Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Morphological and sociocultural analyses'

Molecular and morphologic studies were used to determine the evolution, classification and differentiation of Nymphaea odorata. Molecular analyses of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the chloroplast trnL-F region, and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers determined the variation present between and within two species of Nymphaea. The ITS region resulted in a phylogeny depicting strong separation between species (N. mexicana and N. odorata) and some separation between N. odorataâ s subspecies. The ITS region contained polymorphisms, which upon SAHN clustering and principle coordinate (PCOA) and minimum spanning tree (MST) analyses produced groups similar to the clades in the ITS phylogeny. Sixteen accessions were chosen for trnL-F analysis, where a subspecies-specific molecular marker was found. In most accessions the marker confirmed the original subspecies classification. Molecular analyses using ISSRs characterized among population variation in N. odorata and N. mexicana using five primers. ISSR markers among populations were highly variable within a species and were used in UPGMA, PCOA and MST analysis, which resulted in separation between the subspecies. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. An analysis of variance resulted in six morphological characteristics that were statistically significant (P< 0.05), the majority being leaf blade characteristics. Multivariate statistics of principle component analysis and discriminate analysis resulted in groups for each subspecies, both emphasized the importance of quantitative leaf blade characteristics. Overall, both morphology and molecular characteristics supported the classification of subspecies for ssp. odorata and ssp. tuberosa, due a lack of strong segregation of characteristics.<br>Master of Science

Informal settlements are a form of housing found in many parts of the world. Self-help housing in informal settlements has different influences that are denoted in the customs and preferences of the residents, which in turn, are reflected on the elements of house exteriors as well as its interior. Colonias in the U.S-Mexico border region are a model of informal settlements. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social and cultural influences on housing fronts in Webb County Colonias. The study focuses on investigating traditional features, vernacular forms, building rituals, and social features as they relate to the morphology of house fronts and their production. The housing model of Geddes and Bertalanffy explained by Turner (1972) was the premise of establishing the argument of this study. A mixed-method approach was used in data gathering from the following three Colonias: Los Altos, Larga Vista, and Rio Bravo. Utilized methods included image-based research through systematic random sampling of housing fronts in the Colonias, as well as a group-administered structured survey distributed during community monthly gathering for food distribution. The development of the research process and methodology incorporated the input of the local community and local leaders and volunteers assisted in its implementation. The study concluded that past and present experiences of Colonias residents have intense impacts on different aspects contributing to the themes comprising the morphology of Colonias housing fronts. A classical pattern of migration as well as maintained contact and continuous dialogue between residents and their kin were found to result in preserving the inherent native culture of the Colonias’ residents and can thus be considered as core elements. This preservation of native culture was indicated by utilization of semi-private space, traditional roof forms, privacy and security elements, and building rituals. The study also identified additional secondary modified elements, represented by the lack of gates utilization as a measure of security. These core and modified elements coincide with the Geddes and Bertalanffy model and therefore it can be deduced that this model can be applied in the case of the Colonias.

I investigated the infraspecific diversity among individuals of Aspalathus linearis from five localities in the Cederberg Fynbos region using morphological traits and two DNA- based methods: inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and a plastid marker. A principle component analysis (PCA) based on seven morphological variables grouped the samples into three different growth forms, specifically an erect-form, a prostrate-form and a shrub-form. The genetic variability of four plastid markers and one nuclear marker was determined for seven individuals selected from the populations. The trnL'UAAF-trnFGAA plastid marker was used to amplify the remaining samples and revealed four haplotypes, with a basal haplotype fixed in both the prostrate form and a single population of the erect form, a unique haplotype fixed in the shrub form, and a mix of two other haplotypes in the remaining erect forms. The congruence between haplotypes and regeneration strategy suggests a longstanding pattern of restricted gene flow. However, a small sample size associated with the plastid marker data limits or reduces the certainty of these findings.

L’étude de l’aléa sismique est un sujet d’importance. Cette thèse est organisée en trois chapitres. Le chapitre un décrit comment les données de sismologie instrumentale peuvent être utilisées pour obtenir une loi empirique entre la magnitude locale et l’intensité épicentrale, ce qui permet donc de préciser les données historiques connues à Taiwan depuis 300 ans. L’étude de la sismicité historique est impérative dans toute détermination d’aléa sismique car la période d’enregistrement instrumental est trop courte pour obtenir un grand taux de séismes majeurs. Dans le chapitre deux, nous étudions la zone sismogène de Taoyuan-Hsinchu comme zone test de la méthode de « Persistent Scatterers inSAR (PSI) ». Nous faisons le lien entre les résultats du chapitre un et la déformation crustale déduite de la méthode inSAR. Enfin, dans le chapitre trois, nous étudions le problème des incertitudes de l’aléa sismique dû à la détermination de l’échelle d’intensité à Taiwan et faisons le point sur les derniers développements publiés sur le sujet.

The electrophysiological and morphological properties of small networks of mammalian neurons were investigated with mouse spinal cord monolayer cultures of 2 mm diameter grown on multimicroelectrode plates (MMEPs). Such cultures were viewed microscopically and their activity simultaneously recorded from 2 of any 36 fixed recording sites. The specific aims achieved were: development of techniques for production of functional MMEPs and maintenance of mini-cultures, characterization of the spontaneous activity of mini-cultures, application of inhibitory and disinhibitory agents, development of staining methods for cultured neurons and initial light microscopic analysis with correlation of electrophysiological and morphological characteristics.

<p>Two species of Chrysaora are described from the northern Benguela ecosystem: C. fulgida and C. africana. These species can be diagnosed by a combination of morphological features including lappet and tentacle number, shape of lappets, colouration patterns (alive), shape of the proximal portion of radial septa, gastrovascular pouch shape, point of attachment of gonads and the presence or absence of small raised nematocyst warts on the exumbrellar surface. Objective, quantitative statistical analyses coupled with molecular sequence data support the qualitative morphological dissimilarity observed, as these analyses unambiguously diagnose C. fulgida and C. africana as two distinct species. There is a strong superficial resemblance between the C. fulgida material described here and the preserved specimens of C. hysoscella examined at the Natural History Museum, London. Thorough investigation does however allow the separation of these two species. Morphological features found to be dissimilar were the proximal portion of the manubrium, gastrovascular pouch shape and the presence or absence of sperm sacs. Objective, quantitative statistical analyses support these findings. Nuclear sequence variation suggests considerable divergence between the two species but additional molecular work is needed.</p>

Sphaerodoridae is a group of benthic marine worms (Annelida) characterized by the presence of spherical tubercles covering their whole surface. They are commonly considered as belonging to Phyllodocida although sistergroup relationships are still far from being understood. Primary homology assessments of their morphological features are lacking, hindering the appraisal of evolutionary relationships between taxa. Therefore, our detailed morphological investigation focuses on different Sphaerodoridae as well as on other members of Phyllodocida using an integrative approach combining scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as immunohistochemistry with standard neuronal (anti-5-HT) and muscular (phalloidin-rhodamine) markers and subsequent CLSM analysis of whole mounts and sections. Furthermore, we provide histological (HES) and light microscopical data to shed light on the structures and hypothetical function of sphaerodorid key morphological features. We provide fundamental details into the sphaerodorid morphology supporting a Phyllodocida ancestry of these enigmatic worms. However, the muscular arrangement and the presence of an axial muscular pharynx is similar to conditions observed in other members of the Errantia too. Furthermore, nervous system and muscle staining as well as SEM and histological observations of different types of tubercles indicate a homology of the so called microtubercles, present in the long-bodied sphaerodorids, to the dorsal cirri of other Errantia. The macrotubercles seem to represent a sphaerodorid autapomorphy based on our investigations. Therefore, our results allow comparisons concerning morphological patterns between Sphaerodoridae and other Phyllodocida and constitute a starting point for further comparative investigations to reveal the evolution of the remarkable Sphaerodoridae.

Bibliography: leaves 106-120.<br>The genus Euphorbia is morphologically diverse and nearly cosmopolitan. Both succulent and non-succulent species are found within the genus. Succulent species are found in most arid and semi-arid areas of the world, but show their greatest concentration and diversity of form in Southern Africa especially the Cape Floristic Region. The monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Euphorbia were investigated based on morphology and on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic spacer. Fifty-one species of Euphorbia and four outgroups from Monadenium and Ciutia were sampled. Matrices were analysed using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Separate analyses of data partitions resulted in largely non-conflicting topologies; therefore the data sets were combined. The results showed that the genus Euphorbia is paraphyletic and four monophyletic groups with a number of putative synapomorphies defining each clade were strongly supported in most analyses. The Cape succulents fall into two well-supported clades. The results thus provided evidence for Cape radiations. Most analyses indicated that one of the Cape groups is sister to a group consisting of species mostly from Southern Africa (excludingthe Cape Region). Increased taxon sampling is however needed to clarify relationships within the monophyletic groups. Morphological characters recovered broad groups within Euphorbia. Due to inadequate sampling in some sections, modifications in the present classification of Euphorbia are not suggested. The total evidence tree was used to explore morphological character evolution through character state optimisations. The presence of root tubers was homoplasious and this character state is hypothesized to have arisen at least five times under current sampling. Cylindrical stems, conspicuous leaves and absence of leaf spines were some of the pleisiomorphic states observed in some sampled members of the genus Euphorbia. Although the results obtained in the CUlTent study are preliminary, they have created further challenges for future studies of phylogenetic relationships and morphological character evolution in the genus Euphorbia.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University<br>Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) of the medial septal nuclei, the diagonal bands of Broca and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis synthesize acetylcholine (ACh) and their projections extend to the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and the amygdala. ACh neurotransmission is essential for learning, attention, memory, arousal and sleep. BFCNs are dependent on a regulated neurochemical environment for the induction, development, maturation and maintenance of their phenotype and viability. However, events that compromise this neurochemical environment can contribute to BFCN dysfunction and/or degeneration, decreased ACh levels and disrupted brain function. During normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) BFCNs become more vulnerable to dysfunction due to trophic factor withdrawal, cell signaling impairments and other cytopathologic changes. AD is characterized by the deposition of Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary Tau tangles (NFTs) in the cortex and hippocampus. These pathological AD hallmarks overlap with cortical and hippocampal cholinergic dysfunction, implicating both as the drivers of cognitive and behavioral decline associated with AD. Since, BFCNs are highly vulnerable to AD pathophysiology, factors that support the BFCN phenotype may have practical use in preserving neuronal networks and cognitive function. There is now strong evidence that bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9 also known as growth/differentiating factor 2, GDF2) acts as an induction and maintenance factor that regulates BFCN differentiation in-vitro and in-vivo. Here we used transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in BFCNs to make observations concerning the BFCN phenotype in aging and AD. We found qualitative evidence that BFCNs of the 24-month old WT/ChAT-GFP mice were smaller and more rounded with shorter processes when compared to 6- month old mouse BFCNs. We analyzed the effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of BMP9 on BFCN projection fibers in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD using laser scanning confocal microscopy. BMP9 not only increased the density of cholinergic projection fibers in the hippocampus of wild type and AD model APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, but it also reduced the plaque burden in the hippocampus of the AD mouse model. These data indicate that BMP9 ameliorated two major pathophysiologic hallmarks of AD, observable in these transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. BMP9 reduced Aβ plaque burden in this AD model, and enhanced the outgrowth and viability of cholinergic fibers within the hippocampus of both wild-type and APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. [TRUNCATED]

There is growing concern for eating pathology and body dissatisfaction in sports; particularly, in sports that emphasize a lean body type. In 325 female collegiate swimmers/divers and gymnasts, we examined psychosocial well-being (i.e., perception of weight pressures, levels of internalization, body satisfaction, dietary intent, negative affect) at the beginning and end of an athletic season and predict their eating disorder classification at the end of their athletic season. Logistic regressions revealed that a model containing all 14 predictors at the beginning and end of an athletic season significantly predicted eating disorder classification at the end of an athletic season. Specifically, in the longitudinal logistic regression, with every one unit of increase on a measure of the pressure felt within the sport environment regarding their weight and every unit increase on a measure of their intentions to diet, respectively, the female athletes were 49% and 89% more likely to be classified in the subclinical/clinical group at the end of their sport season. Surprisingly, with every one unit of increase on a measure of sociocultural pressure to exercise, female athletes were 43% less likely to be classified in the subclinical/clinical group six months later. The cross-sectional logistic regression found that only dietary restraint was significant. Specifically, with every one unit of increase on a measure of their intentions to diet the female athletes were 3.6 times more likely to be classified in the subclinical/clinical group at the end of their sport season. The implications of this study may emphasize the importance of body healthy sport systems to reduce sport specific pressures and dieting among female collegiate athletes. Limitations of this study include self-report measures and longitudinal timeframe was only across one athletic season.

The commercialization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells depends largely upon the development of PEMs whose properties are enhanced over current perfluorinated sulfonic acid PEMs. Understanding how a PEMâ s molecular weight and morphology affect its relevant performance properties is essential to this effort. Changes in molecular weight were found to have little effect on the phase separated morphologies, water uptake, and proton conductivities of random copolymers. Changes in block length, however, have a pronounced effect on multiblock copolymers, affecting surface and bulk morphologies, water uptake, proton conductivity, and hydrolytic stability, suggesting that multiblock copolymer PEM properties may be optimized by changes in morphology. A major goal of current proton exchange membrane fuel cell research involves developing high temperature membranes that can operate at ~120 °C and low humidites. Multiblock copolymers synthesized from 100% disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (BPSH100) and naphthalene polyimide (PI) oligomers may be an alternative. At block lengths of ~15 kg/mol they displayed no morphological changes up to 120 °C or even higher. Water desorption was observed to decrease with increasing block length. The copolymers exhibited little to no water loss during a 200 °C isotherm in contrast to random BPSH copolymers and Nafion. A BPSH100-PI multiblock copolymer with large block length appears to have morphological stability and retain water at temperatures exceeding 120 °C, suggesting its candidacy as a high temperature PEM. A growing number of alternative PEM research efforts involve multiblock copolymer chemistries, but little emphasis is placed on the methods used to couple the oligomers. Fluorinated linkage groups can help increase block efficiency during coupling, but their effect on a PEM is not well-known. The choice of linkage type, hexafluorobenzene (HFB) vs. decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP), appears to have small but observable influences on multiblock copolymers with disulfonated and unsulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) oligomers. DFBP linkages promote greater phase separation than HFB linkages, resulting in increased stiffness, decreased ductility, and increased proton conductivity at low humidities. DFBP linkages also promote more surface enrichment of fluorine, causing changes in surface morphology and slightly increased water desorption, but determining the impact on actual fuel cell performance requires further research.<br>Ph. D.

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第9146号<br>農博第1207号<br>新制||農||830(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H13||N3577(農学部図書室)<br>UT51-2001-K353<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 大西 近江, 教授 遠藤 隆, 教授 谷坂 隆俊<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

Aspergillus és un dels gèneres de Ascomycetes més comuns i ubics, habitant una gran diversitat de substrats. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser contribuir al millor coneixement d'aquest gènere, explorant la diversitat d'espècies en mostres clíniques i ambientals. En aquesta tesi es va estudiar un total de 433 aïllaments obtinguts de diferents fonts (mostres clíniques, terra, fems d'animals herbívors, restes vegetals). La identificació dels aïllaments es va dur a terme per anàlisi filogenètics de múltiples marcadors, incloent seqüències d'ITS, β-tubulina, calmodulina, i RPB2, i caracterització fenotípica. Quan es va considerar rellevant, els aïllaments clínics van ser sotmesos a proves de susceptibilitat antifúngica contra els principals fàrmacs disponibles. En resum, es van identificar 98 espècies d'Aspergillus, 49 de mostres clíniques (248 aïllaments), 48 de terra (92 aïllaments), 48 de fem (82 aïllaments) i 10 de restes vegetals (10 aïllaments). Considerant les seccions poc estudiades d'Aspergillus en el context clínic, les seccions més freqüents van ser Nidulantes (incloent l'antiga secció Versicolores), 84 aïllaments i 14 espècies; Circumdati, 35 aïllaments i set espècies; Aspergillus, 25 aïllaments i cinc espècies; i Usti, 19 aïllaments i dues espècies. Vuit espècies van ser aïllades de mostres clíniques per primera vegada i tres van ser propostes com a noves espècies. Els antifúngics, en general, van mostrar bona activitat enfront dels aïllats assajats, amb l'excepció de l'activitat reduïda de amfotericina B contra membres de la secció Circumdati. Quant als aïllaments ambientals, es van proposar 14 noves espècies basades en caràcters fenotípics i moleculars; cinc pertanyents a la secció Terrei (tres de fem i dues de terra); quatre a la secció Candidi (tots de fem); dues a la secció Nidulantes (tots dos de terra); i una de cada una de les seccions Flavipedes, Cremei, i Usti (tots de fem).<br>Aspergillus es uno de los géneros de Ascomycetes más comunes y ubicuos, habitando una gran diversidad de sustratos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue contribuir al mejor conocimiento de este género, explorando la diversidad de especies en muestras clínicas y ambientales. En esta tesis se estudió un total de 433 aislamientos obtenidos de diferentes fuentes (muestras clínicas, suelo, estiércol de animales herbívoros, y restos vegetales). La identificación de los aislamientos se llevó a cabo mediante análisis filogenéticos de múltiples marcadores, incluyendo secuencias de ITS, β-tubulina, calmodulina, y RPB2, y por caracterización fenotípica. Cuando se consideró relevante, los aislamientos clínicos fueron sometidos a pruebas de susceptibilidad antifúngica frente a los principales fármacos disponibles. En resumen, se identificaron 98 especies de Aspergillus, 49 de muestras clínicas (248 aislamientos), 48 de suelo (92 aislamientos), 48 de estiércol (82 aislamientos) y 10 de restos vegetales (10 aislamientos). Considerando las secciones poco estudiadas de Aspergillus en el contexto clínico, las secciones más frecuentes fueron Nidulantes (incluyendo la antigua sección Versicolores), con 84 aislamientos y 14 especies; Circumdati, con 35 aislamientos y siete especies; Aspergillus, con 25 aislamientos y cinco especies; y Usti, con 19 aislamientos y dos especies. Ocho especies fueron aisladas de muestras clínicas por primera vez y tres fueron propuestas como nuevas especies. Los antifúngicos, en general, mostraron buena actividad frente a los aislados ensayados, con la excepción de la actividad reducida de anfotericina B contra miembros de la sección Circumdati. En cuanto a los aislamientos ambientales, se propusieron 14 nuevas especies basadas en caracteres fenotípicos y moleculares; cinco pertenecientes a la sección Terrei (tres de estiércol y dos de tierra); cuatro a la sección Candidi (todos de estiércol); dos a la sección Nidulantes (ambos de suelo); y una de cada una de las secciones Flavipedes, Cremei, y Usti (todos de estiércol).<br>Aspergillus is one of the most common and ubiquitous genus of Ascomycetes, inhabiting a great diversity of environmental substrates. The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to the better knowledge of this genus, exploring the species diversity in clinic and environmental substrates. A total of 433 isolates were studied in this thesis, which were obtained from different sources (clinical samples, soil, dung, plant debris). The identification of the isolates was carried out by multilocus phylogenetic analyses including sequences of four markers (ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin, and RPBII) and phenotypic characterization. When relevant, clinical isolates were submitted to antifungal susceptibility testing against the main drugs available. In summary, 98 species of Aspergillus were identified, 49 from clinical samples (248 isolates), 48 from soil (92 isolates), 48 from herbivore dung (82 isolates), and 10 from plant debris (10 isolates). Considering the poorly studied sections of Aspergillus in the clinical setting, the most frequent sections were Nidulantes (including the former Versicolores section), 84 isolates and 14 species; Circumdati, 35 isolates and seven species; Aspergillus, 25 isolates and five species; and Usti, 19 isolates and two species. Eight species were isolated from clinical samples for the first time and three were proposed as new. The antifungal drugs, in general, showed good activity against the isolates tested, with exception of the reduced activity of amphotericin B against members of section Circumdati. Regarding the environmental isolates, 14 new species were proposed based on phenotypic and molecular data; five belonging to the section Terrei (three from herbivore dung and two from soil); four to the section Candidi (all from dung); two to the section Nidulantes (both from soil); and one in each of the sections Flavipedes, Cremei, and Usti (all from dung).

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第8413号<br>農博第1097号<br>新制||農||798(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H12||N3370(農学部図書室)<br>UT51-2000-F317<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 大西 近江, 教授 遠藤 隆, 教授 津田 盛也<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

Submitted by WELLINGTON IVO EDUARDO null (wellington_ie@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-02T21:56:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Wellington_Ivo_Eduardo.pdf: 2274097 bytes, checksum: 93aec24e46ac9b4cc80b0d41df05e805 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-03-05T18:08:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 eduardo_wi_dr_jabo.pdf: 2274097 bytes, checksum: 93aec24e46ac9b4cc80b0d41df05e805 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T18:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eduardo_wi_dr_jabo.pdf: 2274097 bytes, checksum: 93aec24e46ac9b4cc80b0d41df05e805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Existem poucos estudos a respeito da utilização de genótipos de soja resistentes no manejo de Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e com o aumento de seu ataque nas últimas safras, eles se tornam necessários. Para isso é primordial a padronização de métodos de pesquisa para obtenção desses genótipos, assim como, estudos sobre os mecanismos de defesas e a indução de resistência dessas plantas frente ao ataque desta praga. Com isso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar metodologias de pesquisa para testes de resistência nas categorias não preferência para alimentação, não preferência para oviposição e antibiose e classificar os genótipos de soja a H. virescens em níveis de resistência; além de verificar a expressão de resistência induzida sob diferentes níveis de injúrias e tempo após as injúrias e analisar alguns possíveis mecanismos morfológicos e químicos envolvidos com a resistência constitutiva e induzida desses genótipos. Nos experimentos de metodologia de pesquisa para testes de resistência na categoria não preferência para alimentação foi possível observar que a densidade de nove lagartas recém-eclodidas e duas lagartas de seis dias de idade por genótipo e folíolos novos de plantas em estádio vegetativos foram os mais indicados para a realização dos testes de resistência com genótipos. Na categoria não preferência para oviposição, as densidades de casais liberadas por genótipo não influenciaram na diferenciação dos genótipos de soja. A quantidade de ovos por fêmea em densidades de dois casais por genótipo não diferiu das densidades de um e três casais, desta forma a densidade de dois casais foi a selecionada para os testes de resistência na categoria de oviposição com os genótipos; em relação a escolha da estrutura vegetal mais apropriada para avaliação, também não houve diferenciação entre os genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis, optando-se assim, em contar os ovos de todas as estruturas vegetais da planta nos testes posteriores desta categoria; ainda na categoria não preferência para oviposição, o estádio fenológico em que se utilizou a planta também não interferiu na diferenciação dos genótipos, adotando-se assim, utilizar para os testes posteriores plantas em estádio vegetativo pela a rapidez na obtenção e facilidade no manejo das plantas. Nos testes de metodologia de pesquisa na categoria antibiose, determinou-se a utilização da densidade de uma lagarta em recipientes de 150 ml por proporcionar maior diferenciação entre o genótipo resistente do suscetível principalmente na viabilidade de lagartas aos 12 dias e viabilidade larval total; nos testes para determinação da estrutura vegetal, determinou-se utilizar somente os folíolos por diferenciar melhor o genótipo resistente do suscetível nos parâmetros peso de lagartas aos 12 dias, viabilidade larval e peso de pupas. Com base nesses resultados foram realizados os testes de resistência constitutiva de genótipos de soja a H. virescens nas categorias não preferência para alimentação, não preferência para oviposição e antibiose, utilizando densidades de lagartas e casais, tamanho de recipiente, estrutura vegetal e plantas em estádio fenológico determinados anteriormente pelos testes de metodologia de pesquisa. Nos testes na categoria não preferência para alimentação, dentre os 26 materiais avaliados, os genótipos IAC-100, Dowling, UFUS Impacta, UFUS Capim Branco e UFUS Milionária se destacaram como vi resistentes, enquanto os genótipos BR-16, CD-208, UFUS Xavante e M8230RR foram classificados como suscetíveis a H. virescens. Esses genótipos classificados como resistentes e suscetíveis foram submetidos aos testes de resistência constitutiva na categoria não preferência para oviposição e o genótipo UFUS Impacta se destacou por expressar resistência. Na categoria antibiose, os genótipos UFUS Xavante e IAC-100 expressaram resistência a H. virescens e o genótipo CD-208 foi classificado como altamente suscetível. Nos testes indução de resistência para determinar o nível de injúria necessária para que plantas de soja fossem induzidas a expressar resistência contra H. virescens observou que todos os níveis de injúria foram suficientes para essas plantas expressarem resistência a esta praga. Determinou-se ainda que no período de 72 a 144 horas após as plantas serem injuriadas por H. virescens ocorreu a maior expressão de resistência. Para elucidar esses resultados foram realizadas análises morfológicas e químicas nas plantas, sendo possível relacionar a densidade de tricomas com a menor oviposição de H. virescens; as concentrações de fibras e lignina, assim como dos flavonoides rutina e hesperidina com a resistência constitutiva de plantas de soja; além de verificar um aumento dos compostos fenólicos com o passar do tempo após as plantas serem injuriadas. Conclui-se assim que, as densidades de lagartas de H. virescens que melhor diferenciam o genótipo de soja resistente do suscetível são nove e duas, para lagartas recém-eclodidas e de seis dias de idade, respectivamente; os folíolos novos de plantas em estádio vegetativo discriminam melhor o genótipo resistente do suscetível; nos testes de não preferência para oviposição não há diferenciação dos materiais resistentes e suscetíveis nas diferentes densidades de casais, estruturas vegetais e estádios fenológicos; a densidade de uma lagarta de H. virescens e o recipiente de plástico com volume de 150 ml assim como as folhas são melhor discrimina os genótipos de soja resistente do suscetível em teste de resistência da categoria antibiose; os genótipos IAC-100 e UFUS Milionária são altamente resistentes e os genótipos Dowling, UFUS Capim Branco, UFUS Impacta são moderadamente resistentes a H. virescens na categoria não preferência para alimentação; o genótipo UFUS Impacta é resistente a H. virescens na categoria não preferência para oviposição; o genótipo UFUS Xavante é altamente resistente e o genótipo IAC-100 é moderadamente resistente a H. virescens na categoria antibiose; plantas de soja do genótipo 84 Davis expressam resistência induzida a H. virescens depois de sofrerem injúrias de 25, 50 e 75% no trifólio mais velho por essa praga; plantas de soja do genótipo 84 Davis expressam resistência induzida a H. virescens a partir de 36h do ataque desta praga, aumentando a resistência até 200h após do ataque, diminuindo após este período; os tricomas são um dos possíveis mecanismos de defesa relacionados com a oviposição das mariposas e não alimentação em vagens de lagartas jovens; o baixo teor de taninos e compostos fenólicos totais estão relacionados com a preferência das lagartas por grãos em desenvolvimento ao invés de folhas; lagartas recém-eclodidas e com seis dias de idade de H. virescens preferem se alimentar de folhas com menores concentrações de fibras e ligninas; os flavonoides rutina e hesperidina estão relacionados com a resistência da categoria não preferência para alimentação em genótipos IAC-100, Dowling, UFUS Capim Branco, UFUS Impacta e UFUS Milionária por H. virescens.<br>There are few studies on the use of resistant soybean genotypes in the management of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and with the increase of their attack in the last few seasons, these study become necessary, being important a standardization of the research methods to obtain these genotypes, as well as, studies on the defense mechanisms and the resistance induction of these plants against the attack of this pest. Thus, the aims of this work were to evaluate research methodologies for resistance tests in the categories, non-preference for feeding, non-preference for oviposition and antibiosis, and to classify the soybean genotypes in resistance levels against H. virescens in these categories; besides verifying the expression of induced resistance under injuries levels and time after the injuries caused by H. virescens, and to analyze some possible morphological and chemical mechanisms involved with the constitutive and induced resistance of these genotypes. In the research methodology experiments for resistance tests in the non-preference for feeding category was possible to observe that the density of nine caterpillars neonates and two caterpillars with six-day old per genotype; new leaf of plants in vegetative stage plants were the most indicated for the performance of resistance tests with genotypes soybean. In the non-preference for oviposition category, the couples densities released per genotype did not influence in the distition of the soybean genotypes; in parallel, the amount of lay eggs per female at densities of two couples per genotype did not differ from the densities of one and three couples, in this way the density of two couples was selected for the resistance tests in the non-preference for oviposition category with the genotypes soybean against H. virescens; in relation to the choice of the most appropriate plant structure for evaluation of the resistance tests, there was also no differentiation between the resistant and susceptible genotypes, thus choosing to count the eggs of all structures of the plant in the later resistance tests of this category; the phenological stage in which the plant was used also did not interfere in the differentiation of the genotypes, using, at the later resistance tests, plants at the vegetative stage by the speed in obtaining and ease in the management of the plants. In turn, in the research methodology tests in the antibiosis category, it was determined the use of the density of a caterpillar per containers of 150 ml, for providing greater differentiation between the resistant genotype of the susceptible, mainly in the larval viability at 12 days and larval viability; in the tests to determine the plant structure more suitable for resistance tests, the leaves alone were choose because in these structures there was a greater differentiation of the resistant genotype than susceptible genotype in the parameters larval weight at 12 days, larval viability and pupal weight. Based on these results, constitutive resistance tests of soybean genotypes to H. virescens were performed in the categories non-preference for feeding, no preference for oviposition and antibiosis, using larvae and couples densities, container size, plant structure and plants in phenological stage determined previously by the research methodology tests. In the tests of the non-preference for feeding category, among the 26 genotypes evaluated, the genotypes IAC-100, Dowling, UFUS Impacta, UFUS Capim Branco and UFUS viii Millionaria were the genotypes most resistant, while genotypes BR-16, CD-208, UFUS Xavante and M8230RR were classified as susceptible to H. virescens. These genotypes classified as resistant and susceptible were submitted to constitutive resistance tests in the non-preference for oviposition category and the UFUS genotype. Impacta was noted for expressing resistance to this pest. In the antibiosis category the UFUS Xavante and IAC-100 genotypes expressed resistance to H. virescens, while the CD-208 genotype was classified as highly susceptible. In the induced resistance tests to determine the level of injury required for soybean plants to be induced to express resistance against H. virescens was observed that all injury levels tested were sufficient for these plants to express resistance to this pest We also determined that in the period of 72 to 144 hours after the plants were be injured by H. virescens was respnsable by greatest expression of resistance against this pest occurred among the times tested. In the attempt to elucidate these results, morphological and chemical analyzes of the plants were carried out, being possible to relate the trichomes density with the lowest oviposition of H. virescens; the concentrations of fiber and lignin, as well as the flavonoids rutin and hesperidin with the constitutive resistance of soybean plants to this pest; in addition, we noticed that there was an increase of the phenolic compounds with the increase of the time after the injuries in plants. It is concluded that the densities of H. virescens caterpillars that best differentiate susceptible and resistant soybean genotype are nine and two neonates and six-day old caterpillars, respectively; new folioles of plants in vegetative stage better discriminate the susceptible and resistant genotype; in the non-preference for oviposition tests there is no differentiation of the resistant and susceptible materials for the different densities of couples, plant structures and phenological stages; the density of a H. virescens caterpillar and the plastic container with a volume of 150 ml as well as the leaves are best discriminated against susceptible soybean genotypes susceptible in antibiosis resistance test; in the non-preference category for feeding the IAC-100 and UFUS Millionaria genotypes are highly resistant and the Dowling, UFUS Capim Branco and UFUS Impacta genotypes are moderately resistant to H. virescens; in the non-preference category for oviposition the genotype UFUS Impacta is resistant to H. virescens; in the antibiosis category the UFUS Xavante genotype is highly resistant and the IAC-100 genotype is moderately resistant to H. virescens; soybean plants of the Davis 84 genotype express induced resistance to H. virescens after suffering 25, 50 and 75% injuries in the older trefoil by this pest; soybean plants of the Davis 84 genotype express induced resistance to H. virescens from 36 hours of the attack of this pest, increasing resistance up to 200 h after the attack, decreasing after this period; trichomes are one of the possible defense mechanisms related to oviposition of moths and not feeding on young caterpillar pods; the low content of tannins and total phenolic compounds are related to the preference of caterpillars for developing grains rather than leaves; Neonates and six-day-old caterpillars of H. virescens prefer to feed on leaves with lower fiber and lignin concentrations; the flavonoids rutin and hesperidin are related to resistance of the non-preference category for feeding in genotypes IAC-100, Dowling, UFUS Capim Branco, UFUS Impacta and UFUS Millionaire by H. virescens.<br>2014/08373-3

The thesis is a demonstration of an integrated methodology in the investigation of Chinese paintings. Section I outlines methods of analysis used by specialists in China, Japan and the West, and proposes their integration. Section II implements the Integrated Methodology in the identification of prime objects in a group of works attributed to Wu Zhen now in the National Palace Museum, Taipei. Section III presents a systematic method of investigating the non-genuine works, and charts their respective relationships to the prime objects and/or to each other. The findings clarify fundamental issues regarding period styles in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and challenge, by implication, long held assumptions of authenticity of a great many works labelled with Yuan dates. They invite a reconsideration of our methodology as well as our basic assumptions of style-images associated with particular masters.

Prema novijim istraživanjima, kompleks Carassius auratusčini najmanje pet vrsta roda&nbsp; Carassius: Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius langsdorfii, Carassius cuvieri i Carassius gibelio. Vrste ovog roda su morfolo&scaron;ki veoma slične i nemoguće ih je razlikovati na osnovu uobičajenih morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera, te su ranije&nbsp; sve determinisane kao Carassius auratus gibelio ili Carassius gibelio. Jedina vrsta koja se značajnije razlikuje je Carassius carassius.&nbsp; Smara se da su vrste ovog kompleksa unesene u Evropu iz Azije u 17. veku.Najveći broj predstavnika kompleksa C. auratus je na teritoriji Evrope proteklih pedesetak godina determinisan je kao vrsta Carassius gibelio(C. auratus gibelio) (Bloch, 1783) (srebrni kara&scaron; ili babu&scaron;ka). S obzirom da su pripadnici ovog kompleksa registrovani u većini vodotokova Evrope, smatraju se najuspe&scaron;nijom invazivnom grupom slatkovodnih riba. Zbog svojih biolo&scaron;kih odlika (brz rast, različiti vidovi razmnožavanja, izuzetna otpornost na nepovoljne uslove) ove vrste veoma brzo postaju kompetitivne autohtonoj ihtiofauni za hranu i stani&scaron;te i neretko imaju izuzetno negativan uticaj na celokupan ekosistem koji nasele.U ovoj disertaciji prvi put je izvr&scaron;ena identifikacija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti primenom specifičnih genetičkih markera (dela sekvence cytb gena). Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrije ispitivana je morfolo&scaron;ka varijabilnost različitih morfolo&scaron;kih celina (celo telo, kosti glavenog skeleta, cleithrum-a i krlju&scaron;ti) jedinki unutar kompleksa Carassius auratusizmeđu različitih lokaliteta sa različitim ekolo&scaron;kim uslovima (prisustvo predatora i protok), dok je primenom savremenih statističkih i matematičkih metoda (multi-modelne analize) analizirana dinamika rasta recentnih, kao i ranoinvazivnih populacija.Metaanalizom dostupnih podataka utvrđena je veoma &scaron;iroka zastupljenost populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus na teritoriji Srbije. Beležene populacije su uglavnom pokazivale srednju do visoku zastupljenost (20-40%) u ukupnoj ihtiofauni uz uočljivo povećanje brojnosti u funkciji vremena. Na nekim lokalitetima se u nekoliko uzastopnih studija registruju veoma brojne popu-lacije vrsta ovog kompleksa (40-100% u ukupnom ulovu).Za potrebe molekularno- taksonomskih analiza i analiza morfolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti recentnih populacija uzorkovano je 280 jedinki u periodu 2012 &ndash; 2014.godine sa 14 različitih lokaliteta u&nbsp;Vojvodini i peripanonskoj oblasti. Sve jedinke u uzorku su prvo fotografisane za potrebe analiza linearne i geometrijske morfometrije, uzet je uzorak repnog peraja za dalje genetičke analize, a nakon toga su izvr&scaron;ena sva neophodna merenja&nbsp;&nbsp; morfometrijskih i merističkih karaktera radi ana-lize varijabilnosti među&nbsp; populacijama. Populaciono-genetičkim analizama sekvenci dela cytb gena utvrđeno je da su sve ispitivane jedinke pripadale vrsti Carassius gibelio I. Zbog biolo&scaron;kog stanja uzoraka, determinacija je bila moguća za samo 52 jedinki sa 11 lokaliteta te se ne bi smela isključiti mogućnost postojanja jo&scaron; nekih vrsta kompleksa C. auratus, kao &scaron;to su C. auratus i C. langsdorfi koje su prema navodima drugih autora beležene na teritorijama susednih zemalja.Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrijske analize ustanovljena je izražena fenoti-pska varijabilnost u obliku tela i odabranih&nbsp; elemenata skeletnog sistema između riba sa različitih lokaliteta. Utvrđeno je odsustvo polnog dimorfizma. Najveću varijabilnost od svih morfolo&scaron;kih parametara pokazala je vrednost za visinu tela, i veličinu glave, dok su kod kostiju najvi&scaron;e varirale vrednosti za os pharyngii na kojoj su ždrelni zubi - dentes pharyngii.Prisustvo predatora i protok vode na ispitivanim lokalitetima su ispoljili uticaj na morfolo&scaron;ku varijabilnost riba. Prisustvo predatora je uslovilo pojavu karakterističnog fenotipa riba sa visokim telom koje omogućava lak&scaron;e izbegavanje predatora.Za analizu mofolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti ranih invazivnih populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus kori&scaron;ćeni su podaci za 524 jedinke (prilikom izlova determinisane kao C. auratus gibelio) sa tri lokaliteta u Vojvodini iz perioda 1983 &ndash; 1985. godine. Lokaliteti su izabrani prema različitom načinu invazije vrsta kompleksa C. auratus. Analizama linearne morfometije i modela rasta ut-vrđeno je da su se lokaliteti na kojima su bile&nbsp; zastupljene namerne antropogene introdukcije nepoznatog porekla odlikovali mnogo većom morfolo&scaron;kom varijabilno&scaron;ću od lokaliteta u koje su jedinke dospele prirodnim putevima invazije izvećih vodotokova.Analizama životne istorije i dinamike rasta na 395 jedinki vrsta kompleksa C. auratus (pri-likom uzorkovanja determinisanih kao C. gibelio) kao invazivne grupe riba i 429 jedinki bodorke kao predstavnika autohtone ihtiofaune u periodu između 1991. i 1999. godine na akumulacijama Međuvr&scaron;je i Gruža utvrđene su razlike između različitih tipova stani&scaron;ta. Nezavisno od vrste, utvrđeno je da jedinke koje žive u sporim i plitkim stani&scaron;tima su krupnije i dostižu veće asimptotske dužine od individua koje nastanjuju brže i uže vodotokove.Ovaj rad je među prvim koji primenjuje multi-modelnu analizu u modelovanju rasta slat-kovodnih riba. Rezultati su pokazali da se ova metoda može implementirati i na&nbsp; invazivne vrste riba kako bi se bolje procenio njihov uticaj na autohtonu faunu i&nbsp; eventualno razvile uspe&scaron;nije strategije upravljanja i kontrole njihovih populacija.<br>According to recent researches,<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex includes at least five <em>Carassius</em> species: <em>Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius</em> langsdorfii, <em>Carassius cuvieri</em> and<em> Carassius gibelio</em>. These species are morphologically very similar and it is impossible to differentiate them on the basis of common morphological&nbsp; characters, so they all used to be classified as<em> Carassius auratus gibelio</em> or <em>Carassi</em>us <em>gibelio</em>. The only species that is significantly different is Carassius carassius. It is believed that the species of this complex were brought to Europe from Asia in the 17th&nbsp;&nbsp; century.Over the last fifty years most of the members of C. auratus complex in Europe were classified as Carassius gibelio (<em>C. auratus gibelio</em>) (Bloch, 1783) (Silver carp or Gibel carp). Since the members of this complex have been registered in most European watercourses, they are considered to be the most successful invasive group of freshwater fish. Thanks to their biological characteristics (fast growth, different types of reproduction, remarkable resistance to unfavourable conditions) these species quickly become competitive to indigenous ichthyofauna in respect of food and habitat and they often have very negative impact on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.This dissertation identifies the species that belong to the<em> </em>Carassius auratus complex in /Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region using specific genetic markers (ctyb gene sequence). Using linear and geometric morphometrics, we examined morphological variability of different morphological parts (whole body, skull bones, cleithrum and scales) of the members of<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex, in different localities with different ecological conditions (presence of predators and water flow). Modern statistics&nbsp; and mathematical methods (multi-model analysis) were used in the analysis&nbsp; of growth dynamics of both recent and early invasive populations.Meta-analyses of the available data have shown that there is a wide population of C. auratuscomplex species&nbsp; in Serbia. The examined populations showed medium to high occurrence (20- 40%) in the entire ichthyofauna, with evident growth over time. A few consecutive studies have registered very large populations of the species of this complex in several localities (40-100% of total catch).For the purpose of molecular-taxonomic analyses and the analysis of morphological variability of recent populations, we used a sample of&nbsp; 280&nbsp; units taken in 14 different localities in Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region in the period from 2012 to 2014. All the units in the sample were first photographed for the purpose of linear and geometric morphometrics, samples of tail fins were taken for further genetic analysis, and then all the necessary evaluations of morphometric and meristic characters were made, as well as the analysis of variability among populations.Population genetic analysis with the application of a genetic marker (cytb gene) has shownthat all the examined units belong to<em> Carassius gibelio</em> species. Due to the biological state of the samples, the determination was possible for only 52 units from 11 localities, so it not impossible that some other species of C. auratus complex such as C. auratus and C. langsdorficould also be found in this region as they have been registered on the territories of the neighbouring countries, as reported by some authors.Linear and geometric morphometric analysis has shown significant phenotype&nbsp; variability in body shape and selected elements of the skeletal system. It has also proved the absence of sexual dimorphism and showed that locality had a major impact on the variability.The largest variability was recorded in terms of body height and head size, while the most variable values with the bones were those referring to os pharyngii with pharyngeal teeth.Morphological variability of fish also depended on the presence of predators and the water flow in the examined localities. The presence of predators causes a characteristic phenotype of fish with tall body which enables them to avoid predators more easily.In the analysis of morphological variability of early invasive populations of the species of C. auratus complex we used data for 524 units (classified as C. auratusgibelio during the catch) from three localities in Vojvodina in the period from 1983 to 1985. The localities were chosen according to different ways of invasion of the species of C. auratus complex. Linear morphometrics and growth model analyses have shown that the localities with deliberate anthropogenic introduction of unknown origin were characterized with greater variability than the localities populated by natural invasion from larger watercourses.The analyses of life history and growth dynamics in 395 members of the species of C. auratuscomplex (classified as C. gibelio during the sampling) as an invasive group of fish, and 429 units of the roach as the representative of the indigenous ichthyofauna in the artificial lakes of Međuvr&scaron;je and Gruža in the period from 1991 to 1999, have established differences among different types of habitats. Regardless of species, the fish that live in slow and shallow habitats are larger and they reach greater asymptotic length than those living in faster and narrower watercourses.This study is among the first ones to apply multi-model analyses in modeling freshwater fish growth. The results have shown that this method can be implemented in studying invasive fish species in order to make a better estimation of their influence on indigenous fauna and possibly develop more successful&nbsp; strategies of managing and controlling their populations.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: B, page: 0719. Advisers: Feng Sheng Hu; Ken N. Paige. Includes bibliographical references. Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

博士<br>國立陽明大學<br>微生物及免疫學研究所<br>94<br>Platelets play an essential role of hemastasis in prevention of bleeding from damaged blood vessels. Integrins, a superfamily of adhesion receptors, are involved in platelet activation and aggregation by interaction with exposed subendothelial matrix and secreted extracellular matrix, respectively. The platelet morphological changes and activations through integrin aIIbb3 and a2b1 are well characterized, but that via integrin a6b1 is less understood. To examine the activation of platelets through integrin a6b1, anti-integrin a6 mAb, GoH3, were used as substrates. GST-rhodostomin, a recombinant snake disintegrin which activates integin aIIbb3, was parallel used as a comparison. Results of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy showed that platelets formed filopodia and lamellipodia but never fully spread on plates coated with laminin or GoH3; in contrast, platelets fully spread on GST-rhodostomin substrate within 15 minutes. By using fluorescence microscopy and whole-mount TEM to analyze the actin cytoskeleton distribution, we found that actin formed bundles in the peripheral and central portion of platelets when they adhered on GST-rhodostomin while actin were radiated out from the central region of platelets when they adhered on GoH3 mAb. Platelets treated with Src kinase inhibitor (PP1) and PI3 kinase inhibitors (Wortmannin and LY294002) showed that the morphology and actin patterns were disturbed both on GoH3 mAb- and GST-rhodostomin-coated plates. Results of immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting showed that Src and Syk were activated when platelets adhered on both of GST-rhodostomin and GoH3 mAb substrates. And a higher phosphotyrosine signal of PI3K catalytic subunit p110 and a higher PI3K activity were detected when platelets adhered on GoH3 mAb than they spread on GST-rhodostomin substrates. To further investigate the small GTPase Rho family participated in inducing different morphology of platelets through integrin aIIbb3 and a6b1 activation, small GTPase activity assay was performed. A higher amount of activated Cdc42 was detected when platelets adhered on GoH3 mAb than they spread on GST-rhodostomin substrate. The activity of Cdc42 and Rac was increased in platelet pretreated with PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin. Taken together, the results suggested that PI3K is a modulator to regulate the level of activated Rac/Cdc42 in filopodia formation of platelets which induced by a6b1 integrin.

碩士<br>臺北市立教育大學<br>地球環境暨生物資源學系(含環境教育與資源碩士班)<br>100<br>Genus Lachnum in a saprophytic discomycetes. The characteristic of this genus usually have stiped apothecium with grandulated hairs, some hair with crystal on granulate on the tipe apothecia either translucent ,paraphysate lancolate of brown, paraphysate lanceolate or cylindrical and usually longish than asci, asci cylindrical or clavate, asci pore turning blue (J+) after stainecl with K-KI solution, textura prismatica type ectal excipulum. Sometime it is hard to distinguish two similar Lachnum from the alone key character morphological in order to better understand the Phylogenetic relationship between the species isolated from Taiwan, twenty five species of Lachnum were select for morphological and molecular analyze. Twenty one major taxonomic characters and then state and strains were sequences in this study some of Taiwan lachnumoid species were studies, The result of parsimonious trees were 21 morphological character, importance to group lachnumoid genera in combination with character of substrate and hymenium color. It is also found that molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rDNA sequence D1 D2 domains and ITS-5.8S rDNA, lachnumoid genera formed two group. Furthermore the phylogenetic relationships from between 25 species of lachnum of Taiwan were disclose in detailed in the aspects of morphological analyze and molecular data.

The species complex, Waitea circinata (WC) has been currently divided into five cultural types: var. circinata, var. oryzae, var. zeae, var. agrostis, and var. prodigus. These divisions are currently based on differences in their sclerotial morphology which have been supported by differences in their internal transcribed spacer region. Physiological differences such as optimal growth temperature, and morphological and pathogenic analyses as well as molecular biological techniques, were used to examine a broad WC collection coming from different geographic regions, and different susceptible hosts. The pathogenic examination showed that WC varieties are not host specific and can successfully infect both turfgrasses and cereals. Phylogenetic trees based on Neighbor-joining (NJ) and Maximum likelihood (ML) methods for three genomic regions (ITS, beta-tubulin, IGS1) showed support for only three of the five WC cultural types that have been described, namely Waitea circinata var. circinata, var. oryzae and var. zeae."<br>Waitea circinata varieties were characterized using molecular, morphological, physiological and pathological techniques.<br>Ontario Turfgrass Research Foundation, CONACYT (Ministry of Science from Mexico)

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>化學工程學研究所<br>100<br>In this research, multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAAm)) composite films and fibers were prepared via spin coating and electrospinning, respectively. Because of the thermosensitivity of poly(NIPAAm), the electrical conductivity properties of the composites depend on temperature and humidity. 　First, sulfuric acid and nitric acid were used to modify multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in order to disperse MWCNT better within the matrix. Dimension Raman system and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis system (ESCA) were used to analyze modified MWCNT for choosing appropriate reaction condition. The effects of molecular interactions on volume phase transition temperature were discussed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). 　Second, the morphology of electrospun nanofibers with difference polymer concentration and electrospinning parameters were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that MWCNTs were embedded in nanofibers and mostly aligned along the fiber axis observed by transmitting electron microscope (TEM). In addition, the thermal crosslinking of N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) segments provided the ability of confining the morphology of nanofibers, which prevented the composite from dissolving in water. 　Finally, electrical properties of the composite films and fibers were measured at different temperatures and relative humidity. The relationship between surface electrical resistance and temperature in dynamic process was studied.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>園藝學研究所<br>96<br>Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important vegetable of the world for its culinary value as a flavoring agent. Its volatile or partially-volatile sulfur-containing compounds contribute to the characteristic flavors. In this study both solid-phase microextraction -gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) and solvent extraction-GC/ MS are employed to analyze the flavor compounds of 30 garlic cultivars. All cultivars are grown at Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Chang-Hua, including 4 cultivars of Taiwan, 22 of China, 2 of Korea and 2 from Vietnam. The result of field plant characters of 30 garlic cultivars indicated that 4 cultivars are soft-neck with the rest being hard-neck which produced a flower stalk. The perimeter of the bulb ranges from 10.17 to 18.27 cm and the cloves number from 6 to 23. Morphologically, cvs. ‘He-Mei’ and ‘Large-Black-Leaf’ showed more similarities than they are to either ‘Fan-Yuan’ or ‘Yi-Lan White’. Both the number and amount of arising sulfur-containing volatiles collected by SPME- GC/MS in leaf blades decreased with leaf age increasing from 20 d, 40 d to 60 days after labeling in cvs. ‘He-Mei’, ‘Large-Black-Leaf’, and ‘Yi-Lan-White’. Both cvs. ‘He-Mei’ and ‘Yi-Lan-White’ had the least volatile sulfur-containing compounds in leaf blades followed by leaf sheath and the developing bulb having the most and the highest content of sulfur volatiles, while cv. ‘Large-Black-Leaf’ had the most and highest amount of total volatile compounds in leaf sheath and the least in leaf blades. The cloves had more and higher amount of sulfur-containing volatiles than clove peels did in both cvs. ‘He-Mei’ and ‘Large-Black-Leaf’ tested. In SPME-GC/MS analyses, 17 and 20 volatile compounds were detected in leaf blades and cloves of 30 cultivars, respectively. The major compounds of leaf blades were sulfide (one compound), di-sulfide (5 compounds) and tri-sulfide (one compound). In addition to these compounds, the cloves contain also tetra-sulfide and with higher contents of sulfur volatiles than those of leaf blade. In solvent-GC/MS analyses, 18 volatile compounds were detected in garlic cloves. The major ones were di- and tri-sulfide with contents being much decreased as compared with the results of SPME-GC/MS, except for 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiacyclohex-4-ene and 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiacyclohex-5-ene. Compound of 2-vinyl-1,3-dithiane was only detected in solvent-GC/MS. These latter three compounds might be artifacts. The dendrogram based on leaf or bulb sulfur-containing volatiles extracted either by SPME- GC/MS or solvent-extraction GC/MS indicate that all 30 garlic cultivars can be grouped by the number and level of compounds they contain. From the results of SPME-GC/MS, ‘He-Mei’, the early variety in Taiwan is low in volatile sulfur-containing compounds in both leaves and bulbs; ‘Large-Black-Leaf’, the main bulb variety of Taiwan follows and contains relatively low volatile sulfur compounds in both leaves and bulbs. In comparison with ‘Large-Black-Leaf’, ‘Fang-Yuan’ has more volatile compounds in number in leaves but not in cloves. Cultivar ‘Yi-Lan-White’ is high in volatile-sulfur containing compounds in both leaves and in bulbs. The results of solvent-extraction GC/MS indicates garlic cultivars of Taiwan, except cv. ‘Fang-Yuan’ contain high number of volatile sulfur compounds. Variations in volatile sulfur compounds were detected in cv. ‘He-Mei’ but not in ‘Large-Black-Leaf’ of two different sources.

The African indigobirds (Vidua spp.) are exceptional among avian brood parasites in that mimicry of host vocalizations plays an integral role in their social behaviors and evolutionary history. Young indigobirds imprint on the vocalizations of their hosts during development, adult males include mimicry of these vocalizations in their own repertoire, and adult females use these songs to choose both their mates and the nests they parasitize. Imprinting on the host during development therefore results in assortative mating and host fidelity, but also provides a mechanism for rapid, sympatric speciation via host shift. Host shifts require some degree of host infidelity, however, and the same behavioral mechanisms may thus lead to hybridization if eggs are laid in the nest of a host species already "occupied" by another indigobird species. Thus, it is not clear if the morphological and genetic similarity of most indigobird species is due to recent common ancestry or ongoing hybridization. I addressed this uncertainty by studying indigobirds in East Africa, a region that was colonized by West African ancestors in the late Pleistocene and is currently home to four indigobird species. I analyzed variation among species in: vi1) the responses of territorial males to playbacks of conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations; 2) temporal and frequency traits of chatter calls and complex non-mimicry songs; 3) morphological characters; and 4) genomic polymorphisms. The playback experiment shows that host mimicry is an important cue in species recognition, and suggests that it may contribute to species cohesion when juveniles or adults disperse beyond the boundaries of their dialect neighborhood. Analyses of both non-mimetic vocalizations and morphological characters (i.e., plumage color and body size) reveal that they are shaped by divergence among species as well as local ecology. Analyses of thousands of "double-digest" restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) loci scattered across the genome indicate that both species identity and geographic divergence contribute to population structure. Taken together, the results show that the tempo of speciation and morphological divergence among indigobirds associated with different hosts is likely variable, depending on geographic context, and the breeding ecology and morphology of alternative hosts.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>生化科技學系<br>100<br>Hairy root is the tumorized tissue induced when Agrobacterium rhizogenes infects plants, and is considered as the most powerful plant secondary metabolites-producing system. The formation of hairy root have been known to related to four root inducing (rol) genes rolA, rolB, rolC, and rolD that lie in the transferred DNA (T-DNA) of A. rhizogenes root inducing (Ri) plasmid. However, no studies showed how these rol genes affect hairy root architecture. Also, there is no comprehensive –omics information of how plant cell is manipulated by the rol genes. Therefore, this study tried to answer these questions by morphological and transcriptomic analysis of tobacco hairy root induced by wild type and rol deletion mutant of A. rhizogenes. Morphological analysis revealed that lacking rolB and rolC cause impaired hairy root syndrome, while lacking rolA and rolD had little or no effects. Transcriptomic comparison of rolB / rolC deleted hairy roots compared with that of wild type indicate that RolB may positively regulate lipid transport, cellular amino acid derivative biosynthesis process, response to wounding, and response to ethylene stimulus. Meanwhile, the biological processes that may be positively regulated by RolC are response to wounding, response to chemical stimulus, carbohydrate metabolic process, and lipid transport. The results revealed how rolB and rolC affect hairy root morphology and what are the corresponding biological processes they manipulated.

abstract: Using a sociocultural framework, this dissertation investigated the writing processes of 31 ESL learners in an EAP context at a large North American university. The qualitative case study involved one of the four major writing assignments in a required first-year composition course for ESL students. Data were collected from four different sources: (a) A semi-structured interview with each participant, (b) process logs kept by participants for the entire duration of the writing assignment, (c) classroom observation notes, and (d) class materials. Findings that emerged through analyses of activity systems, an analytical framework within Vygotskian activity theory, indicate that L2 writers used various context-specific, social, and cultural affordances to accomplish the writing tasks. The study arrived at these findings by creating taxonomies of the six activity system elements - subject, tools, goals, division of labor, community, and rules - as they were realized by L2 writers, and examining the influence that these elements had in the process of composing. The analysis of data helped create categories of each of the six activity system elements. To illustrate with an example, the categories that emerged within the element division of labor were as follows: (a) Instructor, (b) friends and classmates, (c) writing center tutors, (d) family members, and (e) people in the world. The emergent categories for each of the six activity system elements were then examined to determine if their effects on L2 writing were positive or negative. Overall, the findings of the present study validate arguments related to the post-process views that an explanation of L2 writing processes solely based on cognitive perspectives provides but only a partial picture of how second language writing takes place. In order for a more comprehensive understanding of L2 writing one must also account for the various social and cultural factors that play critical roles in the production of L2 texts.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Ph.D. English 2012

Lam, Yin Ha.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-203).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>ABSTRACT --- p.i<br>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi<br>CONTENTS --- p.viii<br>LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi<br>LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiv<br>Chapter Chapter 1 --- Literature Review<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Crisis in world fisheries --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Connectivity of fish populations --- p.7<br>Chapter 1.4 --- The South China Sea --- p.12<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives and significance of the study --- p.14<br>Chapter 1.6 --- The target species in the present study --- p.14<br>Chapter 1.6.1 --- Family Siganidae --- p.14<br>Chapter 1.6.2 --- Difficulties in morphological differentiation in Siganidae --- p.17<br>Chapter 1.6.3 --- Systematic studies of Siganidae by molecular method --- p.20<br>Chapter 1.6.4 --- Population genetic studies of Siganidae using molecular Marker --- p.24<br>Chapter 1.7 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.26<br>Chapter Chapter 2 --- Population structure of Siganus canaliculatus/S. fuscescens species complex in the South China Sea based on mirochondrial DNA control region<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.29<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.36<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- Collection of specimens --- p.36<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- "DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing" --- p.37<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Sequence analysis --- p.39<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.42<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- Genetic diversity --- p.42<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis and population genetic structure --- p.42<br>Chapter 2.3.3 --- Historical demography --- p.46<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.47<br>Chapter 2.4.1 --- Genetic diversity and demographic history --- p.47<br>Chapter 2.4.2 --- Phylogeographical patterns --- p.51<br>Chapter 2.4.3 --- Phylogeographical patterns and present day oceanic currents --- p.56<br>Chapter 2.4.4 --- Population structure: Indian Ocean vs. Pacific Ocean --- p.61<br>Chapter 2.4.5 --- Population structures in the South China Sea --- p.64<br>Chapter 2.4.6 --- Implication for fisheries management --- p.72<br>Chapter Chapter 3 --- Morphological differentiation in Siganus canaliculatus/S. fuscescens species complex<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.92<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.94<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection of specimen --- p.95<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- Morphometric measurements --- p.95<br>Chapter 3.2.3 --- Spots counts --- p.96<br>Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analysis of data。 --- p.98<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.100<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- Univariate analysis --- p.100<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- Multivariate analysis --- p.103<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.106<br>Chapter 3.4.1 --- Meristic characters --- p.106<br>Chapter 3.4.2 --- Morphometric measurements --- p.107<br>Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Comparison with the previous works --- p.107<br>Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Comparison of morphometric indices among groups and populations --- p.112<br>Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.117<br>Chapter Chapter 4 --- "The Siganus canaliculatus and S, fuscescens species complex- An evaluation"<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.149<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.154<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.155<br>Chapter 4.3.1 --- Meristic and morphometries --- p.156<br>Chapter 4.3.2 --- Spots counts --- p.160<br>Chapter 4.3.3 --- Cryptic species --- p.165<br>Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Conclusions --- p.183<br>References --- p.188

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>海洋生物研究所<br>100<br>The marine real algal members within the Laurencia complex are widely from temperate to tropical regions. The taxonomic system has been traditionally based on external and branching morphologies as well as the arrangement of the secondary pit-connections among cortical cells. Four genera and twenty four species within the Laurencia complex were previously recorded from Taiwan, but some had shown to be synonym and misidentification. In this study, I used rbcL sequence analysis to delineate the species within the Laurencia complex from Taiwan. The molecular analyses showed that the Laurencia complex were clustered into three evolutionary lineages and fourteen species, including 1) ten species of Laurencia (L. composita, L. okamurae, L. obtusa var. densa, L. brongniartii, L. obtusa var. dendroidea, L. tropica, L. flexilis, Laurencia sp. 1, Laurencia sp. 2, Laurencia sp. 3 ); 2) two species of Palisada (P. perforata, P. parvipapillata), and 3) two species in Chondrophycus (C. dotyi, Chondrophycus sp. 1 ). Nine previously recorded speices were comfirmed in this study, including L. composita, L. okamurae, L. obtusa var. densa, L. brongniartii, L. obtusa var. dendroidea, L. tropica, P. perforata, P. parvipapillata, C. dotyi. On the other hand, the fourteen previously recorded species are not found in this study, including C. undulatus, C. cartilagineus, C. glandulifer, L. nipponica, L. forsteri, L. hamata, L. intricata, L. nangii, L. pinnata, L. pannosa, L. venusta, P. concreta, P. intermedia, P. robusta. Among those previously recorded species, some might be due to mididentification or some might be occurring seasonally and were not found during this short period of study. L. tropica and L. flexilis share a similarity of the external morphologies, and both species were regarded as the same species in previous records. The molecular analyses showed that L. flexilis from Taiwan is different from L. tropica. The former is a new record to Taiwan’s marine flora. In addition, P. intermedia from Taiwan including several different species (L. composita, L. okamurae, L. obtusa var. densa, L. obtusa var. dendroidea and three unidentified species), and the record of Osmundea in Taiwan might be a misidentification of L. brongniartii. The species diversity of Laurencia is shown to be the highest in southern Taiwan, including thirteen species (L. composita, L. okamurae, L. obtusa var. densa, L. brongniartii, L. obtusa var. dendroidea, L. tropica, L. flexilis, Laurencia sp. 1, Laurencia sp. 2, Laurencia sp. 3, P. perforata, P. parvipapillata, C. dotyi), whereas there are six species in the north (L. composita, L. okamurae, L. brongniartii, P. parvipapillata, C. dotyi, Chondrophycus sp. 1). three species in the east (L. brongniartii, L. flexilis, P. perforata) and five species（L. brongniartii, L. tropica, L. flexilis, P. perforata, P. parvipapillata）are occurring in the Green island and Orchid island.

博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>海洋研究所<br>92<br>The swimming crab, Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst), is an edible crab that has been exploited for several decades in Taiwan. It is one of the most common and economically important crabs caught in the southwestern and northern waters throughout the year. Only a few studies on stock status of P. sanguinolentus populations on Taiwan Banks have been conducted. Management measures are difficult to undertake because that the population parameters and status are not yet known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate population parameters in relationship of morphometric characters, growth and mortality by time series size-frequency data collected from beam trawl fishery on Taiwan Banks (22°30’ – 23°N latitude and 118°20’ – 119°30’ E longitude) from November 1997 to April 2000. The biological parameters were estimated, i.e., relationships between carapace width and some selected morphometrical characters were investigated by regression models. The results revealed that the relationships of body weight (WG) vs. carapace width (CW) were expressed by power equations: WG = 1.2953 x 10-4 CW2.8324 for immatures and juveniles; WG = 4.4805 x 10-5 CW3.0660 for mature females; and WG = 9.3287 x 10-6 CW3.3944 for mature males. The length of molt increase was observed by Bhattacharya method. It revealed that scale in female was larger then male in each molt. Seasonal von Bertallanfy growth formula was used for age determination and growth curve was estimated. The growth can be described by the following fitted von Bertalanffy equations, for female: ; and for male: , respectively. And further, size converted catch curve was used to estimated instantaneous total mortality (Z); the Pauly’s empirical equation was used to estimate instantaneous natural mortality (M). The results were Z= 2.85/year (r = -0.996) and M= 0.96/year for females; and 2.29/year (r = -0.980) and M= 1.01/year for males. Accordingly, the instantaneous fishing mortality (F) was estimated as 1.89/year for females and 1.28/year for males; the exploitation ratio (E) was estimated as 0.66 for females and 0.56 for males, respectively. The results obtained in this study should conduct a better understanding of P. sanguinolentus population on Taiwan Banks. In further advanced studies, the population dynamic is recommended to understand the stock status in future.

Although the ecological interactions and ethology of the wing-propelled diving seabirds known as the Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes) have been intensively studied, systematic studies of the clade have been overwhelmingly limited to extant taxa. Pan-Alcidae have the richest fossil record among Charadriiformes, with specimens representing more than 35 million years of evolutionary history. Morphometric and apomorphy-based taxonomic revision of previously named extinct pan-alcids along with description of new species of extinct pan-alcids facilitated refined estimates of species richness. Combined phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular sequence data including pan-alcid fossils elucidated the poorly understood evolutionary history of the clade. Divergence estimation analysis for Charadriiformes placed previously hypothesized episodes of pan-alcid radiation and extinction in context with proposed paleoclimatic drivers of alcid evolution.<br>text

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 11/30/2013.<br>A variety of mass movement and depositional geomorphic phenomena in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park have been described in the literature over the past few decades, yet notably, the prominent rockfalls remain understudied. The objective of the MSc study is to undertake detailed mapping of the GGHNP rockfalls, and in so doing ascertain a better understanding of their macro-morphologies, associated spatial-size dynamics and relationships to lithology, using both field-based and desktop image processing techniques. Ground truthing, using the highest possible resolution achievable through differential GPS (DGPS) and field measurements with an accuracy of cm to mm, serves to quantify the accuracy of mapping rockfall phenomena through 0.5 m GSD colour aerial imagery. In addition, field measurements are used as inputs for feature extraction, such that rockfalls associated with the Clarens, Elliot and Molteno Formation Sandstones may be defined using object orientated classification techniques. The dimensions, orientation and absolute coordinates of rockfalls for select representative sites were captured using both field based and desktop techniques. The rockfall coordinates were taken at the midpoint of each measured rock using a DGPS, with an accuracy of ~ 2 cm on the x, y and z axis. Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) of Clarens and Molteno Fm. rockfalls was performed successfully using ground-truthed rockfall measurements to guide the creation of segmentation and classification rulesets. Multiple linear regression modelling can be used to model rockfall characteristics from ground-truthing with remotely sensed imagery, albeit to a very limited extent. Elliot Formation rockfalls could not be mapped and analysed mainly due to resolution limitations. Uni- and bi-variate statistics show promise in interpreting rockfall distribution and weighting with environmental variables derived from a DEM and geological vector. Point density analyses found that for the entire GGHNP ~2 and ~4 rockfalls are found per Km² of Clarens and Molteno Formation rockfall areas