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Candido, LM, LN Miotto, LMG Fais, PF Cesar, and LAP Pinelli. "Mechanical and Surface Properties of Monolithic Zirconia." Operative Dentistry 43, no. 3 (2018): E119—E128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/17-019-l.
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SUMMARY Purpose: This study compared monolithic zirconia with conventional ones based on mean roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VHN), topography, transmittance, grain size, flexural strength (FS), Weibull modulus, and fractographic behavior. Methods and Materials: One monolithic (Prettau Zircon [PR group]) and two conventional (ICE Zirkon Transluzent [IZ group] and BloomZir [BL group]) zirconias were used. Specimens were tested using a profilometer, a microhardness tester, a scanning electron microscope, a spectrophotometer, and a Universal Testing Machine (EMIC DL 2000). Ra, VHN, grain size, and transmittance were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test associated with Dunn test (α=0.05). FS was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=0.05). Results: Means and standard deviations of roughness, after sintering (Ra, in μm) and VHN, were, respectively, 0.11 ± 0.01, 1452.16 ± 79.49, for the PR group; 0.12 ± 0.02, 1466.72 ± 91.76, for the IZ group; and 0.21 ± 0.08, 1516.06 ± 104.02, for the BL group. BL was statistically rougher (p<0.01) than PR and IZ. Hardness was statistically similar (p=0.30) for all groups. Means and standard deviations of FS (in MPa) were 846.65 ± 81.97 for the PR group, 808.88 ± 117.99 for the IZ group, and 771.81 ± 114.43 for the BL group, with no statistical difference (p>0.05). Weibull moduli were 12.47 for the PR group, 7.24 for the IZ group, and 6.31 for the BL group, with no statistical differences. The PR and BL groups had higher transmittance values and grain sizes than the IZ group (p<0.05). Although the BL group had some fractures that originated in the center of the tensile surface, fractographic analyses showed the same fracture pattern. Conclusions: All tested zirconia showed similar VHN, and the monolithic zirconia had similar roughness compared to one of the conventional zirconias. In addition, the monolithic zirconia showed similar flexural strength and Weibull modulus compared to the others even though its mean grain size was larger. The total transmittance of monolithic zirconia was higher than only one of the conventional zirconias tested.
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Maresz, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Ciemięga, Patryk Bezkosty, et al. "Insight into Structural and Physicochemical Properties of ZrO2-SiO2 Monolithic Catalysts with Hierarchical Pore Structure: Effect of Zirconium Precursor." Catalysts 13, no. 12 (2023): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13121516.
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Zirconia–silica monolithic catalysts with hierarchical micro/macroporous structure were obtained in a sol-gel process combined with phase separation using inorganic salts, i.e., oxychloride, oxynitrate and sulphate, as a zirconium source. It was found that the use of zirconium oxychloride and prehydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) resulted in materials characterized by a well-developed continuous structure of macropores with a diameter of ca. 10 μm. For zirconium oxynitrate and sulfate modified materials, the prehydrolysis hardly affected the macropore size. The micropores with a diameter of 1.5 nm in the skeleton of all materials provided a large surface area of 550–590 m2/g. A high dispersion of zirconia in the silica skeleton in all studied materials was shown. However, the largest surface concentration of Lewis and Brönsted acid sites was found in the monolith synthesized with zirconium oxychloride. The monoliths were used as a core for continuous-flow microreactors and high catalytic activity was confirmed in the deacetalization of benzylaldehyde dimethyl acetal. The process was characterized by a high efficiency at low temperature, i.e., 35 °C.
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Turkoglu, Pinar, and Deniz Sen. "Evaluation of Dual-Cure Resin Cement Polymerization under Different Types and Thicknesses of Monolithic Zirconia." BioMed Research International 2019 (January 9, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4567854.
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Purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the type and thickness of the zirconia material on the microhardness of the underlying dual-cure resin cement. Materials and Methods. Eight disk-shaped zirconia specimens with a 4-mm diameter and four varying thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm) were fabricated from two different monolithic zirconia materials: posterior monolithic zirconia (Prettau) and anterior monolithic zirconia (Prettau Anterior). Dual-cure resin cement specimens with a 4-mm diameter and 5-mm height were prepared using Teflon cylinder molds and activated by light beneath the eight zirconia disks and without any zirconia disk for 20 s (n=12). A total of 108 specimens were embedded in acrylic. Vickers hardness of each specimen was measured at three different depths using a microhardness device with a 50-g load. All data were statistically evaluated using three-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, independent samples t-tests, and Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests (α=.05). Results. Dual-cure resin cement’s microhardness was significantly higher for the samples polymerized beneath anterior monolithic zirconia compared to posterior monolithic zirconia. The hardness decreased as the thickness increased for both types of zirconia; the latter was attributed to an attenuated curing efficiency. Conclusion. Microhardness of the dual-cure resin cement is influenced by both the type and the thickness of the monolithic zirconia restoration. Polymerization efficiency for resin cement cured under anterior monolithic zirconia may be superior to cured beneath posterior monolithic zirconia.
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Borba, Marcia, Paula Benetti, Giordana P. Furini, Kátia R. Weber, and Tábata M. da Silva. "Factors Affecting the Wear Behavior of Monolithic Zirconia and the Antagonists: Literature Review." Current Dentistry 2, no. 1 (2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2542579x02666200206111259.
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Background: The use of zirconia-based ceramics to produce monolithic restorations has increased due to improvements in the optical properties of the materials. Traditionally, zirconiabased ceramics were veneered with porcelain or glass-ceramic and were not directly exposed to the oral environment. Therefore, there are several doubts regarding the wear of the monolithic zirconia restoration and their antagonists. Additionally, different surface treatments are recommended to promote a smooth surface, including glaze and several polishing protocols. To support the correct clinical application, it is important to understand the advantages and limitations of each surface treatment. Objective: The aim of this short literature review is to investigate the factors that may affect the wear of monolithic zirconia restorations in service and their antagonists. Methods: Pubmed/Medline database was accessed to review the literature from a 10-year period using the keywords: zirconia, monolithic, prosthesis, wear. Both clinical and in vitro studies were included in the review. Results: Studies investigated the effect of several surface treatments, including grinding with diamond- burs, polishing and glazing, on the surface roughness, phase transformation and wear capacity of monolithic zirconia. The wear behavior of monolithic zirconia was frequently compared to the wear behavior of other ceramics, such as feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate-based glassceramic and leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic. Human tooth, ceramics and resin composites were used as antagonist in the investigations. Only short-term clinical studies are available (up to 2 years). Conclusion: Literature findings suggest that zirconia monolithic restorations are wear resistant and unlikely to cause excessive wear to the antagonist, especially when compared to feldspathic porcelain and glass-ceramics. Monolithic zirconia should be polished rather than glazed. Yet, none of the polishing systems studied was able to completely restore the initial surface conditions of zirconia after being adjusted with burs. More clinical evidence of the antagonist tooth wear potential of monolithic zirconia is needed.
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Singh, K., P. S. Singh, and P. Malhotra. "Fracture Strength of Thin Monolithic Zirconia Crowns with Varying Thickness and Configuration of Finish LinesAn In Vitro Study." CARDIOMETRY, no. 25 (February 14, 2023): 1311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.25.13111318.
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Aim- The current study sought to assess the fracture strength of thin monolithic zirconia crowns of varying thickness and finish line configuration. Study design- The current study was carried out to evaluate and compare the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns with chamfers and radial shoulder finish lines of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.1 mm thickness. Result- Monolithic zirconia crowns with merely 0.5 mm reduction demonstrated adequate strength for use in posterior areas. On evaluation and comparison it was observed that no statistically significant difference was found in the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns with different thicknesses and finish lines was investigated. Conclusion- The 0.5 mm thickness of monolithic zirconia crowns demonstrated significant fracture resistance to withstand physiological performance, regardless of finish line type.
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Alsarani, Majed M., Amin S. Rizkalla, Joseph Fava, Thomas W. Coyle, and Omar El-Mowafy. "Marginal Discrepancy and Internal Fit of Bi-Layered and Monolithic Zirconia Fixed Dental Prostheses: An In Vitro Study." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (2023): 11461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011461.
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This in vitro study evaluated the influence of restoration design (bi-layered vs. monolithic) and manufacturing technique on the marginal discrepancy and internal fit of 3-unit zirconia fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Mandibular second premolars and second molars were prepared as abutments in a 3-unit zirconia bridge to develop four groups (n = 10 FDPs): MZ: Monolithic zirconia FDPs, ZL: zirconia framework veneered by the hand-layering technique, ZP: zirconia framework veneered by the heat-pressed technique, and CAD-on: zirconia framework veneered by CAD/CAM lithium-disilicate glass–ceramic. All the zirconia FDPs were cemented to their corresponding die replicas using dual-cure resin cement and were subjected to compressive cyclic loading at a load range for half a million cycles using a universal testing machine. FDPs were sectioned mesiodistally to measure the marginal gap and internal fit using scanning electron microscopy. The measurements were taken at pre-assigned points of each abutment. Data were statistically analyzed via a Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 0.05). No significant differences were found between the monolithic and bi-layered zirconia groups in terms of the marginal discrepancy. However, there was a significant difference in the marginal gap between the zirconia groups. The marginal gap between monolithic and bi-layered zirconia FDPs was within the clinically acceptable range (<100 μm). Comparable mean values of the marginal gaps of 3-unit monolithic and veneered zirconia FDPs were found. Therefore, the FDP design and veneering methods did not affect the marginal discrepancy. However, the mean internal gap varied among the experimental groups. As the current in vitro investigation demonstrated equivalent mean values of marginal gaps of both 3-unit monolithic and bi-layered zirconia FPDs, the use of monolithic 3-unit zirconia FPDs would be a viable alternative fabrication technique.
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Zandinejad, Amirali, Marta Revilla-León, Mohammad Mujtaba Methani, Leila Nasiry Khanlar, and Dean Morton. "The Fracture Resistance of Additively Manufactured Monolithic Zirconia vs. Bi-Layered Alumina Toughened Zirconia Crowns When Cemented to Zirconia Abutments. Evaluating the Potential of 3D Printing of Ceramic Crowns: An In Vitro Study." Dentistry Journal 9, no. 10 (2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9100115.
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(1) Background: This study compared the fracture resistance of additively manufactured monolithic zirconia and bi-layered alumina toughened zirconia crowns on implants. (2) Methods: Maxillary model with a dental implant replacing right second bicuspid was obtained. Custom abutments and full-contour crowns for additively manufactured monolithic zirconia and bi-layered alumina reinforced zirconia crowns (n = 10) were fabricated. The crowns were cemented to implant-supported zirconia abutments and the assembly fixed onto resin blocks. Fracture resistance was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the data. (3) Results: Although additively manufactured monolithic zirconia crowns demonstrated a higher mean fracture resistance than bi-layered alumina toughened zirconia crowns, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in fracture resistance between the two groups. All specimens fractured at the implant–abutment interface. (4) Conclusions: Additively manufactured bi-layered alumina toughened zirconia crowns demonstrated similar fracture resistance to additively manufactured monolithic zirconia crowns when cemented to implant-supported zirconia abutments.
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Vaishali, S. "Esthetics using monolithic zirconia and hand-layered zirconia fixed partial denture." Bioinformation 18, no. 7 (2022): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630018651.
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Edentulism and dental disease have a major effect on the standard of lifetime of patients. Fixed partial dentures have become the treatment of choice for many people for the replacement of edentulous space in the oral cavity. Therefore, it is of interest to correlate and compare the esthetics between monolithic zirconia and hand layered zirconia among fixed partial dentures in Saveetha Dental College. 100 patients who monolithic zirconia and hand layered zirconia had fixed partial dentures were included within the study. Pink and white esthetic scores were evaluated. Data collected were entered in SPSS and analyzed through Chi square test. It was observed that hand layered zirconia have better white esthetic score (p<0.000) and pink esthetic score (p<0.003) when compared to monolithic zirconia fixed partial dentures, which were statistically significant. It was concluded that hand layered zirconia fixed partial dentures have better esthetics than monolithic zirconia fixed partial dentures.
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Lameira, Deborah Pacheco, Wilkens Aurélio Buarque e. Silva, Frederico Andrade e. Silva, and Grace M. De Souza. "Fracture Strength of Aged Monolithic and Bilayer Zirconia-Based Crowns." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/418641.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of design and surface finishing on fracture strength of yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) crowns in monolithic (1.5 mm thickness) and bilayer (0.8 mm zirconia coping and 0.7 mm porcelain veneer) configuration after artificial aging. Bovine incisors received crown preparation and Y-TZP crowns were manufactured using CAD/CAM technique, according to the following groups (n=10): Polished monolithic zirconia crowns (PM); Glazed monolithic zirconia crowns (GM); Bi-layer crowns (BL). Crowns were cemented with resin cement, submitted to artificial aging in a chewing simulator (2.5 million cycles/80 N/artificial saliva/37°C), and tested for fracture strength. Two remaining crowns referring to PM and GM groups were submitted to a chemical composition analysis to measure the level of yttrium after aging. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P=.05) indicated that monolithic zirconia crowns presented similar fracture strength (PM=3476.2 N ± 791.7;GM=3561.5 N ± 991.6), which was higher than bilayer crowns (2060.4 N ± 810.6). There was no difference in the yttrium content among the three surfaces evaluated in the monolithic crowns. Thus, monolithic zirconia crowns present higher fracture strength than bilayer veneered zirconia after artificial aging and surface finishing does not affect their fracture strength.
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Giti, Rashin, and Benika Abbasi. "The Effect of Translucency and Surface Treatment on the Flexural Strength of Aged Monolithic Zirconia." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (November 9, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8022430.
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Aims. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of the degrees of translucency in different types of monolithic zirconia as well as the aging and surface treatment with airborne particle abrasion on the flexural strength of monolithic zirconia. Materials and Methods. Sixty bar-shaped specimens were fabricated from three different types of presintered monolithic zirconia (n = 20 per group) including low translucent (LT) (DD Bio ZW iso, high strength zirconia, Dental Direkt, Germany), high translucent (HT) (DD Bio ZX2 98, high translucent zirconia, Dental Direkt, Germany), and multilayered system (ML) (DD cubeX2®ML, multilayer, cubic zirconia system, Dental Direkt, Germany). Each monolithic zirconia group was equally subdivided according to be either air-abraded with 110 µm aluminium oxide particles or left untreated (control). After thermocycling, the flexural strength was measured by using a universal testing machine. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc and independent samples t-test were used for the statistical analyses (P < 0.05). Results. Surface treatment and types of zirconia were found to have a significant interaction (P = 0.010). Having controlled the effect of surface treatment, the flexural strength of HT and LT zirconia was found to be significantly higher than the ML zirconia system (P ≤ 0.001). Airborne particle abrasion could significantly decrease the flexural strength of monolithic zirconia only in ML zirconia (P = 0.002). Conclusions. Multilayered zirconia system had the lowest flexural strength among all groups. Moreover, the flexural strength of this system was attenuated by surface treatment with airborne particles abrasion.
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Darwich, Rama A., Manal Awad, and Ensanya A. Abou Neel. "Effect of Different Decontamination Methods on Fracture Resistance, Microstructure, and Surface Roughness of Zirconia Restorations—In Vitro Study." Materials 16, no. 6 (2023): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062356.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seven different decontamination methods (water, ZirCleanTM, 37% phosphoric acid, 9.5% hydrofluoric acid, Al2O3 sandblasting, low-speed dental stone, and high-speed dental stone) on the fracture resistance, microstructure, and surface roughness of monolithic and multilayered zirconia. The as-received and sandblasted zirconia was used as a control. One-way ANOVA and t-test were performed. As-received monolithic zirconia was stronger (856 ± 94 MPa) than multilayered zirconia (348.4 ± 63 MPa). Only phosphoric acid (865 ± 141 MPa) and low-speed dental stone (959 ± 116 MPa) significantly increased the flexural strength of sandblasted monolithic zirconia (854 ± 99 MPa), but all tested decontamination methods except phosphoric acid (307 ± 57 MPa) and Al2O3 (322 ± 69 MPa) significantly increased the flexural strength of sandblasted multilayered zirconia (325 ± 74 MPa). Different decontamination methods did not significantly affect the flexural modulus, but introduced irregularities in the crystal as well as deep surface flaws in both types of zirconia. The surface of sandblasted monolithic zirconia is more resistant to change than multilayered zirconia. Among different decontamination methods, a low-speed dental stone could be beneficial as it significantly increased the surface roughness and fracture resistance of both types of zirconia.
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Ibrahim, Nouran Mahmoud, Reham El-basty, and Hesham Katamish. "Clinical Evaluation of Wear Behavior of Human Enamel and Chipping of Veneered Zirconia against Monolithic Zirconia (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial)." Brazilian Dental Science 23, no. 4 (2020): 11p. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2020.v23i4.2081.
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Objective: To evaluate the wear behavior of human enamel and chipping of veneered and monolithic zirconia for posterior full coverage restorations. Material and methods: Thirty-four zirconia full coverage restorations (seventeen in each group) were fabricated. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of zirconia used; group 1 (comparator group) veneered zirconia crowns and group 2 (intervention group) monolithic zirconia single crowns. All crowns were lab fabricated and polished. For opposing teeth wear measurements 3D non-contact profilometer was used where epoxy resin replicas were constructed for opposing arch immediately after crowns cementation, three, six and twelve months. Restoration chipping was measured using modified United States Public Health Services (USPHS) criteria. Results: All restorations were reported as alpha with no chipping. There was no statistically significant difference between (Group 1) and (Group 2) for wear test. Conclusion: Both monolithic and veneered restorations revealed satisfactory mechanical properties with no chipping after one year of clinical use. Wear of opposing enamel was clinically acceptable for both materials. Keywords Ceramics; Chipping; Monolithic zirconia; Veneered zirconia; Wear.
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Kim, Chonghwa. "Achieving Esthetics in Anterior Region using Monolithic Zirconia Restoration." Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry 25, no. 1 (2016): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15522/jkaed.2016.25.1.4.
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Ko, Hong-Da, Chien-Cheng Lin, and Kuo-Chuang Chiu. "Effect of zirconia content on electrical conductivities of mullite/zirconia composites measured by impedance spectroscopy." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 8 (2008): 2125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0263.
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Electrical conductivities of various mullite/zirconia composites, as well as monolithic mullite and zirconia, were measured using AC impedance spectroscopy from 100 Hz to 10 MHz at temperatures ranging from 150 to 1300 °C. The impedance spectra of monolithic zirconia and mullite/zirconia composites showed two semicircles because of the contributions from grains and grain boundaries, while those of monolithic mullite had one semicircle due to the predominant contribution from grains. This indicates that the conductivities of the mullite/zirconia composites increased with zirconia content. The activation energies of electrical conduction in mullite and zirconia were about 65 and 79 kJ/mol, respectively, and those of mullite/zirconia composites were between 65 and 79 kJ/mol. While the conductivities of various composites at 1 MHz were fitted by Lichtenecker’s rule, the general mixing equation could be applied to the conductivities measured at 1 kHz.
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Giti, Rashin, and Reza Jebal. "How could mouthwashes affect the color stability and translucency of various types of monolithic zirconia? An in-vitro study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0295420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295420.
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Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the color stability and translucency of various types of monolithic zirconia after immersion in chlorhexidine and Listerine mouthwashes. Materials and methods This experimental study was performed on 36 disk-shaped specimens fabricated from low-translucent, high-translucent, and multilayered monolithic zirconia (n = 12 per group). Each group was equally divided and immersed in either 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) or Listerine mouthwash for 2 min daily over 7 days. Changes in color (ΔE) and the translucency parameter (ΔTP) were evaluated and compared. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results Chlorhexidine caused a significantly lower ΔE and a significantly higher ΔTP in multilayered zirconia compared to the low-translucency (ΔE: P = 0.0027, ΔTP: P<0.001) and the high-translucency zirconia group (ΔE: P<0.001, ΔTP: P = 0.022). Listerine caused a significantly higher ΔE in the high-translucency zirconia group compared to the multilayered zirconia group (P = 0.0165). It also resulted in a significantly higher mean ΔTP in the multilayered zirconia group compared to the low-translucency (P = 0.0003) and high-translucency zirconia groups (P = 0.019). Conclusions In both mouthwashes, multilayered monolithic zirconia exhibited the highest color stability among the tested materials; albeit with the most pronounced changes in translucency. Meanwhile, high-translucency monolithic zirconia was more prone to discoloration when exposed to both mouthwashes.
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Temizkan Nizaroglu, R., and C. Küçük. "Evaluation of Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Crowns Fabricated with Three Different Zirconia CAD/CAM Materials." Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 27, no. 1 (2024): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_410_23.
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ABSTRACT Background: Marginal and internal adaptation are key factors that determine the clinical success of dental restorations. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of crowns fabricated with three different CAD-CAM zirconia materials; two monolithic zirconia materials and one veneered zirconia copings in comparison with conventional metal-ceramic crowns. Material and Methods: Ninety-six extracted molars (n = 96) were selected. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 24), and the following restorations were fabricated: Metal-ceramic crowns (Control group) (Group CG); monolithic zirconia crowns (GC initial) (Group MZ1); monolithic zirconia crowns (InCoris TZI),(Group MZ2); bilayered zirconia crowns, cores (InCoris ZI) veneered with a low-fusing glass-ceramic (IPS Emax Ceram),(Group BZ). Internal and marginal adaptations were evaluated using the silicone replica technique. A total of 20 points were recorded for every tooth under the light microscope at 20x magnifications. Results were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey’s test at a significance level of 0.01. Results: Marginal, marginal-internal, axial, and occlusal gaps between CG, MZ1, MZ2, and BZ crowns showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Monolithic zirconia groups showed better marginal adaptation compared with the veneered zirconia crowns.
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Binici Aygün, Ebru, Esra Kaynak Öztürk, Ayşe Bilge Tülü, Bilge Turhan Bal, Seçil Karakoca Nemli, and Merve Bankoğlu Güngör. "Factors Affecting the Color Change of Monolithic Zirconia Ceramics: A Narrative Review." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 16, no. 2 (2025): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020058.
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Zirconia restorations are widely used in dentistry due to their high esthetic expectations and physical durability. However, zirconia’s opaque white color can compromise esthetics. Therefore, zirconia is often veneered with porcelain, but fractures may occur in the veneer layer. Monolithic zirconia restorations, which do not require porcelain veneering and offer higher translucency, have been developed to address this issue. Zirconia exists in three main crystal phases: monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic. Metal oxides such as yttrium are added to stabilize the tetragonal phase at room temperature. 3Y-TZP contains 3 mol% yttrium and provides high mechanical strength but has poor optical properties. Recently, 4Y-PSZ and 5Y-PSZ ceramics, which offer better optical properties but lower mechanical strength, have been introduced. This review examines the factors affecting the color change in monolithic zirconia ceramics. These factors are categorized into six main groups: cement type and color, restoration thickness, substrate color, sintering, aging, and zirconia type. Cement type and color are crucial in determining the final shade, especially in thin restorations. Increased restoration thickness reduces the influence of the substrate color while the sintering temperature and process improve optical properties. These findings emphasize the importance of material selection and application processes in ensuring esthetic harmony in zirconia restorations. This review aims to bridge gaps in the literature by providing valuable insights that guide clinicians in selecting and applying zirconia materials to meet both esthetic and functional requirements in restorative dentistry.
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Diéguez-Pereira, Markel, David Chávarri-Prado, Alejandro Estrada-Martínez, Esteban Pérez-Pevida, and Aritza Brizuela-Velasco. "Monolithic and Minimally Veneered Zirconia Complications as Implant-Supported Restorative Material: A Retrospective Clinical Study up to 5 Years." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 15, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8821068.
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Objective. Long-term clinical data on the success and complication rates of monolithic or minimally veneered zirconia implant-supported restorations are lacking. Hence, the purpose of this retrospective clinical study was to analyze the complications of monolithic or partially veneered zirconia implant-supported restorations up to 5 years follow-up. Material and Methods. Single crowns, bridges, and full-arch rehabilitations were included. The selection process was achieved by reviewing data from the prosthetic laboratory and excluding cases in which zirconium and full-ceramic coating restorations were used. A total of 154 restorations were included (82 monolithic and 72 with buccal ceramic stratification). All the complications encountered, and the solutions applied, were explained. Results. A total of 93 restorative units had a follow-up of between 24 and 60 months, and 61 restoration units had a follow-up of between 12 and 24 months. A total of 7 complications were encountered (14.58% of cases; 95.45% per prosthetic unit). The technical complication rate was 2.08% (one case of minor chipping in one prosthetic unit); regarding the mechanical complications, four decementations (8.33% of the cases) and two screw loosening (4.17% of the cases) were encountered. Conclusions. Considering the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that monolithic or partially veneered zirconia implant-supported restorations have a good clinical behavior during a follow-up period of up to 5 years.
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Arslan, Emel, and Kübra Değirmenci. "Effects of Surface Finishing Methods, Zirconia Brands, and Bleaching Techniques on Color Change and Translucency of Monolithic Zirconia Restorations: A Comparative Study." Selcuk Dental Journal 12, no. 1 (2025): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.1489127.
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Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different surface finishing methods (glaze and polishing), various zirconia brands (multilayer, ultra translucent, and super translucent), and different bleaching methods (office and home bleaching) on the color change, whiteness change, and translucency parameters of different monolithic zirconia. Methods: The researchers prepared 180 samples using three types of monolithic zirconia blocks with different translucent properties. The samples were divided into groups based on surface treatments (glaze and polishing) and bleaching methods (office and home bleaching). Color measurements were taken before and after the surface treatments and bleaching procedures using a spectrophotometer. The color change (ΔE00), whiteness change (ΔWI), and translucency parameters were calculated based on the measurements. Results: The statistical analysis revealed that zirconia brands, surface finishing methods, and bleaching procedures significantly affected the color change, whiteness change, and translucency parameters of the monolithic zirconia samples. In terms of bleaching methods, the ∆E00 and ∆WI values of office bleaching were significantly higher than home bleaching in the MLG group (p0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that zirconia brands, surface finishing methods, and bleaching procedures have an impact on the color change, whiteness change, and translucency parameters of monolithic zirconia restorations. The study suggests that careful consideration should be given to the selection of zirconia brands, surface treatments, and bleaching methods to achieve optimal aesthetic outcomes in prosthetic restorations.
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Kontonasaki, Eleana, Athanasios E. Rigos, Charithea Ilia, and Thomas Istantsos. "Monolithic Zirconia: An Update to Current Knowledge. Optical Properties, Wear, and Clinical Performance." Dentistry Journal 7, no. 3 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj7030090.
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The purpose of this paper was to update the knowledge concerning the wear, translucency, as well as clinical performance of monolithic zirconia ceramics, aiming at highlighting their advantages and weaknesses through data presented in recent literature. New ultra-translucent and multicolor monolithic zirconia ceramics present considerably improved aesthetics and translucency, which, according to the literature reviewed, is similar to those of the more translucent lithium disilicate ceramics. A profound advantage is their high strength at thin geometries preserving their mechanical integrity. Based on the reviewed articles, monolithic zirconia ceramics cause minimal wear of antagonists, especially if appropriately polished, although no evidence still exists regarding the ultra-translucent compositions. Concerning the survival of monolithic zirconia restorations, the present review demonstrates the findings of the existing short-term studies, which reveal promising results after evaluating their performance for up to 5 or 7 years. Although a significant increase in translucency has been achieved, new translucent monolithic zirconia ceramics have to be further evaluated both in vitro and in vivo for their long-term potential to preserve their outstanding properties. Due to limited studies evaluating the wear properties of ultra-translucent material, no sound conclusions can be made, whereas well-designed clinical studies are urgently needed to enlighten issues of prognosis and long-term survival.
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Barile, Giuseppe, Saverio Capodiferro, Giovanni De Rosa, Giovannino Muci, Alessandro Vanzanelli, and Massimo Corsalini. "Screwed Monolithic Zirconia Crowns for Mono-Implant Posterior Rehabilitation: A Prospective Clinical Study on 41 Patients with a 7-Year Follow-Up." Prosthesis 5, no. 4 (2023): 1037–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5040072.
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The usage of monolithic zirconia has been increasing in daily practice in dentistry for the last 20 years. Monolithic zirconia is mainly used for posterior sector rehabilitation, as it lacks optical properties and has good technical properties; it does not chip and reduces antagonist wear compared to metal–ceramic prostheses. However, monolithic zirconia may present some issues, mainly low-temperature degradation (LTD), also known as “aging”, which must be considered and investigated in clinical studies with prolonged follow-up periods. The aim of this study was the aesthetic and functional evaluation of single monolithic zirconia crowns that were screwed onto implants for posterior dental rehabilitation using USPHS parameters and a long follow-up period of 7 years. The results showed that the USPHS scoring reduces year by year, passing from 100% excellence between the first and fourth years of observation, to 88% excellence and 12% success in the seventh year. Screw abutment loosening was the only technical adversity reported; no implant failure, crown fracture, or irreparable damage were additionally registered. Considering the emerging results and comparing them with the data available in the literature, the authors suggest that monolithic zirconia crowns could be considered as a valid alternative to classic metal–ceramic rehabilitations for the rehabilitation of posterior sectors.
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Öztürk, Caner, and Gülşen Can. "Effect of Sintering Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 13, no. 4 (2019): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2019.038.
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Background. Zirconia restorations with high mechanical properties are the current treatment options for fixed restorations with advantages of high biocompatibility and low pulp irritation. Although the effect of sintering time and temperature on the optical and mechanical properties of zirconia core material were investigated, the effect of these parameters on the translucent monolithic zirconia is still uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the changes in sintering temperature and holding time on the mechanical and structural properties of monolithic zirconia. Methods. Totally, 340 self-colored (A2) zirconia specimens from two different monolithic zirconia groups (n=170) were prepared, measuring 15.5×12.5×1.2 mm. Then, 17 subgroups (n=10), including the control groups, were sintered according to sintering parameters. XRD analysis was used to determine phase transformations. The surface roughness of the specimens was evaluated using profilometry, and the flexural strength of the specimens was evaluated by the three-point bending test. The data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and post hoc multiple comparison test with Bonferroni correction (a=0.05) at a significance level of 0.05. Independent-samples t-test was used to compare the subgroups between the control groups (P˂0.05). Results. No tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation was observed in the groups. Changes in the sintering parameters did not significantly affect the surface roughness and flexural strength of monolithic zirconia. Surface roughness values for all the subgroups were above the clinically critical limit. Conclusion. According to the results of this study, changes in the sintering parameters did not affect the surface phase transformation, surface roughness, and flexural strength of monolithic zirconia.
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HADDAD, Camille, Ryan HAROUNY, Lara NASR, Karim CORBANI, and Ronn TASSIDIS. "Influence of the margin design on the fracture resistance of implant supported monolithic zirconia crowns: An “In Vitro” Study." International Arab Journal of Dentistry 14, no. 2 (2023): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.70174/iajd.v14i2.932.
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Introduction: The purpose of this in vitro study was to test the influence of the margin design of implant supported monolithic zirconia crowns and test if monolithic zirconia crowns with extra fine finish line thickness cemented on zirconia implant abutments can bare the maximum masticatory forces on molars and hence be used in the posterior region. Methods: Fourteen identical monolithic zirconia crowns cemented on zirconia implant abutments mounted on titanium bases and fixed on implant replicas embedded in PMMA resin were divided into two groups: group I designed with a 0.5 mm CFL (CFL) and group II with a feather-edge finish line (FEFL) of 0.3 mm. All specimens underwent static load until fracture in order to determine the break force. Break forces in N were recorded for each group. Results: The CFL group exhibited slightly higher fracture resistance (1879.14 ± 322.28 N) compared to the feather-edge finish line group (1685.00 ± 362.18 N). However, statistical analysis revealed that the observed difference between the two groups (194.14 ± 183.24; p = 0.310) was not significant. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, both monolithic zirconia crowns with 0.5 mm chamfer and 0.3 mm feather edge margins cemented on zirconia implant abutments can be used in the posterior region as their resistance to fracture is similar and surpasses the maximum masticatory force applied on molars.
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Qamheya, Ala Hasssan A., Mira Ghaleb A. Ghanem, Salim I. Wahbeh, and Ahmad Nassar. "Prototype importance for implant supported zirconia bridges: a case report." Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy 15, no. 2 (2024): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jdhodt.2024.15.00620.
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Biocompatible esthetic restorations are necessary in order to obtain successful results with implant therapy. Monolithic zirconia is a more recently offered option to PFM and zirconia-ceramic prosthesis. The optical properties of zirconia have been greatly enhanced, approaching those of ceramics, while the monolithic nature of the prosthesis reduces the chance of fracture or chipping and improves its structural properties. The major drawback of theses zirconia is mechanical and thermal problems that encountered when zirconia is exposed to hydrothermal aging due to the transformation of the metastable tetragonal zirconia into the monoclinic form. This case report describes 45 aged adult female patient with anterior maxillary mobile teeth, after clinical and radiographical examination, extraction and socket preservation were done at periodontal department, 6 months later implant installed and after 3 months of healing, the patient referred to prosthodontic department. Screw retained temporary prosthesis were fabricated, composite build up were done intraorally for the temporary prosthesis to achieve the esthetic and functional occlusion. Cement retained implant supported fixed prosthesis using monolithic zirconia were cemented and no occlusal adjustment is needed thanks to the adjusted temporary prosthesis which served as prototype for a zirconia bridge with functional occlusion.
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Алиева, Сабина, and Sabina Alieva. "RESULTS OF EDGE ADAPTATION OF MONOLITHIC ZIRCONIA CROWNS." Actual problems in dentistry 15, no. 3 (2019): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2019-15-3-133-138.
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Subject. Edge clearance and mechanical strength are important factors for selecting all-ceramic zirconia crowns. The article presents the results of evaluating the regional adaptation of single monolithic zirconia crowns mounted on premolars and molars made using the CAD/CAM system.
 Objectives — a clinical assessment of the edge conformity and absolute marginal discrepancy of single monolithic zirconia crowns made by the CAD/CAM system and fixed on premolars and molars. 
 Materials and methods. 75 patients (mean age 34.9 ± 3.77 years) with monolithic zirconia crowns fixed 6 months ago were examined. 3Shape software, Zenotec CAM Wieland Dental system, CNC Wieland Select milling machine, Zenostar translucent blanks were used. The measurements were performed in vivo. Marginal clearance and absolute marginal mismatch are measured with an optical microscope. All measured data were averaged based on four positions: edge, rounded shoulder, axial wall, and occlusal area. 
 Results. 98 crowns were established: in 74.7 % of cases 1 crown was installed, in 20.0 % of cases — 2 crowns, in 5.3 % of cases — 3 crowns. 48 crowns are installed on premolars, 50 — on 1 and 2 molars. On the upper jaw 22 were fixed on premolars, 20 restorations on molars, 26 and 30 crowns on the lower jaw, respectively. The average value of the edge gap was 90.6 ± 20.71 μm, and the average values of the absolute edge discrepancy were 164.90 ± 22.28 μm. The marginal gap of premolars and molars averaged 90.8 ± 18.96 μm and 89.14 ± 21.0 μm, respectively, and the absolute boundary discrepancy was 165.82 ± 19.95 and 163.11 ± 22.37 μm, respectively.
 Conclusion. The results of the marginal fit and the absolute marginal divergence of monolithic crowns based on zirconium dioxide are within the limits of clinical acceptability. 2. It is necessary to take measurements before and after the sintering process.
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Almohammed, Saleh N., Belal Alshorman, and Layla A. Abu-Naba’a. "Optical Properties of Five Esthetic Ceramic Materials Used for Monolithic Restorations: A Comparative In Vitro Study." Ceramics 5, no. 4 (2022): 961–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5040069.
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Zirconia has generated tremendous interest in the esthetic materials used for dental restorations. However, using conventional zirconia has some limitations especially in highly esthetically demanding situations, as it lacks the translucency that other ceramic materials possess. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the optical properties (shade, translucency, and opalescence) of three CAD-CAM monolithic multilayer zirconia ceramics (GNX; Ceramill Zolid® Gen-X, ZCP; IPS e.max® ZirCAD, and UPC; Upcera® Esthetic Explore Prime) and one CAD-CAM monolithic multilayer polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic (ENM; Vita® Enamic) with a CAD-CAM monolithic lithium disilicate ceramic as control (EMX; IPS e.max® CAD). 200 discs (GNX = 40, ZCP = 40, UPC = 40, ENM = 40, and EMX = 40) were cut, polished, and fully crystallized. Half of the samples for each group were subjected to hydrothermal aging. Descriptive analysis and ANOVA tests were used to compare the groups. Zirconia GNX, ZCP, and UPC groups showed significantly lower optical properties than ENM and EMX groups for both the non-aged and aged samples (p < 0.05). UPC and ENM groups showed a significant decrease in translucency and opalescence after aging (p < 0.05). The optical properties of monolithic multilayer zirconia ceramics were lower than monolithic multilayer polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic and lithium disilicate ceramic. Polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic was significantly affected by aging.
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Suci, Aldrina Wulan Eka, Dina Ratnasari, Ade Prijanti Dwisaptarini, and Elline Elline. "Fracture Toughness of Monolithic Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate CAD/CAM Endocrown." Journal of Indonesian Dental Association 6, no. 2 (2023): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jida.v6i3.968.
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 Introduction: Endocrown is an indirect restoration following the endodontic treatment made of ceramic material as a substitute for post core crown. The endocrown is cemented to the inner wall of the pulp chamber and to the cavity margins to increase the macromechanical retention. Material commonly used are monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate; both can be obtained using the CAD/CAM technique. Good endocrown restoration must be able to handle the chewing workload especially on the posterior tooth. Objective: To determine the difference in fracture toughness of monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate CAD/CAM endocrown. Methods: This study used 6 endocrown CAD/CAM samples, attached to typodont prototype in 3D resin printing model produced by the printing machine. Samples were divided into 2 groups. Group A were monolithic zirconia endocrowns and group B were lithium disilicate endocrowns. The fracture toughness was calculated using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Results: Fracture toughness of the monolithic zirconia endocrown were 2.747 N and lithium disilicate were 769 N. The unpaired t test showed that there was significant difference in fracture toughness between groups (p < 0,05). Conclusion: Monolithic zirconia endocrown has a higher fracture toughness compared to the lithium disilicate endocrown, but lithium disilicate is more recommended as an endocrown restoration material because its fracture toughness is closer to masticatory load of posterior teeth.
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Jamal Harb, Elaf, and Sabiha Mahdi Kanaan. "Comparing and Evaluating the Effect of Different Thickness of Two Metal-Free Restoration on Fracture Resistance in Molar Implant Prosthesis." Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences 9, no. 2 (2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjds.9.2.5.
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Aim: The objectives of this article was to determine the minimum thickness of two monolithic materials for a posterior implant prosthesis. Materials and methods sixty monolithic IPS E.MAX CAD and zirconia crowns with different occlusa l thicknesses were made with the use of a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technique was divided into 3 experimental groups: group (1) 0.5 mm group (2) 0.7mm group (3)1mm. A universal testing machine was used to determine the fracture load value. The restoration was loaded until fracture; the fracture resistance was registered. Two-way ANOVA has been used to examine the data., followed by the least significant difference LSD test. One-way ANOVA variance analysis was used to examine the differences in fracture load of monolithic zirconia or IPS E.MAX CAD at various thicknesses (p=0.05). Results vertical load test revealed that the fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia higher than the lithium disilicate crown (E.MAX CAD). The results showed that the highest mean value of fracture load test was obtained in the ice zirconia translucent with 1mm thickness group (1880N), while the lowest mean value was in the E.MAX CAD with thickness 0.5mm Group (223N). Conclusions: The fracture resistance of CAD-CAM monolithic crowns is influenced by the occlusal thickness. zirconia prosthesis with occlusal thickness 0.7mm,1mm had a high fracture resistance when compared with E.MAX CAD.
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Giner, Sergio, José F. Bartolomé, Pablo Gomez-Cogolludo, Carlos Castellote, and Guillermo Pradíes. "Mechanical Performance of Chairside Ceramic CAD/CAM Restorations and Zirconia Abutments with Different Internal Implant Connections: In Vitro Study and Finite Element Analysis." Materials 14, no. 17 (2021): 5009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175009.
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(computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing) CAD/CAM monolithic restorations connected to zirconia abutments manufactured with a chairside workflow are becoming a more common restorative option. However, their mechanical performance is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of a combination of a zirconia abutment and monolithic all-ceramic zirconia and lithium disilicate crown manufactured with a chairside workflow, connected to titanium implants with two types of internal connection—tube in tube connection and conical connection with platform switching. They were thermally cycled from 5 °C to 55 °C and were subjected to a static and fatigue test following ISO 14801. The fractured specimens from the fatigue test were examined by SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Simulations of the stress distribution over the different parts of the restorative complex during the mechanical tests were evaluated by means of (finite element analysis) FEA. The mechanical performance of the zirconia abutment with an internal conical connection was higher than that of the tube in tube connection. Additionally, the use of disilicate or zirconia all-ceramic chairside CAD/CAM monolithic restorations has similar results in terms of mechanical fracture and fatigue resistance. Stress distribution affects the implant/restoration complex depending on the connection design. Zirconia abutments and monolithic restorations seem to be highly reliable in terms of mechanical resistance.
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Alnassar, Talal M. "Influence of Different Treatments and Conditions on Optical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia: A Systematic Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (2022): 9226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189226.
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The present systematic review aimed to evaluate the influence of different treatments and conditions on the optical properties of monolithic zirconia. An electronic search was performed using the following databases: PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA), Web of Science (Clarivate, London, UK), Scopus (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Google Scholar (Google, Mountain View, CA, USA), and Embase (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands), with no restrictions on publication year and language. Based on the PICO format, the primary research question of this review was: “What is the impact of different treatments and conditions on the optical properties of monolithic zirconia?” From 145 relevant articles, 12 studies were chosen for systematic review (qualitative synthesis). A modified version of the “Guidelines for Reporting Pre-Clinical In-Vitro Studies on Dental Materials” was used to assess the overall quality of the included studies and any bias within them. The included studies assessed the optical properties (such as color stability, translucency, and surface gloss) of monolithic zirconia and other relevant ceramic materials using different treatments and conditions including aging (i.e., artificial, simulated, chemical, and hydrothermal), grinding/occlusal adjustment, glazing/external staining, toothbrushing, bleaching, and artificial gastric acid exposure. All the included studies (100%) reported a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the optical properties of monolithic zirconia samples as compared to those of other relevant ceramic materials. Overall, different treatments and conditions had a negative impact on the optical properties of monolithic zirconia. In conclusion, the optical features assessed for monolithic zirconia, such as color stability, translucency, and surface gloss, appeared to be significantly compromised by different treatments and conditions including aging, grinding/occlusal adjustment, glazing/external staining, toothbrushing, bleaching, and artificial gastric acid exposure. However, the change was clinically not perceivable in 25% (n = 3/12) of the included studies. Due to the heterogenic parameters in the included studies, it is recommended to perform future studies using standardized conditions with different stains of zirconia over an extended duration to obtain conclusive evidence.
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Nueesch, Reto, Sabrina Karlin, Jens Fischer, and Nadja Rohr. "In Vitro Investigation of Material Combinations for Meso- and Suprastructures in a Biomimetic Approach to Restore One-Piece Zirconia Implants." Materials 16, no. 4 (2023): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041355.
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The aim of this study was to find a suitable material combination to avoid cement excess in the marginal region of one-piece zirconia implant-supported restorations by means of a hybrid crown consisting of a meso- and a suprastructure. One-piece zirconia implants (n = 120) were embedded in epoxy resin. Microfilled resin composite mesostructures (n = 60), designed as caps, were bonded on the implant abutment with a primer only. A molar crown was constructed and cemented with a resin cement on top of the mesostructure as a suprastructure out of feldspar ceramic (n = 12), lithium-disilicate (n = 24), or zirconia (n = 24). Fracture load (n = 6) and retention force (n = 6) were measured immediately after storage in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h, as well as after an additional exposure to artificial aging in a chewing simulator and simultaneous thermal cycling. For the measurement of the fracture load, monolithic crowns made of the employed restorative materials and identical in shape to the hybrid crowns served as controls (n = 6 each). Fracture load values for feldspar ceramic and lithium-disilicate hybrid crowns were slightly higher than those for the respective monolithic crowns at baseline and after aging, which was statistically significant only for feldspar crowns after aging. In contrast, fracture load values for zirconia monolithic crowns were higher than those for zirconia hybrid crowns, which was only statistically significant after aging. Artificial aging reduced the fracture load of feldspar and lithium-disilicate crowns both for hybrid and monolithic crowns. The effect was only statistically significant for lithium disilicate hybrid crowns. The fracture load for hybrid and monolithic zirconia crowns was increased by artificial aging without reaching statistical significance. The retention force of lithium-disilicate and zirconia hybrid crowns was not affected by artificial aging. Taking into account retention force and fracture load, lithium-disilicate hybrid crowns showed promising results.
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Ayna, Mustafa, and Søren Jepsen. "A Retrospective Evaluation of 5 Years of Clinical Results of Metal–Ceramic vs. Monolithic Zirconia Superstructures in Maxillary All-on-4TM Concept." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 2 (2024): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020557.
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The aim of the current study was to present the clinical and radiological outcomes of monolithic zirconia superstructures compared to the metal–ceramic ones in the All-on-4 concept for the prosthetic rehabilitation of the maxillae. A total of 30 patients were subdivided into groups according to their superstructure type (metal–ceramic (n = 15) or monolithic zirconia (n = 15)). All implants were functionally loaded within 24 h after insertion with provisional acrylic superstructures. Prosthetic complications, marginal bone loss, plaque accumulation, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and bite force were documented over a period of 5 years. Marginal bone loss around the implants of the ceramic group remained well over the five years (1.21 ± 0.23 mm). However, marginal bone loss was significantly lower around the implants in the monolithic zirconia group (0.22 ± 0.14 mm) (p < 0.001). Bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation, and probing pocket depth values were correlated with marginal bone loss. Among all evaluated parameters, no differences could be detected in terms of the angulation of the implants. Detachment or chipping was observed in seven cases in the metal–ceramic superstructure group. In all cases, dentures were removed and repaired in the laboratory. In the monolithic zirconia group, chipping was detected after one year in two cases, after two years in four cases, and after five years in one case and could be managed by polishing in situ. Monolithic zirconia superstructures presented superior results regarding the parameters evaluated.
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I. Fouad, Riyam, Lateef E. alwan Al Jorani, and Abdel Kareem J. K. Al-Azzawi. "The Effect of Glazing on Full Contour Zirconia - A Systematic Review." Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences 11, no. 1 (2023): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjds.11.1.13.
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To assess the present condition of status of Knowledge on highly translucent Zirconia Materials as well as glazing materials. Materials and methods: enhance the process of glazing on monolithic zirconia, can be used in clinical practice as a replacement for traditional polishing procedure. An electronic sys tematic review was performed in different databases: (Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar searches) were consulted on this topic, as well as on a hand search of the scientific literature. Published work from 2003 to 2022 was collected; analyzed and pertinent articles we re selected for inclusion on this review. Studies reported gla zing on monolithic zirconia. Based on their applicability, m ore than sixty-seven papers were selected for this review. Res ults: -The findings strongly suggest that there is potential f or improvement in each of the current materials and proce dures for glazing material on highly translucent Zirconia . The findings indicate that current knowledge is suffici ent to recommend monolithic zirconia for crowns and fixed par tial dentures for routine clinical use.
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Spitznagel, Frank A., Sara Röhrig, Robert Langner, and Petra C. Gierthmuehlen. "Failure Load and Fatigue Behavior of Monolithic Translucent Zirconia, PICN and Rapid-Layer Posterior Single Crowns on Zirconia Implants." Materials 14, no. 8 (2021): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081990.
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This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior and failure modes of monolithic and rapid-layer posterior single-crowns (SCs) supported by zirconia implants. Methods: 120 all-ceramic crowns supported by one-piece zirconia implants (ceramic.implant; vitaclinical) were divided into five groups (n = 24 each): Group Z-HT: 3Y-TZP monolithic-zirconia (Vita-YZ-HT); Group Z-ST: 4Y-TZP monolithic-zirconia (Vita-YZ-ST); Z-XT: 5Y-TZP monolithic-zirconia (Vita-YZ-XT); Group E: monolithic-polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN,Vita-Enamic); Group RL (rapid layer): PICN-“table-top” (Vita-Enamic), 3Y-TZP-framework (Vita-YZ-HT). Half of the specimens of each group (n = 12) were exposed to fatigue with cyclic mechanical loading (F = 198N, 1.2-million cycles) and simultaneous thermocycling (5–55 °C). Single-load-to-failure testing (Z010, Zwick) was performed for all specimens without/with fatigue application. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test, two-sample t-test and Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Results: All specimens survived fatigue exposure. Significant differences in failure loads were detected among groups (p ≤ 0.004). Materials Z-HT and Z-ST showed the highest failure loads followed by Z-XT, RL and E. The influence of fatigue was only significant for material RL. Conclusions: All types of tested materials exceeded clinically acceptable failure load values higher than 900N and can be recommended for clinical use. Z-HT and Z-ST appear to be highly reliable towards fatigue. Rapid-layer design of PICN and YZ-HT might be an interesting treatment concept for posterior implant SCs.
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Bergamo, ETP, WJ da Silva, PF Cesar, and AA Del Bel Cury. "Fracture Load and Phase Transformation of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns Submitted to Different Aging Protocols." Operative Dentistry 41, no. 5 (2016): E118—E130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/15-154-l.
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SUMMARY Monolithic zirconia crowns have many favorable properties and may potentially be used to solve dental problems such as chipping. However, monolithic zirconia crown resistance can be affected by its phase transformation when subjected to low temperatures, humidity, and stress. This study evaluated the fracture load and phase transformation of monolithic zirconia crowns submitted to different thermal and mechanical aging tests. Seventy monolithic zirconia crowns were randomly divided into the following five groups: control, no treatment; hydrothermal aging at 122°C, two bar for one hour; thermal fatigue, 104 cycles between 5°C and 55°C, dwell time, 30 seconds; and mechanical fatigue, 106 cycles with a load of 70 N, sliding of 1.5 mm at 1.4 Hz; and combination of mechanical plus thermal fatigue. Fracture load was measured with a universal testing machine. Surface changes and fracture mode and origin were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Monoclinic phase content was evaluated by x-ray diffraction. The fracture load was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance at a level of 5%, and Weibull distribution was performed. No statistically significant differences were observed in the mean fracture load and characteristic fracture load among the groups (p&gt;0.05). The Weibull modulus ranged from 6.2 to 16.6. The failure mode was similar for all groups with the crack origin located at the contact point of the indenter. Phase transformation was shown at different surfaces of the crown in all groups (1.9% to 8.9%). In conclusion, monolithic zirconia crowns possess high fracture load, structural reliability, and low phase transformation.
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Cakir, Emre, Ayse Nurcan Duman, Arzu Zeynep Yildirim, and Pinar Cevik. "Shear Bond Strength between Orthodontic Brackets and Monolithic 4Y-TZP: An In Vitro Study." Materials 16, no. 14 (2023): 5173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16145173.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) between metal orthodontic brackets and monolithic zirconia surfaces bonded with resin composite. Fifty monolithic zirconia (4Y-TZP) disks were sintered and glazed. Specimens were divided into five groups (n = 10) for different surface treatments: control, nano second fiber laser, sandblasting, grinding and tribochemical coating (CoJet Sand 30-μm). Metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to monolithic zirconia surface by two-component orthodontic adhesive. After 500 cycles of thermocycling, shear bond strength values were measured by a universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data was recorded as MPa and statistically analyzed with One-way ANOVA, Levene’s LSD tests with Bonferroni corrections. The significance level was α = 0.05. The surface topography of one specimen of each group was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistically significant difference was observed among study groups (p = 0.018). The lowest shear bond strength was observed in the control group (3.92 ± 1.9). Tribochemical coating showed the highest bond strength (7.44 ± 2.9), which was statistically different from the control and nano second laser (4.3 ± 1.4) groups but not statistically different from grinding (6.15 ± 3.1) or sandblasting (6.47 ± 3.3). SEM images showed comprehensive results of each surface treatment on monolithic zirconia. All failure modes were recorded as adhesive between the composite resin and monolithic zirconia. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that grinding, sandblasting and tribochemical coating techniques showed clinically acceptable bond strength within the range of 6–8 MPa. These surface treatments can be considered suitable for achieving a durable bond between metal orthodontic brackets and monolithic 4Y-TZP ceramic surfaces.
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Moilanen, Pauliina, Jenni Hjerppe, Lippo V. J. Lassila, and Timo O. Närhi. "Fracture Strength and Precision of Fit of Implant-Retained Monolithic Zirconia Crowns." Journal of Oral Implantology 44, no. 5 (2018): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-17-00249.
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New monolithic zirconia materials can be used to fabricate full-contour fixed dental prostheses with the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) method. The aim of this study was to examine the fracture strength and precision of fit of screw-retained monolithic zirconia crowns made directly on implants or by cementing on prefabricated titanium (Ti) bases. Monolithic screw-retained implant crowns (n = 6) were produced by CAD/CAM method using partially (PSZ) and fully stabilized (FSZ) zirconia. Industrially produced zirconia crowns were used as a reference. A lateral incisor study model was made onto an implant replica. Crowns were produced either directly on the implant or through cementing on a prefabricated titanium base (PSZ+Ti, FSZ+Ti). The crowns were tightened to implant replicas with a torque of 35 Ncm. The gap between the replica and the abutment or crown was measured from ×400 scanning electron microscope images for precision of fit. Mechanical testing until failure was completed with a universal testing machine with loading angle of 45°. Statistical analysis was performed (analysis of variance). Mean (±SD) failure loads were 259 ± 23 (PSZ), 140 ± 13 (FSZ), 453 ± 25 (PSZ+Ti), 439 ± 41 (FSZ+Ti), and 290 ± 39 (Procera). Mean (±SD) gap values were 2.2 ± 0.2 (PSZ), 2.5 ± 1.0 (FSZ), 7.0 ± 1.0 (PSZ+Ti), 7.7 ± 1.6 (FSZ+Ti), and 6.7 ± 1.7 (Procera). Monolithic zirconia crowns with a Ti base clearly show higher fracture strengths than the crowns fixed directly on the implant surface. Better marginal fit can be achieved with direct zirconia crowns than with crowns on a titanium base or industrially produced zirconia crowns.
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Benalcázar-Jalkh, Ernesto B., Edmara T. P. Bergamo, Tiago M. B. Campos, et al. "A Narrative Review on Polycrystalline Ceramics for Dental Applications and Proposed Update of a Classification System." Materials 16, no. 24 (2023): 7541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16247541.
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Dental zirconias have been broadly utilized in dentistry due to their high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Although initially introduced in dentistry as an infrastructure material, the high rate of technical complications related to veneered porcelain has led to significant efforts to improve the optical properties of dental zirconias, allowing for its monolithic indication. Modifications in the composition, processing methods/parameters, and the increase in the yttrium content and cubic phase have been presented as viable options to improve zirconias’ translucency. However, concerns regarding the hydrothermal stability of partially stabilized zirconia and the trade-off observed between optical and mechanical properties resulting from the increased cubic content remain issues of concern. While the significant developments in polycrystalline ceramics have led to a wide diversity of zirconia materials with different compositions, properties, and clinical indications, the implementation of strong, esthetic, and sufficiently stable materials for long-span fixed dental prostheses has not been completely achieved. Alternatives, including advanced polycrystalline composites, functionally graded structures, and nanosized zirconia, have been proposed as promising pathways to obtain high-strength, hydrothermally stable biomaterials. Considering the evolution of zirconia ceramics in dentistry, this manuscript aims to present a critical perspective as well as an update to previous classifications of dental restorative ceramics, focusing on polycrystalline ceramics, their properties, indications, and performance.
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Sahebi, Safoora, Rashin Giti, and Arian Sherafati. "The effect of aging on the fracture resistance of different types of screw-cement-retained implant-supported zirconia-based restorations." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (2022): e0270527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270527.
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Structural durability of screw-cement-retained implant-supported zirconia-based restorations is an important factor in choosing the best type of restoration for clinical use. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of thermocycling on the fracture resistance of different types of screw-cement-retained implant-supported zirconia-based restoration. Two experimental groups (monolithic zirconia and porcelain-veneered zirconia) and a control group of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations were fabricated via CAD-CAM (n = 14 per group). Half of the specimens of each group (n = 7) were subjected to 10000 thermal cycles. The compressive force was applied and the force leading to fracture was measured by using a Universal Testing Machine. The fractured modes were classified under a scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed through two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and independent samples t-test (α = 0.05). Among the non-thermocycled subgroups, the monolithic zirconia specimens were significantly more fracture-resistant than the porcelain-veneered zirconia and porcelain-fused-to-metal groups (P<0.05); but it was not the same with aging (P>0.05). Thermocycling decreased the fracture resistance of all groups; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.05). The monolithic zirconia presented higher fracture resistance than the bilayered restorations for screw-cement retained implant-supported restorations. Thermocycling decreased the fracture resistance of all types of restorations insignificantly which can be clinically important.
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Almohammed, Saleh N., Belal Alshorman, and Layla A. Abu-Naba’a. "Mechanical Properties of Five Esthetic Ceramic Materials Used for Monolithic Restorations: A Comparative In Vitro Study." Ceramics 6, no. 2 (2023): 1031–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6020061.
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Monolithic zirconia and hybrid ceramic restorations have been widely used in the last decade for both anterior and posterior dental restorations. However, their use lacks sufficient scientific evidence in most cases, as the expeditious manufacturing of these versatile ceramic materials exceeds the limits of in vitro and/or in vivo validation. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties (flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers hardness, and brittleness index) of three CAD-CAM monolithic multilayer zirconia ceramics (GNX—Ceramill Zolid® Gen-X, ZCP—IPS e.max® ZirCAD, and UPC—Upcera® Esthetic Explore Prime) and one CAD-CAM monolithic multilayer polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic (ENM—Vita® Enamic) with a CAD-CAM monolithic lithium disilicate ceramic as a control (EMX —IPS e.max® CAD). A total of 160 discs (GNX = 32, ZCP = 32, UPC = 32, ENM = 32, and EMX = 32) were cut, polished, and fully sintered (except for the ENM). Half of the samples for each group were subjected to hydrothermal aging. Descriptive analysis and ANOVA tests were used to compare the groups. The zirconia groups showed significantly higher mechanical properties than the EMX group for both the non-aged and aged samples (p < 0.05). The ENM group showed the lowest brittleness index, while EMX showed the highest. The mechanical properties of monolithic multilayer zirconia ceramics were generally better than those of monolithic multilayer polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic and lithium disilicate ceramic. All groups showed, to some extent, a change in their mechanical properties after aging, with the ENM being the most affected.
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Ananda Fadillah, Tri, and James Handojo. "Pengaruh sistem poles eve diacera terhadap kekasaran permukaanZirconia generasi 3y-tzp setelah tahap occlusal adjustment." Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Terpadu 6, no. 1 (2024): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jkgt.v6i1.20962.
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Background: Zirconia is a biomaterial in dentistry. There are two types of zirconia restorations, zirconia veneered with feldspathic porcelain (ZVP) and monolithic zirconia (MZ). Monolithic zirconia restorations are increasingly being used due to their strength and fracture resistance as well as their good aesthetic capabilities. 3Y-TZP is indicated for framework material in porcelain-coated crowns and fixed dental prostheses in posterior and anterior regions. The occlusal adjustment stage of the restoration could possibly produce high surface roughness. Goals: To determine the effect of EVE Diacera polishing system on the surface roughness of 3Y-TZP generation zirconia after occlusal adjustment stage. Methodology: The type of research conducted was a laboratory experiment which took place at the Dental Material and Testing Center of Research and Education (DMT Core) Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta. This study used samples produced by FOCUS Dental Lab Jakarta. The samples are in the form of 3Y-TZP monolithic zirconia blocks that have passed the sintering, polishing, and glazing stages. This study used a total of 18 research samples divided into two groups. Data will be obtained from the average surface roughness results from the surface roughness tester which will be analyzed for normality test and homogeneity test (p>0.05) with the use of SPSS application. Results: The study showed that there is an effect of EVE Diacera polishing system on the surface roughness of 3Y-TZP generation zirconia restorations after the occlusal adjustment stage. Conclusion: EVE Diacera polishing system has an effect on the surface roughness of 3Y-TZP generation zirconia.
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Lee, Jae-Hyun, Sung-Hun Kim, Jung-Suk Han, In-Sung Luke Yeo, and Hyung-In Yoon. "Optical and Surface Properties of Monolithic Zirconia after Simulated Toothbrushing." Materials 12, no. 7 (2019): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071158.
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This in vitro study investigated the impact of various dentifrices on the shade, translucency, gloss, and surface characteristics of polishing- or glazing-finished monolithic zirconia surfaces after simulated toothbrushing. Eighty square-shaped monolithic zirconia specimens were divided into two major groups based on the finishing methods—polished (P) and glazed (G). Next, specimens from the two major groups were categorized into four subgroups: stored in distilled water (DW, control); brushed with a fluoride-free conventional dentifrice (C); brushed with a fluoride dentifrice (F); and brushed with a whitening dentifrice (W). Overall, eight groups were created—PDW, PC, PF, PW, GDW, GC, GF, and GW (n = 10 each). Shade, translucency, surface gloss, surface roughness, crystalline phase, and superficial topography data were obtained. Repeated-measures ANOVA and two-way ANOVA were used for intergroup comparison (all α = 0.05). The color differences (ΔE00) between pre- and posttreatment were 0.3158 (PDW), 0.7164 (PC), 0.7498 (PF), 0.8106 (PW), 0.1953 (GDW), 0.301 (GC), 0.3051 (GF), and 0.4846 (GW). A statistically significant difference was observed among the ΔE00, surface gloss, and surface roughness of monolithic zirconia. Thus, brushing with several dentifrices markedly affects the optical properties and surface characteristics of monolithic zirconia finished with polishing or glazing methods.
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Gseibat, Mustafa, Pablo Sevilla, Carlos Lopez-Suarez, Verónica Rodríguez, Jesús Peláez, and María J. Suárez. "Prospective Clinical Evaluation of Posterior Third-Generation Monolithic Zirconia Crowns Fabricated with Complete Digital Workflow: Two-Year Follow-Up." Materials 15, no. 2 (2022): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020672.
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Clinical studies on the behavior of posterior translucent monolithic zirconia restorations are lacking. We assessed the clinical outcome and survival rate of posterior third-generation monolithic zirconia crowns over a 2-year period. A total of 24 patients, requiring 30 posterior full-contour restorations were selected. All abutments were scanned, and crowns were milled and cemented with a self-adhesive dual cure cement. Crowns were assessed using the California Dental Association’s criteria. Gingival status was assessed by evaluating the gingival index, plaque index, periodontal probing depth of the abutments and control teeth, and the margin index of the abutment teeth. Statistical analyses were performed using the Friedman and the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. During the 2-year follow-up, no biological or mechanical complications were observed, and the survival and success rate was 100%. All restorations ranked as satisfactory throughout the follow-up period. The gingival index and plaque index were worse at the end of the 2-year follow-up. The margin index was stable during the 2 years of clinical service. No significant differences were recorded in periodontal parameters between crowns and control teeth. Third-generation monolithic zirconia could be a reliable alternative to posterior metal–ceramic and second-generation monolithic zirconia posterior crowns.
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De Angelis, Paolo, Giulio Gasparini, Edoardo Rella, et al. "Patient Satisfaction with Implant-Supported Monolithic and Partially Veneered Zirconia Restorations." BioMed Research International 2021 (February 6, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6692939.
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The digital workflow and the application of Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) to prosthodontics present the clinician with the possibility of adopting new materials that confer several advantages. Especially in the case of zirconia, these innovations have profoundly changed daily practice. This paper compares the satisfaction and perception of patients who received implant-supported single crowns (SC) and fixed partial dentures (FPD) made from zirconia, either monolithic or partially veneered, after 3 years of follow-up; the success and survival rate of these restorations were also measured. Forty patients, who had been previously treated with implant-supported SC or FPD, either monolithic or partially veneered, and submitted to a yearly maintenance program, were recalled 3 years after their treatment and requested to complete an 8-question questionnaire regarding their perceptions of the treatment. Any mechanical or biological complication that had occurred from the time of delivery was also recorded. Patients that experienced ≥1 complication were less likely to be prone to repeat the treatment. The 3-year success rate was 92.6% for monolithic restoration and 92.3% for partially veneered restoration, while the survival rate was 100% for both restorations. The 3-year follow-up found that monolithic and partially veneered zirconia restorations are both well-accepted treatment options, and patients preferred the veneered restorations (0.76, p < 0.05 ) from an aesthetic point of view. According to our results, monolithic and veneered zirconia restorations are both reliable treatment options and are both equally accepted by patients.
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Souza, R., F. Barbosa, G. Araújo, et al. "Ultrathin Monolithic Zirconia Veneers: Reality or Future? Report of a Clinical Case and One-year Follow-up." Operative Dentistry 43, no. 1 (2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/16-350-t.
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SUMMARY Yttria-stabilized polycrystalline zirconia ceramics have greatly advanced over the past few years. High-translucent zirconia is a newly introduced ceramic that affords high strength and esthetics and that has significantly increased the clinical indications of monolithic zirconia restorations. Thus, the purpose of this case report was to evaluate the performance of ultrathin monolithic zirconia veneers adhesively luted to enamel surfaces after minimally invasive preparations; in addition, we aimed at presenting a clinical protocol for zirconia surface treatment in order to promote bonding effectiveness to resin cement. This type of restoration presented very acceptable esthetic results and decreased the risk of fracturing the veneer during try-in and clinical use. The results were still satisfactory after one-year follow-up. However, randomized, prospective, controlled clinical trials are required to determine the long-term clinical durability of this treatment.
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Attia, Mazen Ahmed, and Kamal Khaled Ebeid. "Effect of decontamination methods on shear bond strength of resin cement to translucent monolithic zirconia." Brazilian Dental Science 23, no. 4 (2020): 9p. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2020.v23i4.2167.
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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of decontamination methods on shear bond strength of resin cement to translucent monolithic zirconia. Material and Methods. Eighty 4-mol yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal specimens were fabricated. All specimens were subjected to saliva contamination and divided into four groups (n=20) according to the decontamination methods: 70% isopropanol (AL); zirclean (ZC); 5.25% sodium ypochlorite (NaOCL); and no cleaning (NC). All specimens were bonded by using self-adhesive resin cement. Half of the specimens in each group (n=10) were subjected to thermocycling. All specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test in a universal testing machine. Failure modes were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data obtained were statistically analyzed by using one-way ANOVA followed by the HSD Tukey test (P < 0.05). Results. ANOVA test revealed a significant difference among the different decontamination methods (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found among NaOCL, ZC, and AL groups as revealed by the HSD Tukey test (P > 0.05). The effect of thermocycling was significantly different in all groups (P < 0.05); whereas, no significant difference was found in group ZC (P > 0.05). (SEM) analysis showed mixed failures in all groups except in group NC where only adhesive failure was observed. Conclusion. Saliva contamination during clinical evaluation significantly decreases the shear bond strength between self-adhesive resin cement and translucent monolithic zirconia. The cleaning gel has an impact on improving the bond strength between resin cement and translucent monolithic zirconia. KEYWORDS Monolithic zirconia; Resin cement; Shear bond strength test; Translucent zirconia; Zirclean.
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Goo, CL, AUJ Yap, KBC Tan, and AS Fawzy. "Effect of Polishing Systems on Surface Roughness and Topography of Monolithic Zirconia." Operative Dentistry 41, no. 4 (2016): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/15-064-l.
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SUMMARY This study evaluated the effect of different chairside polishing systems on the surface roughness and topography of monolithic zirconia. Thirty-five monolithic zirconia specimens (Lava PLUS, 3M ESPE) were fabricated and divided into five groups of seven and polished with the following: Group 1 (WZ)—Dura white stone followed by Shofu zirconia polishing kit; Group 2 (SZ)—Shofu zirconia polishing kit; Group 3 (CE)—Ceramiste porcelain polishers; Group 4 (CM)—Ceramaster porcelain polishers; and Group 5 (KZ)—Komet ZR zirconia polishers. All specimens were ground with a fine-grit diamond bur prior to polishing procedures to simulate clinical finishing. Baseline and post-polishing profilometric readings were recorded and delta Ra values (difference in mean surface roughness before and after polishing) were computed and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test (p&lt;0.05). Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the ground but unpolished and polished specimens were acquired. Delta Ra values ranged from 0.146 for CE to 0.400 for KZ. Delta Ra values for KZ, WZ, and SZ were significantly greater than for CE. Significant differences in delta Ra values were also observed between KZ and CM. The SEM images obtained were consistent with the profilometric findings. Diamond-impregnated polishing systems were more effective than silica carbide–impregnated ones in reducing the surface roughness of ground monolithic zirconia.
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Bruhnke, Maria, Yasmin Awwad, Wolf-Dieter Müller, Florian Beuer, and Franziska Schmidt. "Mechanical Properties of New Generations of Monolithic, Multi-Layered Zirconia." Materials 16, no. 1 (2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010276.
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New monolithic multi-layered zirconia restorations are gaining popularity due to their excellent aesthetic properties. However, current knowledge of these newest multi-layer ceramics in terms of mechanical properties is scarce. Three monolithic, multi-layered zirconia materials (Katana, Kuraray Noritake, Japan) were selected for comparison: High Translucent Multi-layered zirconia (HTML), Super Translucent Multi-layered zirconia (STML) and Ultra Translucent Multi-layered zirconia (UTML). Fifteen specimens per group were cut from pre-sintered blocs in each of the four layers (L1, L2, L3, L4) and in different thicknesses (0.4 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm). Critical fracture load (Fcf) was recorded in 3-point-bending. Flexural strength (σ) in MPa, Vickers hardness (HV) in N/mm2, fracture toughness (KIc) in MPa*m1/2, Weibull Modulus (m) and characteristic Weibull strength (σw) in MPa were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA analysis. FS and KIc were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for Katana™ HTML (652.85 ± 143.76–887.64 ± 118.95/4.25 ± 0.43–5.01 ± 0.81) in comparison to Katana™ STML (280.17 ± 83.41–435.95 ± 73.58/3.06 ± 0.27–3.84 ± 0.47) and UTML (258.25 ± 109.98–331.26 ± 56.86/2.35 ± 0.31–2.94 ± 0.33), with no significant differences between layers and layer thicknesses. The range of indications should be carefully considered when selecting the type of monolithic zirconia for fabrication of dental restorations, as materials widely differ in mechanical properties.
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Solá-Ruíz, María Fernanda, Alejandra Baima-Moscardó, Eduardo Selva-Otaolaurruchi, et al. "Wear in Antagonist Teeth Produced by Monolithic Zirconia Crowns: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (2020): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040997.
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Background: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the wear sustained in the natural antagonist tooth in cases of full-coverage fixed-base prosthetic restorations or monolithic zirconia tooth-supported crowns, as well as to determine the wear in the restoration itself, both in the short- and medium-term and considering the factors that may influence wear. Material and methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, of clinical studies that evaluated wear in antagonist teeth in relation to fixed-prosthesis monolithic zirconia crowns. A total of 5 databases were consulted in the literature search: Pubmed-Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science (WOS). After eliminating duplicated articles and applying the inclusion criteria, eight articles were selected for the qualitative analysis and four for the quantitative analysis. Results: Mean maximum wear of the antagonist tooth in relation to monolithic zirconia crowns of magnitude 95.45 µm (CI at 95% 79.57–111.33) was observed. By using a meta-regression model (R2 = 0.92) the significant effect of time in maximum wear rate (p < 0.001) was observed, estimated at 6.13 µm per month (CI at 95% 3.99–8.27). Furthermore, monolithic zirconia crowns are subject to a mean maximum wear of 58.47 µm (CI 95% 45.44–71.50). By using a meta-regression model (R2 = 0.53) the significant effect of time in the maximum wear value was observed (p = 0.053), estimated at 3.40 µm per month (CI al 95% −0.05–6.85). Conclusions: Monolithic zirconia crowns lead to a progressive maximum wear of the antagonist tooth over time which is greater than the maximum wear sustained in the crown itself. It is not possible to establish an objective and quantitative objection in relation to natural enamel wear or metal–ceramic crowns.
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Konstantinidis, Ioannis, Dimitra Trikka, Spyridon Gasparatos, and Miltiadis Mitsias. "Clinical Outcomes of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns with CAD/CAM Technology. A 1-Year Follow-Up Prospective Clinical Study of 65 Patients." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (2018): 2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112523.
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Aim/Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to examine the clinical performance of posterior monolithic single crowns in terms of failure or complications and the secondary aim was to assess the quality of these restorations according to the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Methods: Ιn a private dental clinic, 65 patients with need of posterior crowns were restored with monolithic zirconia crowns. All the restorations were evaluated 6 and 12 months after their cementation. The modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria and periodontal parameters were applied for the clinical evaluation of the crowns. Restorations with Alpha or Bravo rating were considered a success. Results: Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Sixty-five patients (mean age: 49.52) were restored with 65 monolithic zirconia crowns. No fracture of the restorations was recorded. The overall success rate was 98.5%. The clinical quality of all crowns was acceptable except for the marginal discoloration of one crown at the 6- and 12-month follow-up examination. Conclusions: In this study, no fracture of single-tooth monolithic crowns occurred and the success rate was high. Monolithic zirconia restorations fabricated is a viable option for the restoration of single posterior teeth.