Academic literature on the topic 'Morocco (Spanish zone)'

Both France and Spain used schooling as a vehicle in service of colonization during the Protectorate era in Morocco, whereas Moroccans retaliated with counter-hegemonic tools to resist and interrogate imposed educational models in order to implement their oppositional agendas. Thus, the paper is threefold: it attempts to revisit and sketch out both colonial policies in education with their ramifications, while outlining and analyzing their strengths and limitations. The study also seeks to investigate how Moroccans establish resistance movements to react to the newly-imposed colonial hegemonies, such as free schools and reformed traditional Qur’anic schools (Msids), discussing their goals, structures, success and failure. Finally, the paper explores colonial education as a site of interaction or “contact zones” between French and Spanish colonizers and elite Moroccan Muslims and Nationalists who sought to counter the processes of acculturation, marginalization and subalternization. The study covers the Moroccan schooling system from 1912 to 1956. The study dwelled on the congruity of education as an ideological apparatus to shape identity and/or dominate in a battlefield over power between the Protectorate powers and the Moroccan nationalists, who made use of different discourses as an instrument of power. This essay unravels some conclusions that both French and Spanish Protectorates utilized different vistas to establish and sustain their hegemonies through education and instruction, such as Franco-Berber schools and Spanish-Arab/Spanish-Jewish schools respectively. While, Moroccan Muslims and nationalists countered the former hegemonies through creating a free-school system and reforming traditional Qur´anic schools.

The sponsorship of pilgrimage to Mecca by European colonial powers in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to transforming the hajj into the global phenomenon it is today. Spain also promoted Muslim pilgrimage from its zone of the Moroccan Protectorate, tentatively at first, and then more purposefully from 1937 onwards, continuing its sponsorship into the early 1970s, years after Morocco’s independence. Intensive study of administrative documentation from the Spanish Protectorate allows the reformulation of the sponsorship’s established chronology (from 1937 to 1956). It also shows the dual intent concealed behind its promotion: first, as propaganda aimed at the interior of the Moroccan territory being administered; and second, as a tool for the external promotion of a political regime in need of support to escape its international isolation. The pilgrimage’s sponsorship is seen as part of the general framework of managing Muslim rituals enacted by the Spanish government to deactivate their potential mobilising capacity.

Approximately 80,000 Moroccan men fought on the side of Franco in the Spanish Civil War. When the colonial wars ended, those men were recruited from very poor villages (some of them at the age of 16). Although the core collective memory that remains about those Moroccan troops (‘the Regulars’) concerns absolute cruelty, particularly towards women, they also form part of the history of the Spanish colonisation. During the Civil War, Franco’s General Queipo de Llano promised that the ‘castrated’ Republican soldiers’ women would know about the ‘virility’ of those Moroccan troops. Departing from fragmented historical data, this contribution presents a brief critical victimological analysis of grey zones and ‘Janus’ characters to better understand the complexities of victim and victimiser that overlap in the contexts of victimhood, accountability, colonisation, war and violence against women.

El geólogo Lucas Fernández Navarro fue el primer vulcanólogo español. Su carrera científica y académica en el Museo de Ciencias y en la Universidad Central (Madrid) le llevó a ser una figura eminente en la geología española y un vulcanólogo reconocido internacionalmente. A comienzos del siglo XX participó en varias de las expediciones científicas que la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural organizó por la zona del protectorado español en Marruecos, que marcaron su carrera científica, principalmente en el conocimiento volcánico del territorio español tanto en África como en Canarias. Fue el primer geólogo español que pisó las islas Chafarinas. Alcanzó la cátedra de Cristalografía de la Universidad de Madrid y siempre se dedicó apasionadamente a sus tareas docentes e investigadoras hasta que una penosa enfermedad truncó su magnífico expediente.Lucas Fernández Navarro was the first Spanish volcanologist. His scientific and academic work at the Museo de Ciencias and at the Universidad Central (Madrid) led him to become an eminence in Spanish geology as well as an internationally renowned volcanologist. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he participated in several scientific expeditions which the Spanish Royal Society of Natural History organized in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. These expeditions marked his scientific career primarily in the knowledge of Spanish territory volcanology both in Africa and in the Canary Islands. Lucas Fernández was the first Spanish geologist who set foot on the Chafarinas Islands. He became professor of Crystallography at the Universidad de Madrid where he was fully dedicated to teaching and research until his sudden death cut short his magnificent career.

Climatic elements affected extremely human activities, health, and structure of body & colour which may be negative or positive. In the gross, temperate maritime climatic regions are the main centre of technology, economy as well as famous for high quality industrial production and food processing commodities. Notwithstanding, equatorial, tropical, polar and subpolar regions lack technology, skills & industrial production as a consequence of climatic barriers. They live conflicted with nature or climatic barriers and expend time for food collection and other requirement elements. Otherwise, temperate & maritime climatic countries are extremely advanced at science, excellence skill, high quality industrial production, excellence infrastructure etc than equatorial, tropical and sub-polar countries. Although a lot of factors are responsible for development of a country or region such as racial group, availability of resources (mineral & fuel), large area, good location, leadership etc however climatic factors are extremely effective for the improvement of a region. A person can work harder in temperate climatic regions than extremely hot or cold climatic regions. Although, the climate is changeable with enhancement time or era. For instance, during the Pleistocene era Europe and North America were covered by glaciers and after a long time these glaciers melted with increasing time, utmost it converted suitable land for excellent comfortable climate and recently it is hub of technology, industrial commodities and economy. Ordinarily, ocean currents (warm & cold currents) influence rainfall, temperature, moisture in air, wind velocity and other climatic elements. As well as oceanic influence, it keeps balance between the range of temperature (diurnal and annual range) and humidity, and it can’t increase temperature during summer season. And it can’t decrease temperature during the winter season. The temperate climate with maritime climatic regions is extremely healthy and humans face less disease, and it has an appropriately mature brain and body structure. Even in this climatic zone flourished sufficiently fishing, cattle, various farming, ecosystem and others. Further, men’s thinking power increased, numerous major and minor industries including agriculture base industries improved extensively throughout the temperate with maritime climatic zone. All major and advanced racial groups (British, Spanish, Central Asian, French, German, Turkish, Japanese etc) originated and developed in this predominantly suitable and appropriate climate. Although, several suitable climatic regions converted into uncomfortable climatic regions. For instance, northern Africa, especially Egypt and the Middle-East, especially Iran, were extremely suitable habitats as Western Europe and Northeast USA. However, it is converted into deserts for climate change. Ordinarily, temperate with maritime climatic regions are the greatest suitable & perfect place in the world and all of fisheries, agriculture, infrastructure, softwood forest, soft grass lands, cattle, poultry farming etc exhibited spectacularly to temperate with maritime climate regions or countries with predominantly favourable climatic conditions. These peoples are many times more creative & skilled than equatorial, tropical, polar and subpolar peoples. Henceforward, temperate with maritime climatic regions are divided into two categories based on suitability, comfortability and perfectibility. These categories are given below- Major Regions: A). Western Europe a) Entire United Kingdom b) Entire Germany c) Entire France d) Entire Spain e) Entire Portugal f) Entire Belgium g) Entire Netherland h) Entire Denmark i) Entire Switzerland j) Entire Austria k) south-western Norway l) Southern Sweden m) Northern part of Italy B) Middle-eastern North America a) North-eastern USA b) South-eastern Canada C) Central Asia a) Entire Kazakhstan b) Entire Uzbekistan c) Entire Kyrgyzstan d) Entire Turkmenistan e) Entire Tajikistan f) Several part of northern Iran D) Eastern Asia a) North-eastern China b) Entire Japan c) south-eastern Russia d) Entire North Korea e) Entire South Korea E) South-eastern Oceania a) south-eastern Australia b) Entire New Zealand Minor regions: A) Remaining Europe (Included western part of Russia) B) Middle part of North America a) Remaining USA b) Southern Canada c) Northern Mexico d) Entire Cuba C) Southern South America a) Southern Argentina b) Southern Chile D) Middle part of Asia a) Northern, western and eastern China b) Southern Russia E) Northern Africa a) Northern Morocco b) Northern Algeria c) Entire Tunisia d) Northern Libya e) Northern & eastern Egypt F) Western Asia a) Entire Turkey b) Entire Syria c) middle-western Iran G) Southern Africa a) Entire South Africa b) Southern Namibia c) Southern Botswana H) Southern and western Australia

AbstractThis article focuses on the penal customary law of the Aith Waryaghar tribe of the Moroccan Rif in the immediate precolonial period during the two-plus decades prior to the emergence from their ranks of the former qādī bin ʿAbd al-Krim, the leader of the Rifian War of 1921-1926. In it are discussed the results of my fieldwork on the related subjects of alliance, bloodfeud and vendetta in the region, with particular attention to the enormous ḥaqq fines levied by the tribal councillors of both the Aith Waryaghar and adjacent tribes for murders committed in the weekly tribal markets. These fines are compared with the contents of five Aith Waryaghar qānūns, customary law documents drawn up in Arabic, deriving from the same period and originally published by Col. Emilio Blanco Izaga in Spanish translation in 1939. Here, the qānūns are presented in order to provide written documentation for the reconstructed accounts given by my elderly informants in the period 1953-1965. The fit between the two sets of accounts is very close, particularly in the spirit of the law if not in the letter. For the major feature of these qānūns is precisely these same heavy fines. The contrast between them and the trifling ones for theft of livestock, for example, is also examined, as are other aspects of feud and vendetta. Finally, the reforming role of bin ʿAbd al-Krim is summarized along with his successful wartime endeavor to substitute the Shariʿa for customary law in the Rif in all major spheres, thereby preempting any Spanish follow-through on the French declaration of the Berber Dahir of 1930 in their own zone of Morrocco.

Resumen: En mi artículo me propongo examinar la situación en materia de corrupción y las diferentes corruptelas existentes en la Zona del Protectorado español en Marruecos. Algunas de estas corruptelas, como el soborno de los jefes tribales rifeños, para conseguir su adhesión, y el contrabando de armas, eran ya habituales antes de la firma del tratado de Protectorado en 1912. Otras, como las estafas, los desfalcos y el estraperlo llegarían a ser más tarde prácticas comunes. Este proceso se hizo más evidente en los años de la guerra civil bajo el mandato del alto comisario franquista, Juan Beigbeder, hasta generalizarse y convertirse la corrupción en sistémica, sobre todo durante el mandato de los altos comisarios Varela y García Valiño en los años cuarenta y cincuenta del pasado siglo.Palabras clave: Sobornos, estafas, desfalcos, estraperlo, Varela, Valiño.Abstract: The object of this paper is to examine the large-scale corruption and the varied smaller-scale corrupt practices that flourished in the Spanish Protectorate Zone of Morocco. Some of these, such as the bribing of tribal chiefs of the Rif region to secure their support and gunrunning were already common before the signing of the Protectorate treaty in 1912. Others, such as fraud, embezzlement, and smuggling were to become common practice later on. This process became more evident during the Spanish Civil War years under the Francoist High Commissioner, Juan Beigbeder, but was to become rife during the forties and fifties especially under High Commissioners Varela and García Valiño.Keywords: Briberies, frauds, embezzlements, smuggling, Varela, Valiño.

Defence date: 30 September 2006
Examining board: Prof. Juan Díez Medrano, Universitat de Barcelona ; Prof. Jaap Dronkers, European University Institute ; Prof. Christian Joppke, American University of Paris (Supervisor) ; Prof. Nonna Mayer, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris/CNRS (External Co-Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Abstract After a summary of the Sección Femenina’s activities abroad, Chapter 3 turns its focus to the organization’s tours and educational programs within European-controlled Morocco. Between 1951 and 1953, the Sección Femenina’s troupes of Coros y Danzas (Choruses and Dances) performed for Muslim civilians and politicians throughout the Spanish Protectorate, French Protectorate, and the Tangier International Zone. Meanwhile, the Sección Femenina organized choirs of Muslims and Catholics in Tétouan, Tangier, Ceuta, and Melilla that juxtaposed Arabic folk songs with villancicos (religious carols). Throughout their work in Morocco, instructoras remodeled their repertoire and traditional costumes to emphasize Southern Spain’s allegedly lingering cultural ties to North Africa and the Middle East. This change in the Sección Femenina’s representation of Spanish music was accompanied by a change in the organization’s representation of Spanish history. Within Spain, the Sección Femenina associated itself with Queen Isabella “the Catholic” and the “heroes” of the Reconquista who purged the peninsula of the “impurities” of Moorish civilization; however, in the Spanish Protectorate, the ancient Moors were celebrated as a cultural bridge between Spain and Morocco, and Spaniards were portrayed as the cultural heirs of medieval al-Andalus. During a time of political unrest and movements for Moroccan independence, these activities were intended to promote narratives of a Moroccan-Spanish brotherhood based on myths of medieval Muslim Iberia.

This chapter looks at the contradictory set of international legal and political requirements prevailing on Spain and Morocco during World War I. There was little will on the part of Spain to enter the conflict, yet it was unclear how to adhere to the requirements of wartime neutrality while also meeting the obligation to administer a portion of the Moroccan Sultanate, a belligerent state by virtue of association with France. German agents, such as the Mannesmann mining firm, exploited this legal and political grey zone to infiltrate the pro-Entente sultanate via the many maritime smuggling networks, brigands, and safe havens of Spanish Morocco. Although this had little bearing on the war’s outcome, it convinced the leader of the French colonial army, Hubert Lyautey, that the Spanish officer corps was an unreliable partner.