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Journal articles on the topic 'Moduli TEG'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Akarslan, Emre, Said Mahmut Çınar, Fatih Onur Hocaoğlu, and Fatih Serttaş. "An Experimental Setup Design to Evaluate Power Generation Performances of TECs under Different Temperatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.473.

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Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) is a semiconductor based device that has ability to separate cold and hot temperatures once the rated voltage is applied. In this study, TECs are used as Thermoelectric Generator (TEG). For this aim an experimental setup is built. By the help of this experimental setup electricity generation performances of the TEC is tested under various temperature conditions. The setup includes two water tanks, loads, TEC modules, computer interface and a data acquisition system. Temperature difference required for electrical generation of the TEC module is provided by filling the tanks with water at different temperatures. A data acquisition system is designed for this specific setup. First the setup with data acquisition system is introduced then experimental results are presented and discussed. Keywords:Electrical energy generation, Thermoelectric Cooler, LabVIEW

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Wang, Ming Yung, Ching Po Lin, and Hsiao Kang Ma. "Investigation of Thermoelectric Power Generation Module on Waste Heat Recovery in a Downdraft Gasifier." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.437.

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In this study, the thermoelectric power generation (TEG) module is used to recover waste heat from a downdraft gasifier. The performance and optimal operating temperature of TEG module are studied at different locations on the surface wall of catalyst reactor. The simulation model of downdraft gasifier is performed by using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), its appropriate for the low-speed, thermally-driven flow simulation with an emphasis on incomplete combustion process. The results demonstrate that the simulation temperature of catalyst reactor surface is around 200°C~300°C which is used to convert heat into electricity by TEG module. In summary, the TEG modulus power per unit area can reach 857W/m2 with temperature difference of 140°C and output power attain at least 2.04kW if TEG modulus is applied on the improved downdraft gasifier system (IDGS).

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Hariyanto, Hariyanto, Mustofa Mustofa, Zuryati Djafar, and Wahyu H. Piarah. "Mathematical Modeling in Combining Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator using a Spectrum Splitter." EPI International Journal of Engineering 2, no. 1 (2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.022019.13.

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The experimental stages of converting solar energy into electrical energy in Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator (PV-TEG) hybird takes a long time. Modeling is one approach to find out the initial data before conducting experiments leading to minimize design errors, time and budget. A mathematical model is created to analyze the performance of a PV-TEG hybrid module. Modeling is performed as an electrical circuit equivalent to Kirchoff's Curent Law (KCL) by deriving several equations corresponding to the characteristics of each module. Type of PV is amorphous Silicon (a-Si), while TEG is Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3). The AM1.5D standard solar spectrum is splitted its wavelength spectrum using hot mirror, where the wavelengths of 400-690 nm are transmitted to PV and 690-1150 nm are reflected to TEG. All of PV-TEG hybrid parameters, for example intensity, temperature, and material property are obtained from the specification data of each module. As a results, the maximum total power is 0.0437 W with 5.1% its efficiency.

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Thimmareddygari, Somesh Reddy, Ankit Sonthalia, and C. Ramesh Kumar. "Performance Analysis of Single Module Thermoelectric Generator." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1625.

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The need of energy is increasing enormously day by day and presently it is being fulfilled mostly by depleting energy resources like coal and petroleum based fuels. This situation pushes mankind to search for novel green technologies which can convert efficiently even low grade heat energy into useful energy. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) promises to be clear technology to generate electricity. TEG uses temperature gradient between source and sink to generate electricity. In this study, performance of commercially available thermoelectric module was studied using a specially designed cross flow heat exchanger. The heat exchanger was optimized previously using commercially available CFD package Ansys CFX. The efficiency of thermoelectric module was calculated by taking figure of merit and Carnot efficiency into consideration. The results indicate that the commercially available TEG used in this study, which is made of Bismuth Telluride performs efficiently at higher temperature difference and value of figure of merit is around one at maximum efficiency.

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Jou, Rong Yuan. "Modeling Methodologies and Applications of Thermoelectric Modules." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.1129.

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Thermoelectric coolers and generators are often used as reliable energy converters in a variety of applications. For design considerations, it is investable to establish an effective methodology to simulate the TEC/TEG performance within the cooling/generating system constraints. For this purpose, firstly, three approaches are established to find the internal parameters of a given thermoelectric module. For these procedures, simulated pumping powers are in the sequence of method III < method II < method I for each temperature difference conditions. Hence, the good estimation way of the simulated data is by averaging the results of these three methods. Finally, the design approach is implemented to freezing chuck designs. Temperature distributions on the top surface of chuck are measured by experiments for comparisons. It shows that the established TEC model is applicable to obtain accuracy temperature fields for the purpose of freezing chuck design.

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Montero, Francisco, Mario Di Capua, and Amador Guzmán. "Analytical and numerical analysis of a solar thermoelectric system cooled by an active system." MRS Advances 3, no. 24 (2018): 1347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.52.

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ABSTRACTA solar thermoelectric generator (STEG) system composed of an optical concentrator system (OPS), a Bismuth Telluride thermoelectric module (TEG), and a cold plate-based cooling system (CPCS) was numerically simulated, to measure the efficiency of electric generation of a commercial thermoelectric module under controlled temperatures. The OPS is composed by a Fresnel lens that allows a temperature of around 200 °C, the OPS works with a solar irradiance of 1000 W/m2 (AM 1.5 Reference) and an optical concentration of 60. The OPS is coupled to the hot side of the TEG that consists of a commercially available thermoelectric module. The CPCS maintains a temperature of around 50 °C on the cold side of the TEG. To evaluate the configuration, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was carried out to evaluated the thermal performance of the CPCS and the temperature achieved on the upper surface of the cooling device. Based on the numerical results generated by the CFD analysis, an analytical TEG efficiency of around 5% was achieved when a temperature difference, between the hot and cold sides of the commercial TE module, of 150 °C was maintained. We perform an analysis using the Hogan and Shih model that uses the thermoelectric material properties exposed by Chen et al.

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N, Kanagaraj. "Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator Combined Hybrid Energy System with an Enhanced Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique for Higher Energy Conversion Efficiency." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063144.

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In this paper, the design and performance investigation of the hybrid photovoltaic–thermoelectric generator (PV–TEG) system with an enhanced fractional order fuzzy logic controller (FOFLC)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is presented. A control strategy of the variable incremental conduction (INC) method is employed using FOFLC for the MPPT control technique to efficiently harvest the maximum power from the PV module. The fractional factor α used in the MPPT control algorithm is a supporting fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the accurate tracking of the maximum power point (MPP) and to maintain the constant output after reaching the MPP. In the proposed system configuration, the TEG is mounted with the PV panel for generating the extra electrical power using the waste heat energy produced on the PV panel due to the incident solar irradiation. The PV and TEG are connected electrically in series to increase output voltage level and thereby improve the power output. The hybrid energy module has better energy conversion efficiency when compared to the standalone PV array. The performance of the proposed MPPT technique is studied for the PV–TEG hybrid energy module under various thermal and electrical operating conditions using a MATLAB software-based simulation. The results of the FOFLC-based MPPT technique are compared with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) and FLC-based P&O methods. The proposed MPPT technique confirms its effectiveness in extracting the maximum power in terms of speed and accuracy. Moreover, the PV and TEG combined system provides higher energy efficiency than the individual PV module.

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Li, Xinxi, Zhaoda Zhong, Jinghai Luo, et al. "Experimental Investigation on a Thermoelectric Cooler for Thermal Management of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module." International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (February 11, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3725364.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium batteries, which are a promising type of green transportation, have attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) coupled with forced convection (F-C) was designed as an effective and feasible cooling system for a battery thermal management system. A comparison of natural convection cooling, F-C cooling, and TEG cooling reveals that the TEG is the best cooling system. Specifically, this system can decrease the temperature by 16.44% at the discharge rate of 3C. The coupled TEG and F-C cooling system can significantly control temperature at a relatively high discharge rate. This system not only can decrease the temperature of the battery module promptly but also can reduce the energy consumption compared with the two other TEG-based cooling systems. These results are expected to supply an effective basis of the design and optimization of battery thermal management systems to improve the reliability and safety performance of EVs.

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Zou, Jiapu, Zihua Wu, Anbang Liu, Shi Feng, and Huaqing Xie. "Effect of cooling condition on the performance of thermoelectric power generation system coupling with phase change material module." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200621160z.

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In this study, a thermoelectric power generation (TEG) system coupling with phase change material (PCM) module for thermal control and storage has been fabricated. Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) TEG devices were applied to convert heat into electricity and Sn-Ag-In alloy PCM was employed for heat storage. A cooling channel with pure water and graphene nanofluids as heat exchange media was attached tightly with the cold-sides of the TEG devices. The effects of the flow rate of cooling water and the mass fraction of graphene nanofluids on the heat transfer process and the performance of the as fabricated TEG-PCM coupling system have been investigated. It is found that increasing the heat exchange capability of the cooling channel would help the PCM module to enhance the heat absorption and utilization of thermal energy from heat source, which in turn brings about the improvement of efficiency of TEG system. The output voltage of TEG system by using pure water for cooling is improved by 6.6%-13.1% with the acceleration of flow rate. Using graphene nanofluids as heat exchange media, the TEG system could achieve 7.2%-18.5% enhancement in outputvoltage with an increase in the mass fraction of the used nanofluid.

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Afghan, Syeda Adila, and Husi Géza. "Modelling and Analysis of Energy Harvesting in Internet of Things (IoT): Characterization of a Thermal Energy Harvesting Circuit for IoT based Applications with LTC3108." Energies 12, no. 20 (2019): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203873.

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This paper presents a simulation-based study for characterizing and analyzing the performance of a commercially available thermoelectric cooler (TEC) as a generator for harvesting heat energy along with a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) power management integrated circuit (PMIC); LTC3108. In this model, the transformation of heat was considered in terms of an electrical circuit simulation perspective, where temperature experienced by TEC on both cold and hot sides was incorporated with voltage supply as Vth and Vtc in the circuit. When it comes to modeling a system in a simulation program with an integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) like environment, the selection of thermoelectric generator (TEG) and extraction methods are not straightforward as well as the lack of information from manufacturer’s datasheets can limit the grip over the analysis parameters of the module. Therefore, it is mandatory to create a prototype before implementing it over a physical system for energy harvesting circuit (EHC) optimization. The major goal was to establish the basis for devising the thermal energy scavenging based Internet of Things (IoT) system with two configurations of voltage settings for the same TEG model. This study measured the data in terms of current, voltage, series of resistive loads and various temperature gradients for generating the required power. These generated power levels from EHC prototype were able to sustain the available IoT component’s power requirement, hence it could be considered for the implementation of IoT based applications.

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Seetawan, Tosawat, Kunchit Singsoog, and Suriya Srichai. "Feasible Study of Long Thin N-CMO and P-CCO for Thermoelectric Generator." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.220.

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We present feasibleness of the thermoelectric generator (TEG) from the long thin P-Ca3Co4O9(CCO) and N-CaMnO3(CMO) legs constructing of Cu electrodes, silver paint and ceramic plates to achieve good electrical conduction that improved the performance of the TEG module. The P and N legs synthesized by solid state reaction (SSR) method and measured thermoelectric properties in air dimension of 0.5×20×3 mm3attracting on ceramic substrate size of 25×25×1 mm3. The electrical voltage and current as a function of temperature difference <160 K were measured. The module boundary condition, the distribution current, current density, distribution voltage, distribution temperature and thermal flux were simulated by finite element method for comparison. The TEG fabrication has been obtained the electrical voltage, current and power of 10 mV, 0.25 µA and 0.025 µW.

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Kanagaraj, N., and Hegazy Rezk. "Dynamic Voltage Restorer Integrated with Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Generator for Voltage Disturbances Compensation and Energy Saving in Three-Phase System." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063511.

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The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) combined with a photovoltaic–thermoelectric generator (PV-TEG) system is proposed for voltage disturbance compensation in the three-phase four-wire distribution system. The PV-TEG hybrid energy source is used in the DVR system to improve the system ability for deep and long-period power quality disturbance compensation. In addition, the DVR will save grid energy consumption when the hybrid PV-TEG module generates sufficient power to meet the load demand. An enhanced variable factor adaptive fuzzy logic controller (VFAFLC)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme is proposed to extract the maximum possible power from the PV module. Since the PV and TEG combine a hybrid energy source for generating power, the DVR can work efficiently for the voltage sag/swell, outage compensation, and energy conservation mode with minimum energy storage facilities. The in-phase compensation method and the three-leg voltage source inverter (VSI) circuit are chosen in the present system for better voltage and/or power compensation. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid PV-TEG integrated DVR system, a simulation-based investigation is carried out with four different operational modes with MATLAB software. The study results confirm that the proposed DVR system can compensate power quality disturbances of the three-phase load with less total harmonics distortion (THD) and will also work efficiently under energy conservation mode to save grid energy consumption. Moreover, the proposed VFAFLC-based control technique performs better to achieve the maximum power point (MPP) quickly and accurately, thereby improving the efficiency of the hybrid energy module.

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Sohel, Rana, Iqbal Arbab, Date Abhijit, and Akbarzadeh Aliakbar. "Power generation from low grade waste heat using thermoelectric generator." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186406005.

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Thermoelectric technology is thought to be a great solution in near future for producing electrical power and recovering low grade waste heat to cut the cost of power generation because of its consistency and eco-friendly affability. Though commercial accessibility of TEG is available currently but heat to electricity conversion efficiency is still low and cost of the module is reasonably high. It’s essential to use the modules competently which is strongly depends on suitable heat exchanger design and selection of proper operating conditions. In this work, TEG module has been selected from the commercially available modules with efficiency of 1.91% for the targeted low-grade waste heat temperature of Th=90°C and Tc=15°C which validated by experiment. Mathematical model has been proposed to simulate TEG based power generation system; the model can predict maximum net power, choose optimum operating conditions and dimensions of heat exchanger. Lab scale design with channel length 1 m, width 0.08 m and gap size 9 mm which is suitable for 50 TEG module (4 mm x 4 mm) have been simulated using proposed mathematical model. For above temperature range, predicted optimum net power was 76.45 W with optimum flow rate 0.94 L/s (56.4 L/min). This lab scale setup will be used for experimental validation of the proposed mathematical model. The obtained results from experiments and simulation are closely matched.

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Balakrishnan, Arun Seeralan, Farrukh Nagi, Khairul Salleh, and Prem A/L Gunnasegaran. "Harvesting Waste Heat Energy from Automobile Engine Exhaust Using Teg with Heat Pipes." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22332.

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This research investigates how the heat from car exhaust pipe line can be recovered as power using passive Thermo electric generator (TEG) using heat pipes. In this research the heat pipes are place on the cold side of TEG to remove the rising temperature and hot side of TEG is placed on the circumference of exhaust pipe line of car engine. The heat pipes with and without nano-fluids were placed on cold side of TEGs to investigate heat removal from increasing temperature and too maintain constant temperature on cold side. On the basis of results from 3D finite element simulations and experiments in the setup, the heat flow, voltage, and current were measured. The method presented in this paper gives detailed insight into how TEG modules perform in general, and also enables prediction of potential improvement in module performance by using different nano-fluids as coolants and Preliminary results were obtained. The results of Finite Element Analysis are analogous with the experimental results of TEG with water filled heat pipes with minimal possible errors. Therefore, the performance of nano-fluids in heat pipes are numerically evaluated and proposal are made for the enhancement of Module power outputs in Harnessing exhaust heat energy.

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Xie, Jiao Long. "Research on Integration Design of Automobile Waste Heat Thermoelectric Generation Exchanger and Engine Muffler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.51.

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The thermoelectric generator (TEG) recovering waste heat from the exhaust has became a potential technical issue, due to its characters of pollution-free, no moving parts, reliability and high efficiency. There exist arrangement on the chassis and the exhaust backpressure of whole system will increase of these two problems, when integrating TEG in the car of TEG and the muffler is to integrate the thermoelectric module on the surface muffler, it can effectively reduce the size of TEG, also reduce its weight and structural complexity. It also reduced the backpressure of TEG, meanwhile solved the compatibility issues with other components of exhaust system. The structural integration laid the foundation to achieve the large-scale use of thermoelectric materials in the car.

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Cheng, Fu Qiang, Yan Ji Hong, and Chao Zhu. "Thermoelectric Physical Model with Thomson Effect and Experiment Comparison." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 1077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.1077.

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Output performance prediction of thermoelectric generators (TEG) is a valuable work for TEG structure optimization (i.e. shape of thermocouple and other electrical or thermal conducting components) and material selection. Considering the basic thermoelectric effects, as well as the thermal resistances between the thermocouple and the heat source, heat sink, this paper describe a physical model with Thomson effect for a simplified thermoelectric module. A new method to solve the temperature of the thermocouple hot and cold conjunctions which directly affect the voltage, current and output power, is proposed. And an experiment test of a commercial Bi2Te3thermoelectric module is undertaken to testify the physical model and the solution method. The study shows that the calculation results are in good accordance with the experiment data, which prove the accuracy of the physical model and the solution method. This paper can provide a novel analytical method for TEG performance prediction.

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Hudaya, Chairul. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMANFAATAN PANAS BUANG PADA KOMPOR PORTABEL MENGGUNAKAN THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR." Jurnal TAMBORA 5, no. 1 (2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36761/jt.v5i1.1002.

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The world's population continues to grow, causing energy needs to increase rapidly.In fact, not all regions have a special supply of electrical energyareas that are located in remote and difficult to access places. Besides the depletion of reservesfossil fuels as the main source of electricity generation and effectsbad pollution also encourages the change of energy sources into new energyrenewable (EBT). The purpose of this research is to design a solution forovercome both of these by using the exhaust heat utilization system(waste-heat recovery) in domestic combustion, especially portable stoves.Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is the right choice because it has severaladvantages needed such as simple conversion process, reliabilityhigh, and ease of application. The research will discuss the design of the toolwaste-heat recovery on portable stoves mechanically and electrically. Designcarried out on 2 different types of TEG modules, namely TEP1-1264-3.4 and SP1848-27145. The proposed tool has an estimated output power of about 9.24 W for the moduleTEP1-1264-3.4 and 9.0048 W for SP1848-27145 module using 8a TEG module with an approximate temperature difference of 60 ? and a cooling systemwater based. Thus the TEP1-1264-3.4 module generates more powerhigher than SP1848-27145 module and the series configuration is rated better because of thishave no problem when experiencing voltage differences between modules. Designmechanical build that is made to have 2 separate frame parts for conveniencecircuit maintenance.

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Jang, Hanhwi, Jong Bae Kim, Abbey Stanley, et al. "Fabrication of Skutterudite-Based Tubular Thermoelectric Generator." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051106.

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The conversion efficiency of the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is adversely affected by the quality of thermal contact between the module and the heat source. TEGs with the planar substrate are not suitable for the curved heat sources. Several attempts have been made to tackle this issue by fabricating complex tubular-shaped TEGs; however, all efforts have been limited to low-temperature applications. Furthermore, the electrical contact resistance of the module is critical to achieving a high-power output. In this work, we developed the tubular TEG with significantly low specific contact resistance by optimizing the joining process. We show that the modified resistance welding (MRW) performed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an efficient joining method for the fabrication of the TE module, with high feasibility and scalability. This research seeks to suggest important design rules to consider when fabricating TEGs.

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Jaworski, Maciej, Marta Bednarczyk, and Marceli Czachor. "Experimental investigation of thermoelectric generator (TEG) with PCM module." Applied Thermal Engineering 96 (March 2016): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.005.

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Zhang, Zhe, Yuqi Zhang, Xiaomei Sui, Wenbin Li, and Daochun Xu. "Performance of Thermoelectric Power-Generation System for Sufficient Recovery and Reuse of Heat Accumulated at Cold Side of TEG with Water-Cooling Energy Exchange Circuit." Energies 13, no. 21 (2020): 5542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215542.

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Aiming to reduce thermal energy loss at the cold side of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) module during thermoelectric conversion, a thermoelectric energy conversion system for heat recovery with a water-cooling energy exchange circuit was devised. The water-cooling energy exchange circuit realized sufficient recovery and reuse of heat accumulated at the cold side of the TEG, reduced the danger of heat accumulation, improved the stability and output capacity of thermoelectric conversion, and provided a low-cost and high-yield energy conversion strategy in energy conversion and utilization. Through the control variable method to adjust the heat generation of the heat source in the thermoelectric conversion, critical parameters (e.g., inner resistance of the TEG, temperatures of thermoelectric modules, temperature differences, output current, voltage, power, and efficiency of thermoelectric conversion) were analyzed and discussed. After using the control variable method to change the ratio of load resistance and internal resistance, the impacts of the ratio of load resistance to inner resistance of the TEG on the entire energy conversion process were elaborated. The results showed that the maximum value of output reached 397.47 mV with a current of 105.56 mA, power of 41.96 mW, and energy conversion efficiency of 1.16%. The power density of the TEG module is 26.225 W/m2. The stability and practicality of the system with a water-cooling energy exchange circuit were demonstrated, providing an effective strategy for the recovery and utilization of heat energy loss in the thermoelectric conversion process.

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Li, Gen, Zhongcheng Wang, Feng Wang, Xiaozhong Wang, Shibo Li, and Mingsuo Xue. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Effect of Interfacial Heat Transfer on Performance of Thermoelectric Generators." Energies 12, no. 19 (2019): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193797.

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The application of thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems in waste heat recovery has attracted more and more attention. In this work, the effect of interfacial heat transfer on the performance of TEG module was experimentally and numerically investigated. Three kinds of thermal greases with thermal conductivities of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 W/(m∙K) were used as thermal interface materials (TIMs) to improve interfacial heat transfer at different external pressures ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa. The open-circuit voltage, output power, and thermal interfacial resistance were measured at different experimental conditions. It was found that the performance of the TEG module can be greatly improved by using thermal greases as TIMs. The open-circuit voltages increased from 1.73 to either 3.07, 3.4, or 3.57 V with k = 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 W/(m∙K) thermal greases respectively used as TIMs when the temperature difference was 60 °C and external pressure was 0.1 MPa. However, the performance of the TEG was slightly affected by external pressure when thermal greases used as TIMs. The open-circuit voltages were 3.07, 3.13, 3.17, and 3.20 V at external pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 MPa when the temperature difference ΔT = 60 °C and k = 2.0 W/(m∙K) thermal greases were used as TIMs.

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Jayanegara, Sudarmanto, Zuryati Djafar, Zulkifli Djafar, Nasaruddin Azis, and Wahyu Haryadi Piarah. "The Characterization of Thermoelectric Generator in Utilizing the Heat Waste of the Biomass Egg Drying Machine." EPI International Journal of Engineering 3, no. 1 (2020): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.022020.04.

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This research was conducted to determine the character of the TEG module as a source of electrical energy in utilizing heat in the chimney wall of an egg rack drying machine that uses rice husk as engine furnace fuel. The test is carried out by utilizing heat on 2 pieces of chimney (upper chimney and lower chimney) separated by a Heat Exchanger (HE) with a furnace blower speed of 2600 rpm and environmental blower speed of 2800 rpm with the amount of thermoelectric used as many as 44 units. The results show that the TEG module in the upper chimney obtained temperature difference (∆T), voltage difference (∆V) and power (P) respectively ∆T 38.75 ° C; ∆V 3.68 Volts; P 0.796 Watt and for the lower chimney respectively ∆T 73.25 ° C; ∆V 12.26 Volts; P 2.446 Watt.

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Et. al., Polamraju V. S. Sobhan,. "Synergetic Control Based Fast-Converging MPPT Technique for Thermoelectric Generator Energy System." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (2021): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.338.

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Recently, waste heat energy recovery has attracted the attention of many researchers. The power conversion efficiency of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) system is enhanced by designing suitable MPPT controller. In this study a robust nonlinear control technique based on synergetic control theory is designed to extract maximum power from Thermoelectric Generator system (TEG). The designed synergetic control law ensures the fast convergence towards maximum power operating point without any oscillations under the presence of system uncertainties and variable temperature conditions. The TEG system comprises of a Thermoelectric Generator module, power converter, maximum power point tracking algorithm and load. The simulation results show viability of proposed strategy in comparison with Perturb and Observe (P&O) method under variable temperature.

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Kishore, Ravi, Roop Mahajan, and Shashank Priya. "Combinatory Finite Element and Artificial Neural Network Model for Predicting Performance of Thermoelectric Generator." Energies 11, no. 9 (2018): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092216.

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Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are rapidly becoming the mainstream technology for converting thermal energy into electrical energy. The rise in the continuous deployment of TEGs is related to advancements in materials, figure of merit, and methods for module manufacturing. However, rapid optimization techniques for TEGs have not kept pace with these advancements, which presents a challenge regarding tailoring the device architecture for varying operating conditions. Here, we address this challenge by providing artificial neural network (ANN) models that can predict TEG performance on demand. Out of the several ANN models considered for TEGs, the most efficient one consists of two hidden layers with six neurons in each layer. The model predicted TEG power with an accuracy of ±0.1 W, and TEG efficiency with an accuracy of ±0.2%. The trained ANN model required only 26.4 ms per data point for predicting TEG performance against the 6.0 minutes needed for the traditional numerical simulations.

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Lv, Hongkun, Guoneng Li, Youqu Zheng, Jiangen Hu, and Jian Li. "Compact Water-Cooled Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Based on a Portable Gas Stove." Energies 11, no. 9 (2018): 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092231.

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A compact water-cooled thermoelectric generator (TEG) based on a portable gas stove was designed and analyzed to supply electricity in off-grid scenarios. The TEG incorporates a newly designed heat collector, eight thermoelectric (TE) modules, and a radiator to ensure its portability (5.9 kg) and sufficiency of electric power (12.9 W). Detailed measurements and discussions on power load feature and TE efficiency are presented. Experiments showed that the power generation capability of the proposed TEG is compromised by its compactness over previous water-cooled TEGs. A theoretical model incorporated with heat leaks from various origins has been developed to illustrate that the designed TEG exerts the potential of every TE module, and to reveal the proportion of various heat fluxes. The predicted electric power, various heat fluxes, and TE efficiency agree well with experimental data. The limitations of TE efficiency and the nonlinearity caused by Joule heat are discussed quantitatively.

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Leeb, Bernhard. "Compactness of moduli spaces of negatively curved metrics." Séminaire de théorie spectrale et géométrie 10 (1992): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/tsg.99.

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Yulianingrum, Tri Wahyu, F. Dalu Setiaji, and Lukas B. Setyawan. "Perancangan Alas Setrika Sebagai Pengisi Baterai (Battery Charger) dengan Memanfaatkan Energi Panas Terbuang pada Saat Jeda Menyetrika." Techné : Jurnal Ilmiah Elektroteknika 14, no. 02 (2015): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31358/techne.v14i02.131.

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Pada makalah ini dirancang suatu alas setrika yang akan mengubah energi panas setrika yang terbuang saat jeda menyetrika, menjadi energi listrik menggunakan modul TEG (Thermoelectric Generator) yang selanjutnya akan digunakan untuk mengisi sebuah baterai.

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Zhou, Ai Jun, Li Dong Feng, Wei Liu, et al. "Performance Evaluation of a Silicide-Based Thermoelectric Generator for Power Generation." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.144.

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A TEG composed of p-type higher manganese silicide and n-type magnesium silicide-stannide was evaluated by theoretical simulation based on finite element method and steady-state approximation. The geometry factors, heat flux, power output and the thermal electrical conversion efficiency of the TEG were calculated by applying the measured thermoelectric parameters of each leg into the simulation tool. Furthermore, the contact effect on the performance of the TEG was analyzed by separately introducing a contact layer between the thermoelectric legs and the metal layers having specific electrical and thermal conductivity. It was found that the different cross-sectional areas were required for the p-and n-type legs to achieve maximum module output or conversion efficiency. In ideal contact state, a promising efficiency of 8.29% can be obtained at a given temperature gradient. On the other hand, the performance of the TEG might be seriously deteriorated if the electrical or/and thermal resistance of the contact layer increased.

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Byon, Yoo-Suk, Hansol Lim, Yong-Kwon Kang, Soo-Yeol Yoon, and Jae-Weon Jeong. "Passive generation from a novel thermoelectric energy harvesting system model integrated with phase change material." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103060.

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The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of a novel model that incorporates a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and phase change material (PCM). The proposed model passively generates electricity using waste heat that accumulates at exterior wall surfaces. The main generator is a TEG. To maintain the temperature difference between the two sides of the TEG, PCM is located at its cold side—thus converging the heat transferred into latent heat. The proposed passive generation system is formed into a TEG-PCM block. The block can be stacked to form a wall or inserted into any part of a building that faces the sun. The experiment setup is based on a constant temperature method. The wall temperature profile is set according to solar radiation, convection, and radiative heat transfer. To replicate daily wall temperatures during the experiment, a heat plate is used to match a wall temperature profile. Step control was used for the heating plate. The resulting data shows the average temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the TEG to be 10-20°C. The peak generated electricity was 0.08 W for a single module.

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Zi Feng, Lim, and Lim Joon Hoong. "Effect of temperature mismatch on the life cycle of thermoelectric generator efficiency for waste heat recovery." MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503010.

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Global warming due to greenhouse gases that has been produced by energy generator as a byproduct has becoming a serious issue in recent decades. Thermoelectric module is an alternative method that can generate energy from heat and vice versa. The module is denominated as thermoelectric generator (TEG) when it is used to generate electricity via a process called the Seebeck effect. The use of thermoelectric generator has become more and more demanding due to the low maintenance cost and waste heat availability can be found everywhere in daily life such as car exhaust, roof tiles, and etc. The purpose of this research paper was to determine the effect of temperature mismatch on the life cycle of the thermoelectric generator efficiency using ANSYS simulation. The common used materials for the thermoelectric are bismuth telluride, lead telluride and silicon germanium. Each material has different thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity. The materials are paired together to form a thermocouple and the thermal gradient of the TEG is being evaluate through the simulation. Generally, the greater the temperature between the hot and cold side of the TEG, the higher the power generated. Bismuth telluride has a highest temperature difference between the hot and cold side followed by lead telluride and silicon germanium. The combination of BiTe(N) - BiTe(P) has the lowest minimum heat flux compared to the rest of the thermoelectric material combination. This proves that thermal and electrical properties and combination of thermoelectric material plays a vital role in the thermal gradient of the TEG.

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Chen, Haijun, Ning Wang, and Hongcai He. "Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Hybrid Device with Different TE Module Structure." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/824038.

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Combining two different types of solar cells with different absorption bands into a hybrid cell is a very useful method to improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy. The experimental data of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and thermoelectric generators (TEG) was simulated by equivalent circuit method, and some parameters of DSSCs were obtained. Then, the equivalent circuit model with the obtained parameters was used to optimize the structure design of photovoltaic- (PV-) thermoelectric (TE) hybrid devices. The output power(Pout)first increases to a maximum and then decreases by increasing the TE prism size, and a smaller spacing between p-type prism and n-type prism of a TE p-n junction causes a higher output power of TEG and hybrid device. When the spacing between TE prisms is 15 μm and the optimal base side length of TE prism is 40 μm, the maximum theoretical efficiency reaches 24.6% according to the equivalent circuit analysis. This work would give some enlightenment for the development of high-performance PV-TE hybrid devices.

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Schaffhauser, Florent. "Finite group actions on moduli spaces of vector bundles." Séminaire de théorie spectrale et géométrie 34 (2017): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/tsg.354.

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Tahami, Seyed Amid, Mohammadreza Gholikhani, and Samer Dessouky. "Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Roadway Sustainability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 2 (2020): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120905575.

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Asphalt pavement is continuously exposed to solar radiation, which can heat the asphalt up to 60 to 70°C because of the high absorptivity of its black materials. This potential source of energy has gone unused but has recently attracted attention for its potential to be collected as a renewable and clean energy source. In this paper, a novel thermoelectric roadway energy harvester is introduced that can be inserted into pavement to scavenge electrical energy from thermal energy. The energy harvester system consists of different components, including a thermoelectric generator (TEG), an L-shaped heat conductor plate, a heat sink filled with phase change material, and an insulation box. Finite element analysis and experimental testing in the laboratory were conducted to evaluate the performance of this harvesting system. Different parameters that could affect the power output were investigated, such as asphalt slab temperature (e.g., 45°C, 55°C, 65°C), type of TEG module, number of TEG modules, and TEG configurations. The results indicate that the system is capable of producing sufficient energy to run low-powered electrical equipment used in transportation infrastructure.

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Majumdar, Gourab, Masanori Fukunaga, and Toshifumi Ise. "Trends of intelligent power module." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, no. 2 (2007): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.20120.

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Majumdar, Gourab, Masanori Fukunaga, and Toshifumi Ise. "Trends of intelligent power module." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, no. 2 (2007): xiii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.20134.

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Dzulkfli, Muhamad Shazrul bin, Apostolos Pesyridis, and Dhrumil Gohil. "Thermoelectric Generation in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 14 (2020): 3742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143742.

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Improving the efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) leads to the reduction of fuel consumption, which improves the performance of a hybrid vehicle. Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems offer options to improve the efficiency of an ICE. This is due to the ICE releasing approximately one third of the combustion energy as waste heat into the atmosphere. This paper focuses on one such upcoming system by analysing the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) used as a waste heat recovery system in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). It summarises how the efficiency of the TEG can be improved by considering parameters such as the size of module, materials used, and the number of modules needed for the TEG system. The results obtained are then compared with other types of WHR system such as the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and turbocompounding (T/C) implemented on the same type of engine. The research is based on a 1.8 L Toyota Prius-type engine. The TEG model simulated in this research can generate a maximum power of 1015 W at an engine speed of 5200 RPM. The overall system efficiency of TEG implemented on the HEV model is 6% with the average engine speed operating at 2000 RPM.

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Singh, Surjeet, and Mohd Z. Khan. "Tag-modules with complement submodulesH-pure." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 21, no. 4 (1998): 801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171298001112.

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The concept of a QTAG-moduleMRwas given by Singh [8]. The structure theory of such modules has been developed on similar lines as that of torsion abelian groups. If a moduleMRis such thatM⊕Mis a QTAG-module, it is called a strongly TAG-module. This in turn leads to the concept of a primary TAG-module and its periodicity. In the present paper some decomposition theorems for those primary TAG-modules in which allh-neat submodules areh-pure are proved. Unlike torsion abelian groups, there exist primary TAG-modules of infinite periodicities. Such modules are studied in the last section. The results proved in this paper indicate that the structure theory of primary TAG-modules of infinite periodicity is not very similar to that oftorsion abelian groups.

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Isyanto, Haris, Akhmad Solikhin, and Wahyu Ibrahim. "Perancangan dan Implementasi Security System pada Sepeda Motor Menggunakan RFID Sensor Berbasis Raspberry Pi." RESISTOR (elektRonika kEndali telekomunikaSI tenaga liSTrik kOmputeR) 2, no. 1 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/resistor.2.1.29-38.

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Di era modern seperti saat ini, sepeda motor sudah menjadi kebutuhan pokok untuk keperluan transportasi bagi hampir semua kalangan. Selain karena harganya yang terjangkau, penggunaan dan perawatannya yang mudah menjadi alasan mengapa banyak orang yang menggunakannya. Tetapi bersamaan dengan itu, tindak kriminal pencurian sepeda motor pun semakin meningkat. Atas latar belakang itulah maka dirancang sebuah alat pengaman tambahan pada penelitian ini. Alat yang dibuat menggunakan 3 (tiga) buah sistem keamanan, yaitu RFID scanner, RF modul communication, dan GPS function. RFID scanner berfungsi sebagai kunci tambahan, di mana selain kartu (tag) yang didaftarkan tidak ada kartu lain yang bisa digunakan untuk menyalakan relay. RF module communication berfungsi agar apabila pengemudi dan sepeda motor terpisah sejauh n meter, maka mesin sepeda motor akan mati secara otomatis. GPS berfungsi untuk memonitor / melacak di mana lokasi sepeda motor berada. Hasil yang didapatkan pada perancangan alat ini adalah RFID scanner dapat men scan kartu pada jarak 0 – 4 cm dan pada sudut 0 - 60° & 120 - 180°. RF modul dapat berkomunikasi pada jarak 0 – 20 meter tanpa penghalang, dan GPS modul dapat merespon SMS dari pengguna dalam waktu 27 detik dengan tingkat akurasi 10 meter.

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Tappura, Kirsi, and Kaarle Jaakkola. "A Thin-Film Thermoelectric Generator for Large-Area Applications." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130779.

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A thin-film thermoelectric generator (TEG) applying a novel folded design where both the heat flux and current flow are in the plane of the thin-film is presented. The performance of the first fabricated devices is demonstrated and the results compared with the computational ones. The produced power is analyzed against the power requirements of a wireless sensor node and it is shown that a thermoelectric module of the area of <1 m2 consisting of the novel TEG units is able to power a wireless sensor node of various sensors applicable e.g., to environmental monitoring of a building. The integration of energy-autonomous sensors for multifunctional smart windows providing the required temperature gradient is anticipated.

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Zappa, Dario, Simone Dalola, Guido Faglia, et al. "Integration of ZnO and CuO nanowires into a thermoelectric module." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (June 30, 2014): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.106.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO, n-type) and copper oxide (CuO, p-type) nanowires have been synthesized and preliminarily investigated as innovative materials for the fabrication of a proof-of-concept thermoelectric device. The Seebeck coefficients, electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power factors (TPF) of both semiconductor materials have been determined independently using a custom experimental set-up, leading to results in agreement with available literature with potential improvement. Combining bundles of ZnO and CuO nanowires in a series of five thermocouples on alumina leads to a macroscopic prototype of a planar thermoelectric generator (TEG) unit. This demonstrates the possibility of further integration of metal oxide nanostructures into efficient thermoelectric devices.

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Jou, Rong Yuan. "Heat Transfer Enhancement of the Liquid-Cooled LED Illumination Module." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.768.

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High-power light emitting diode (LED) modules offer several advantages over conventional light sources, but require effective thermal management for optimal performance, such as liquid cooling or thermoelectric cooling (TEC). This study compared the thermal performance of high-power LEDs with liquid cooling and TEC using both the finite element method and experiments. We considered a mutichip module in which the LEDs are immersed in one of three different cooling fluids in a metal enclosure with passive cooling or a TEC module. In the experiments, temperatures were measured by thermocouples. The temperature and flow fields of the liquid-cooled package inside the enclosure were analyzed in detail using a numerical model, and the results were validated against the experimental measurements. In this paper, we discuss the major design considerations when using liquid cooling and TEC. Our results show that for the illumination module considered in this study, appropriate heat sink design is crucial to optimizing performance with TEC, which can enhance the heat dissipation for small and compact LED modules.

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Wiyadi, Eri, and Lazuardi Umar. "PENGARUH HAMBATAN INTERNAL TERHADAP DAYA OUTPUT ELEMEN TERMOELEKTRIK GENERATOR TIPE 10W-4V-40s." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 15, no. 1 (2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.15.1.67-70.

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Thermoelectric generator Type 10W-4V-40s powered by Seebeck effect by utilizing temperature difference in both sides of the element. The hot side (Th) of a TEG element is placed on a stand made of Aluminum-Dural material and given a heat source derived from a heater, on the cold side (Tc) TEG element installed heatsink to reduce heat energy through the cold side and keep the temperature low. The measurement of output power (PL) is done by variation of RL from 0 Ω to 20 Ω under temperature difference conditions (ΔT) varies with constant Tc at 30ºC, the result of the research indicates that the output power (PL) of the thermoelectric element is maximum at RL = 1 Ω when the minimum load decreases and is proportional to the increase in RL resistance. The internal resistance value (Rint) of the TEG element increases in proportion to the magnitude of ΔT on both sides of the element, on Tc and Th at room temperature (30ºC) the value of Rint is 0.85 Ω and the maximum value at ΔT = 50ºC is 1,043 Ω. This indicates that the TEG element depends not only on ΔT on both sides of the module, but also depends on the amount of temperature range used.

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Hudaya, Chairul. "RANCANGAN TERMOELEKTRIK GENERATOR (TEG) PORTABEL PADA KNALPOT SEPEDA MOTOR DENGAN MATERIAL ALUMUNIUM SEBAGAI KONDUKTOR." Jurnal TAMBORA 5, no. 1 (2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36761/jt.v5i1.1001.

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Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) is an application of the thermoelectric module forgenerate electricity according to the seebeck effect which takes advantage of the temperature differenceoccurring on both sides of the module. This study aims to design a toolportable power generator by exploiting the energy loss in motorcycle exhaustin order to produce a power of 10. The design that is built is in the form ofelectrical design with series configuration and series-parallel configuration ascomparison, using 8 pieces of thermoelectric modules of type SP1848-27145 and modulesDC / DC converter. The mechanical design consists of 4 layers with visualizationusing Autodesk Inventor software. The shape of the tool is adapted to the shapeexhaust so that it can be removed and reinstalled with dimensions of 164.3 ????????× 205 × 23.135 ???????? and can maintain the temperature difference (????????) of 60 ° ????. ResultThe selected design uses a series configuration because it has the same amount of powerclose to the target of ? 9???? with good reliability and has protection onconverter step-down module.

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Lim, Rui Qi, Riyas Katayan, Shwe Sin Win, and Kripesh Vaidyanathan. "Tagging for Capsule Endoscopy Localization." Advanced Materials Research 254 (May 2011): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.254.99.

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Capsule endoscopy is a medical procedure to painlessly image the Gastro intestinal tract for the diagnosis of small intestine mucosa. Present capsule endoscopy does not comprise an effective method to localize and tag the abnormalities in gastrointestinal tract during the image diagnosis. The major constraint for developing an addition function to the existing capsule is the limited package space. In this paper, we propose a novel method for the effective localization of site of interest by incorporating a miniaturized tagging module inside the capsule. The tagging module release a micro tag which embed into the region of interest upon activation. This micro tag can be detected through radiographic imaging techniques like X-ray imaging. Embedded micro tag provides valuable position information of the site of interest to facilitate further diagnosis. This paper will present the ex-vivo animal trials and the x-ray imaging result of the tagging module.

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Maaspuro, Mika. "Experimenting and Simulating Thermoelectric Cooling of an LED Module." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 11, no. 4 (2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v11i4.4692.

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Use of a thermoelectric component (TEC) for an LED module cooling will be studied. The issue will be approached by revealing the operation of a thermoelectric component known also as Peltier element, and the main equations describing its behaviour. An experimental setup including an LED module, a TEC, an heatsink and a fan will be build. Heat dissipation and the electrical performance measurements of the hole experimental setup will be conducted. The benefits and the limitations of TEC used in cooling, will be revealed. Cooling effect versus used electrical power will be studied. 3D thermal simulations for the experimental setup using a FEM simulation software will be presented. Alternatively, a standard circuit simulator will be used. A spice model, which imports TEC's parameters from the data sheet, will be developed. The spice simulation results are compared with the experimental results.

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Basciftci, Fuat, Cevat Inal, Omer Yildirim, and Sercan Bulbul. "Determining regional ionospheric model and comparing with global models." Geodetski vestnik 61, no. 03 (2017): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292//geodetski-vestnik.2017.03.427-440.

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Yusuf, Aminu, and Sedat Ballikaya. "Modelling a Segmented Skutterudite-Based Thermoelectric Generator to Achieve Maximum Conversion Efficiency." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2020): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010408.

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Thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules generally have a low conversion efficiency. Among the reasons for the lower conversion efficiency is thermoelectric (TE) material mismatch. Hence, it is imperative to carefully select the TE material and optimize the design before any mass-scale production of the modules. Here, with the help of Comsol-Multiphysics (5.3) software, TE materials were carefully selected and the design was optimized to achieve a higher conversion efficiency. An initial module simulation (32 couples) of unsegmented skutterudite Ba0.1Yb0.2Fe0.1Co3.9Sb12 (n-type) and Ce0.5Yb0.5Fe3.25Co0.75Sb12 (p-type) TE materials was carried out. At the temperature gradient T∆ = 500 K, a maximum simulated conversion efficiency of 9.2% and a calculated efficiency of 10% were obtained. In optimization via segmentation, the selection of TE materials, considering compatibility factor (s) and ZT, was carefully done. On the cold side, Bi2Te3 (n-type) and Sb2Te3 (p-type) TE materials were added as part of the segmentation, and at the same temperature gradient, an open circuit voltage of 6.2 V matched a load output power of 45 W, and a maximum simulated conversion efficiency of 15.7% and a calculated efficiency of 17.2% were achieved. A significant increase in the output characteristics of the module shows that the segmentation is effective. The TEG shows promising output characteristics.

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Neska, Mirosław, Mirosław Mrozek, Marta Żurek-Mortka, and Andrzej Majcher. "Analysis of the Parameters of the Two-Sections Hot Side Heat Exchanger of the Module with Thermoelectric Generators." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 5169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165169.

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One of the methods of converting thermal energy into electricity is the use of thermoelectric generators (TEG). The method can be used in low-temperature waste heat conversion systems from industrial installations, but its serious limitation is the low efficiency of thermolectric generators and the relatively low power of the electric waveforms obtained. Increasing the obtained power values is done by multiplying the number of TEGs used, grouped into modules (MTEG). In such systems, the design of the module is extremely important, as it should ensure the best possible heat transfer between both sides of the TEG (hot and cold), and thus obtaining maximum electrical power. The article presents an analysis of a two-section flat plate heat hot side exchanger MTEG. The key parameters like effectiveness of exchange and MTEG efficiency and their impact on the efficiency of heat use and generated electric power were indicated. The tests showed an improvement in these main system parameters for the mixed cycle (co-current and countercurrent—inward direction) of the hot side heat exchanger, compared to the countercurrent flow in both sections of this exchanger.

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Han, Weiji, Changfu Zou, Liang Zhang, Quan Ouyang, and Torsten Wik. "Near-Fastest Battery Balancing by Cell/Module Reconfiguration." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10, no. 6 (2019): 6954–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2915013.

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Im, Jong-Pil, Jeong Kim, Jae Lee, et al. "Self-Powered Autonomous Wireless Sensor Node by Using Silicon-Based 3D Thermoelectric Energy Generator for Environmental Monitoring Application." Energies 13, no. 3 (2020): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030674.

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In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary study on the self-powered autonomous wireless sensor node by using thermoelectric energy generator based on Silicon (Si) thermoelectric legs, energy management integrated circuit (EMIC), Radio Frequency (RF) module with a temperature and humidity sensor, etc. A novel thermoelectric module structure is designed as an energy generator module, which consists of 127 pairs of Silicon legs and this module is fabricated and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of generating electrical power under the temperature gradient of 70K. EMIC has three key features besides high efficiency, which are maximum power point tracking (MPPT), cold start, and complete self-power operation. EMIC achieved a cold start voltage of 200 mV, peak efficiency of 78.7%, MPPT efficiency 99.4%, and an output power of 34 mW through only the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) source. To assess the capability of the device as a small scale power source for internet of things (IoT) service, we also tested energy conversion and storage experiments. Finally, the proposed sensor node system which can transmit and monitor the information from the temperature and humidity sensor through the RF module in real time demonstrates the feasibility for variable applications.

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