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878788.003.0004.

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This chapter analyzes the social and economic effects of the single largest construction project of pre-Imperial Rome, the circuit of walls built in the first half of the fourth century BCE. I employ an “energetics” approach (Abrams 1994), quantifying the labor-cost of the walls’ construction by means of comparative data and close study of the monument’s remains. The resulting model provides a better idea not only of the walls’ total cost, but of the workforce’s composition, the balance of skilled and unskilled labor, and the schedule of construction. The costs are then input into a general mo
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6

Lewis, Sian. Tyrants, Letters, and Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804208.003.0004.

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The chapter explores the part played by letters in how tyrants in the world of fifth- and fourth-century BCE Greece exercised power, with a specific emphasis on processes of decision-making and the role of state institutions that embedded the ruler within the wider political community. The focus is on the place and function of letters in the traditions surrounding the rulers of Syracuse (Dionysius I and II, Timoleon, and, moving into the Hellenistic period, Agathocles). A nuanced picture emerges: whereas the classical tyrants did not attempt to impose a model of rule through written communicat
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7

Wallace, Shane. Alexander the Great and Democracy in the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748472.003.0003.

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This chapter looks at how Alexander the Great was remembered by democratic regimes in both Athens and Asia Minor in the early Hellenistic period. It argues that while Alexander’s reputation as a patron of democracy remained remarkably consistent in Asia Minor—his example was invoked as late as the first century BCE—he could be remembered in Athens as both a threat to, and a guarantor of, democracy. The reasons are twofold. First, Alexander supported tyrannies/oligarchies in Greece and democracies in Asia Minor. Second, his memory was employed in different ways by both kings and cities dependin
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8

Osborne, James F. The Syro-Anatolian City-States. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199315833.001.0001.

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This book presents a new model for the kingdoms that clustered around the northeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea during the Iron Age, ca. 1200–600 BCE. Rather than presenting them as an ancient version of the modern nation-state, characterized by homogenous ethnolinguistic communities like “the Aramaeans” or “the Luwians” living in neatly bounded territories, this book presents these polities as being fundamentally diverse and variable, distinguished by demographic fluidity and cultural mobility. This conclusion is reached via an examination of a host of evidentiary sources, including site
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9

McGovern, Nathan. The Snake and the Mongoose. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190640798.001.0001.

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This book turns the commonly accepted model of the origins of the early Indian religions on its head. Since the beginning of modern Indology in the 19th century, the relationship between the major early Indian religions of Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism has been based on an assumed dichotomy between two metahistorical identities: “the Brahmans” and the newer “non-Brahmanical” śramaṇa movements. Textbook and scholarly accounts typically purport an “opposition” between these two groups by citing the 2nd century BCE Sanskrit grammarian Patañjali, often stating erroneously that he compared their
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10

Frampton, Stephanie Ann. Empire of Letters. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915407.001.0001.

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Empire of Letters studies representations of texts and media in Roman authors from Lucretius to Ovid (c. 55 BCE–15 CE) in order to demonstrate how ancient writers conceived of the world, their work, and their own identities through material forms of writing. Drawing together methods of interpretation from a wide variety of fields (including Greek and Latin philology, epigraphy, papyrology, manuscript studies, literary criticism, media theory, and book history) and uniting close readings of major authors with the careful analysis of the physical forms inhabited by ancient texts (papyrus bookrol
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11

Czajkowski, Kimberley, Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, eds. Law in the Roman Provinces. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844082.001.0001.

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The study of the Roman empire has changed dramatically in the last century. Emphasis is now placed on understanding the experiences of subject populations, rather than focusing solely on the Roman imperial elites. Local experiences, and interactions between periphery and centre are an intrinsic component in our picture of the empire’s function over and against the earlier, top-down model. But where does law fit in to this new, decentralized picture of empire? This volume brings together internationally renowned scholars from legal and historical backgrounds to study the operation of law in eac
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12

Colognesi, Luigi Capogrossi. Institutions of Ancient Roman Law. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.9.

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This chapter gives a rapid overview of the history of Roman public and private institutions, from their early beginning in the semi-legendary age of the kings to the later developments of the Imperial age. A turning point has been the passage from the kingdom to the republic and the new foundation of citizenship on family wealth, instead of the exclusiveness of clan and lineages. But still more important has been the approval of the written legislation of the XII Tables giving to all citizens a sufficient knowledge of the Roman legal body of consuetudinary laws. From that moment, Roman citizen
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13

Pioske, Daniel. Gath of the Philistines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649852.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 begins a series of case studies that are devoted to exploring what knowledge was drawn on by the biblical scribes to develop stories about the early Iron Age period. This chapter’s investigation is devoted to the Philistine city of Gath, one of the largest cities of its time and a site that was destroyed ca. 830 BCE. Significant about Gath, consequently, is that it flourished as an inhabited location before the emergence of a mature Hebrew prose writing tradition, meaning that the information recounted about the city was predicated primarily on older cultural memories of the location
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14

Ceccarelli, Paola. Letters and Decrees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804208.003.0006.

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During the Hellenistic period, royal correspondence constituted a challenging mode of diplomacy for polis communities. The chapter offers a case study of how one such community, Magnesia on the Maeander, responded to the challenge. The dossier in question concerns the request of acceptance of a new contest for Artemis Leukophryene, first celebrated in 208 BCE, which Magnesia addressed to all of the Greek world. The answers from kings, leagues, and cities make it possible to compare different ‘discursive styles’, in particular the contrastive ideologies of power instantiated in the royal letter
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15

Fraade, Steven D. The Damascus Document. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198734338.001.0001.

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The Damascus Document is an ancient Hebrew text that is one of the longest, oldest, and most important of the ancient scrolls found near Khirbet (ruins of) Qumran, usually referred to collectively as the Dead Sea Scrolls for the proximity of the Qumran settlement and eleven nearby caves to the Dead Sea. Its oldest parts originate in the mid- to late second century BCE. While the earliest discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls occurred in 1947, the Qumran Damascus Document fragments were discovered in 1952 (but not published in full until 1996), mainly in what is designated as Qumran Cave Four (some
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16

Bernard, Seth. Building Mid-Republican Rome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878788.001.0001.

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Building Mid-Republican Rome treats for the first time the development of the Mid-Republican city from 396 to 168 BCE. As Romans established imperial control over Italy and beyond, the city itself radically transformed into the center of the Mediterranean world. The book describes profound changes in terms of new urban architecture and new socioeconomic structures and argues that such developments were in fact closely linked: building Mid-Republican Rome was highly costly, and meeting such costs had significant implications for the structures and institutions of urban society. By viewing build
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