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Purente, Nuananong, Bin Chen, Xiaowei Liu, Yunwei Zhou, and Miao He. "Effect of Ethyl Methanesulfonate on Induced Morphological Variation in M3 Generation of Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum." HortScience 55, no. 7 (2020): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15068-20.
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Mutation breeding is considered to be economic and efficient in plant improvement, and the use of chemical mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) can potentially address plant breeding challenges. The aim of this study was to induce morphological mutants in C. indicum var. aromaticum using EMS treatments with different doses, and to analyze the morphological and physiological traits of obtained mutants in expectation of finding favorable mutants. Results revealed significant effects of EMS doses on seed germination. The sample germination rate significantly decreased with increasing of EMS doses. The obtained morphological mutants were two viable types, containing leaf and stem mutants. Overall leaf size was significantly larger as a result of EMS treatments. And the height of mutant plants was significantly higher. Anatomical characteristics exhibited changes in both leaves and stems of the mutant plants. The puncture strength of the bent stem from the mutant plants was low, with weak penetration resistance. The total lignin and cellulose contents of mutant plants stem decreased significantly as a result of the EMS treatments. These results demonstrate the efficiency of EMS to induce mutations in C. indicum var. aromaticum, and this method can be useful in the future to assist breeding of this plant.
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Lakhssassi, Naoufal, Azam Baharlouei, Jonas Meksem, et al. "EMS-Induced Mutagenesis of Clostridium carboxidivorans for Increased Atmospheric CO2 Reduction Efficiency and Solvent Production." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (2020): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081239.
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Clostridium carboxidivorans (P7) is one of the most important solvent-producing bacteria capable of fermenting syngas (CO, CO2, and H2) to produce chemical commodities when grown as an autotroph. This study aimed to develop ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced P7 mutants that were capable of growing in the presence of CO2 as a unique source of carbon with increased solvent formation and atmospheric CO2 reduction to limit global warming. Phenotypic analysis including growth and end product characterization of the P7 wild type (WT) demonstrated that this strain grew better at 25 °C than 37 °C when CO2 served as the only source of carbon. In the current study, 55 mutagenized P7-EMS mutants were developed by using 100 mM and 120 mM EMS. Interestingly, using a forward genetic approach, three out of the 55 P7-EMS mutants showed a significant increase in ethanol, butyrate, and butanol production. The three P7-EMS mutants presented on average a 4.68-fold increase in concentrations of ethanol when compared to the P7-WT. Butyric acid production from 3 P7-EMS mutants contained an average of a 3.85 fold increase over the levels observed in the P7-WT cultures under the same conditions (CO2 only). In addition, one P7-EMS mutant presented butanol production (0.23 ± 0.02 g/L), which was absent from the P7-WT under CO2 conditions. Most of the P7-EMS mutants showed stability of the obtained end product traits after three transfers. Most importantly, the amount of reduced atmospheric CO2 increased up to 8.72 times (0.21 g/Abs) for ethanol production and up to 8.73 times higher (0.16 g/Abs) for butyrate than the levels contained in the P7-WT. Additionally, to produce butanol, the P7-EMSIII-J mutant presented 0.082 g/Abs of CO2 reduction. This study demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of employing EMS mutagenesis in generating solvent-producing anaerobic bacteria mutants with improved and novel product formation and increased atmospheric CO2 reduction efficiency.
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Kolar, Firdose R., Swaroopa R. Ghatge, Mansingraj S. Nimbalkar, and Ghansham B. Dixit. "Mutational Changes In Delphinium malabaricum (Huth.) Munz.: A Potential Ornamental Plant." Journal of Horticultural Research 23, no. 2 (2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2015-0012.
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AbstractMutation breeding is an established method used for crop improvement and has played a major role in the development of many new flower color/shape mutant cultivars in ornamentals. The present study is aimed at inducing mutations inDelphinium malabaricumusing chemical mutagens ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), sodium azide (SA) and physical mutagen (gamma rays). It was observed thatD. malabaricummanifested specific reactions to the treatments with EMS, SA and gamma rays. Identification and selection of mutations were carried out in the second generation (M2). A variety of chlorophyll deficient mutants and high percentage of the flower color and morphological mutants were recorded. The maximum frequency of chlorophyll and flower color and morphological mutations were recorded in EMS treated plants when compared to the other two mutagens. The frequency values for the individual mutant types were varied and randomly distributed at different mutagenic treatments. The highest percentage of color mutants arose after treatments with 0.25% of EMS and the lowest at 20 kR of gamma rays. The mutants were quite distinct, as compared to the control and often had more attractive ornamental features compared to the starting material. The major commercial benefit of the application of this technology has so far been obtaining of novel flower mutants that can be used as an initial material for further breeding of new cultivars.
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PARK, S. J., and B. R. BUTTERY. "NODULATION MUTANTS OF WHITE BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) INDUCED BY ETHYL-METHANE SULPHONATE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 1 (1988): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-019.
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Seed of the OAC Rico and Swan Valley cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was treated with 0.04 M ethyl-methane sulphonate (EMS). Screening of M2 populations in the presence of 8 mM nitrate + 2 mM ammonium, which substantially inhibited nodulation of the parental cultivars revealed nitrate tolerant supernodulating (ntsn), copious nodulating and non-nodulating mutants. One ntsn mutant from 175 M1 lines of OAC Rico and two ntsn mutants from 467 M1 lines of Swan Valley were obtained. M3 progenies derived from the Rico and the one fertile Swan Valley ntsn-mutants (M2) bred true.Key words: Nodulation, dry edible (navy, common) bean, EMS, Phaseolus vulgaris
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Millán, J. M., and C. Nájera. "Mutagenesis at Five Pteridine Pathway Loci In Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic and Biochemical Characterization." Pteridines 4, no. 3 (1993): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1993.4.3.131.
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SummaryIn order to carry out a genetic and biochemical analysis of pteridin pathway eye colour loci, sixteen strains of five eye colour mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (2 dke, 7 sf. 3 se, 3 Hnr and 1 bw) from natural populations were used. Four EMS mutagenesis experiments were carried out to produce induced mutants of the same loci. 54 mutants (mosaics and completes) were obtained but only 7 (4 sf, 1 bw, 1 Hnr and I dke) could be isolated. The 40.48% of the mutations were mosaics. The percentage of mutants appeared during the four first days (85.19%) was significatively higher to the percentage of mutants appeared during the four following (14.18%). Viabilities of EMS-induced mutants were similar to that of the natural ones. For the induced mutants viability at 25°C was higher than at 16°C and heterozygotes had a higher Viability than mutant homozygotes. The low mutagenesis frequencies and the lack of some metabolites for Hnr and se mutants suggest an important role of these mutants in the pteridine pathway.
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Gnanamurthy, S., and D. Dhanavel. "Effect of EMS on Induced Morphological Mutants and Chromosomal Variation in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)." International Letters of Natural Sciences 22 (August 2014): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.22.33.
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Effect of EMS (ethyl methane sulphonate) on induced morphological mutants and chromosomal variation in cowpea was studied using five different doses of mutagen along with a control in randomized blocked design with three replications. The morphological mutants there are two types of viable and chlorophyll mutants. Viable mutant contains tall, dwarf, early maturity, late maturity, leaf mutants pod mutant and flower mutants. The frequency of chlorophyll mutant contains albino, xantha and viridis. This concentration can damage or modify important components of plant cells and have been reported to affect the morphology, anatomy, biochemistry and physiology of plants differentially depending on the concentration level. These effects include changes in the cellular structure and metabolism of the plants e.g., dilation of thylakoid membranes, alteration in photosynthesis, modulation of the antioxidative system and accumulation of phenolic compounds. The morphological and chromosomal variation was found to be mutagen sensitive in somatic cells of cowpea. It was found to increase with increasing the concentration of EMS in Cowpea plants. The chemical mutagen like ethyl methane sulphonate induces high frequency of chromosomal changes like anaphasic bridge; anaphasic laggard, anaphasic bridge and clumbing of chromosome were including control plants also observed.
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Porch, Timothy G., Matthew W. Blair, Patricia Lariguet, Carlos Galeano, Clive E. Pankhurst, and William J. Broughton. "Generation of a Mutant Population for TILLING Common Bean Genotype BAT 93." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, no. 3 (2009): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.3.348.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the major food legume worldwide, making it an important target for novel approaches of genetic analysis. This study evaluated the use of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) for the generation of a mutant population for targeted induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) in common bean. TILLING is a powerful reverse genetics approach that uses a large mutant population for identification of mutants in loci of interest. Based on overall survival, development, and yield of treated seed, 40 mm EMS was found to be an appropriate concentration for the generation of a mutant population in common bean genotype BAT 93. Higher concentrations of EMS resulted in survival rates of less than 10% and lower concentrations resulted in the generation of fewer mutants. Based on TILLING results from other species, a population of 5000 lines is estimated to be sufficient for saturation of the common bean genome. Phenotypic mutation frequencies and the isolation of targeted mutations in the BAT 93 mutant population indicate that mutagenesis was effective.
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Hollocher, Hope, and Allen R. Place. "Reexamination of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Structural Mutants in Drosophila Using Protein Blotting." Genetics 116, no. 2 (1987): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.2.253.
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ABSTRACT Using protein blotting and an immuno-overlay procedure, we have reexamined the cross-reacting material produced by ADH null-activity mutants generated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Of the 13 mutants, 11 have an immunodetectable polypeptide of wild-type size. The native and urea denatured isoelectric points (pI) establish that 7 of 13 of the mutations have no effect on protein charge. The electrophoretic mobilities of each variant on increasing percent acrylamide gels (Ferguson analysis), reveal that 9 of the 11 immunodetectable mutants have retained the ability to form dimers under native conditions. None of the inactive mutant proteins has the ability to form the "adduct-bound" isozyme. We have found no correlation between protein pI and in vivo stability. The observed frequencies of specific charge class alterations do not dispute the propensity of G:A transitions previously found for EMS mutagenesis.
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Rowland, G. G. "An EMS-induced low-linolenic-acid mutant in McGregor flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (1991): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-054.
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McGregor flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed was treated with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and the resulting M1, M2, M3 and M4 progeny were screened for linolenic acid mutants, using the half-seed technique. A stable low-linolenic acid (2%) mutant was found in the M4. The low linolenic character is controlled by recessive alleles at two independent loci, apparently the result of a rare double mutation. Key words: EMS, mutation, flax, Linum usitatissimum, fatty acid
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Begum, Tamina, and Tapash Dasgupta. "Amelioration of seed yield, oil content and oil quality through induced mutagenesis in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 44, no. 1 (2015): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22718.
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Thirty mutant lines selected from 3 widely adapted genotypes of sesame viz. Rama, SI 1666 and IC 21706 (ten from each of the three genotypes), developed by induced physical (?-rays) and chemical (EMS) mutagens, were evaluated against their respective control genotype for yield and its important attributes in M4 generation to reveal the ramification of mutagens for disclosing the magnitude of variation among mutants in advance generation and also to identify the promising positive mutants to refurbish new improved varieties of sesame. Mutants professing higher seed yield were evaluated for oil quantity and quality. All selected mutant lines evinced improved seed yield over their respective controls. Irrespective of the genotypes highest yield was recorded in the line induced by 0.5% EMS. Based on mean seed yield and its components, selected 10 superior mutants, also possessed high oil percentage with a better oil profile having relatively more polyunsaturated fatty acid content, specially linoleic acid, than the control, indicating potentiality of mutation breeding to restructure plants with high yield, improved oil percentage and quality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22718 Bangladesh J. Bot. 44(1): 15-22, 2015 (March)
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Esson, A. E., M. I. Adebola, and A. G. Yisa. "Frequency of mutation, lethality and efficiency of ethyl methane sulphonate and sodium azide on foxtail millet (Setaria italica [L.] P. Beauv.)." Journal of Scientific Agriculture 2 (January 3, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2018.v2.845.
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This study was carried out to determine the frequency of lethality, Mutagenic frequency, effectiveness and efficiency induced by ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and sodium azide on foxtail millet. The seeds were treated with different concentrations of EMS and sodium azide. Number of morphological mutant were observed visually and recorded. Mutagenic frequency, effectiveness and efficiency were highest for EMS at 0.1% concentration (Mutagenic frequency 7.50% effectiveness 18.75% and efficiency 7.50%) and sodium azide at 0.2% concentration (Mutagenic frequency 7.00%, effectiveness 1.84% and efficiency 1%). Lower concentrations of EMS and sodium azide were more effective and efficient in inducing mutation with low biological damages and high mutation frequency. EMS was more effective and efficient in inducing variability in foxtail millet than sodium azide. Therefore, mutants foxtail millet with low biological damages and high mutation frequency can be developed at low concentration of EMS and sodium azide for breeding of foxtail millet.
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Myers, Anna K., and Louis S. Tisa. "Isolation of antibiotic-resistant and antimetabolite-resistant mutants ofFrankiastrains EuI1c and Cc1.17." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 4 (2004): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-013.
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Antibiotic-resistant and antimetabolite-resistant mutants of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Frankia were isolated to provide strains with genetic backgrounds amenable to genetic analysis. The lethal and mutagenic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and UV light on four Frankia strains were investigated. UV irradiation or EMS treatment of strain EuI1c cells resulted in the formation of two different colony types: rough and smooth. The smooth colonies were conditional sporulation mutants. In the case of EMS-induced cells of strain Cc1.17, resistance to lincomycin, ampicillin, and 5-fluorouracil occurred at a frequency of 1 × 10–5, 1 × 10–5, and 4 × 10–5, respectively. The lincomycin-resistant mutants produced a yellow–tan pigment that was released into the growth medium. Resistance to tetracycline and lincomycin with EMS-induced cells of strain EuI1c occurred at a frequency of 3.2 × 10–3and 4.7 × 10–4, respectively. These strains will be useful for the development of genetic methods for Frankia.Key words: genetics, genetic markers, Frankia, actinorhizal symbiosis, nitrogen fixation, mutagenesis, EMS, UV light.
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Mahmud, Kuasha, KM Nasiruddin, MA Hossain, and L. Hassan. "Development of Mutants in Sugarcane through Callus Culture." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 26, no. 1 (2016): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v26i1.29773.
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The effects of different concentrations (0.0 M, 0.01 M, 0.02 M and 0.03 M for 24 hours treatment) of chemical mutagen like, ethyl methanesulfphonate (EMS) on callus derived from sugarcane var. Isd 37, Isd 39 and Isd 40 were investigated for in vitro plant regeneration. The highest number of shoots (58.33%) was reduced over control of Isd 40 followed by Isd 37 (57.62%) and Isd 39 (the lowest 56.06%), respectively due to the use of EMS for treating calli. The regeneration of mutant plantlets was achieved from EMS (0.01 M) treated calli obtained from leaf sheath explants on MS supplemented with 2, 4?D (3 mg/l) and 10% coconut water. Most of the mutant plants were developed from Isd 37. The developed mutant plants showed variation in tiller number, internode, green leaf, millable cane and stalk colour from the source variety of Isd 37.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 26(1): 123-130, 2016 (June)
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Wu, Zhe, Zhenzhen Liu, Shuangfeng Chang, and Yuxuan Zhao. "An EMS mutant library for carrot and genetic analysis of some mutants." Breeding Science 70, no. 5 (2020): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.20020.
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Surashe, S. M., H. V. Kalpande, and S. B. Borgaonkar. "Study on mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens in inducing chlorophyll mutations in m2 generation in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ]." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 15, no. 2 (2020): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/15.2/107-112.
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An investigation was carried out to create the variability generated through induced mutation in two sorghum populations viz., 296 B (Kharif) and Parbhani Moti (Rabi). Two mutagens viz., gamma irradiation (10 kR, 20kR, 30kR and 40kR) and EMS (0.1%EMS, 0.2%EMS, 0.3%EMS and 0.3%EMS) and their combination were used M2 generation. Mutagenic sensitivity in M2 generation on the basis of reduced germination and plant survival revealed a dose dependent reaction and differential response of the populations. In general, chlorophyll mutation frequency expressed on M2 seedling basis increased linearly with doses of three the mutagens in 296 B and Parbhani Moti. The frequency was more in 296 B followed by Parbhani Moti of three mutagens. The spectrum of chlorophyll mutations comprised albina, xantha, viridis, xanthaviridis, chlorina. The most frequently occurred mutant was viridis type followed by chlorina in all the populations. The population 296 B had expressed largest frequency of chlorophyll mutants followed by Parbhani Moti.
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Sari, Laela, Agus Purwito, Didy Sopandie, Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih, and Enny Sudarmonowati. "Karakterisasi Morfologi, Anatomi dan Fisiologi Galur Mutan Gandum yang Ditanam di Dataran Rendah Tropik." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 35, no. 1 (2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v35n1.2016.p45-52.
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Characterization of mutant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines is a step on the breeding program to determine the beneficial characters for increasing the productivity in tropical lowland. The aim of this research was to obtain information on the variability of morphological, anatomical, and physiological characters that could be used as selection criteria and to obtain adaptive mutant lines of “Alibey” in tropical low altitude land. Research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of SEAMEO-BIOTROP in Bogor 250 m above sea level, from April to December 2013. Mutant lines of “Alibey” consisted of 16 M3 mutants resulted from treatments of EMS. LC50 of “Alibey” at 0.1% EMS for 60 minutes. Results showed that the mutant lines changed their morphological traits significantly, as indicated by the four characters i.e. long stem panicle (8 mutants), grain weight/panicle (1 mutant), weight of 100 seeds (4 mutants) and seed weight/plant (9 mutants). However, the mutant had no significant effect on the nine other characters, including: time of flowering, days to maturing, panicle length, plant height, number of tillers, panicle number, and leaf area. Anatomical characters namely leaf thickness and stomata size showed different values between “Alibey” mutant (AB-0.1.60-1-7-1) and the original Alibey. For the physiological characters there were significant differences among mutants with respect to the amount of proline and glucose levels. Proline level in the control plant was 4.15 ug/g BB, while that in mutant “AB-0.1.60-3-16-1” was 263.47 µg/g BB, and that in “AB-0.1.60-3-3-2” was 235.90 µ/g BB. Likewise, glucose level in control was 132.88 mg/ml, while in mutant “AB-0.1.60-3-16-1” was 181.48 mg/ml, and that in “AB-0.1.60-3-3-2” was 287.41 mg/ml. “Alibey” mutants should be selected based on two characters i.e. stem panicle length and seed weight/plant. Correlation analysis between panicle number and all other characters were not significant. Plant height significantly affected the grain weight/panicle and the grain weight/plant. It is expected that some of the mutants are adaptable to the tropical lowlands, so that the diversity of wheat germplasm in Indonesia is increased.
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Mizuno, Yosuke, Shunsuke Okamoto, Miyuki Hara, and Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi. "EMS mutagenesis and characterization of Brassica rapa mutants." Plant Biotechnology 31, no. 2 (2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.0109b.
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Scheller, Jürgen, Anke Schürer, Christian Rudolph, Stefan Hettwer, and Wilfried Kramer. "MPH1, A Yeast Gene Encoding a DEAH Protein, Plays a Role in Protection of the Genome From Spontaneous and Chemically Induced Damage." Genetics 155, no. 3 (2000): 1069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.3.1069.
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Abstract We have characterized the MPH1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mph1 mutants display a spontaneous mutator phenotype. Homologs were found in archaea and in the EST libraries of Drosophila, mouse, and man. Mph1 carries the signature motifs of the DEAH family of helicases. Selected motifs were shown to be necessary for MPH1 function by introducing missense mutations. Possible indirect effects on translation and splicing were excluded by demonstrating nuclear localization of the protein and splicing proficiency of the mutant. A mutation spectrum did not show any conspicuous deviations from wild type except for an underrepresentation of frameshift mutations. The mutator phenotype was dependent on REV3 and RAD6. The mutant was sensitive to MMS, EMS, 4-NQO, and camptothecin, but not to UV light and X rays. Epistasis analyses were carried out with representative mutants from various repair pathways (msh6, mag1, apn1, rad14, rad52, rad6, mms2, and rev3). No epistatic interactions were found, either for the spontaneous mutator phenotype or for MMS, EMS, and 4-NQO sensitivity. mph1 slightly increased the UV sensitivity of mms2, rad6, and rad14 mutants, but no effect on X-ray sensitivity was observed. These data suggest that MPH1 is not part of a hitherto known repair pathway. Possible functions are discussed.
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Tao, L., T. J. MacAlister, and J. M. Tanzer. "Transformation Efficiency of EMS-induced Mutants of Streptococcus mutans of Altered Cell Shape." Journal of Dental Research 72, no. 6 (1993): 1032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345930720060701.
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Sood, Sonia, Sanjay Jambhulkar, Yudhvir Singh, Nivedita Gupta, and Saloni Sharma. "Induced chlorophyll mutations in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 2 (2017): 1085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i2.1326.
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An investigation entitled “Induced chlorophyll mutations in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum)” was conducted during kharif (summer-rainy season) 2012 and 2013 at Experimental farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, H.P., India. Healthy seeds of California Wonder of bell pepper were exposed to physical mutagen Gamma rays using 60CO as a source of radiation at Mutation Breeding Centre, Department of Biotechnology, BARC Trombay, Mumbai and chemical mutagen EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) to obtain the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation. The M1 generation was produced from these mutagen treated seeds. Several unique and interesting chlorophyll and viable mutants were obtained in M2 generation. In M2 generation, gamma rays induced higher proportion of chlorophyll mutants then EMS. A progressive increase in mutation frequency of chlorophyll mutations was observed with increasing doses/concentrations. Four different types of chlorophyll mutants namely xantha, yellow xantha, chlorina and viridis were induced. Out of these mutants, chlorina and viridis were most frequent and were produced even in lower doses/concentrations while yellow xantha was least frequent and produced only in higher doses. The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations (18.8 %) was reported in the 22 kR of gamma dose, while the lowest (0.80 %) frequency of chlorophyll mutations was found in the treatment of 1.0 % EMS. There was a dose dependent increase in the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations. These chlorophyll mutants induced by gamma radiation and EMS could be used in mutation breeding programme for inducing viable mutations for improvement of bell pepper varieties.
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Sukmadjaja, Deden, Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih, and Tri P. Priyatno. "Seleksi In Vitro dan Pengujian Mutan Tanaman Pisang Ambon Kuning untuk Ketahanan terhadap Penyakit Layu Fusarium." Jurnal AgroBiogen 9, no. 2 (2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v9n2.2013.p66-76.
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<p>Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.) caused by<br />Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the most serious<br />problem faced in banana cultivation in terms of plant<br />productivity and fruit quality. Mutation breeding is one of the<br />alternative method that can be applied in producing new<br />banana cultivar. Mutants can be induced by chemical<br />mutagen such as ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) followed by<br />in vitro selection and then evaluation of the mutants to<br />fusarium wilt disease in glasshouse and Foc infected field.<br />The aim of this research was obtained EMS induced and in<br />vitro selected mutants of banana var. Ambon Kuning and<br />evaluated Foc disease resistant clones in glasshouse and<br />Foc infected field. The first step to obtain the explants for<br />this research was initiation and formation of multiple bud<br />clumps (MBC) using MS basal media supplemented with 5,<br />10, and 20 mg/l of benzyladenin. Plant regeneration of MBC<br />was also studied by using MS media containing 0, 0.2, and 1<br />mg/l of benzyladenin. To induce mutagenesis, MBC was<br />soaked in 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% (v/v) EMS for 1, 2, and 3 hours.<br />The assesment of resistant MBC mutants to Fusarium<br />phytotoxin was conducted by using fusaric acid (FA) as<br />selection agent in concentration of 30, 45, and 60 ppm.<br />Putative mutant plants produced by in vitro selection were<br />further tested using spore solution of Foc race 4 in<br />glasshouse. Meanwhile, Foc resistance assesment in the<br />infected field was conducted in Pasirkuda Experimental<br />Station, Bogor Agricultural University. The results showed<br />that MBC can be formed in MS basal media supplemented<br />with 10 or 20 mg/l benzyladenin. The EMS played a role in<br />obtaining mutants by producing 68 MBC putative mutants<br />tolerant to Foc based on FA selection. Further evaluation in<br />the glasshouse was obtained 64 Foc resistant plants from<br />391 putative mutants produced by in vitro selection.<br />Evaluation in the Foc infected field showed six clones<br />survived until generative phase (12 month of age).</p>
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Heffron, Leslie, Alan Blowers, and Schuyler Korban. "(237) Chemical Mutagenesis in Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)." HortScience 41, no. 4 (2006): 1021A—1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1021a.
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Seeds of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), proprietary line OAK564, were treated with 0%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for 8, 10, and 12 h at room temperature. The experiment was replicated three times over time. Data were collected on percent seed germination, seedling survivability, and pollen viability to determine optimal conditions for induced mutagenesis in OAK564 seeds. In the pilot experiment, M1 seeds treated with 1.0% EMS for 12 h had the lowest seed germination rate among all 18 treatments. Based on this pilot experiment, a large-scale mutagenesis experiment was performed using three levels of EMS (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) for 10-h exposure period. Mutants were induced on all these treatments, and morphological changes in the M1 population were detected. These included dwarfism, chlorophyll deficiency, and leaf morphology abnormality. This indicated that the EMS treatments were successful in inducing mutations, and mutants were further characterized for morphological traits.
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Hwang, Doyeon, Hee-Jin Jeong, Jin-Kyung Kwon, Hohyun Kim, Si-Yong Kang, and Byoung-Cheorl Kang. "Phenotypic variants among ethyl methanesulfonate M2 mutant lines in Capsicum annuum." Plant Genetic Resources 12, S1 (2014): S141—S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262114000434.
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Induction of mutations using chemical mutagens has proved to be a useful tool in crop improvement and has advantages over transgenic approaches in view of legislative restrictions and intellectual property. Among the chemical mutagens, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) has been widely used to generate novel traits. In this study, we constructed an EMS mutant population consisting of 3945 M2 mutant lines using a Korean landrace of Capsicum annuum ‘Yuwol-cho’. In total, 1480 M2 mutant lines were evaluated for novel traits. The mutant lines showed phenotypic variations such as plant growth (small size and dwarfism), development of leaves (variegation, colour and morphological changes), flowers (inflorescence, morphological and organ colour changes), and fruits (morphological and colour changes). Most of these mutant phenotypes were inherited recessively. Many of the mutant phenotypes were unique in pepper, while some were similar to those of known mutants in other plant species. These mutant lines will be useful for the study of gene function in C. annuum.
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Riyanti, Eny Ida, Toto Hadiarto, and D. N. Susilowati. "MULTIFUNCTIONAL MUTANTS OF Azospirillum sp. WITH ENHANCED CAPABILITY OF SOLUBILIZING PHOSPHORUS, FIXING NITROGEN AND PRODUCING INDOLE ACETIC ACID." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 1 (2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v13n1.2012.12-17.
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Azospirillum sp. have long been known as biofertilizer for plant growth because of its capability to produce phytohormones and fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Multifunctional Azospirillum strain Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2 isolated in 2009 from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) rhizosphere in Lembang, Bandung, West Java, was capable of fixing nitrogen, solubilizing tricalcium-phosphate, and producing phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). The study aimed to modify the multifunctions of Azos-pirillum sp. for better capability of fixing N2, solubilizing P, and producing IAA using ethyl methanesulfonate and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (EMS) mutagen. The study was conducted at Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) in 2010. The results showed that this strain was genetically mutagenized using EMS for better performance in solubilizing P, fixing N2 (nitrogenase activity), and producing phytohormone (IAA). The optimum concentration and the length of incubation time for the process have been determined. Nine selected mutants with increasing capability to solubilize P (determined by clear-zone formation on Pikovskaya’s medium) have been characterized for nitrogenase activities and IAA production compared to wild type Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2. The effect of mutagenesis on IAA produc-tion and nitrogenase activities varied among the mutans. Two mutants, AzM 3.7.1.16 and AzM 1.7.2.12, showed superiority in the production of IAA, while two mutants, AzM 1.5.1.14 and AzM 3.7.1.15, were superior in nitrogenase activities. The EMS mutagenesis of Azospirillum sp. showed enhanced dissolving capa-bility of unsoluble phosphate (tricalciumphosphate) and increased IAA production and nitrogenase activity. <br /><br />
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Riyanti, Eny Ida, Toto Hadiarto, and D. N. Susilowati. "MULTIFUNCTIONAL MUTANTS OF Azospirillum sp. WITH ENHANCED CAPABILITY OF SOLUBILIZING PHOSPHORUS, FIXING NITROGEN AND PRODUCING INDOLE ACETIC ACID." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 1 (2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v13n1.2012.p12-17.
Full textAbstract:
Azospirillum sp. have long been known as biofertilizer for plant growth because of its capability to produce phytohormones and fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Multifunctional Azospirillum strain Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2 isolated in 2009 from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) rhizosphere in Lembang, Bandung, West Java, was capable of fixing nitrogen, solubilizing tricalcium-phosphate, and producing phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). The study aimed to modify the multifunctions of Azos-pirillum sp. for better capability of fixing N2, solubilizing P, and producing IAA using ethyl methanesulfonate and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (EMS) mutagen. The study was conducted at Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) in 2010. The results showed that this strain was genetically mutagenized using EMS for better performance in solubilizing P, fixing N2 (nitrogenase activity), and producing phytohormone (IAA). The optimum concentration and the length of incubation time for the process have been determined. Nine selected mutants with increasing capability to solubilize P (determined by clear-zone formation on Pikovskaya’s medium) have been characterized for nitrogenase activities and IAA production compared to wild type Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2. The effect of mutagenesis on IAA produc-tion and nitrogenase activities varied among the mutans. Two mutants, AzM 3.7.1.16 and AzM 1.7.2.12, showed superiority in the production of IAA, while two mutants, AzM 1.5.1.14 and AzM 3.7.1.15, were superior in nitrogenase activities. The EMS mutagenesis of Azospirillum sp. showed enhanced dissolving capa-bility of unsoluble phosphate (tricalciumphosphate) and increased IAA production and nitrogenase activity. <br /><br />
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Umavathi, S., and L. Mullainathan. "Molecular profiling of chickpea mutants isolated from EMS and gamma rays treatments." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 56, no. 3 (2019): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov56-19959.
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Ntiamoah, Charles, and Gordon G. Rowland. "Inheritance and characterization of two low linolenic acid EMS-induced McGregor mutant flax (Linum usitatissimum)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 3 (1997): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-137.
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Mutagens [e.g. EMS (ethyl methane sulphonate)] are sometimes used to generate variability in oil crops when variability is lacking in natural populations, or when strong interspecific crossing barriers prevent hybridization with relatives. It is imperative to conduct genetic studies on beneficial mutants before they can be effectively used in a breeding program. This study was conducted to study the inheritance, and characterize two "apparent" low linolenic acid EMS-induced McGregor flax mutants (E1929 and E1536) that appeared to be quite different from E1747, a linolenic acid deficient McGregor flax mutant which has been extensively studied. Diallele crosses involving 1) E1929, E1536, and McGregor, and 2) E1929, E1536, and E1747 were made. Gas chromatography analyses of fatty acids from seed oil of F1 and F2 populations indicated that E1929 resulted from a reduction in Δ15 desaturase activity, and that the control of the trait is by a single recessive gene. The E1929 gene appears to be allelic to one of the two genes possessed by E1747. E1929 was characterized as a "moderately low linolenic-high oleic acid mutant". E1536 could not be characterized with the available data. Key words: flax, fatty acids, linolenic, Linum
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McCracken, Ardythe A., Igor V. Karpichev, James E. Ernaga, Eric D. Werner, Andrew G. Dillin, and William E. Courchesne. "Yeast Mutants Deficient in ER-Associated Degradation of the Z Variant of Alpha-1-Protease Inhibitor." Genetics 144, no. 4 (1996): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.4.1355.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants deficient in degradation of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor Z (A1PiZ) have been isolated and genetically characterized. Wild-type yeast expressing A1PiZ synthesize an ER form of this protein that is rapidly degraded by an intracellular proteolytic process known as ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). The mutant strains were identified after treatment with EMS using a colony blot immunoassay to detect colonies that accumulated high levels of A1PiZ. A total of 120,000 colonies were screened and 30 putative mutants were identified. The level of A1PiZ accumulation in these mutants, measured by ELISA, ranged from two to 11 times that of A1PiZ in the parent strain. Further studies demonstrated that the increased levels of A1PiZ in most of the mutant strains was not the result of defective secretion or elevated A1PiZ mRNA. Pulse chase experiments indicated that A1PiZ was stabilized in several strains, evidence that these mutants are defective in ER-associated protein degradation. Genetic analyses revealed that most of the mutations were recessive, ∼30% of the mutants characterized conformed to simple Mendelian inheritance, and at least seven complementation groups were identified.
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Chen, Tingting, Luping Huang, Miaomiao Wang, et al. "Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate-Induced Mutagenesis and Its Effects on Peanut Agronomic, Yield and Quality Traits." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050655.
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Peanut is an important oilseed and food crop worldwide; however, the development of new cultivars is limited by its remarkably low genetic variability. Therefore, in order to enhance peanut genetic variability, here, we treated two widely cultivated peanut genotypes, Huayu 22 and Yueyou 45, with different concentrations of the mutagen ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS) for different durations. Based on median lethal dose (LD50) value, optimal EMS treatment concentrations for each duration were identified for each genotype. Mutants induced by EMS differed in various phenotypic traits, including plant height, number of branches, leaf characteristics, and yield and quality in plants of the M2 generation. Moreover, we identified potentially useful mutants associated with dwarfism, leaf color and shape, high oil and/or protein content, seed size and testa color, among individuals of the M2 generation. Mutations were stably inherited in M3-generation individuals. In addition to their contribution to the study and elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the expression of some important agronomic traits, the mutants obtained in this study provide valuable germplasm resources for use in peanut improvement programs.
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Maleck, Klaus, Urs Neuenschwander, Rebecca M. Cade, Robert A. Dietrich, Jeffery L. Dangl, and John A. Ryals. "Isolation and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Disease-Resistant Arabidopsis Mutants." Genetics 160, no. 4 (2002): 1661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.4.1661.
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Abstract To identify Arabidopsis mutants that constitutively express systemic acquired resistance (SAR), we constructed reporter lines expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the SAR-inducible PR-1 promoter (PR-1/luc). After EMS mutagenesis of a well-characterized transgenic line, we screened 250,000 M2 plants for constitutive expression of the reporter gene in vivo. From a mutant collection containing several hundred putative mutants, we concentrated on 16 mutants lacking spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR) cell death. We mapped 4 of these constitutive immunity (cim) mutants to chromosome arms. Constitutive expression of disease resistance was established by analyzing responses to virulent Peronospora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae strains, by RNA blot analysis for endogenous marker genes, and by determination of salicylic acid levels in the mutants. The variety of the cim phenotypes allowed us to define distinct steps in both the canonical SAR signaling pathway and a separate pathway for resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum, active in only a subset of the mutants.
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Berenschot, Amanda S., Maria I. Zucchi, Augusto Tulmann-Neto, and Vera Quecini. "Mutagenesis in Petunia x hybrida Vilm. and isolation of a novel morphological mutant." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, no. 2 (2008): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202008000200002.
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Traditionally, mutagenesis has been used to introduce novel genetic variability in ornamental crops. More recently, it has become a powerful tool in gene discovery and functional analyses in reverse genetics approaches. The present work aimed to compare the efficiency of physical and chemical agents in generating mutant populations of petunia. We have indirectly evaluated the genomic damage by analyzing developmental characteristics of the plantlets derived from treated seeds employing gamma radiation at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy and the alkylating agent ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25% (v/v). Gamma rays and EMS caused developmental defects and decreased seedling viability in plants obtained from the mutagenized seeds. High mutagen doses reduced in approximately 44% the number of plants with primary leaves at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and decreased seedling survival rates to 55% (gamma) and 28% (EMS), in comparison to untreated controls. Seedling height decrease was proportional to increasing EMS dosage, whereas 40 and 60 Gy of gamma irradiation caused the most significant reduction in height. Moderate DNA damage allowing a high saturation of mutant alleles in the genome and the generation of viable plants for reverse genetics studies was correlated to the biological parameter LD50, the dose required to kill half of the tested population. It corresponded to 100 Gy for gamma radiation and 0.1% for EMS treatment. The optimized mutagen treatments were used to develop petunia mutant populations (M1 and M2) and novel morphological mutants were identified.
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Calderini, O., M. Carelli, F. Panara, et al. "Collection of mutants for functional genomics in the legume Medicago truncatula." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 2 (2011): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000165.
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We have established mutant collections of the model species Medicago truncatula according to current protocols. In particular, we used a transposon (Tnt1) tagging method and an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis approach (TILLING). The collections were subjected to both forward and reverse genetics screenings, and several mutants were isolated that affect plant traits (e.g. shoot, root developments, flower morphology, etc.) and also biosynthetic pathways of secondary compounds (saponins and tannins). Genes responsible for some of the mutations were cloned and further characterized.
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Shafique, Sobiya, Rukhsana Bajwa, and Shazia Shafique. "Strain Improvement and Genetic Characterization of Indigenous Aspergillus Flavus for Amylolytic Potential." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 7 (2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400720.
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Aspergillus flavus FCBP–231, a filamentous fungus, was genetically modified for its ability to reveal extra cellular α-amylase activity. For strain improvement, the selected strains were subjected to UV irradiation (5-40 min exposure) and EMS treatment (50–300 μg mL−1) for hyper activity of an α-amylase enzyme. The mutants were quantitatively compared with the parental strain. UV and chemical mutagenesis brought about a dramatic enhancement in enzymatic activity. The mutant strains Af-UV-5.3 and Af-Ch-5.7 exhibited 79 and 110% more enzyme activity than the native strain A. flavus FCBP-231. This improvement in enzyme activity of the mutants suggests that they are suitable strains to be used in biotechnology. RAPD–PCR analysis revealed different patterns of amplicons of native as well as mutant derivatives, which suggested that the mutation imparted changes in the genetic make up of the mutants probably involved enzyme production control.
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Kim, Ok Ju, and Jae-Hwa Lee. "Characterization of Chlorella Vulgaris Mutants Generated by EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate)." Applied Chemistry for Engineering 26, no. 3 (2015): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14478/ace.2015.1007.
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Channaoui, Souhail, Mostapha Labhilili, Mohamed Mouhib, Hamid Mazouz, Mohamed El Fechtali, and Abdelghani Nabloussi. "Development and evaluation of diverse promising rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) mutants using physical and chemical mutagens." OCL 26 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2019031.
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Genetic variability is a prerequisite for any plant breeding program, and mutagenesis is a proven way of creating new variation within a crop germplasm. Novel genetic variability in rapeseed was induced by gamma rays, Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) and combined mutagen treatment, using various doses and concentrations. The objective was to evaluate and compare the obtained M2 mutants for important quantitative traits in two contrasted environments. Data on phenological, morphological and agronomic parameters were recorded. A large variability was observed and mutagenic treatments had a significant effect on all traits studied. Compared to control plants, mutant genotypes derived from seeds treated with low EMS concentrations during moderate time were earlier and characterized by a higher number of pods per plant. For high concentration of EMS during long time and for combinations of physical and chemical mutagens, a significant decrease in plant height and stature was noticed, as compared to control. Besides, plants derived from gamma rays-treated seeds exhibited the highest 1000-seed weight. The novel induced variability may be integrated in rapeseed breeding program as a new germplasm with improved agronomic traits. Particularly, EMS1-7-stable mutant may be exploited to develop efficiently and quickly a new rapeseed cultivar with some desirable traits. The present study highlights once more the possibility to bring novel genetic diversity for rapeseed desirable traits improvement through mutation breeding.
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Fang, Jong-Yi, and Siguina Traore. "In Vitro Mutation Induction of Saintpaulia Using Ethyl Methanesulfonate." HortScience 46, no. 7 (2011): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.7.981.
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This study has been performed to investigate the efficiency of the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) to induce mutations in Saintpaulia. In vitro leaf sections of Saintpaulia cv. Crystobal were exposed to various EMS treatments at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% for 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after which adventitious shoots were recovered from the treated explants. Shoots producing at least six leaves were induced to root and the resulting plantlets were transplanted to soil. A total of 1838 plantlets was grown to flowering stage and 10 mutants were identified. Four of the mutants were variegated leaf chimeras and the remaining six presented variations at the level of flower color and/or fringe. Results in the present study showed the efficiency of EMS to induce in vitro mutation of Saintpaulia and the method can be used in the future to assist breeding in this popular ornamental plant.
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Ramandeep, R., T. S. Dhillon, R. K. Dhall, and B. S. Gill. "Effect of mutagen-ethyl methane sulphonate on yield increasing parameters of French bean (Phaseolus vulgarisl.)." Genetika 50, no. 1 (2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1801199r.
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The present investigation was undertaken at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, INDIA during spring season of 2015 and 2016 with objective to induce genetic variability for yield and quality traits in cultivars ?Contender? and ?Arka Komal? through chemical mutagen- ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35%. Seed treatment with all the EMS concentration drastically reduced its germination but the germination per cent decreased with increase in concentration of EMS. The per cent seed germination was maximum (90%) in control ?Contender? whereas it was 74%, 49% and 42% in EMS at 0.15%, 0.25% and 0.35%, respectively. Similar trend of results for germination percentage were obtained in cultivar ?Arka Komal? after treatment with different concentrations of EMS, however germination percentage of ?Arka Komal? was lower than of ?Contender?. The germination percentage trends of EMS treated French bean cultivars were comparable under field and laboratory conditions but somewhat less under field due to less favourable conditions. All the plants harvested in M1 generation in both cultivars were sown in plant to progeny fashion along with parents. Several desirable plants were selected in M2 generation for early flowering, number of pods per plant, pod length and bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) resistance in both the cultivars at different concentrations of EMS. Selection was also performed for straight pods in case of genotype 'Contender'. The maximum frequency of desirable mutants was observed in lower EMS concentration (0.15%). The 0.15% EMS increased number of pods per plant which may be directly related to yield per plant and it will ultimately increase the total yield. Therefore, EMS concentration at 0.15% can be effectively used for inducing maximum variability in French bean. The mutant population developed in M2 generation can be further used to check its performance in next generations.
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Berná, Genoveva, Pedro Robles, and José Luis Micol. "A Mutational Analysis of Leaf Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana." Genetics 152, no. 2 (1999): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.2.729.
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Abstract As a contribution to a better understanding of the developmental processes that are specific to plants, we have begun a genetic analysis of leaf ontogeny in the model system Arabidopsis thaliana by performing a large-scale screening for mutants with abnormal leaves. After screening 46,159 M2 individuals, arising from 5770 M1 parental seeds exposed to EMS, we isolated 1926 M2 putative leaf mutants, 853 of which yielded viable M3 inbred progeny. Mutant phenotypes were transmitted with complete penetrance and small variations in expressivity in 255 lines. Most of them were inherited as recessive monogenic traits, belonging to 94 complementation groups, which suggests that we did not reach saturation of the genome. We discuss the nature of the processes presumably perturbed in the phenotypic classes defined among our mutants.
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Siddique, Muhammad Irfan, Seungki Back, Joung-Ho Lee, et al. "Development and Characterization of an Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) Induced Mutant Population in Capsicum annuum L." Plants 9, no. 3 (2020): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030396.
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Plant breeding explores genetic diversity in useful traits to develop new, high-yielding, and improved cultivars. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is a chemical widely used to induce mutations at loci that regulate economically essential traits. Additionally, it can knock out genes, facilitating efforts to elucidate gene functions through the analysis of mutant phenotypes. Here, we developed a mutant population using the small and pungent ornamental Capsicum annuum pepper “Micro-Pep”. This accession is particularly suitable for mutation studies and molecular research due to its compact growth habit and small size. We treated 9500 seeds with 1.3% EMS and harvested 3996 M2 lines. We then selected 1300 (32.5%) independent M2 families and evaluated their phenotypes over four years. The mutants displayed phenotypic variations in plant growth, habit, leaf color and shape, and flower and fruit morphology. An experiment to optimize Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) in pepper detected nine EMS-induced mutations in the eIF4E gene. The M2 families developed here exhibited broad phenotypic variation and should be valuable genetic resources for functional gene analysis in pepper molecular breeding programs using reverse genetics tools, including TILLING.
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Xiao, Xi-ou, Wenqiu Lin, Ke Li, Xuefeng Feng, Hui Jin, and Huafeng Zou. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Artificial Mutations Induced by Ethyl Methanesulfonate in the Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)." Genes 10, no. 8 (2019): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10080595.
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Whole-genome sequences of four EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate)-induced eggplant mutants were analyzed to identify genome-wide mutations. In total, 173.01 GB of paired-end reads were obtained for four EMS-induced mutants and (WT) wild type and 1,076,010 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and 183,421 indels were identified. The most common mutation type was C/G to T/A transitions followed by A/T to G/C transitions. The mean densities were one SNP per 1.3 to 2.6 Mb. The effect of mutations on gene function was annotated and only 7.2% were determined to be deleterious. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis showed 10 and 11 genes, which were nonsynonymous mutation or frameshift deletion in 48-5 and L6-5 involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis or flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. QRT-PCR results showed that only the Sme2.5_06210.1_g00004.1, which was annotated as UFGT (Flavonoid galactosidase transferase), expression significantly decreased in the L6-5 mutant compared with the WT. Also, the Sme2.5_06210.1_g00004.1 expression was lower in the colorless eggplant compared with colorful eggplant in the natural eggplant cultivar. These results suggest that Sme2.5_06210.1_g00004.1 may play a key role in eggplant anthocyanin synthesis.
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ZHANG, Ji-Yuan, Ping-Ping ZHANG, Jin-Bao YAO, Dan YANG, Xue-Ming YANG, and Hong-Xiang MA. "EMS Induced HMW-GS Mutants from Soft Wheat Ningmai 9." Acta Agronomica Sinica 40, no. 9 (2014): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2014.01579.
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Luz, Viviane Kopp da, Solange Ferreira da Silveira Silveira, Gabriela Magalhães da Fonseca, et al. "Identification of variability for agronomically important traits in rice mutant families." Bragantia 75, no. 1 (2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.283.
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ABSTRACT The increase of yield potential in new rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties has been a major challenge for genetic improvement. The generation of mutants, followed by their characterization, constitutes a great possibility to isolate and select genes and genotypes that present agronomic traits of interest. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) on agronomic traits in 340 M3 families of rice derived from BRS Querência cultivar. Seeds from each family and the original genotype BRS Querência were sown in the experimental field, and the characters main panicle length, main panicle weight, main panicle grain weight, flag leaf width and plant height were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05), and a comparison of means was carried out by Dunnett's test at 5% significance. The results show that there is genetic variability among the mutant families, suggesting that the mutagen EMS at 1.5% is effective for generating mutants for all assessed traits. Among the characters, plant height was the most affected by the mutagen, which provided an increase in the character. For the main panicle length character, seven families showed means above the control; for main panicle weight and grain weight, four and six mutant families were observed, respectively, with a superior performance in comparison to the control.
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Griebel, Stefanie, Richard P. Westerman, Adedayo Adeyanju, et al. "Mutations in sorghum SBEIIb and SSIIa affect alkali spreading value, starch composition, thermal properties and flour viscosity." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 132, no. 12 (2019): 3357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03430-0.
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Abstract Key message Seven novel alleles of SBEIIb and one allele of SSIIa co-segregated with the ASV phenotype and contributed to distinct starch quality traits important for food-processing applications. Abstract Sorghum is an important food crop for millions of people in Africa and Asia. Whole-genome re-sequencing of sorghum EMS mutants exhibiting an alkali spreading value (ASV) phenotype revealed candidate SNPs in Sobic.004G163700 and Sobic.010G093400. Comparative genomics identified Sobic.010G093400 as a starch synthase IIa and Sobic.004G163700 as a starch branching enzyme IIb. Segregation analyses showed that mutations in Sobic.010G093400 or Sobic.004G163700 co-segregated with the ASV phenotype. Mutants in SSIIa exhibited no change in amylose content but expressed lower final viscosity and lower starch gelatinization temperature (GT) than starches from non-mutant plants. The sbeIIb mutants exhibited significantly higher amylose levels and starch GT and lower viscosity compared to non-mutant starches and ssIIa mutants. Mutations in SBEIIb had a dosage-dependent effect on amylose content. Double mutants of sbeIIb and ssIIa resembled their sbeIIb parent in amylose content, starch thermal properties and viscosity profiles. These variants will provide opportunities to produce sorghum varieties with modified starch end-use qualities important for the beer brewing and baking industries and specialty foods for humans with diabetes.
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Abid, Muhammad Ali, Peilin Wang, Tao Zhu, et al. "Construction of Gossypium barbadense Mutant Library Provides Genetic Resources for Cotton Germplasm Improvement." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (2020): 6505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186505.
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Allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense) are cultivated worldwide for its white fiber. For centuries, conventional breeding approaches increase cotton yield at the cost of extensive erosion of natural genetic variability. Sea Island cotton (G. barbadense) is known for its superior fiber quality, but show poor adaptability as compared to Upland cotton. Here, in this study, we use ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) as a mutagenic agent to induce genome-wide point mutations to improve the current germplasm resources of Sea Island cotton and develop diverse breeding lines with improved adaptability and excellent economic traits. We determined the optimal EMS experimental procedure suitable for construction of cotton mutant library. At M6 generation, mutant library comprised of lines with distinguished phenotypes of the plant architecture, leaf, flower, boll, and fiber. Genome-wide analysis of SNP distribution and density in yellow leaf mutant reflected the better quality of mutant library. Reduced photosynthetic efficiency and transmission electron microscopy of yellow leaf mutants revealed the effect of induced mutations at physiological and cellular level. Our mutant collection will serve as the valuable resource for basic research on cotton functional genomics, as well as cotton breeding.
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Miquel, M. "Towards the cloning of GLY1." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 6 (2000): 675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280675.
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The Arabidopsis mutants designated gly1 exhibit a reduced carbon flux through the prokaryotic pathway that is compensated for by an increased carbon flux through the eukaryotic pathway. Biochemical approaches reveal that the gly1 phenotype cannot be explained by a deficiency in the enzymes of the prokaryotic pathway. The chemical complementation of the mutant phenotype by exogenous glycerol treatment of gly1 plants suggests a lesion affecting the glycerol 3-phosphate supply within the chloroplast. As an alternative to the biochemical study of the gly1 mutants we set out to map the GLY1 locus. The gly1 mutant being an EMS (ethyl methane sulphonate) mutant, we used a strategy based on the polymorphism existing between Arabidopsis ecotypes, here Columbia (gly1 background) and Landsberg erecta. We mapped gly1 on chromosome II. During the process of chromosome walking, the complete sequence of chromosome II was released, allowing us to make assumptions on candidate genes based on map location. We are currently sequencing the putative genes.
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Shafique, Shazia, Rukhsana Bajwa, and Sobiya Shafique. "Mutagenesis and Genotypic Characterization of Aspergillus niger FCBP-02 for Improvement in Cellulolytic Potential." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 4 (2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400423.
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Cellulase is a collective term that encompasses enzymes which catalyze reactions that participate in the degradation of insoluble cellulose to soluble carbohydrates. In the present study, production of extra cellular cellulases by a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger FCBP-02, was studied in solid-state fermentation (SSF) as well as in submerged fermentation (SmF). Trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of mutagenesis by UV irradiation (5–40 min) and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment (50–300 μg mL−1) to obtain hyper active cellulase enzyme producers among the potential strains. The enzyme activity assays of parental and mutant strains clearly revealed significantly higher cellulase activity of mutant A-Ch-5.5 (96 Units mL−1), followed by A-UV-5.6 (71 Units mL−1) with respect to the wild strain of A. niger FCBP–02 (53.7 Units mL−1). The profile of genetic variability among wild and mutant derivatives was scrutinized through RAPD–PCR. The expression pattern of mutants exhibited that the mutants were isogenic variants of the wild type and the out performance of the mutants could be attributed to the change in genetic make up.
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Chini, A., S. Murray, J. Grant, C. Thomson, and G. Loake. "Characterisation of a PR-1: Luciferase transgenic line deployed to uncover novel defence-related Arabidopsis mutants by luciferase imaging." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (2017): 615–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10570-pps.
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In order to identify components of the defence signalling network that may contribute to the establishment of disease resistance, we generated a novel PR-1::Luciferase transgenic line which was deployed in an imaging based screen to uncover novel defence-related mutants. Approximately, 5000 ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) lines and 30 000 activation tagged lines were generated and screened for enhanced LUC activity via ultra low light imaging.
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Humphreys, James M., Brenda Duyf, Mei-Ling A. Joiner, John P. Phillips, and Arthur J. Hilliker. "Genetic analysis of oxygen defense mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster and identification of a novel behavioural mutant with a Shaker phenotype." Genome 39, no. 4 (1996): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-094.
Full textAbstract:
Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster that lack Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or urate are hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in vivo by the redox-cycling agent paraquat. We have subsequently employed paraquat as a selective agent to identify adult viable mutants potentially defective in other, perhaps unknown, components of ROS metabolism. Paraquat screening of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced second- and third-chromosome mutations yielded 24 paraquat hypersensitive mutants. Two mutants were identified as being new alleles of the previously identified doublesex (dsx) and pink (p) genes. The remainder of the mutations identified previously undescribed genes, including one second chromosome paraquat hypersensitive mutant that was found to exhibit shaking legs, abdomen pulsations, and body shuddering under ether anaesthesia. This recessive mutation was mapped to the polytene chromosome region of 48A5–48B2 and defines a new gene we named quiver (qvr). This mutation is similar in phenotype to the Shaker (Sh), ether-a-gogo (eag), and Hyperkinetic (Hk) mutations, all of which affect potassium channel function in D. melanogaster. Key words : Drosophila, paraquat, EMS-mutagenesis, Shaker, oxidative-stress.
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Schuetze, Christopher, Michelle Peters, Jia-Jen Duong, et al. "Map positions of third chromosomal female sterile and lethal mutations of Drosophila melanogaster." Genome 47, no. 5 (2004): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-052.
Full textAbstract:
Chromosomal mutations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treatment can cause female sterility or maternal-effect lethality in Drosophila. EMS is particularly useful to researchers because it creates mutations independent of position effects. However, because researchers have little control over the chromosomal site of mutation, post-mutagenic genetic mapping is required to determine the cytological location of the mutation. To make a valuable set of mutants more useful to the research community, we have mapped the uncharacterized part of the female-sterile – maternal-effect lethal Tübingen collection. We mapped 49 female-sterile – maternal-effect lethal alleles and 72 lethal alleles to individual deficiency intervals on the third chromosome. In addition, we analyzed the phenotype of ovaries resulting from female sterile mutations. The observed phenotypes range from tumorous ovaries and early blocks in oogenesis, to later blocks, slow growth, blocks in stage 10, to apparently full development of the ovary. The mapping and phenotypic characterization of these 121 mutations provide the necessary information for the researcher to consider a specific mutant as a candidate for their gene of interest.Key words: Drosophila melanogaster, oogenesis, female sterile, maternal-effect lethal, EMS-induced mutations.
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Volkov, D. V., А. M. Аrgynbayeva, D. L. Daurov, et al. "Improvement of pomegranate (punica granatum l.) to cold resistant through in vitro mutation." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 132, no. 3 (2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2020-132-3-20-27.
Full textAbstract:
In Kazakhstan, a large pool of fruit trees is grown, one of which is the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). The most significant limiting factor of pomegranate cultivation in Kazakhstan is the frosty winter, as well as low temperatures in spring and autumn. In order to obtain mutants resistant to low positive temperatures, chemical mutagenesis was used, with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as the mutagen. Callus was treated with mutagen in vitro culture. In the Akdona cultivar, the survival rate of callus was 25.45% at the concentration of 3 µM of EMS mutagen, 31.67% at the concentration of 6 µM, and 24.35% at 9 µM. Plant regeneration was induced from mutagen-treated calluses. The resulting plants were exposed to low positive temperatures (4°C, for 30 days). After exposure to cold, the maximum survival rate of mutant plants of the Akdona cultivar was 58%, and the minimum survival rate was 3% for plants of the Pg1 line. The resulting mutant pomegranate plants will be used for breeding for cold resistance.