Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nanoinjector

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Nanoinjector'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Nanoinjector"

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Gorbounov, Valeri, Petr Kuban, Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Henryk Temkin. "A Nanoinjector for Microanalysis." Analytical Chemistry 75, no. 15 (August 2003): 3919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac034342+.

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Chen, X., A. Kis, A. Zettl, and C. R. Bertozzi. "A cell nanoinjector based on carbon nanotubes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 20 (May 7, 2007): 8218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700567104.

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Iizuka, Eiji, Takao Tsuda, Motonori Munesue, and Shinichi Samizo. "Nanoinjector for Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography." Analytical Chemistry 75, no. 15 (August 2003): 3929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac020778y.

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Aten, Quentin T., Brian D. Jensen, Sandra H. Burnett, and Larry L. Howell. "A self-reconfiguring metamorphic nanoinjector for injection into mouse zygotes." Review of Scientific Instruments 85, no. 5 (May 2014): 055005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4872077.

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Assunção, Nilson A., Ernesto S. Nakayasu, Sirlei Daffre, and Emanuel Carrilho. "Development of nanoinjector devices for electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn)." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 23, no. 9 (September 2012): 1762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532012005000036.

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Yoo, Seung Min, Mijeong Kang, Taejoon Kang, Dong Min Kim, Sang Yup Lee, and Bongsoo Kim. "Electrotriggered, Spatioselective, Quantitative Gene Delivery into a Single Cell Nucleus by Au Nanowire Nanoinjector." Nano Letters 13, no. 6 (May 6, 2013): 2431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl4003393.

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Yoo, Seung Min, and Sang Yup Lee. "Electro-triggered, spatioselective, quantitative gene delivery into a single cell nucleus by Au nanowire nanoinjector." New Biotechnology 31 (July 2014): S173—S174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.891.

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Lee, Jooran, Sunyoung Choi, Seon Joo Bae, Seok Min Yoon, Joon Sig Choi, and Minjoong Yoon. "Visible light-sensitive APTES-bound ZnO nanowire toward a potent nanoinjector sensing biomolecules in a living cell." Nanoscale 5, no. 21 (2013): 10275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr03042c.

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Teng, Wei, Changill Ban, and Jong Hoon Hahn. "Formation of lipid bilayer membrane in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip integrated with a stacked polycarbonate membrane support and an on-site nanoinjector." Biomicrofluidics 9, no. 2 (March 2015): 024120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4919066.

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Conceição, Ellen Paula Santos da, Christopher J. Madden, and Shaun F. Morrison. "Glycinergic inhibition of BAT sympathetic premotor neurons in rostral raphe pallidus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 312, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): R919—R926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00551.2016.

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The rostral raphe pallidus (rRPa) contains sympathetic premotor neurons controlling thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We sought to determine whether a tonic activation of glycineA receptors (GlyAR) in the rRPa contributes to the inhibitory regulation of BAT sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and of cardiovascular parameters in anesthetized rats. Nanoinjection of the GlyAR antagonist, strychnine (STR), into the rRPa of intact rats increased BAT SNA (peak: +495%), BAT temperature (TBAT, +1.1°C), expired CO2, (+0.4%), core body temperature (TCORE, +0.2°C), mean arterial pressure (MAP, +4 mmHg), and heart rate (HR, +57 beats/min). STR into rRPa in rats with a postdorsomedial hypothalamus transection produced similar increases in BAT thermogenic and cardiovascular parameters. Glycine nanoinjection into the rRPa evoked a potent inhibition of the cooling-evoked increases in BAT SNA (nadir: −74%), TBAT (−0.2°C), TCORE (−0.2°C), expired CO2 (−0.2%), MAP (−8 mmHg), and HR (−22 beats/min) but had no effect on the increases in these variables evoked by STR nanoinjection into rRPa. Nanoinjection of GABA into the rRPa inhibited the STR-evoked BAT SNA (nadir: −86%) and reduced the expired CO2 (−0.4%). Blockade of glutamate receptors in rRPa reduced the STR-evoked increases in BAT SNA (nadir: −61%), TBAT (−0.5°C), expired CO2 (−0.3%), MAP (−9 mmHg), and HR (−33 beats/min). We conclude that a tonically active glycinergic input to the rRPa contributes to the inhibitory regulation of the discharge of BAT sympathetic premotor neurons and of BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nanoinjector"

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Aten, Quentin Theodore. "Design and Testing of a Pumpless Microelectromechanical System Nanoinjector." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1926.

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A deeper understanding of human development and disease is made possible partly through the study of genetically modified model organisms, such as the common mouse (Mus musculus). By genetically modifying such model organisms, scientists can activate, deactivate, or highlight particular characteristics. A genetically modified animal is generated by adding exogenous (foreign) genetic material to one or more embryonic cells at their earliest stages of development. Frequently, this exogenous genetic material consists of specially engineered DNA, which is introduced into a fertilized egg cell (zygote). When successfully introduced into the zygote, the exogenous DNA will be incorporated into the cell's own genome, and the animal that develops from the zygote will exhibit the genetic modification in all of its cells. The current devices and methods for generating genetically modified animals are inefficient, and/or difficult to use. The most common and efficient method for inserting new DNA into zygotes is by directly injecting a DNA solution through a tiny glass tube into the cell in a process called microinjection. Unfortunately, microinjection is quite inefficient (success rates are commonly between 1 and 5%), but often it is the only method for inserting DNA into eggs, zygotes, or early stage embryos. This thesis presents the design and testing of a micrometer sale, pumpless microelectromechanical system (MEMS) nanoinjector. Rather than use pumps and capillaries, the nanoinjector employs electrostatic charges to attract and repel DNA onto and off of the surface of a solid lance. The nanoinjector also includes a mechanical system for constraining the target cells during injection. Initial testing indicates the nanoinjector does not decrease cell viability, and it has a very high initial success rate (up to 90%). With the addition of an on-chip actuator, the nanoinjector could be packaged as an inexpensive, fully automated system, enabling efficient, high volume genetic modification of developing animals. Such a device would greatly increase the ease and speed of generating the model organisms needed to study such critical diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and diabetes.
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Toone, Nathan C. "Mathematical Model and Experimental Exploration of the Nanoinjector Lance Array." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3367.

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The Nanoinjector Lance Array has been developed to inject foreign material into thousands of cells at once using electrophoresis to attract and repel particles to and from the electrically-charged lances. A mathematical computer model simulating the motion of attracted or repelled proteins informs the design of the nanoinjection lance array system. The model is validated by accurately predicting protein velocity in electrophoresis experiments. A complete analysis of parameters is conducted via simulations and specific research questions regarding the counter electrode of the nanoinjector lance array system are explored using the model. A novel technique for fabricating lance arrays from collapsed carbon nanotube forests is explored and detailed. Experiments are conducted using the Nanoinjector Lance Array, attempting to inject three different kinds of protein molecules into a culture of HeLa cells. The experimental results are encouraging and suggest possibilities for future success. Other recommendations are made for future research regarding the model, carbon nanotube fabrication, and experimental testing.
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David, Regis Agenor. "Modeling and Testing of DNA Motion for Nanoinjection." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2693.

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A new technique, called nanoinjection, is being developed to insert foreign DNA into a living cell. Such DNA transfection is commonly used to create transgenic organisms vital to the study of genetics, immunology, and many other biological sciences. In nanoinjection, DNA, which has a net negative charge, is electrically attracted to a micromachined lance. The lance then pierces the cell membranes, and the voltage on the lance is reversed, repelling the DNA into the cell. It is shown that DNA motion is strongly correlated to ion transport through a process called electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is used to move DNA using an electric field through a gel matrix (electrolytic solution). Understanding and using electrophoretic principals, a mathematical model was created to predict the motion (trajectory) of DNA particles as they are attracted to and repulsed from the nanoinjector lance. This work describes the protocol and presents the results for DNA motion experiments using fabricated gel electrophoresis devices. Electrophoretic systems commonly use metal electrodes in their construction. This work explores and reports the differences in electrophoretic motion of DNA (decomposition voltage, electrical field, etc.) when one electrode is constructed from a semiconductor, silicon rather than metal. Experimental results are used to update and validate the mathematical model to reflect the differences in material selection. Accurately predicting DNA motion is crucial for nanoinjection. The mathematical model allows investigation of the attraction/repulsion process by varying specific parameters. Result show that the ground electrode placement, lance orientation and lance penetration significantly affect attraction or repulsion efficiency while the gap, lance direction, lance tip width, lance tip half angle and lance tip height do not. It is also shown that the electric field around the lance is sufficient to cause localized electroporation of cell membranes, which may significantly improve the efficiency of transport.
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Lewis, Tyler E. "Investigation of Parameters Affecting the Nanoinjection of HeLa 229 Cancer Cells." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5526.

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The ability to deliver sequences of DNA and other molecular loads across the membrane of a cell and into its nucleus is an area of interest in the medical community. One of its many applications is that of gene therapy. In contrast to other forms of treatment, gene therapy seeks to treat diseases at the cellular level. The success of these treatments depends on the technologies for cell transfection that are available. Physical methods are sometimes able to overcome poor efficiencies of chemical methods and the safety concerns of viral methods, but are usually impractical due to the limited number of cells that are able to be transfected at a time, isolation, and immobilization of the cells. Nanoinjection is capable of using millions of small lances in an array to inject hundreds of thousands of cells simultaneously with relatively high efficiencies and viabilities. The solid nature of the lances also allows them to be smaller than their hollow-needle counterparts, which results in higher cell viability. Propidium Iodide (PI), a dye whose fluorescence increases greatly when bound to nucleic acids, was used as an injection molecule for testing the efficacy of the nanoinjection process on HeLa 229 cancer cells in a portion of the experiments, with a GFP plasmid of DNA being used in the rest. After injection, flow cytometry was used to detect the concentration of PI or the expression of the GFP in the injected cells. Since PI cannot normally penetrate the membrane of living cells, those found with high concentrations of PI were either successfully injected or dead, which can be determined by the flow cytometry. Investigation of the parameters that affect the efficiency of the nanoinjection process will help improve it for further research. Some of these parameters that were investigated include the force of injection, the material used for the lances (silicon versus carbon nanotubes), and the injection speed of the lance arrays. An injection device capable of small changes in deflection was designed to ensure accurate increments in force for testing, as well as a pulsed current control injection system. Results for injections of varying forces indicate a slow rise in PI uptake from 0 to 1.8 Newtons where it reaches a maximum uptake of 4.11 when normalized to the PI uptake of the positive controls. The PI uptake then remains relatively level as the force continues to increase, averaging an uptake of approximately 3.1. The slow rise is likely due to more of the cells being punctured as the force increases until most have been punctured and the PI uptake levels off. The viability of the injected cells was close to that of the controls with no clear trend. A comparison of lance arrays made from silicon and carbon nanotubes using DNA as the molecular load shows little difference between materials. Different injection speeds tested show that only 1-5% of the cells in the injection process are lost for speeds in the range of 0.08-0.16 mm/sec, whereas 49-69% of the cells are lost using speeds between 0.6-3 mm/sec.
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Rust, Michael J. "Mass-producable nanotechnologies using polymer nanoinjection molding nanoparticle assemblies, nanoelectrodes, and nanobiosensors /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc//view?acc_num=ucin1242931328.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisors: Chong Ahn (Committee Chair), Marc Cahay (Committee Member), Thomas Mantei (Committee Member), Mark Schulz (Committee Member), William Heineman (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed May 31, 2010). Keywords: Nanotechnology; nanofabrication; polymer injection molding; nanoparticle assembly; nanoelectrode; nanobiosensor. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Rust, Michael J. "Mass-Producible Nanotechnologies Using Polymer Nanoinjection Molding: Nanoparticle Assemblies, Nanoelectrodes, and Nanobiosensors." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242931328.

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Simonis, Matthias [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Huser, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Hütten. "Electrophoretic nanoinjection: new applications for live cell experiments / Matthias Simonis ; Thomas Huser, Andreas Hütten." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1140585991/34.

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Sessions, John W. "In Vitro Molecular Modification of Human Cultured and Primary Cells Using Lance Array Nanoinjection." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5859.

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Fundamentally altering cellular function at a genetic level is a major area of interest in the biologic sciences and the medical community. By engineering transfectable constructs that can be inserted to dysfunctional cellular systems, scientists can mitigate aberrant genetic behavior to produce proper molecular function. While viral vectors have been a mainstay in the past, there are many limitations, particularly related to safety, that have changed the focus of genome editing to incorporate alternative methods for gene delivery. Lance Array Nanoinjection (LAN), a second-generation microfabricated transfection biotechnology, is one of these alternative technologies. LAN works by utilizing both simultaneous electrostatic interaction with molecular loads and physical lancing of hundreds of thousands of target cell membranes. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate LAN in the context of in vitro transfection of immortalized culture cells and primary cells. As part of that exploration, three distinct areas of investigation are considered, which include: characterizing environmental factors that impact LAN transfection, demonstrating LAN genetic modification of immortalized HeLa 229 culture cells using an indicator marker, and lastly, investigating the effects of LAN on human primary, neonatal fibroblasts.
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Lindstrom, Zachary Kendall. "Design and Experimental Testing of Nanoinjection Protocols for Delivering Molecules into HeLa Cells with a Bio-MEMS Device." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4035.

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Delivering foreign molecules into living cells is a broad and ongoing area of research. Gene therapy, or delivering nucleic acids into cells via non-viral or viral pathways, is an especially promising area for pharmaceutics. All gene therapy methods have their respective advantages and disadvantages, including limited delivery efficiency and low viability. Nanoinjection, or delivering molecules into cells using a solid lance, has proven to be highly efficient while maintaining high viability levels. In this thesis, an array of solid silicon lances was tested by nanoinjecting tens of thousands of HeLa cancer cells simultaneously. Several molecule types were injected in different tests to understand cell uptake efficiency and cell viability. Voltage was used to determine the impact of an electric field on molecule delivery. Propidium iodide, a dye that fluoresces when bound to nucleic acids and does not fluoresce when unbound, was delivered into cells using the lance array. Results show that the lance array delivers propidium iodide into up to 78% of a nanoinjected HeLa cell culture, while maintaining 78%-91% viability. Using similar protocol as in propidium iodide experiments, plasmid DNA containing the code for a fluorescent protein was nanoinjected into HeLa cells, resulting in an average expression rate of up to 0.21%. Since gene expression only occurs in cells which have integrated DNA into the genome in the nucleus, a different DNA detection method was developed to determine total DNA count in cells following nanoinjection. DNA strands tagged with a radioactive isotope were nanoinjected into HeLa cells. Liquid scintillation was employed to quantify and discriminate between DNA delivered to cells and DNA that remained in solution around cells following nanoinjection. The largest average amount of DNA delivered to cells was 20.0 x 10^3 DNA molecules per cell. Further development of the radioactive nanoinjection process is needed to more fully understand the parameters that affect DNA delivery efficiency. In all experiments with propidium iodide and DNA molecules, low accumulation voltage, coupled with a short pulsed release voltage, resulted in the greatest molecule delivery efficiencies when compared to tests without voltage or with a constant voltage only. Lastly, an automated nanoinjection system was developed to eliminate variability in user applied nanoinjection force. The automated system was found to reduce variability in average propidium iodide uptake values by 56%. In conclusion, experimental testing of the multi-cell nanoinjection process has shown promising molecule delivery results into human cells, suggesting that further optimization of the process would have positive implications in the field of academic and clinical gene therapy.
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Wilson, Aubrey Marie Mueller. "Transgene Delivery via Microelectromechanical Systems." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3936.

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The invention of pronuclear microinjection initiated the field of transgenic research. Over 30 years later microinjection remains the most straight-forward and most commonly used transgene delivery option. In this work we address the current progress of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) used as transgenic delivery mechanisms. The nanoinjector is a specially designed MEMS device which uses electrostatic charge to manipulate transgene molecules. The process of nanoinjection was designed as an alternative to microinjection which causes less damage to developing embryos, improves embryo survival, birth rates, and overall efficiency of injections. In vivo testing of nanoinjection demonstrates it is both safe and effective. Additionally nanoinjection has the potential to make transgenesis via yeast artificial chromosomes more practical as the nanoinjector may prevent shearing of the YAC molecules. A second nanoinjection protocol termed intracellular electroporetic nanoinjcetion (IEN) was designed to allow for cytoplasmic injections. Cytoplasmic injections are faster and easier than pronuclear injection and do not require the pronuclei to be visible; yet previous attempts to develop cytoplasmic injection have met with limited success. In IEN injections the nanoinjector is used to place transgenic molecules in the cytoplasm. The transgenes are then propelled through the cytoplasm and electroporated into the pronucleus using electrical pulses. Electroporation of whole embryos has not resulted in transgenic animals, but the MEMS device allows localized electroporation to occur within the cytoplasm, giving transgene access to the pronucleus before degradation can occur. In this report we describe the principles which allow for localized electroporation of the pronuclei including: the location of the pronuclei between 21-28 hours post-hCG treatment, modeling data predicting the voltages needed for localized electroporation of pronuclei, and data on the movement of transgenic DNA based on the voltages delivered by IEN. We further report results of an IEN versus microinjection comparative study in which IEN produced transgenic pups with viability, transgene integration, and expression rates statistically comparable to microinjection. The ability to perform injections without visualizing or puncturing the pronuclei will widely benefit transgenic research, and will be particularly advantageous for the production of transgenic animals with embryos exhibiting reduced pronuclear visibility.
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Book chapters on the topic "Nanoinjector"

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Kang, Mijeong, and Bongsoo Kim. "Au Nanoinjectors for Electrotriggered Gene Delivery into the Cell Nucleus." In The Nucleus, 55–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1680-1_6.

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Memis, Omer G., and Hooman Mohseni. "Nanoinjection Detectors and Imagers for Sensitive and Efficient Infrared Detection." In Information Optics and Photonics, 77–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7380-1_6.

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"Nanoinjector." In Y Origami?, 18–21. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/mbk/104/05.

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"Nanoinjectors." In Y Origami?, 86. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/mbk/104/32.

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"Micro/Nanoinjection Molding with an Intelligent Mold System." In Micro/Nano Replication, 82–122. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118146965.ch4.

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Memis, Omer G., and Hooman Mohseni. "Design of the Nanoinjection Detectors Using Finite Element Modeling." In Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology, 477–504. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13002-14.

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"Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea." In Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea, edited by Gun Åkerman and Lennart Balk. American Fisheries Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569087.ch6.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—The reproductive success of cod <em>Gadus morhua </em>from the Baltic Sea and the Barents Sea was compared. The offspring of 17 family pairs from the Baltic Sea and 12 family pairs from the Barents Sea were investigated during the embryonic and larval development stages. Frequencies of mortality over time and frequencies of different disorders at hatch were analyzed. The results indicated that the reproductive success of cod from the Baltic Sea was seriously impaired. The Baltic cod showed high mortality before hatch. In newly hatched larvae, different kinds of disorders were seen, such as vertebrae deformity, disrupted yolk sac or subcutaneous edema in the yolk sac, and precipitate in the yolk. To compare mortality and early developmental abnormalities in Baltic cod and Baltic salmon <em>Salmo salar</em>, the offspring of 20 salmon family pairs, caught in the River Dalälven in Sweden, were investigated analogically. The results showed that the majority of the salmon offspring experienced a thiamine deficiency-dependent mortality at different stages of larval development and that five family pairs experienced high mortality before hatch. In salmon, different kinds of disorders were also seen at hatch, such as vertebrae deformity, blood disorders, subcutaneous edema in the yolk sac, and precipitate in the yolk. The disorders at hatch were not correlated to later thiamine deficiency-dependent mortality. Aliquots of newly fertilized salmon eggs were injected with thiamine by the nanoinjection method. This treatment had only a minor effect on the frequency of disorders at hatch, but it protected the salmon larvae almost completely from later thiamine deficiency-dependent mortality. This indicates that factors other than thiamine deficiency are involved in the developmental disorders. In both salmon and cod from the Baltic Sea, the mortality and disorders among the offspring were mainly correlated to the female, and in both species some females produced offspring that experienced high mortality before hatch. Both salmon and cod also showed disorders that might have similar biochemical mechanisms, because the formation of precipitates and edema in the yolk sac occurs in both species.
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Conference papers on the topic "Nanoinjector"

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Aten, Quentin. "MEMS Nanoinjector for Injecting Foreign DNA Into Living Cells." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87581.

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The nanoinjector is a MEMS device that has been successfully used to inject foreign genetic material into fertilized mouse egg cells (zygotes). This scanning electron micrograph shows a nanoinjector grasping a 100 μm diameter latex sphere. The sphere is roughly the size of a mouse zygote, and it can withstand the harsh environment in the electron microscope better than a mouse zygote. The nanoinjector’s two constraining mechanisms (at left and top-right) and lance mechanism (bottom right) are fabricated from two planar layers of polysilicon through MEMSCAP’s polysilicon Multi-User MEMS Processes (polyMUMPs)
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Zirbel, Shannon A., Quentin T. Aten, Melanie Easter, Brian D. Jensen, and Larry L. Howell. "Compliant Constant-Force Micro-Mechanism for Enabling Dual-Stage Motion." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70321.

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This paper describes a fully compliant constant-force micro-mechanism that enables dual-stage motion for nanoinjection. Nanoinjection is a recently developed process for delivering DNA into mouse zygotes via electrostatic accumulation and release of the DNA onto a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) lance. The fully compliant constant-force nanoinjector is a concatenation of two separate mechanisms: a six-bar mechanism with compliant lamina-emergent torsional (LET) joints to raise the lance, and a pair of constant-force crank-sliders with LET joints positioned on either side of the six-bar mechanism to drive the lance forward. The fully compliant nanoinjector exhibits self-reconfiguring metamorphic motion to first raise the lance to the midline of the zygote and then translate the lance forward with a controlled motion. This dual-stage motion is necessary for the lance to pierce the zygote without causing damage to the cell membrane. The device achieves two sequential displacement behaviors in a compliant mechanism fabricated from a single, continuous piece of material.
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Toone, Nathan C., and Brian D. Jensen. "Determining Necessary Parameters for Nanoinjector Electrodes During Attraction." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47320.

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This paper outlines the adaptation of a mathematical computer model used to simulate the motion of DNA particles in order to determine the best geometry and setup for a prototype cell injection system. The model predicts DNA motion due to electrophoresis near micromachined electrodes. Ten key electrode parameters are identified to test for significance, and three key test measurements are identified to help compare the various setups. A simple design of experiment is used to organize and analyze the data collected from forty-one simulations of the DNA motion within the electric field. Based on the simulations of attracting DNA to the lance for injection, it is found that a compact ring electrode placed underneath an insulated lance will yield the optimal results. Two additional areas for research are recommended.
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Brown, Taylor, Sandra Hope, and Brian D. Jensen. "Fabrication and Testing of a MEMS System for Injection of DNA Into Plant Cells." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98019.

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Abstract This paper describes the fabrication and testing of a system to inject DNA into plant leaves. Arrays of silicon lances were made using photolithographic and STS DRIE Bosch techniques. A nanoinjector device was also made to accept the silicon lance arrays and perform nanoinjections. Nanoinjections were performed on Arabidopsis and cotton cotyledons. Changes in the force applied during a nanoinjection and varying the number of repeated nanoinjections on the same cotyledon were observed. Too much force or too many repeated injections caused physical damage to the cotyledon. An optimal force and number of repeated injections can be performed without causing physical damage to the cotyledon. Several injections using DNA were performed without successful transfection of the leaves. Possible reasons for this failure to transfect were explored.
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Lindstrom, Zachary K., Nicholas Gregory, and Brian D. Jensen. "Design and Testing of an Automated Multi-Cell Nanoinjection System." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35122.

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An automated nanoinjection system has been developed and tested for the delivery of propidium iodide into culture cells. Nanoinjection is the process by which molecules are delivered into living cells using a solid needle. Propidium iodide, a dye that fluoresces when bound to nucleic acids, was used as the injection molecule to monitor nanoinjection efficiency. The nanoinjection system uses a programmable microcontroller to manipulate a linear actuator, which presses a silicon lance array into thousands of living culture cells simultaneously. The lances penetrate cell membranes, allowing dye molecules to enter the cell through membrane pores opened by lances. The system was developed to apply the same injection force to each cell sample at the press of a button, eliminating any experimental variability in data due to the operator. Tests were performed at a dye concentration of 0.04 mg/mL for all experiments. Several forces were tested to determine the optimal nanoinjection force needed for maximum dye delivery. We found the optimal force range to be 8.8–14.7 N. The average PI uptake into cells at a force of 8.8 N and 14.7 N is 57.6±7.7% and 60.3±6.6%, respectively. Previous studies with a manual injection force have shown average propidium iodide uptake to be 60.4±18.0%. High cell viability is maintained with the automated nanoinjection system. At all forces applied in this experiment, an average of 78% or greater viability was observed. With the data gathered in this experiment, we conclude that the automated nanoinjection system eliminates much of the uptake efficiency variability inherent to nanoinjections performed with a manual injection force.
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6

Jones, Talmage H., and Brian D. Jensen. "System for In Vivo Nanoinjection of Tissues." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60033.

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This paper investigates the design of a nano-injection system that can deliver genetic material to cells within live tissue. The approach to creating such a system was to create candidate designs that meet all the requirements for successful in vivo injection and can be fabricated using silicon etching. The designs were tested through large-scale prototyping and through models that describe the systems’ behavior on the micrometer scale. One design consists of an array of lances on a rigid backing. The other design consists of an array of lances grouped in sets of three on a backing that can conform to the shape of the tissue being injected. Each design was prototyped in 3D printed ABS plastic. Preliminary results were qualitative and showed that the rigid and flexible designs performed similarly on mostly flat and irregular surfaces. On convex surfaces with a strong curvature (radius of curvature of about 2 cm), the flexible array gave slightly better results. Final testing gave a quantitative comparison of the two designs’ efficiencies on strongly curved convex surfaces. These results supported the preliminary results that the flexible array is more efficient in reaching points on the tissue than the rigid array is. As the applied force increased, each array performed more efficiently.
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Toone, Nathan C., Gregory H. Teichert, Steven J. Brewer, and Brian D. Jensen. "Modeling, Fabrication, and Testing of a Nanoinjection Lance Array for Simultaneous Multi-Cell Injections." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70471.

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A nanoinjection lance array has been developed to inject foreign genetic material into thousands of cells at once using electrophoresis to attract and repel particles to and from the lances. A unique combination of isotropic and anisotropic etch processes are used to fabricate the four million 1 μm by 8 μm solid lances on a 2 cm by 2 cm chip. Initial studies show high cell viability when the lance array is used to pierce through a culture of HeLa cancer cells, often used for genetic research. A mathematical computer model simulating motion of attracted or repelled particles informs the design of the nanoinjection lance array system. The nanoinjection lance array provides an efficient, convenient, and quick way to simultaneously inject thousands of cells for a wide range of genetic research applications.
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Rust, Michael J., and Chong H. Ahn. "Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanoelectrodes on Nanoinjection Molded Polymer Templates." In 2008 8th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (NANO). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2008.51.

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Nakajima, Masahiro, Takanori Hirano, Masaru Kojima, Naoki Hisamoto, Michio Homma, Beom Hee Lee, and Toshio Fukuda. "Nanoprobe insertion for nanoinjection based on E-SEM nanorobotic manipulation." In 2010 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science (MHS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mhs.2010.5669530.

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Sessions, John W., Brad W. Hanks, Tyler E. Lewis, Brian D. Jensen, Dallin L. Lindstrom, and Sandra H. Burnett. "Saline Solution Effects on Propidium Iodide Uptake in Nanoinjected HeLa Cells." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35431.

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Being able to deliver molecular loads to the intracellular space of mammalian cells is a key initial step of genetic engineering. In the following work, experimentation with nanoinjection, a non-viral molecular load delivery technique, was examined in regards to transmembrane delivery of propidium iodide (PI), a dye that cannot penetrate the cell membrane and fluoresces when bound to genetic material. Investigation includes two environmental factors: peak pulse amplitude (1.5 to 3, 5, 7, or 9 V) and saline type (HBSS, PBS with potassium, and PBS without potassium). Results indicate that PBS with potassium has significantly higher PI uptake efficiency than the other two saline solutions for pulsed voltages of 3V, 5V, and 7V (with the peak value being 3.352 times greater than the positive control). Also, cell viability analysis indicates that there is a measureable reduction in cell viability for voltage protocol samples in comparison to non-voltage protocol samples. Cell viabilities range from 74.5% to 89.4% for voltage protocol samples. Findings suggest that a possible combination of physical/electrical variables work in concert with biological mechanisms to contribute to overall cell survival and PI uptake efficiency in nanoinjection.
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