Journal articles: 'Mutation-tolerant'

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Pevzner, Pavel A., Vlado Dančík, and Chris L. Tang. "Mutation-Tolerant Protein Identification by Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Computational Biology 7, no. 6 (December 2000): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10665270050514927.

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S., Arivarasan. "A New Modified Mutation based Ant Colony Algorithm for Optimized Fault Tolerant Routing Protocol in MANET." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP3 (February 28, 2020): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp3/20201259.

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Yunita, Rossa, Nurul Khumaida, Didy Sopandie, and Ika Mariska. "SOMACLONAL PUTATIVE MUTANTS OF RICE TOLERANT TO SALINITY." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 19, no. 2 (December 9, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v19n2.2018.p67-74.

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Soil salinity could significantly reduce rice yield, therefore, varieties tolerant to salinity are urgent to be developed. Mutation induction could be used to create rice mutants tolerant to salinity. The study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of somaclonal mutants of rice to NaCl salinity in a greenhouse condition and characterize their tolerance mechanism. A total of 45 putative mutants were generated by a gamma ray mutation induction followed with in vitro selection in the growth media containing different NaCl concentrations in the greenhouse experiment. The study consisted of two-factor treatments, namely three levels of NaCl concentrations and 45 rice mutants suspected to be tolerant to salinity, arranged in a completely randomized design. Proline, cations (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) content, and stomata density were evaluated. The results showed that eight mutants were tolerant to 150 mM NaCl, namely CH30, CH-4-2, II-13-42, II-13-7, II-13-10, II-13-13, II-13- 2, and IA-3-21. These tolerant mutants had a higher Na content compared to the check parent. The tolerant mutants had a high proline content, lower Na, and stable K, Mg and Ca cations as well as had a greater number of stomata and higher stomata length-width ratio. Some of the identified tolerant mutants demonstrated the tolerant mechanism against salinity stress. Further studies are required to evaluate these tolerant mutants in the field conditions under salinity stress.

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Tulmann Neto, Augusto, Marcelo Correa Alves, Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Camargo, Jairo Lopes de Castro, and Wilson Penteado Ferreira Filho. "New wheat genotypes tolerant to aluminum toxicity obtained by mutation induction." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 36, no. 1 (January 2001): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2001000100008.

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Seed from the sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivar Anahuac was treated to gamma-ray irradiation and eleven Al3+ tolerant mutants selected. The objective was to compare these mutants to the original Anahuac and to the tolerant wheat cultivars IAC-24 and IAC-60 from 1994 to 1996 in acid (Capão Bonito) and limed (Monte Alegre do Sul) soil field trials, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Grain yield and agronomic characteristics were analyzed. All the mutant lines yielded higher than the sensitive Anahuac cultivar in the acid soils of Capão Bonito. Under limed soil conditions, 10 mutants had a similar yield to the original sensitive cultivar and one a lower yield. The majority of the mutants were similar in yield to the tolerant cultivars IAC-24 and IAC-60 under both conditions. Some of the mutants showed altered agronomic characteristics, but these alterations did not generally influence the grain yield. The results indicated that tolerant lines with good characteristics may be obtained from a susceptible cultivar by mutation induction, thus allowing cropping under conditions where Al3 + is a limiting factor.

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Çelik, Özge, Aybüke Ekşioğlu, and Enes Yağız Akdaş. "Transcript profiling of salt tolerant tobacco mutants generated via mutation breeding." Gene Expression Patterns 29 (September 2018): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2018.05.001.

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Li, Xian-Zhi, and Keith Poole. "Organic solvent-tolerant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa display multiple antibiotic resistance." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-127.

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Organic solvent-tolerant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa selected in the presence of hexane exhibited increased resistance to a variety of structurally unrelated antimicrobial agents, including beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and novobiocin, a phenotype typical of nalB multidrug-resistant mutants. Western immunoblotting with antibodies specific to components of the three known multidrug efflux systems in P. aeruginosa demonstrated that the solvent-tolerant mutants displayed increased expression of the MexAB-OprM system and decreased expression of the MexEF-OprN system. Sequence analysis of mexR, the repressor gene of mexAB-oprM efflux operon, identified a nonsense mutation and a point mutation in the mexR genes of two solvent-tolerant mutants. These results emphasize the importance of the MexAB-OprM efflux system in organic solvent tolerance and the ability of environmental pollutants to select bacteria with a medically relevant antibiotic-resistant phenotype.Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, organic solvent tolerance, multidrug resistance, MexAB-OprM efflux pump, mexR gene.

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Matsui, Ken, Shinya Teranishi, Shohei Kamon, Kouichi Kuroda, and Mitsuyoshi Ueda. "Discovery of a Modified Transcription Factor Endowing Yeasts with Organic-Solvent Tolerance and Reconstruction of an Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 13 (May 9, 2008): 4222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02874-07.

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ABSTRACT Organic-solvent tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain KK-211, which was first isolated as an organic-solvent-tolerant strain, depends on point mutation (R821S) of the transcription factor Pdr1p. The integration of the PDR1 R821S mutation into wild-type yeast results in organic-solvent tolerance, and the PDR1 R821S mutant can reduce carbonyl compounds in organic solvents.

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Castellanos-Rizaldos, E., Pingfang Liu, Coren A. Milbury, Minakshi Guha, Angela Brisci, Laura Cremonesi, Maurizio Ferrari, Harvey Mamon, and G. Mike Makrigiorgos. "Temperature-Tolerant COLD-PCR Reduces Temperature Stringency and Enables Robust Mutation Enrichment." Clinical Chemistry 58, no. 7 (July 1, 2012): 1130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.183095.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Low-level mutations in clinical tumor samples often reside below mutation detection limits, thus leading to false negatives that may impact clinical diagnosis and patient management. COLD-PCR (coamplification at lower denaturation temperature PCR) is a technology that magnifies unknown mutations during PCR, thus enabling downstream mutation detection. However, a practical difficulty in applying COLD-PCR has been the requirement for strict control of the denaturation temperature for a given sequence, to within ±0.3 °C. This requirement precludes simultaneous mutation enrichment in sequences of substantially different melting temperature (Tm) and limits the technique to a single sequence at a time. We present a temperature-tolerant (TT) approach (TT-COLD-PCR) that reduces this obstacle. METHODS We describe thermocycling programs featuring a gradual increase of the denaturation temperature during COLD-PCR. This approach enabled enrichment of mutations when the cycling achieves the appropriate critical denaturation temperature of each DNA amplicon that is being amplified. Validation was provided for KRAS (v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) and TP53 (tumor protein p53) exons 6–9 by use of dilutions of mutated DNA, clinical cancer samples, and plasma-circulating DNA. RESULTS A single thermocycling program with a denaturation-temperature window of 2.5–3.0 °C enriches mutations in all DNA amplicons simultaneously, despite their different Tms. Mutation enrichments of 6–9-fold were obtained with TT-full-COLD-PCR. Higher mutation enrichments were obtained for the other 2 forms of COLD-PCR, fast-COLD-PCR, and ice-COLD-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Low-level mutations in diverse amplicons with different Tms can be mutation enriched via TT-COLD-PCR provided that their Tms fall within the denaturation-temperature window applied during amplification. This approach enables simultaneous enrichment of mutations in several amplicons and increases significantly the versatility of COLD-PCR.

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Schneiders, T., S. G. B. Amyes, and S. B. Levy. "Role of AcrR and RamA in Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Singapore." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 9 (September 2003): 2831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.9.2831-2837.2003.

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ABSTRACT The MICs of ciprofloxacin for 33 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins from three hospitals in Singapore ranged from 0.25 to >128 μg/ml. Nineteen of the isolates were fluoroquinolone resistant according to the NCCLS guidelines. Strains for which the ciprofloxacin MIC was ≥0.5 μg/ml harbored a mutation in DNA gyrase A (Ser83→Tyr, Leu, or IIe), and some had a secondary Asp87→Asn mutation. Isolates for which the MIC was 16 μg/ml possessed an additional alteration in ParC (Ser80→IIe, Trp, or Arg). Tolerance of the organic solvent cyclohexane was observed in 10 of the 19 fluoroquinolone-resistant strains; 3 of these were also pentane tolerant. Five of the 10 organic solvent-tolerant isolates overexpressed AcrA and also showed deletions within the acrR gene. Complementation of the mutated acrR gene with the wild-type gene decreased AcrA levels and produced a two- to fourfold reduction in the fluoroquinolone MICs. None of the organic solvent-tolerant clinical isolates overexpressed another efflux-related gene, acrE. While marA and soxS were not overexpressed, another marA homologue, ramA, was overexpressed in 3 of 10 organic solvent-tolerant isolates. These findings indicate that multiple target and nontarget gene changes contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance in K. pneumoniae. Besides AcrR mutations, ramA overexpression (but not marA or soxS overexpression) was related to increased AcrAB efflux pump expression in this collection of isolates.

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Liu, Rongxiang, Jing Zhao, Zhongrui Xu, and Zhiting Xiong. "Comparison and Characterization of a Cell Wall Invertase Promoter from Cu-Tolerant and Non-Tolerant Populations of Elsholtzia haichowensis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105299.

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Cell wall invertase (CWIN) activity and the expression of the corresponding gene were previously observed to be significantly elevated in a Cu-tolerant population of Elsholtzia haichowensis relative to a non-tolerant population under copper stress. To understand the differences in CWIN gene regulation between the two populations, their CWIN promoter β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter vectors were constructed. GUS activity was measured in transgenic Arabidopsis in response to copper, sugar, and phytohormone treatments. Under the copper treatment, only the activity of the CWIN promoter from the Cu-tolerant population was slightly increased. Glucose and fructose significantly induced the activity of CWIN promoters from both populations. Among the phytohormone treatments, only salicylic acid induced significantly higher (p < 0.05) activity of the Cu-tolerant CWIN promoter relative to the non-tolerant promoters. Analysis of 5′-deletion constructs revealed that a 270-bp promoter fragment was required for SA induction of the promoter from the Cu-tolerant population. Comparison of this region in the two CWIN promoters revealed that it had 10 mutation sites and contained CAAT-box and W-box cis-elements in the Cu-tolerant promoter only. This work provides insights into the regulatory role of SA in CWIN gene expression and offers an explanation for differences in CWIN expression between E. haichowensis populations.

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Human, S., Trikoesoemaningtyas Trikoesoemaningtyas, Sihono Sihono, and Sungkono Sungkono. "Development of Sorghum Tolerant to Acid Soil Using Induced Mutation with Gamma Irradiation." Atom Indonesia 36, no. 1 (December 16, 2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/aij.2010.6.

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Liu, Wenwen, Gregory E. MacDonald, J. Bryan Unruh, Kevin E. Kenworthy, Laurie E. Trenholm, and Ramon G. Leon. "Variation in tolerance mechanisms to fluazifop-P-butyl among selected zoysiagrass lines." Weed Science 67, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.6.

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AbstractBreeding herbicide tolerance into new cultivars can improve safety and weed control in turfgrass systems. The sensitivity to fluazifop-P-butyl of 27 zoysiagrass (Zoysiaspp.) lines was screened under greenhouse conditions to identify potential tolerant germplasm for breeding programs. The herbicide rate that caused 50% biomass reduction (GR50) and the rate that caused 50% injury (ID50) were calculated to select the three most-tolerant and the five most-susceptible lines for studying the physiological mechanisms responsible for fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance. The differences in GR50and ID50between susceptible and tolerant lines ranged from 4-fold to more than 10-fold. Cytochrome P450–mediated metabolism was not detected in fluazifop-P-butyl–tolerant lines. Sequencing of theACCasegene confirmed that none of the seven previously reported mutations conferring resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides in other species were present in any of the tolerant or susceptible zoysiagrass lines studied. An Ala-2073-Thr substitution was identified in two tolerant lines, but this mutation did not completely explain the tolerant phenotype. No clear differences in absorption and translocation rates of14C-radiolabeled fluazifop-P-butyl were observed among most lines, with the exception of a susceptible line that exhibited greater translocation than two of the tolerant lines. Metabolite profiles did not differ between tolerant and susceptible lines. Our results suggest that the diversity in tolerance to fluazifop-P-butyl in zoysiagrass germplasm is most likely the result of a combination of different, minor, additive non–target site mechanisms such as translocation rate and compartmentation after absorption.

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Chun, Paulette Tai, and Leslie G. Hickok. "Inheritance of two mutations conferring glyphosate tolerance in the fern Ceratopteris richardii." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1097–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-135.

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Two mutant strains (G492, G343) of the fern Ceratopteris richardii, selected following X-irradiation, showed enhanced tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate in both the haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. Segregation analysis indicated that each strain carried a different nuclear mutation that was responsible for tolerance. The two mutations were unlinked. The glt1 mutation (strain G492) showed incomplete dominance and conferred higher tolerance than the recessive glt2 mutation (strain G343). Gametophyte segregants carrying both mutations did not show enhanced tolerance relative to gametophytes carrying only glt1. For both mutants, tolerance to glyphosate did not result in reduced fitness in the absence of the herbicide. Key words: fern, Ceratopteris, glyphosate tolerant, inheritance.

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Sondari, Wita Dewi, Achmad Ali Syamsuriputra, and Tjandra Setiadi. "Screening of alcohol-tolerant yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 5, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2006.5.2.2.

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In order to obtain culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which has the highest ethanol tolerance and can produce high yield of ethanol as well a study of mutation has been begun. Mutation experiment conducted by continuos adaptation on a chemostat was initiated with a preliminary study of screening of alcohol-tolerant yeast. The procedures of screening of alcohol-tolerant yeast continued by optimation of substrate concentration and determination of its critical pH. Recently, the Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Faculty of industrial Technology ITB has various kind of yeasts that have been obtained or isolated from various sources. The best culture for mutation has been chosen as the most ethanol tolerant one. By screening them on two types of experiment, has been obtained that culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae R-60 gave the highest external ethanol and internal ethanol as well. External ethanol means the ethanol that was purposely added to the cultivation media, while the internal ethanol means the ethanol that was resulted from fermentation of the yeast. As preparation for mutation experiment, the determination of optimum substrate concentration which can give the highest amount of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells has been carried out. In order to set up the control point of culture viability on chemostat, the critical pH of choosed culture have also been obtained. The result of the experiment gave optimum glucose concentration of 18.6% and critical pH of 4.5 to 3.8, were to be applied in the mutation process.Keywords: Cultivation; Fermentation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Screening; YeastAbstrakPenelitian untuk mendapatkan kultur Saccharomyces cerevisiae yang mempunyai toleransi etanol yang tinggi dan dapat menghasilkan perolehan etanol yang juga tinggi telah dilangsungkan. Percobaan mutasi dilakukan dengan proses adaptasi secara kontinyu dalam chemostat yang diawali dengan suatu studi pendahuluan yang dinamakan skrining ragi tahan etanol. Prosedur skrining ragi tahan etanol ini dilanjutkan dengan optimasi kandungan substrat dan penentuan pH kritis-nya. Pada saat ini Laboratorium Mikrobiology dan Teknologi Bioproses Fakultas Teknologi Industri ITB telah memiliki berbagaijenis ragi yang berasal dari berbagai sumber. Kultur terbaik untuk mutasi dipilih sebagai kultur yang paling toleran terhadap etanol. Melalui percobaan screening ragi tahan etanol yang dilakukan dalam duajenis percobaan, diperoleh bahwa kultur Saccharomyces cerevisiae R-60 memiliki toleransi etanol eksternal dan internal paling tinggi. Etanol eksternal adalah etanol yang sengaja ditambahkan pada media kultivasi ragi, sementara etanol internal adalah etanol yang dihasilkan darijermentasi oleh ragi tersebut. Dalam mempersiapkan percobaan mutasi, penentuan konsentrasi substrat optimum yang dapat menghasilkan jumlah sel Saccharomyces cerevisiae terbesar telah dilakukan. Selain itu titik tetap via bilitas kultur da lam chemostatyang berupa pH kritis kultur pilihan juga telah ditentukan. Dari percobaan pendahuluan mutasi tersebut diperoleh konsentrasi glukosa optimum sebesar 18.6% dan pH ktitis kultur R-60 adalah 4.5 dan 3.8. Data tersebut akan diterapkan pada percobaan mutasi.Kata Kunci: Kultivasi; Fermentasi; Pre-mutasi; Ragi; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Singh, R. J., and T. Hymowitz. "Soybean genetic resources and crop improvement." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-039.

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The soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an economically important leguminous crop for feed, oil, and soyfood products. It contains about 40% protein and 20% oil in the seed and, in the international trade markets, is ranked number one in oil production (48%) among the major oil seed crops. Despite its economic importance, the genetic base of soybean cultivars is extremely narrow. The indigenous cultivars and landraces in East Asia are on the verge of extinction, because farmers are now growing high yielding soybean cultivars. The exotic germplasm, enriched with genes for abiotic and biotic stresses, has not been fully exploited by soybean breeders. Mutation breeding has improved the fatty acids of the soybeans and has produced soybeans tolerant to herbicides. By using recombinant DNA technology, Monsanto has produced stable glyphosate tolerant soybean lines known as 'Round Up Ready' soybean. DuPont is producing transgenic soybean lines with improved fatty acids content. The feasibility of developing hybrid soybeans is still an open question.Key words: soybean, Glycine spp., exotic germplasm, mutation, interspecific hybridization, biotechnology, hybrid soybeans.

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Natarajan, Gayathri, and Yen-Peng Ting. "Pretreatment of e-waste and mutation of alkali-tolerant cyanogenic bacteria promote gold biorecovery." Bioresource Technology 152 (January 2014): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.108.

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Matsuo, Miki, Miyu Hiramatsu, Madhuri Singh, Takashi Sasaki, Tomomi Hishinuma, Norio Yamamoto, Yuh Morimoto, Teruo Kirikae, and Keiichi Hiramatsu. "Genetic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Ciprofloxacin-TolerantStaphylococcus aureusIsolated by the Replica Plating Tolerance Isolation System (REPTIS)." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 63, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): e02019-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02019-18.

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ABSTRACTWe developed a simple, efficient, and cost-effective method, named thereplicaplatingtoleranceisolationsystem (REPTIS), to detect the antibiotic tolerance potential of a bacterial strain. This method can also be used to quantify the antibiotic-tolerant subpopulation in a susceptible population. Using REPTIS, we isolated ciprofloxacin (CPFX)-tolerant mutants (mutants R2, R3, R5, and R6) carrying a total of 12 mutations in 12 different genes from methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) strain FDA209P. Each mutant carried multiple mutations, while few strains shared the same mutation. The R2 strain carried a nonsense mutation in the stress-mediating gene,relA. Additionally, two strains carried the same point mutation in theleuSgene, encoding leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Furthermore, RNA sequencing of the R strains showed a common upregulation ofrelA. Overall, transcriptome analysis showed downregulation of genes related to translation; carbohydrate, fat, and energy metabolism; nucleotide synthesis; and upregulation of amino acid biosynthesis and transportation genes in R2, R3, and R6, similar to the findings observed for the FDA209P strain treated with mupirocin (MUP0.03). However, R5 showed a unique transcription pattern that differed from that of MUP0.03. REPTIS is a unique and convenient method for quantifying the level of tolerance of a clinical isolate. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of R strains demonstrated that CPFX tolerance in theseS. aureusmutants occurs via at least two distinct mechanisms, one of which is similar to that which occurs with mupirocin treatment.

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Kamarudin, Zarifth, Mohd Yusop, Mahmud Tengku Muda Mohamed, Mohd Ismail, and Abdul Harun. "Growth Performance and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Advanced Mutant Rice Genotypes under Drought Stress Condition." Agronomy 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120279.

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Drought stress affects various physiological and metabolic processes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant. Non-availability of high-yielding varieties suitable for cultivation under drought condition lead towards a sharp decline in rice yield. Induce mutation is an essential auxiliary approach to counterpart conventional breeding to produce stress-tolerance rice variety. The current study was aimed to identify two advanced mutant rice genotypes as drought-tolerant using growth parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities. The advanced mutant rice genotypes, MR219-4 and MR219-9, showed a minimal reduction on all growth parameters, yield, and yield components measured for drought tolerance. MR219-4 had a slight reduction on total dry weight and chlorophyll content under drought stress condition. Proline content increased significantly in drought-tolerant rice genotypes and the highest proline content was obtained from MR219-4 followed by MR219-9 under drought stress. Catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities were significantly increased in drought stress treatment in all the rice genotypes. MR219-4 and MR219-9 were identified as high-yielding drought-tolerant genotypes as they maintained good performance under drought stress condition for all the measured traits compared to the drought-tolerant check varieties, Aeron1 and MR219, thus, this might be underlying selection criteria for a drought tolerance rice breeding programme.

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Desbiez, C., A. Gal-On, M. Girard, C. Wipf-Scheibel, and H. Lecoq. "Increase in Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Symptom Severity in Tolerant Zucchini Cultivars Is Related to a Point Mutation in P3 Protein and Is Associated with a Loss of Relative Fitness on Susceptible Plants." Phytopathology® 93, no. 12 (December 2003): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1478.

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Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, Potyvirus) is a very damaging cucurbit virus worldwide. Interspecific crosses with resistant Cucurbita moschata have led to the release of “resistant” zucchini squash (C. pepo) F1 hybrids. However, although the resistance is almost complete in C. moschata, the commercial C. pepo hybrids are only tolerant. ZYMV evolution toward increased aggressiveness on tolerant hybrids was observed in the field and was obtained experimentally. Sequence comparisons and recombination experiments revealed that a point mutation in the P3 protein of ZYMV was enough to induce tolerance breaking. Competition experiments were performed between quasi-isogenic wild-type, and aggressive variants of ZYMV distinguished by monoclonal antibodies. The aggressive mutants were more fit than wild-type strains in mixed infections of tolerant zucchini, but they presented a drastic fitness loss in mixed infections of susceptible zucchini or melon. Thus, the ability to induce severe symptoms in tolerant zucchini is related to a genetic load in susceptible zucchini, but also on other susceptible hosts. This represents the first quantitative study of the fitness cost associated with tolerance breaking for a plant virus. Thus, although easily broken, the tolerance might prove durable in some conditions if the aggressive variants are counterselected in susceptible crops.

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Warne, T. R., L. G. Hickok, C. E. Sams, and D. L. Vogelien. "Sodium/potassium selectivity and pleiotropy in stl2 , a highly salt‐tolerant mutation of Ceratopteris richardii." Plant, Cell & Environment 22, no. 8 (August 15, 1999): 1027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00465.x.

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Aryanti, A., A. Almaida, Rika Heryani, and Nana Supriatna. "Marker Assisted Selection for Bacterial Leaf Blight Rice Mutant Lines Resistant." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 20, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.15264.

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Induction of mutation using gamma rays for improving of Mira-1 rice variety has been conducted.Rice mutant lines M2 generation have been obtained from mutation by the doses of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and200 Gy of gamma rays. Selection of mutant lines tolerant to the disease was only observed in the field neithergenetically. Marker assisted selection is a tool to obtain a new rice variety tolerant to the disease of bacterialleaf blight (BLB) genetically. Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xa) was the pathogen of BLB, and the identificationof rice mutant lines which were containing of Xa5, Xa13 and Xa21 genes have been done using PolymeraseChain Reaction ( PCR ) method. The result showed that one mutant line, and four mutant lines from mutationby the doses of 25 Gy and 150 Gy were containing Xa5, Xa13 and Xa21 genes the same as that of Code ricevariety as positive control, and none in Kencana Bali rice variety as negative control. Mira-1 rice variety as theparent plant was only contains Xa5 and Xa21 genes. The doses of 50 Gy and 100 Gy were very affective onremoving of all bands for identification of those genes. The purpose of this research was to obtain the mutantlines which were contain of those Xa genes as indicator for resistant to BLB disease genetically.

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Harisam, R. Taufan, Florencius Eko Dwi Haryono, Bintang Marhaeni, Norman Arie Prayogo, and Petrus Hary Tjahja Soedibya. "Genetic mutation in mangroveAcanthus ilifoliciusbase on DNA Barcode (rbcL and matK gen) in the different environment change in coastal Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184705005.

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mangroves are salt-tolerant forest ecosystems of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions. They are among most productive, diverse, biologically important ecosystem and inclined toward the threatened system. In recent years, DNA barcoding using plastid markers rbcLand matKhas been suggested as an effective method to enrich traditional taxonomic expertise for rapid species identification, mutation genetic and biodiversity inventories. This research use survey method and descriptive qualitative analysis in the laboratory.This research aimed to determine the mutation DNA of plant barcoding standardA. Ilifolicius based gene rbcL and matK compare with species in the different location. Total DNA was isolated and successfully amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using primers based on the gene rbcLand matK. The results of sequencing long DNA fragments showed 760 bp are amplified by the forward primer and bp were 760 bp amplified by the primer for reverse. This study indicated that had been a mutation spesies in contaminated mangroves compared with uncontaminated mangroves.

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Wessels, Uwe, Eginhard Schick, Mirko Ritter, Frank Kowalewsky, Julia Heinrich, and Kay Stubenrauch. "Novel drug and soluble target tolerant antidrug antibody assay for therapeutic antibodies bearing the P329G mutation." Bioanalysis 9, no. 11 (June 2017): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2017-0048.

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S, Arivarasan. "A New Modified Mutation based Ant Colony Algorithm for Optimized Fault Tolerant Routing Protocol in MANET." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12i3/20201408.

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Ach, R. A., and A. M. Weiner. "The highly conserved U small nuclear RNA 3'-end formation signal is quite tolerant to mutation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 6 (June 1987): 2070–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.6.2070.

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Formation of the 3' end of U1 and U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) precursors is directed by a conserved sequence called the 3' box located 9 to 28 nucleotides downstream of all metazoan U1 to U4 snRNA genes sequenced so far. Deletion of part or all of the 3' box from human U1 and U2 genes drastically reduces 3'-end formation. To define the essential nucleotides within this box that direct 3'-end formation, we constructed a set of point mutations in the conserved residues of the human U1 3' box. The ability of the various mutations to direct 3'-end formation was tested by microinjection into Xenopus oocytes and transfection into HeLa cells. We found that the point mutations had diverse effects on 3'-end formation, ranging from no effect at all to severe inhibition; however, no single or double point mutation we tested completely eliminated 3'-end formation. We also showed that a rat U3 3' flank can effectively substitute for the human U1 3' flank, indicating that the 3' boxes of the different U snRNA genes are functionally equivalent.

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Khitka, B., B. Phanchaisri, A. Sutipatanasomboon, W. Nuangmek, L. D. Yu, and J. Techarang. "Low-energy heavy-ion-beam-induced mutation of novel high-yielding drought-tolerant Thai Jasmine rice." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 492 (April 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2021.02.003.

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Ach, R. A., and A. M. Weiner. "The highly conserved U small nuclear RNA 3'-end formation signal is quite tolerant to mutation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 6 (June 1987): 2070–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.6.2070-2079.1987.

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Formation of the 3' end of U1 and U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) precursors is directed by a conserved sequence called the 3' box located 9 to 28 nucleotides downstream of all metazoan U1 to U4 snRNA genes sequenced so far. Deletion of part or all of the 3' box from human U1 and U2 genes drastically reduces 3'-end formation. To define the essential nucleotides within this box that direct 3'-end formation, we constructed a set of point mutations in the conserved residues of the human U1 3' box. The ability of the various mutations to direct 3'-end formation was tested by microinjection into Xenopus oocytes and transfection into HeLa cells. We found that the point mutations had diverse effects on 3'-end formation, ranging from no effect at all to severe inhibition; however, no single or double point mutation we tested completely eliminated 3'-end formation. We also showed that a rat U3 3' flank can effectively substitute for the human U1 3' flank, indicating that the 3' boxes of the different U snRNA genes are functionally equivalent.

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Ha, Chien Van, Dung Tien Le, Rie Nishiyama, Yasuko Watanabe, Uyen Thi Tran, Nguyen Van Dong, and Lam-Son Phan Tran. "Characterization of the Newly Developed Soybean Cultivar DT2008 in Relation to the Model Variety W82 Reveals a New Genetic Resource for Comparative and Functional Genomics for Improved Drought Tolerance." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/759657.

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Soybean (Glycine max) productivity is adversely affected by drought stress worldwide, including Vietnam. In the last few years, we have made a great effort in the development of drought-tolerant soybean cultivars by breeding and/or radiation-induced mutagenesis. One of the newly developed cultivars, the DT2008, showed enhanced drought tolerance and stable yield in the field conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the drought-tolerant phenotype of DT2008 and Williams 82 (W82) by assessing their water loss and growth rate under dehydration and/or drought stress conditions as a means to provide genetic resources for further comparative and functional genomics. We found that DT2008 had reduced water loss under both dehydration and drought stresses in comparison with W82. The examination of root and shoot growths of DT2008 and W82 under both normal and drought conditions indicated that DT2008 maintains a better shoot and root growth rates than W82 under both two growth conditions. These results together suggest that DT2008 has better drought tolerance degree than W82. Our results open the way for further comparison of DT2008 and W82 at molecular levels by advanced omic approaches to identify mutation(s) involved in the enhancement of drought tolerance of DT2008, contributing to our understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms in soybean. Mutation(s) identified are potential candidates for genetic engineering of elite soybean varieties to improve drought tolerance and biomass.

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HASMIWATI, HASMIWATI, SELFI RENITA RUSJDI, and EKA NOFITA. "Detection of Ace-1 gene with insecticides resistance in Aedes aegypti populations from DHF-endemic areas in Padang, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190105.

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Hasmiwati, Rusjdi SR, Nofita E. 2018. Detection of Ace-1 gene with insecticides resistance in Aedes aegypti populations from DHF-endemic areas in Padang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 31-36. Aedes aegypti is distributed widely in West Sumatra as a primary vector of Dengue hemorrhagic fever, especially in Padang City. Synthetic insecticide control is one currently used method to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. The extensive, long-term application of Temephos along with inappropriate dosages, have resulted in the development of resistance in Ae. aegypti populations. Mutation of the Ace-1 gene, encoding an acetyl cholinesterase, is one of the mechanisms that confer resistance to organophosphate (OP). The Temephos resistance status of Ae. aegypti in Padang city has not yet been studied. This study aimed to investigate the resistance status of Ae. aegypti and identify any possible mutation (s) of the Ace-1 gene in Padang city. Ae. aegypti samples were collected in five population in Padang city (Jati (JT), Gunung Pangilun (GP), Lubuk Minturun (LM), Korong Gadang (KG), and Bandar Buat (BB)). The larval susceptibility to Temephos was tested by larval bioassays with Temephos pestanal at 0.02 mg/L dosages. Larval susceptibility was determined by mortality percentage values. The relationship between Ace-1 genotypes and the resistant phenotype was analyzed by percentage of genotype frequency. Out of five populations, assessed by larval bioassays, JT and GP were resistant to Temephos; LM, KG, and BB were tolerant. A total of 50 individuals from larval bioassays were genotyped for Ace-1 gene. Our findings showed that Ace-1 was 495 bp in length. Mutation was not found in the G119S location but in the T506T location. Three alleles in T506T location were detected, including a wild type allele, TT (65.21%), and two mutant alleles, TA (26.08%), AA (8.69%). The use of Temephos showed that some Ae. aegypti populations were resistant, others were tolerant, but no population was vulnerable to Temephos. A novel mutation was detected as substitution in T506T location (ACT>ACA).

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Castellanos-Rizaldos, Elena, Katherine Richardson, Rui Lin, Grant Wu, and Mike G. Makrigiorgos. "Single-Tube, Highly Parallel Mutation Enrichment in Cancer Gene Panels by Use of Temperature-Tolerant COLD-PCR." Clinical Chemistry 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.228361.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Multiplexed detection of low-level mutations presents a technical challenge for many technologies, including cancer gene panels used for targeted-resequencing. Analysis of mutations below approximately 2%–5% abundance in tumors with heterogeneity, samples with stromal contamination, or biofluids is problematic owing to increased noise from sequencing errors. Technologies that reduce noise via deep sequencing unavoidably reduce throughput and increase cost. Here we provide proof of principle that coamplification at lower denaturation temperature (COLD)-PCR technology enables multiplex low-level mutation detection in cancer gene panels while retaining throughput. METHODS We have developed a multiplex temperature-tolerant COLD-PCR (fast-TT-COLD-PCR) approach that uses cancer gene panels developed for massively parallel sequencing. After multiplex preamplification from genomic DNA, we attach tails to all amplicons and perform fast-TT-COLD-PCR. This approach gradually increases denaturation temperatures in a step-wise fashion, such that all possible denaturation temperatures are encompassed. By introducing modified nucleotides, fast-COLD-PCR is adapted to enrich for melting temperature (Tm)-increasing mutations over all amplicons, in a single tube. Therefore, in separate reactions, both Tm-decreasing and Tm-increasing mutations are enriched. RESULTS Using custom-made and commercial gene panels containing 8, 50, 190, or 16 000 amplicons, we demonstrate that fast-TT-COLD-PCR enriches mutations on all examined targets simultaneously. Incorporation of deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP)/2,6-diaminopurine triphosphate (dDTP) in place of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP)/deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) enables enrichment of Tm-increasing mutations. Serial dilution experiments demonstrate a limit of detection of approximately 0.01%–0.1% mutation abundance by use of Ion-Torrent and 0.1%–0.3% by use of Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Fast-TT-COLD-PCR improves the limit of detection of cancer gene panels by enabling mutation enrichment in multiplex, single-tube reactions. This novel adaptation of COLD-PCR converts subclonal mutations to clonal, thereby facilitating detection and subsequent mutation sequencing.

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Chang, Wenqiang, Ming Zhang, Ying Li, and Hongxiang Lou. "Flow Cytometry-Based Method To Detect Persisters in Candida albicans." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 8 (May 26, 2015): 5044–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00255-15.

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ABSTRACTCandida albicansbiofilms contain a subpopulation whose members are defined as persisters, displaying great tolerance of fungicides. To directly observe such persisters, an effective method using green fluorescent protein (GFP) strain labeling by mutation of the gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TDH3), combined with propidium iodide (PI) staining, was established. Amphotericin B-tolerant persisters harbor the characteristics of both GFP positivity [GFP (+)] and propidium iodide (PI) negativity [PI (−)], which are easily visualized using a fluorescence microscope and measured by flow cytometry.

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Jesuthasan, Aaron, Michael Keogh, and Patrick Chinnery. "274 Exome analysis to investigate autosomal dominant vasovagal syncope." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 89, no. 10 (September 13, 2018): A40.1—A40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-abn.138.

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IntroductionVasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common cause of syncope in children and adults. Previous studies suggest a genetic component accounts for approximately 20% of cases, although the genes responsible are often unidentified. I studied the DNA of two distantly related individuals with VVS enrolled into the 100,000 Genomes Project to identify causal mutations. MethodDNA was extracted from the patients, and analysed using an Ingenuity Variant Analysis program to detect the presence of mutations. The severity of each detected mutation was subsequently examined using two programs: Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT) and Polymorphing Phenotyping v2 (PolyPhen-2). ResultsUsing Ingenuity Variant Analysis, a mutation in the ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme), EPAS1 (Endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1) and PLCG2 (Phospholipase C Gamma 2) genes of the VVS patients were identified. Further analysis using SIFT and PolyPhen-2 indicated the ACE mutation was likely to produce a defective protein whilst the EPAS1 and PLCG2 mutations were unlikely to have any effect on protein function. ConclusionMy results support the involvement of the ACE mutation in the cause of VVS within the two studied patients. This may point towards a novel target for therapy within the individuals, should the findings be successfully validated.

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Arganoza, M. T., J. Ohrnberger, J. Min, and R. A. Akins. "Suppressor mutants of Neurospora crassa that tolerate allelic differences at single or at multiple heterokaryon incompatibility loci." Genetics 137, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 731–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.3.731.

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Abstract Allelic differences at any one of at least 11 heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci in Neurospora crassa trigger an incompatibility response: localized cell death at sites of hyphal anastomosis. We have isolated spontaneous and insertional suppressor mutants that are heterokaryon-compatible in spite of allelic differences at one or at several het loci. Some intra- and extragenic mutants tolerated allelic differences only at single het loci. Multi-tolerant spontaneous mutants were isolated by selecting simultaneously for tolerance of differences at het-c, -d and -e, or at each of these plus mating-type. Some suppressor mutants were specific for only one allele at the affected het locus; others suppressed both alleles. Insertional mutations were isolated from banks of transformants, each having a plasmid integrated into a random position in the chromosome. One mutant tolerated allelic differences at het-d. A homologous cosmid from a Neurospora genomic bank complemented the mutant phenotype. A second insertional inactivation mutant was tolerant of het-c differences. Inactivation of the wild-type locus corresponding to the integration site was accomplished by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). The RIP progeny, like the original mutant, were tolerant of differences at het-c. It may be possible to use such suppressor mutants as universal donors of hypovirulence in pathogenic fungi.

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Sun, Jingjing, Wei Wang, Yu Ying, and Jianhua Hao. "A Novel Glucose-Tolerant GH1 β-Glucosidase and Improvement of Its Glucose Tolerance Using Site-Directed Mutation." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 192, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 999–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03373-z.

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El Meouche, Imane, and Mary J. Dunlop. "Heterogeneity in efflux pump expression predisposes antibiotic-resistant cells to mutation." Science 362, no. 6415 (November 8, 2018): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7981.

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Antibiotic resistance is often the result of mutations that block drug activity; however, bacteria also evade antibiotics by transiently expressing genes such as multidrug efflux pumps. A crucial question is whether transient resistance can promote permanent genetic changes. Previous studies have established that antibiotic treatment can select tolerant cells that then mutate to achieve permanent resistance. Whether these mutations result from antibiotic stress or preexist within the population is unclear. To address this question, we focused on the multidrug pump AcrAB-TolC. Using time-lapse microscopy, we found that cells with higher acrAB expression have lower expression of the DNA mismatch repair gene mutS, lower growth rates, and higher mutation frequencies. Thus, transient antibiotic resistance from elevated acrAB expression can promote spontaneous mutations within single cells.

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Caldelari, I., B. Loeliger, H. Langen, M. P. Glauser, and P. Moreillon. "Deregulation of the Arginine Deiminase (arc) Operon in Penicillin-Tolerant Mutants ofStreptococcus gordonii." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 2802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.10.2802-2810.2000.

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ABSTRACT Penicillin tolerance is an incompletely understood phenomenon that allows bacteria to resist drug-induced killing. Tolerance was studied with independent Streptococcus gordonii mutants generated by cyclic exposure to 500 times the MIC of penicillin. Parent cultures lost 4 to 5 log10 CFU/ml of viable counts/24 h. In contrast, each of four independent mutant cultures lost ≤2 log10 CFU/ml/24 h. The mutants had unchanged penicillin-binding proteins but contained increased amounts of two proteins with respective masses of ca. 50 and 45 kDa. One mutant (Tol1) was further characterized. The two proteins showing increased levels were homologous to the arginine deiminase and ornithine carbamoyl transferase of other gram-positive bacteria and were encoded by an operon that was >80% similar to the arginine-deiminase (arc) operon of these organisms. Partial nucleotide sequencing and insertion inactivation of the S. gordonii arc locus indicated that tolerance was not a direct consequence of arc alteration. On the other hand, genetic transformation of tolerance by Tol1 DNA always conferredarc deregulation. In nontolerant recipients,arc was repressed during exponential growth and up-regulated during postexponential growth. In tolerant transformants,arc was constitutively expressed. Tol1 DNA transformed tolerance at the same rate as transformation of a point mutation (10−2 to 10−3). The tolerance mutation mapped on a specific chromosomal fragment but was physically distant fromarc. Importantly, arc deregulation was observed in most (6 of 10) of additional independent penicillin-tolerant mutants. Thus, although not exclusive, the association betweenarc deregulation and tolerance was not fortuitous. Since penicillin selection mimicked the antibiotic pressure operating in the clinical environment, arc deregulation might be an important correlate of naturally occurring tolerance and help in understanding the mechanism(s) underlying this clinically problematic phenotype.

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Werle, Rodrigo, Kevin Begcy, Melinda K. Yerka, Jeffrey P. Mower, Ismail Dweikat, Amit J. Jhala, and John L. Lindquist. "Independent Evolution of Acetolactate Synthase–inhibiting Herbicide Resistance in WeedySorghumPopulations across Common Geographic Regions." Weed Science 65, no. 1 (January 2017): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-16-00095.1.

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Traditional breeding has been used to develop grain sorghum germplasm that is tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides (Inzen Technology, DuPont). Inzen sorghum carries a double mutation in the ALS gene (Val560Ile and Trp574Leu), which confers high level of tolerance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Overreliance on ALS-inhibiting herbicides for weed control during the 1990s resulted in the evolution of ALS inhibitor–resistant shattercane populations in Nebraska. According to a survey conducted in 2013, ALS inhibitor–resistant weedySorghumpopulations persist in Nebraska. The objectives of this research were to determine whether the ALS mutations present in Inzen sorghum were present in the ALS inhibitor–resistant shattercane and johnsongrass populations detected in Nebraska and northern Kansas, and whether these populations evolved ALS resistance independently. Primers specific to the Val560and Trp574region of the ALS gene were used to screen the populations with PCR. The Trp574Leu mutation was present in one ALS inhibitor–resistant johnsongrass population. The Val560Ile was detected in three ALS inhibitor–resistant shattercane, one susceptible shattercane, one ALS inhibitor–resistant johnsongrass, and one susceptible johnsongrass population. Moreover, Val560Ile was present in resistant and/or susceptible individuals within johnsongrass and shattercane populations that were segregating for ALS resistance, indicating that by itself the Val560Ile mutation does not confer resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. None of the populations presented both mutations simultaneously, as does Inzen sorghum. A shattercane population containing the Ser653Thr mutation was also detected. This research indicates that the ALS mutations present in Inzen sorghum already exist individually in weedy sorghum populations. Moreover, our results present strong evidence that ALS resistance in these populations evolved independently. Thus, widespread overreliance on ALS-inhibiting herbicides prior to adoption of glyphosate-tolerant crops in the 1990s exerted sufficient selective pressure on shattercane and johnsongrass populations for resistance to evolve multiple times in the Midwest. Finally, a survey of the 5′ portion of the ALS gene in more diverse wild and weedySorghumspecies was hampered by limited coverage in genomic resequencing surveys, suggesting that refined PCR-based methods will be needed to assess SNP variation in this gene region, which includes the Ala122, Pro197, and Ala205codons known to confer ALS resistance in other species.

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Nordby, Jonathan N., Martin M. Williams, Jerald K. Pataky, Dean E. Riechers, and Joseph D. Lutz. "A Common Genetic Basis in Sweet Corn Inbred Cr1 for Cross Sensitivity to Multiple Cytochrome P450-Metabolized Herbicides." Weed Science 56, no. 3 (June 2008): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-07-145.1.

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Nicosulfuron, mesotrione, dicamba plus diflufenzopyr, and carfentrazone are postemergence herbicides from different chemical families with different modes of action. An association between the sensitivity of sweet corn to these herbicides was observed when 143 F3 : 4families (F4plants) derived from of a cross between Cr1 (sensitive inbred) and Cr2 (tolerant inbred) were evaluated in greenhouse trials. The ratio of tolerant : segregating : sensitive families was not significantly different from a 3 : 2 : 3 ratio, which would be expected if a single gene conditioned herbicide response. Families cosegregated for responses to these herbicides. In field studies with 60 F3 : 5families in 2005 and 120 F3 : 5families in 2007, responses to these herbicides and foramsulfuron and primisulfuron were associated. Responses to bentazon in field trials were similar to the aforementioned herbicides for tolerant families, but differences were noted for families that were sensitive or segregated for responses to nicosulfuron, foramsulfuron, primisulfuron, mesotrione, dicamba plus diflufenzopyr, and carfentrazone. The gene(s) affecting herbicide sensitivity in Cr1 maps to the same region of chromosome 5S as a previously sequenced cytochrome P450 gene, where alleles previously designatednsf1andben1were associated with sensitivity to nicosulfuron and bentazon and appear to be the result of a 392–base-pair insertion mutation. This work supports the hypothesis that a single recessive gene or closely linked genes in the sweet corn inbred Cr1 condition sensitivity to multiple cytochrome P450 enzyme-metabolized herbicides.

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Tanaka, Hideki, Kousaku Murata, Wataru Hashimoto, and Shigeyuki Kawai. "Hsp104-dependent ability to assimilate mannitol and sorbitol conferred by a truncated Cyc8 with a C-terminal polyglutamine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): e0242054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242054.

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Tup1-Cyc8 (also known as Tup1-Ssn6) is a general transcriptional corepressor. D-Mannitol (mannitol) and D-sorbitol (sorbitol) are the major polyols in nature. Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is unable to assimilate mannitol or sorbitol, but acquires the ability to assimilate mannitol due to a spontaneous mutation in TUP1 or CYC8. In this study, we found that spontaneous mutation of TUP1 or CYC8 also permitted assimilation of sorbitol. Some spontaneous nonsense mutations of CYC8 produced a truncated Cyc8 with a C-terminal polyglutamine. The effects were guanidine hydrochloride-sensitive and were dependent on Hsp104, but were complemented by introduction of CYC8, ruling out involvement of a prion. Assimilation of mannitol and sorbitol conferred by other mutations of TUP1 or CYC8 was guanidine hydrochloride-tolerant. It is physiologically reasonable that S. cerevisiae carries this mechanism to acquire the ability to assimilate major polyols in nature.

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Hu, Yifan, Yongsheng Ding, and Kuangrong Hao. "An Immune Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Fault-Tolerant Routing Optimization in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/743728.

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The fault-tolerant routing problem is important consideration in the design of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (H-WSNs) applications, and has recently been attracting growing research interests. In order to maintainkdisjoint communication paths from source sensors to the macronodes, we present a hybrid routing scheme and model, in which multiple paths are calculated and maintained in advance, and alternate paths are created once the previous routing is broken. Then, we propose an immune cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm (ICPSOA) in the model to provide the fast routing recovery and reconstruct the network topology for path failure in H-WSNs. In the ICPSOA, mutation direction of the particle is determined by multi-swarm evolution equation, and its diversity is improved by immune mechanism, which can enhance the capacity of global search and improve the converging rate of the algorithm. Then we validate this theoretical model with simulation results. The results indicate that the ICPSOA-based fault-tolerant routing protocol outperforms several other protocols due to its capability of fast routing recovery mechanism, reliable communications, and prolonging the lifetime of WSNs.

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Sari, Laela, Agus Purwito, Didy Soepandi, Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih, and Enny Sudarmonowati. "INDUKSI MUTASI DAN SELEKSI IN VITRO TANAMAN GANDUM (Triticum aestivum L.)." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 3, no. 2 (December 6, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v3i2.36.

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INDUCTION MUTATION AND SELECTION OF IN VITRO PLANT OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)The goal of this research was to produce wheat crop which is tolerant to lowland condition.Six varieties were used, Dewata, Selayar, Alibey, Oasis, Rabe and HP1744. This research consisted of 4 stages: production of the best callus on MS medium containing 3 g/L 2.4-D, induced mutation of embryogenic callus using EMS, in vitro selection of callus at temperature of 27–35°C, and callus regeneration. The best result for callus production was 76% for Dewata and 70% for Selayar varieties. Higher concentration of EMS and longer soaking time decreased the percentage of callus growth. LC50 for Dewata was 0.3% EMS at 30 minutes and that for Selayar was 0.1% EMS at 60 minutes. The higher the temperature was, the lower was the adaptation tolerant of the plants, and callus growth was inhibited. At the highest temperature (35°C) the callus did not grow at all.Keywords: Induced mutation, Triticum aestivum, EMS, in vitro selection, callusABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merakit tanaman gandum yang toleran pada dataran rendah. Varietas yang digunakan ada 6 yaitu Dewata, Selayar, Alibey, Oasis, Rabe dan HP-1744. Penelitian terdiri atas empat tahap yaitu induksi pembentukan kalus terbaik menggunakan media MS + 3 g/L 2,4-D (dipilih dua varietas yang terbaik), induksi mutasi kalus embriogenik menggunakan EMS, seleksi kalus in vitro pada suhu 27–35°C, dan regenerasi. Hasil induksi kalus terbaik terdapat pada varietas Dewata sebesar 76% dan Selayar sebesar 70%. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi EMS dan semakin lama waktu perendaman yang digunakan maka semakin menurun persentase pertumbuhan kalus. LC50 varietas Dewata adalah EMS 0,3% waktu 30 menit sedangkan LC50 varietas Selayar adalah EMS 0,1% waktu 60 menit.Semakin tinggi suhunya maka semakin berkurang toleran adaptasi tanaman tersebut, dan pertumbuhan kalus semakin sedikit. Bahkan pada suhu tertinggi yaitu suhu 35°C tidak ada pertumbuhan kalus sama sekali.Kata Kunci: Induksi mutasi, Triticum aestivum, EMS, seleksi in vitro, kalus

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Hallajian, M. "Integration of Mutation and Conventional Breeding Approaches to Develop New Superior Drought-tolerant Plants in Rice (Oryza sativa)." Annual Research & Review in Biology 4, no. 7 (January 10, 2014): 1173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2014/5935.

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Levati, Lauretta, Giancarlo Marra, Teresa Lettieri, Stefania D'Atri, Patrizia Vernole, Lucio Tentori, Pedro Miguel Lacal, et al. "Mutation of the mismatch repair genehMSH2 andhMSH6 in a human T-cell leukemia line tolerant to methylating agents." Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 23, no. 2 (October 1998): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199810)23:2<159::aid-gcc9>3.0.co;2-1.

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Lim, Dong Mee, Nam Huh, and Keun Yong Park. "Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha mutation in normal glucose-tolerant subjects and early-onset type 2 diabetic patients." Korean journal of internal medicine 23, no. 4 (2008): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2008.23.4.165.

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Um, Taeyoung, Taehyeon Park, Jae Sung Shim, Youn Shic Kim, Gang-Seob Lee, Ik-Young Choi, Ju-Kon Kim, Jun Sung Seo, and Soo Chul Park. "Application of Upstream Open Reading Frames (uORFs) Editing for the Development of Stress-Tolerant Crops." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 3743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073743.

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Global population growth and climate change are posing increasing challenges to the production of a stable crop supply using current agricultural practices. The generation of genetically modified (GM) crops has contributed to improving crop stress tolerance and productivity; however, many regulations are still in place that limit their commercialization. Recently, alternative biotechnology-based strategies, such as gene-edited (GE) crops, have been in the spotlight. Gene-editing technology, based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) platform, has emerged as a revolutionary tool for targeted gene mutation, and has received attention as a game changer in the global biotechnology market. Here, we briefly introduce the concept of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) editing, which allows for control of the translation of downstream ORFs, and outline the potential for enhancing target gene expression by mutating uORFs. We discuss the current status of developing stress-tolerant crops, and discuss uORF targets associated with salt stress-responsive genes in rice that have already been verified by transgenic research. Finally, we overview the strategy for developing GE crops using uORF editing via the CRISPR-Cas9 system. A case is therefore made that the mutation of uORFs represents an efficient method for developing GE crops and an expansion of the scope of application of genome editing technology.

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Kumar, Sudheeran Pradeep, and B. D. Ranjitha Kumari. "Impact of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate Mutagenesis in Artemisia vulgaris L. under NaCl Stress." BioTech 10, no. 3 (August 21, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biotech10030018.

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The present investigation aimed to obtain salt-tolerant Artemisia vulgaris L. to develop a constant form through in vitro mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) as the chemical mutagen. NaCl tolerance was evaluated by the ability of the callus to maintain its growth under different concentrations, ranges from (0 mM to 500 mM). However, NaCl salinity concentration at (500 mM) did not show any development of callus, slight shrinking, and brown discoloration taking place over a week. Thus, all the biochemical and antioxidant assays were limited to (0–400 mM) NaCl. On the other hand, selected calluses were treated with 0.5% EMS for 30, 60, and 90 min and further subcultured on basal media fortified with different concentrations of 0–400 mM NaCl separately. Thus, the callus was treated for 60 min and was found to induce the mutation on the callus. The maximum salt-tolerant callus from 400 mM NaCl was regenerated in MS medium fortified with suitable hormones. Biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, starch, amino acids, and phenol contents decreased under NaCl stress, whereas sugar and proline increased. Peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities peaked at 200 mM NaCl, whereas catalase (CAT) was maximum at 100 mM NaCl. Enhanced tolerance of 0.5% the EMS-treated callus, attributed to the increased biochemical and antioxidant activity over the control and NaCl stress. As a result, the mutants were more tolerant of salinity than the control plants.

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Gee, Christopher T., Stephanie Chestnut, Eilene Duberow, Andrea Collins, and Michael A. Shields. "Downy Mildew from Lake Erie Vineyards is Diverse for the G143A SNP Conferring Resistance to Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicides." Plant Health Progress 14, no. 1 (January 2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2013-0422-01-rs.

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Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is a significant problem in grape vineyards throughout the growing season. Control of downy mildew is carried out with a combination of host tolerance and chemical applications. Even in vineyards planted with very tolerant varieties (e.g., Concord), control is important in years with ideal pathogen conditions. Fungicides with a single mode of action possess a very high potential for the development of resistance. Resistance has been observed often in the Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, such as strobilurins. We ascertained the levels of QoI resistance in downy mildew colonies on diseased leaves using CAPS-PCR to detect the glycine to alanine mutation (G143A) known to confer a qualitative level of resistance in fungal pathogens. Our data uncovered a small percentage of samples that contain G143A, suggesting an overall low level of QoI resistance. The low prevalence of the resistant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) suggests that QoI fungicides should remain a viable control mechanism in Lake Erie vineyards. Additionally, it appears that a viticultural region where tolerant hosts predominant and QoI use is minimal, resistance buildup in the pathogen population will be minimal. Accepted for publication 15 January 2013. Published 22 April 2013.

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Che, Fang-Sik, Yoko Takemura, Naoko Suzuki, Katsunori Ichinose, Jim-Ming Wang, and Shigeo Yoshida. "Localization of Target-Site of the Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicide, S-23142, in Spinacia oleracea L." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1993): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-438.

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Effects of S-23142 on protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) biosynthesis in chloroplasts isolated from Spinacia oleracea L. were examined using reverse phase HPLC with fluorescence monitoring. The synthesis of Proto IX was inhibited to a level of 50% by 10-9 ᴍ of S-23142 in this system. The effects of S-23142 was also tested in chloroplasts isolated from two types of photomixotrophic tobacco cells, wild type and S-23142 tolerant cells. The biosynthesis of both the wild type cells and YZI-1 S cells were inhibited at 50% by 10-9 ᴍ and 10-7 ᴍ of S-23142, respectively. It is, therefore evident that the mutation in the tolerant cell is associated with the Protox. To investigate the localization of Proto IX biosynthesis and the target site of S-23142, spinach chloroplasts were osmotically broken and separated into stroma and membrane (thylakoid and envelope) fractions. A very active Proto IX synthesis from ALA was found in the stromal fraction, while no activity of Proto IX synthesis was observed in the membrane fraction. These results suggest that most Proto IX synthetic activity and a target-site of S-23142 exist in the stromal fraction.

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García, Alicia, Encarnación Aguado, Gustavo Cebrián, Jessica Iglesias, Jonathan Romero, Cecilia Martínez, Dolores Garrido, María del Mar Rebolloso, Juan Luis Valenzuela, and Manuel Jamilena. "Effect of Ethylene-Insensitive Mutation etr2b on Postharvest Chilling Injury in Zucchini Fruit." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110532.

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Zucchini is a vegetable fruit that is very susceptible to postharvest chilling injury, and fruit ethylene production is correlated with chilling injury sensitivity, such that the more tolerant the cultivar, the lower is its ethylene production. It is expected that zucchini fruit with reduced sensitivity to ethylene would have a higher chilling injury tolerance. In this study, we compared the postharvest fruit quality of wild type and ethylene-insensitive mutant etr2b, in which a mutation was identified in the coding region of the ethylene receptor gene CpETR2B. Flowers from homozygous WT (wt/wt), mutant plants in homozygous (etr2b/etr2b) and heterozygous (wt/etr2b) were hand-pollinated, and all fruits were harvested with the same length, at about 8 days after pollination. After harvesting, fruit of each genotype was randomly divided in 3 batches of 12 fruits each (four replications with three fruits each), and then stored at 4 °C and 95% RH. At 0, 7, and 14 days after cold storage, each batch was used to assess ethylene production, respiration rate, weight and firmness loss, chilling injury, and oxidative stress metabolites. The results showed a lower chilling injury associated with lower cold-induced ethylene production in the mutant fruit, in comparison with the WT fruit. These data demonstrated that the ethylene-insensitive etr2b mutant fruit was more tolerant to chilling injury, confirming that basal ethylene in the still undamaged fruit could function as a modulator of post-harvest chilling injury. Moreover, the higher chilling tolerance of the etr2b mutant fruit was not associated with MDA content, but was concomitant with a reduction in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the refrigerated mutant fruit.

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Kosmiatin, Mia Toruan, Rosa Yunita, and Ali Husni. "Peningkatan Toleransi Alumunium pada Jeruk Batang Bawah dengan Teknik Seleksi In Vitro Berulang." Jurnal AgroBiogen 6, no. 1 (August 4, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v6n1.2010.p33-39.

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Aluminum Tolerance Improvement of Rootstock Citrus through Repeated In Vitro Selection. Mia Kosmiatin, Rosa Yunita, and Ali Husni. National orange productivity was trend to decrease because of pathogen attack and reducing of planting area. One of alternative ways to preserve and increase orange productivity was using marginal soil mainly acid soil. This matter pushed the breeder to prepare tolerant rootstock and stable in the acid soil. In vitro culture technique was effective and efficient methods to produce tolerant and stable rootstock in acid soil through simulation of acid soil with addition of high aluminum and low pH in the medium. By the simulation the selection could be done in cell level, so cell was selected after induction of variation. A rootstock which high compatibility with scion, useful rooting, and aluminum tolerance could be increased orange productivity through acid soil development. The research was conducted in 3 phase: (1) induction of embryogenic calli, (2) improvement of genetic variation through mutation, and (3) In vitro selection with AlCl3.6H2O for aluminum and low pH tolerant. Immature embryos of rootstock were use as explant. The result showed that the best embryogenic calli were induced on MS basal medium with MW vitamin + NAA 7,5 mg/l + kinetin 0,5 mg/l. Before selection, 1.000 rad dosage was the most tolerant dosage to growth embryogenic calli. After selection, 2.000 rad dosage was the best dosage to produce shoots which stable tolerant to aluminum. Selected 88 mutant shoots were produced after three times selection on the same medium which AlCl3.6H2O added at low pH.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mutation-tolerant'

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