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Cabrera, Elisa, Rafaela González-Montelongo, Teresa Giraldez, Diego Alvarez de la Rosa, and José M. Siverio. "Molecular Components of Nitrate and Nitrite Efflux in Yeast." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 2 (2013): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00268-13.
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ABSTRACTSome eukaryotes, such as plant and fungi, are capable of utilizing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Once transported into the cell, nitrate is reduced to ammonium by the consecutive action of nitrate and nitrite reductase. How nitrate assimilation is balanced with nitrate and nitrite efflux is unknown, as are the proteins involved. The nitrate assimilatory yeastHansenula polymorphawas used as a model to dissect these efflux systems. We identified the sulfite transporters Ssu1 and Ssu2 as effective nitrate exporters, Ssu2 being quantitatively more important, and we characterize the Nar1 protein as a nitrate/nitrite exporter. The use of strains lacking eitherSSU2orNAR1along with the nitrate reductase geneYNR1showed that nitrate reductase activity is not required for net nitrate uptake. Growth test experiments indicated that Ssu2 and Nar1 exporters allow yeast to cope with nitrite toxicity. We also have shown that the well-knownSaccharomyces cerevisiaesulfite efflux permease Ssu1 is also able to excrete nitrite and nitrate. These results characterize for the first time essential components of the nitrate/nitrite efflux system and their impact on net nitrate uptake and its regulation.
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Schild, Johannes, and Jobst-Heinrich Klemme. "Enzymatic Nitrate Assay by a Kinetic Method Employing Escherichia coli Nitrate Reductase." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 1-2 (1985): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-1-226.
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Abstract An enzymatic assay system for nitrate employing the membrane-bound nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.99.4) of E. coli is described. Contrary to previous enzymatic assay systems, the present method is a kinetic one, i.e. the substrate, nitrate, is assayed by measuring the reaction rate of the nitrate reductase-catalyzed reaction. Based on the observation that the nitrate reductase-catalyzed reaction obeys pseudo-first order kinetics, a test system is described allowing the assay of nitrate at a concentration as low as 1 ppm. The relatively high M ichaelis-M enten constant for nitrate (0.3 mᴍ) of the E. coli nitrate reductase favours nitrate assay by the kinetic method.
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Altamura, Serena, Francesca Rosaria Augello, Francesca Lombardi, et al. "In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evidence of Nitrate-Reducing Activity in Levilactobacillus brevis CD2: A Potential Tool for Oral and Systemic Health Applications." Foods 14, no. 9 (2025): 1512. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091512.
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Growing evidence supports the use of nitrate-reducing bacterial strains as probiotics to enhance the benefits of nitrate metabolism for both oral and systemic health. This study aimed to test the nitrate reductase activity of Levilactobacillus brevis CD2 (DSM-27961/CNCM I-5566), a strain widely used as a starter culture in fermented foods and recognized for its multifaceted health-promoting probiotic properties. We also sought to determine whether the probiotic lysate enhances nitrate reduction ex vivo using six salivary samples from healthy subjects while evaluating its potential influence on pH and buffering capacity. Considering the established link between lactate metabolism and nitrite production, we assessed the salivary levels of D-lactate after a 3-hour incubation with or without Lv. brevis. The results indicate that Lv. brevis CD2 exhibits significant intrinsic and concentration-dependent nitrate reductase activity. Additionally, treatment with Lv. brevis for 3 h significantly increased nitrite generation across all saliva samples, with further enhancement observed after the addition of exogenous nitrates. Lv. brevis also significantly improved salivary pH and buffering capacity, particularly when combined with nitrate. Furthermore, the probiotic treatment resulted in reduced levels of salivary D-lactate. To further support and validate our in vitro and ex vivo findings, we evaluated the oral nitrate-reducing activity in saliva samples from healthy individuals treated for four weeks with Lv. brevis CD2 lozenges. Of note, the results indicated that the probiotic group showed a significant increase in oral nitrate-reducing capacity compared to baseline and placebo after four weeks of treatment. Overall, our study suggests that Lv. brevis CD2 acts as a nitrate-reducing probiotic, providing new insights into its health benefits and complementing findings from previous studies.
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Norby, Richard J., Yohan Weerasuriya, and Paul J. Hanson. "Induction of nitrate reductase activity in red spruce needles by NO2 and HNO3 vapor." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 7 (1989): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-135.
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The induction of the enzyme nitrate reductase in needles may be a prerequisite for the assimilation of foliar-absorbed nitrogen oxide pollutants by red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) trees. To test for induction of nitrate reductase, 1-year-old red spruce seedlings were exposed to NO2, HNO3 vapor, or acid mist containing nitrate, and the activity of nitrate reductase in needles was measured. One day after exposure to NO2 (75 nL•L−1) began, nitrate reductase activity was three times greater than that of unexposed control plants. One day after exposure ended, the nitrate reductase activity returned to the control level. Older red spruce seedlings that had been excavated from a spruce–fir stand exhibited a similar pattern of response, but the level of nitrate reductase activity was much lower than that of the 1-year-old seedlings. Nitric acid vapor (75 nL•L−1) also induced nitrate reductase in red spruce needles, and the pattern of response was similar to that with NO2, except that the nitrate reductase activity did not return to control levels until 2 days after exposure ended. Exposure of seedlings to acid mist containing nitrate (pH 3.5 and 5.0) did not result in a change in nitrate reductase activity. These results indicate that red spruce is capable of assimilating NO2 and HNO3 vapor and that hypotheses of forest decline based on foliar assimilation of pollutant nitrogen oxides are tenable.
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Gomes, Dalila, Betânia Leite, and Fabiana Araujo Figueiredo da Mata. "PD64 Diagnostic Accuracy Of The Nitrate Reductase Assay Technique." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318003252.
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Introduction:The conventional drug sensitivity test is traditionally used in Brazil to diagnose drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, the test can take up to 60 days to return a diagnosis, which is considered too long for certain vulnerable populations. Therefore, this study analyzed the available scientific evidence on the accuracy and time to diagnosis of the nitrate reductase assay for diagnosing resistant tuberculosis, compared with the conventional drug sensitivity test.Methods:We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and The Cochrane Library for systematic reviews with meta-analyses. The articles were screened by title and abstract. The full-texts of potentially relevant articles were then screened according to the inclusion criteria.Results:Three systematic reviews with meta-analyses were selected that compared the nitrate reductase assay with the conventional drug sensitivity test. The accuracy of the nitrate reductase assay was satisfactory in most of the results when compared with the sensitivity test, except for one study that showed low sensitivity for the detection of streptomycin resistance. In addition, the nitrate reductase assay had a shorter time to diagnosis than the drug sensitivity test.Conclusions:The results of this study reinforce the idea that the nitrate reductase assay may diagnose drug-resistant tuberculosis earlier than the conventional drug sensitivity test and be a helpful strategy for controlling the disease, especially in vulnerable populations that are more likely to be affected by tuberculosis. For a broader analysis of the benefit of the assay, it is suggested that studies investigate the impact of the shorter time to diagnosis on morbidity and mortality in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. In addition, economic analyses comparing the nitrate reductase assay with the sensitivity test are recommended to evaluate the cost-benefit ratio.
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Radcliffe, B. C., C. Hall, and W. E. W. Roediger. "Nitrite and nitrate levels in ileostomy effluent: effect of dietary change." British Journal of Nutrition 61, no. 2 (1989): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890120.
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1. Nitrite and nitrate levels were measured in samples from ileostomy bags or stomal samples of thirty-one ileostomists (twenty-two ulcerative colitis, nine Crohn's disease), 14-16 h after ingestion of a conventional meal or a meal containing a high content of nitrite and nitrate.2. Ileostomy samples were decolourized with barium chloride, sodium sulphate and charcoal. Nitrite was determined spectrophotometrically by the Griess reaction and nitrate determined as nitrite after reduction with nitrate reductase (ec 1.7.99.4) in the presence of sodium formate. The mean percentage recovery from twentysix spiked samples was 101.9 (se 3.5)% for nitrite and 82.9 (se 3.3)% for nitrate.3. Ileostomy bag samples were obtained in twenty-nine cases of which ten had measurable nitrite (median 0, range 0-20.7 nmol/g) on a conventional meal compared with twenty-three cases (median 7.2, range 0-31.1 nmol/g) on the test meal (P < 0.01). Nitrate levels were measurable in sixteen (median 6.7, range 0-48.2 nmol/g) after a conventional meal compared with twenty-one (median 20.5, range 0-53.2 nmol/g) after the test meal (P <0.01).4. Stomal fresh-catch samples were obtained in twenty-four cases: combined nitrate and nitrite was higher in eighteen, lower in four and unchanged in two subjects after the test meal (P < 0.05).5. The type of foodstuff ingested can significantly alter measurable levels of nitrite-nitrate in the distal ileum and is one factor determining nitrite-nitrate input into the proximal colon.
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Ruzal, G. I., S. Yu Abdrazyakova, F. V. Tarnopolskaya, T. I. Shiman, A. A. Irtuganova, and N. Kh Khabibullina. "Indicator paper for determination of bacterial reduction of nitrates and nitrites." Kazan medical journal 70, no. 3 (1989): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj99924.
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For identification of microorganisms, chemical and bacteriological studies, indicator papers are increasingly being introduced, eliminating the use of liquid differential media, various test systems, etc. They are attractive because of their simplicity, reliability, and long storage time. This report presents the results of approbation of papers developed in Kazan Research Institute of EMP for the detection of nitrate and nitrite reductase in representatives of various genera of microorganisms.
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Darnell, Rebecca. "Effect of External Nitrate Concentration on Nitrate and Iron Uptake and Assimilation in Vaccinium Species." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1116C—1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1116c.
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Most Vaccinium species, including V. corymbosum, have strict soil requirements for optimal growth, requiring low pH, high iron, and nitrogen, primarily in the ammonium form. V. arboreum is a wild species adapted to high pH, low iron, nitrate-containing soils. This broader soil adaptation in V. arboreum may be related to increased efficiency of iron or nitrate uptake/assimilation compared with cultivated Vaccinium species. To test this, nitrate and iron uptake, and nitrate reductase (NR) and ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activities were compared in two Vaccinium species, V. arboreum and the cultivated V. corymbosum. Plants were grown hydroponically for 15 weeks in either 1.0 or 5.0 mm NO3 with 0.09 mm Fe. Root FCR activity was greater in V. arboreum compared with V. corymbosum, especially at the lower external nitrate concentration. However, this was not reflected in differences in iron uptake. Nitrate uptake and root NR activity were greater in V. arboreum compared with V. corymbosum. The lower nitrate uptake and assimilation in V. corymbosum was reflected in decreased plant dry weight compared with V. arboreum. V. arboreum appears to be more efficient in acquiring nitrate compared with V. corymbosum, possibly due to increased NR activity, and this may partially explain the wider soil adaptation of V. arboreum.
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Gewehr, Ewerton, Otávio De Oliveira Corrêa, Anna Dos Santos Suñé, et al. "Treatment of soybean seeds with molybdenum and inoculant: nitrate reductase activity and agronomic performance." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 1 (2019): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.2780.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of molybdenum and inoculant application via seed treatment in soybean, and their role in the nitrate reductase enzyme activity, agronomic traits and physiological quality of the produced seeds. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The treatments were shaped by five doses of molybdenum (zero; 16; 32; 48; 64 g.100kg-1 of seeds) combined with the presence and absence of liquid inoculant (Bradyrhizobium japonicum), at a dose of 200 mL per 100 kg of seeds. The evaluations of nitrate reductase activity, agronomic traits and physiological seed quality were performed in the present work. The measured agronomic traits were: plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seed per plant and thousand-seed weight. Standard germination test was executed to evaluate the produced seed viability. First germination counting, accelerated aging test, cold test, plantlet shoot and root length, plantlet shoot and root dry mass, and field seedling emergence were utilized to measure the seed vigour. Molybdenum, both in presence and absence of inoculant, positively influenced the enzymatic activity, for both vegetative and reproductive stages. The addition of inoculant and molybdenum provided increase in the vigour of the produced seeds. The enzyme activity was positively correlated with the agronomic traits and vigour tests. The addition of inoculant and molybdenum in the seed treatment provides a better expression of nitrate reductase activity and vigour of the produced seeds.
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Dyussembayev, K. "STABILIZATION OF NITROGEN METABOLISM IN CHICKPEA THROUGH FOLIAR FERTILIZATION." Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology, no. 3 (October 16, 2023): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11134/btp.3.2023.7.
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It is well-known that nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development. Although chemical fertilization remains the main strategy to provide nitrogen requirements for majority of plants, legume crops including chickpea often have a natural symbiosis with bacteria for nitrogen fixation. Meanwhile, a source of molybdenum is still needed for activation of molybdoenzymes for nitrogen metabolism. However, this becomes an issue in some areas with molybdenum-deficient soil. Therefore, molybdenum supplementation is crucial for nitric oxide production in plants. Herein, chickpea plant samples were supplemented with nitrate and molybdenum through foliar fertilization to test nitrate and nitrite reductase activities. As a result, the enzymatic activities were shown to be very high after five days post-supplementation. This study demonstrates the need for molybdenum fertilizers in successful plant growth management.
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Scheideler, Lutz, and Helga Ninnemann. "Nitrate reductase activity test: Phenazine methosulfate-ferricyanide stop reagent replaces postassay treatment." Analytical Biochemistry 154, no. 1 (1986): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(86)90491-4.
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Neena, Nagdeo, Thombare VR, and Date Kalpana. "Direct Nitrate Reductase Assay: Rapid Detection of MDR-TB in Low Resource Settings." PJSR 10, no. 1 (2017): 33–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8242521.
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Conventional methods based on measurement of growth in culture media containing antibiotics are available for detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis requiring several weeks for results. Newer methods like BACTEC are costly. Hence a simple and rapid alternative method of Nitrate Reductase Assay (NRA) was used in this study to detect resistance to Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF). Sputum samples were collected from patients attending DOTS centre at NKPSIMS from July 2012 to May 2013. Smear AFB Positive samples were only included. After decontamination, 112 sputum were inoculated on plain LJ and 3 Middle Brook 7H9 media (One Plain MB with KNO3, one with KNO3 and INH, one with KNO3 and RIF). Nitrate reduction was tested on Days 7, 10, 14 and 18 of incubation. Control strain H37Rv was used as positive control for nitrate reduction. Eleven samples were contaminated. NRA was performed on 101 samples. Fourteen were resistant to INH, whereas 6 were resistant to RIF and INH. Maximum (46) samples were nitrate positive on day 14. Twenty Eight and 22 samples were positive on day 10 and day 18 respectively. Positivity was seen as early as 7th day in only 5 samples. The present study concludes that this test, being easy, rapid, simple and time saving, can be applied directly on sputum positive patients without waiting for the culture. Thus, NRA can be used as rapid detection test for MDRTB cases in low resource settings.
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Rodrigues, Biank Amorim, and Alessandro Carlos Mesquita. "OTIMIZAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DE ENSAIO IN VIVO DA ENZIMA REDUTASE DO NITRATO EM CUCURBITÁCEAS." Nativa 9, no. 1 (2021): 09–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v9i1.10546.
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As cucurbitáceas abrangem espécies de importância para o Nordeste brasileiro, dentre elas o melão, a melancia e o pepino são as que possuem maior expressividade de cultivo. O sistema de produção dessas hortaliças requer a presença de nitrogênio, que, sendo que a redução do nitrato por meio da atividade da redutase do nitrato no citosol da célula é uma parte importante do processo de incorporação do N em aminoácidos. Contudo, as metodologias utilizadas são diversas e aplicadas em diversas culturas de forma geral, havendo a necessidade de uma maior especificidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo padronizar as condições mais apropriadas para a determinação da atividade da RN, in vivo, no tecido foliar de melancia, melão e pepino. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 3x3, compreendendo três metodologias in vivo e três propostas de infiltração do material vegetal (banho-maria, estufa e a vácuo), com quatro repetições. As plantas foram conduzidas em casa de vegetação e os tecidos foliares completamente expandidos foram coletados, após 20 dias da germinação, para a condução dos métodos enzimáticos e avaliar a atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato (NR). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a maior atividade da NR no tecido foliar de melancia e melão foi obtida utilizando a Metodologia 1 submetido ao vácuo, enquanto que para o pepino o melhor ensaio foi o Metodologia 2, quando também submetido ao vácuo. Palavras-chave: nitrogênio; metabolismo; enzimologia. Optimization of in vivo test conditions of nitrate enzyme reductase in Cucurbitacea ABSTRACT: Cucurbits include species of importance to the Northeast of Brazil, among them melon, watermelon and cucumber are those that have the most expressive cultivation. The production system of these vegetables requires the presence of nitrogen, which, whereas the reduction of nitrate through the activity of nitrate reductase in the cell's cytosol is an important part of the process of incorporating N into amino acids. However, the methodologies used are diverse and applied in different cultures in general, with the need for greater specificity. The present study aimed to standardize the most appropriate conditions for determining the activity of RN, in vivo, in the leaf tissue of watermelon, melon and cucumber. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial, comprising three in vivo methodologies and three proposals for infiltration of plant material (water bath, greenhouse and vacuum), with four replications. The plants were conducted in a greenhouse and the fully expanded leaf tissues were collected, after 20 days of germination, to conduct the enzymatic methods and evaluate the activity of the nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme. The results obtained demonstrated that the greatest activity of NR in the watermelon and melon leaf tissue was obtained using Methodology 1 submitted to vacuum, while for cucumber the best test was Methodology 2, when also submitted to vacuum. Keywords: nitrogen; metabolismo; enzimology.
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Singh, Sarman, Parveen Kumar, Shreya Sharma, Francis Mumbowa, Anandi Martin, and Nicolas Durier. "Rapid Identification and Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Standard Operating Procedure for Non- Commercial Assays: Part 2: Nitrate Reductase Assay v1.3.12." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 4, no. 02 (2012): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.105593.
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ABSTRACTIn the previous part, we presented the standard operating procedure (SOP) of the microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay drug susceptibility testing (DST) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The present SOP is devoted to another non-commercial culture and DST method known as nitrate reductase assay (NRA). As the name implies, the NRA detects the ability of M. tuberculosis to reduce nitrate to nitrite. In the assay, the presence of nitrite is detected by the addition of p-nitrobenzoate into the growth yield. The reaction is detected by the naked eye. The incorporation of drugs in the medium allows to use the test for DST, which can be interpreted with naked eyes. The identification and drug susceptibility results can be obtained in 2-3 weeks. This SOP document has been developed through the culture and DST subgroup of the STOP tuberculosis (TB) Partnership New Diagnostic Working Group. It is intended for laboratories that would want to use or already using this rapid non-commercial method for culture identification and DST of M. tuberculosis, notably in resource-constraint settings in Asia and Africa.
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Idi, Ahmad, Mohammed Maikudi Usman, and Zaharah Ibrahim. "Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Denitrifying Phototrophic Bacteria from Marine and Aquaculture Wastewater." Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology 6, no. 1 (2023): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v6i1.797.
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Denitrifying bacteria occur primarily in the soil and play an important role in the nitrogen cycle and wastewater treatment. This study investigated the possibility of isolating denitrifying phototrophic bacteria from marine and aquaculture wastewater. The denitrifying ability of isolates was examined through their utilization of inorganic nitrogen and nitrate reductase test. The photosynthetic capability of the isolates was determined by detecting the photosynthetic pigments (bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid). Molecular characterization of the isolates was carried out by the amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Forty-five different isolates were obtained and photosynthetic pigments were detected in 12 (8 from marine and 4 from aquaculture). Four of the isolates were found to grow on both inorganic nitrate and nitrite as the sole carbon source. Molecular characterization has shown that the isolates are denitrifying bacteria and the relationship between isolates and other denitrifying bacteria has been established by the construction of the phylogenetic tree. Hence denitrification and denitrifying bacteria can occur in both marine and aquaculture wastewaters.
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Fozia, Fozia, Naseeb Nasir, Hussain Mubashir, et al. "Prevalence of Quinolone Resistance Genes gyrA and gyrB in Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections." International Journal of Current Research and Review 14, no. 15 (2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2022.141505.
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Introduction: Antibioticshave significant importance in medicinal drugs but unfortunately bacteria can adapt various resistance mechanisms against those due to their abuse. A frequent way through which nitrate-reducing uropathogens acquire resistance mechanism against fluoroquinolones group of antibiotics is by continuously occurring mutation either in gyrA or gyrB genes through altering enzyme DNA gyrase that help in DNA replication. Microorganisms causing Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) vary in their susceptibility to antimicrobials from place to place and from time to time. Aim: The current study was performed to find the prevalence of nitrate-reducing bacteria in district Kohat and Hangu, their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern to various fluoroquinolones group of antibiotics and detection of mutation in gyrA and gyrB genes in the resistant bacterial isolates. Nitrate-reducing bacteria i.e E.coli, Klebsiella and Proteus are considered to be the frequent cause of UTI that reduce nitrate to nitrite by releasing enzyme nitrate reductase. Methodology: A Total of 252 urine specimens of suspected UTI patients were collected from Districts Head Quarter Hospitals (DHQ) and Combined Military Hospital (CMH) hospitals of districts Kohat and Hangu, Pakistan. Specimens reactive to nitrate strip reduction test were inoculated on (Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient) CLED media, and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin fluoroquinolones group of antibiotics were used for to check their sensitivity patterns. Result: One hundred and seventy-five (69.44%) urine specimens were positive for nitrate reduction test, including 135 (77.14%) E. coli, 33 (18.85%) Klebsiella and 7 (4.0%) Proteus, verified through biochemical tests. Conclusion: Among the nitrate-reducing bacteria, fifty-one (37.22%) out of 135 E. coli, 9 (27.27 %) out of 33 Klebsiella and 2 (28.57%) out of 7 Proteus were resistant to most of fluoroquinolones group of antibiotics with moxifloxacin being the least resistant while ofloxacin being the most resistant antibiotic Malformed DNA gyrase producing mutated gyrA and gyrB genes were further detected in nitrate-reducing bacteria showing resistant to fluoroquinolones.
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Dewi HS, Endang Sri, Prapto Yudono, Eka Tarwaca Susilaputra, and Benito Heru Purwanto. "Physiological activities of cocoa trees induced by soil and foliar applications of boron fertilizer." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 20, no. 1 (2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v20i1.64091.
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This study investigates the impact of boron fertilizer on physiological activities of cocoa trees, specifically focusing on boron content, nitrogen content, nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis rate in cocoa plant leaves. This research was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two treatment factors, which were the type of boron fertilizer application (soil and foliar fertilizer), and the dose of boron fertilizer (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 g plant<sup>−1</sup> with 0 g plant<sup>−1</sup> as a control). Data were then analyzed for variance differences (ANOVA) with α = 5%, followed by the Tukey test, and contrast orthogonal for comparing treated and control plants. The results showed that the dose of boron fertilizer and the type of fertilizer application used have a significant effect on the physiological activity of the cocoa plant. The dose of boron with soil application affects physiological activity in a linear pattern where each additional dose of boron will increase the activity of nitrate reductase, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate. The dose of boron with foliar application affects physiological activity in a quadratic pattern, where the dose of boron in the range of 3 g plant<sup>−1</sup> is the optimum dose that gives maximum results on nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate in the cocoa leaves. Therefore, it is considered that the application of boron fertilizer at a dose of 3 g plants<sup>−1</sup> with the foliar application is more efficient in increasing physiological activity compared to the dose of boron with soil application.
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Chen, Zongkui, Hongyun Gao, Fei Hou, Aziz Khan, and Honghai Luo. "Pre-Sowing Irrigation Plus Surface Fertilization Improves Morpho-Physiological Traits and Sustaining Water-Nitrogen Productivity of Cotton." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (2019): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110772.
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The changing climatic conditions are causing erratic rains and frequent episodes of moisture stress; these impose a great challenge to cotton productivity by negatively affecting plant physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. This situation requires an efficient management of water-nutrient to achieve optimal crop production. Wise use of water-nutrient in cotton production and improved water use-efficiency may help to produce more crop per drop. We hypothesized that the application of nitrogen into deep soil layers can improve water-nitrogen productivity by promoting root growth and functional attributes of cotton crop. To test this hypothesis, a two-year pot experiment under field conditions was conducted to explore the effects of two irrigation levels (i.e., pre-sowing irrigation (W80) and no pre-sowing irrigation (W0)) combined with different fertilization methods (i.e., surface application (F10) and deep application (F30)) on soil water content, soil available nitrogen, roots morpho-physiological attributes, dry mass and water-nitrogen productivity of cotton. W80 treatment increased root length by 3.1%–17.5% in the 0–40 cm soil layer compared with W0. W80 had 11.3%–52.9% higher root nitrate reductase activity in the 10–30 cm soil layer and 18.8%–67.9% in the 60–80 cm soil layer compared with W0. The W80F10 resulted in 4.3%–44.1% greater root nitrate reductase activity compared with other treatments in the 0–30 cm soil layer at 54–84 days after emergence. Water-nitrogen productivity was positively associated with dry mass, water consumption, root length and root nitrate reductase activity. Our data highlighted that pre-sowing irrigation coupled with basal surface fertilization is a promising option in terms of improved cotton root growth. Functioning in the surface soil profile led to a higher reproductive organ biomass production and water-nitrogen productivity.
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Çoban, Ahmet Yılmaz, Uğur Demirpek, Alper Çiftçi, and Bülent Bozdoğan. "Staphylococcus aureus Metisilin Direncinin Hızlı Saptanmasında Nitrat Redüktaz Testi: Bir Sınır Değer Duyarlılık Test Yöntemi." Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 48, no. 1 (2014): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.6614.
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M, Syamala, and Yesu Raja I. "Physiological and Biochemical Variations in Soft Rot Pathogen (Pectobacterium chrysanthemi) Isolates of Aloe vera." Madras Agricultural Journal 99, JUNE (2012): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100081.
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All the 15 isolates of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi survived up to 37 0 C and the thermal death point was 38 0 C. The optimum range of pH for the growth of the isolates was 7.0–7.5.Although all the isolates showed good growth in many carbon sources, salicin supported the maximum growth while ribose was the least favourable. These isolates showed no differences in all the biochemical tests. All the 15 isolates of P. chrysanthemi gave positive result to utilization of citrate, nitrate reductase test, catalase test, Oxidation-Fermentation test (O- F test), Gelatin liquefaction, casein hydrolysis, anaerobic growth and sensitively to erythromycin while these showed negative reaction to indole production test, starch hydrolysis, H 2 S production, oxidase test methyl red and Voges Proskauer test and arginine dihydrolase reaction.
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Rajsz, Adam, Bronisław Wojtuń, Lucyna Mróz, Ludwik Żołnierz, and Alexander J. Kempers. "Nitrate reductase activity in high-mountain plants: a test across species, growth form and habitat type." Journal of Plant Ecology 12, no. 3 (2018): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rty044.
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Andariza, Isna Panca, Florentina Kusmiyati, and Endang Purbajanti. "The Effect of IAA Concentration and Growing Media Composition on Banana Raja Bulu (Musa paradisiaca L.) Planlet Growth at Aclimatization Stage." Journal of Tropical Crop Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (2020): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtcst.v2i2.12382.
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Banana plants are an annua horticultural crops that has production capability without depend on the season and are widely cultivated in the tropic or subtropic areas. Tissue culture can produce good quality banana seedling in large quantities. Banana planlets from tissue culture require appropriate growing media and growth regulators such as auxin to stimulate their metabolic systems. The research aim to examine effect of IAA auxin hormone concentration, composition sand: compost: husk charcoal and its interactions on the growth of raja bulu banana plantlets. The research was conducted in July - September 2019 at Plant Physiology and Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang. The study used a complete randomized factorial design 4x2 with 5 replications. The first factor was IAA concentration (K) consists of 4 levels, K0: 0 ppm, K1: 30 ppm, K2: 60 ppm, K3: 90 ppm. The second factor was composition of growing media (M), M0: sand: compost: husk charcoal (1: 1: 1) and M1: sand: compost: husk charcoal (1: 1: 2). Data were analyzed by F test and proceeded by DMRT test at the level of 5%. The results showed that IAA significantly affected stem diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity of banana seedlings. The treatment of growing media significantly affected plant height and number of leaves. Concentration of 30 ppm IAA at all growing media increased significantly on stem diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity.
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Lewicka-Szczebak, Dominika, Jens Dyckmans, Jan Kaiser, Alina Marca, Jürgen Augustin, and Reinhard Well. "Oxygen isotope fractionation during N<sub>2</sub>O production by soil denitrification." Biogeosciences 13, no. 4 (2016): 1129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1129-2016.
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Abstract. The isotopic composition of soil-derived N2O can help differentiate between N2O production pathways and estimate the fraction of N2O reduced to N2. Until now, δ18O of N2O has been rarely used in the interpretation of N2O isotopic signatures because of the rather complex oxygen isotope fractionations during N2O production by denitrification. The latter process involves nitrate reduction mediated through the following three enzymes: nitrate reductase (NAR), nitrite reductase (NIR) and nitric oxide reductase (NOR). Each step removes one oxygen atom as water (H2O), which gives rise to a branching isotope effect. Moreover, denitrification intermediates may partially or fully exchange oxygen isotopes with ambient water, which is associated with an exchange isotope effect. The main objective of this study was to decipher the mechanism of oxygen isotope fractionation during N2O production by soil denitrification and, in particular, to investigate the relationship between the extent of oxygen isotope exchange with soil water and the δ18O values of the produced N2O. In our soil incubation experiments Δ17O isotope tracing was applied for the first time to simultaneously determine the extent of oxygen isotope exchange and any associated oxygen isotope effect. We found that N2O formation in static anoxic incubation experiments was typically associated with oxygen isotope exchange close to 100 % and a stable difference between the 18O ∕ 16O ratio of soil water and the N2O product of δ18O(N2O ∕ H2O) = (17.5 ± 1.2) ‰. However, flow-through experiments gave lower oxygen isotope exchange down to 56 % and a higher δ18O(N2O ∕ H2O) of up to 37 ‰. The extent of isotope exchange and δ18O(N2O ∕ H2O) showed a significant correlation (R2 = 0.70, p < 0.00001). We hypothesize that this observation was due to the contribution of N2O from another production process, most probably fungal denitrification. An oxygen isotope fractionation model was used to test various scenarios with different magnitudes of branching isotope effects at different steps in the reduction process. The results suggest that during denitrification, isotope exchange occurs prior to isotope branching and that this exchange is mostly associated with the enzymatic nitrite reduction mediated by NIR. For bacterial denitrification, the branching isotope effect can be surprisingly low, about (0.0 ± 0.9) ‰, in contrast to fungal denitrification where higher values of up to 30 ‰ have been reported previously. This suggests that δ18O might be used as a tracer for differentiation between bacterial and fungal denitrification, due to their different magnitudes of branching isotope effects.
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Lewicka-Szczebak, D., J. Dyckmans, J. Kaiser, A. Marca, J. Augustin, and R. Well. "The mechanism of oxygen isotope fractionation during N<sub>2</sub>O production by denitrification." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 20 (2015): 17009–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-17009-2015.
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Abstract. The isotopic composition of soil-derived N2O can help differentiate between N2O production pathways and estimate the fraction of N2O reduced to N2. Until now, δ18O of N2O has been rarely used in the interpretation of N2O isotopic signatures because of the rather complex oxygen isotope fractionations during N2O production by denitrification. The latter process involves nitrate reduction mediated through the following three enzymes: nitrate reductase (NAR), nitrite reductase (NIR) and nitric oxide reductase (NOR). Each step removes one oxygen atom as water (H2O), which gives rise to a branching isotope effect. Moreover, denitrification intermediates may partially or fully exchange oxygen isotopes with ambient water, which is associated with an exchange isotope effect. The main objective of this study was to decipher the mechanism of oxygen isotope fractionation during N2O production by denitrification and, in particular, to investigate the relationship between the extent of oxygen isotope exchange with soil water and the δ18O values of the produced N2O. We performed several soil incubation experiments. For the first time, Δ17O isotope tracing was applied to simultaneously determine the extent of oxygen isotope exchange and any associated oxygen isotope effect. We found bacterial denitrification to be typically associated with almost complete oxygen isotope exchange and a stable difference in δ18O between soil water and the produced N2O of δ18O(N2O / H2O) = (17.5 ± 1.2) ‰. However, some experimental setups yielded oxygen isotope exchange as low as 56 % and a higher δ18O(N2O / H2O) of up to 37 ‰. The extent of isotope exchange and δ18O(N2O / H2O) showed a very significant correlation (R2 = 0.70, p < 0.00001). We hypothesise that this observation was due to the contribution of N2O from another production process, most probably fungal denitrification. An oxygen isotope fractionation model was used to test various scenarios with different magnitudes of branching isotope effects at different steps in the reduction process. The results suggest that during denitrification the isotope exchange occurs prior to the isotope branching and that the mechanism of this exchange is mostly associated with the enzymatic nitrite reduction mediated by NIR. For bacterial denitrification, the branching isotope effect can be surprisingly low, about (0.0 ± 0.9) ‰; in contrast to fungal denitrification where higher values of up to 30 ‰ have been reported previously. This suggests that δ18O might be used as a tracer for differentiation between bacterial and fungal denitrification, due to their different magnitudes of branching isotope effects.
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Hu, Linli, Yutong Li, Yue Wu, et al. "Nitric Oxide Is Involved in the Regulation of the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle Induced by the Appropriate Ammonium: Nitrate to Mitigate Low Light Stress in Brassica pekinensis." Plants 8, no. 11 (2019): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110489.
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Low light intensity is common in northern China due to fog or haze, and causes stress for crop plants. To solve the problem of low light intensity stress on the growth and development of vegetable crops in China, new cropping strategies must be developed. We previously showed that an appropriate ratio of ammonium and nitrate (NH4+:NO3−) can alleviate the effect of low light stress on plants, although it is not clear what mechanism is involved in this alleviation. We propose the hypothesis that an appropriate ammonium/nitrate ratio (10:90) can induce NO synthesis to regulate the AsA-GSH cycle in mini Chinese cabbage seedlings under low light intensity. To test the hypothesis, we conducted a series of hydroponic experiments. The results indicated that, under low light intensity conditions, appropriate NH4+:NO3− (N, NH4+:NO3− = 10:90) decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2−) in leaves compared with nitrate treatment. Exogenous nitric oxide (SNP) had the same effects on MDA, H2O2, and O2−. However, with the addition of a NO scavenger (hemoglobin, Hb) and NO inhibitors (N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME), NaN3 (NR inhibitor) significantly increased the contents of MDA, H2O2, and O2-. The application of N solution enhanced the AsA-GSH cycle by increasing the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and ascorbate oxidase (AAO), compared with control (NH4+:NO3− = 0:100). Meanwhile, exogenous SNP significantly increased the above indicators. All these effects of N on AsA-GSH cycle were inhibited by the addition of Hb, L-NAME and NaN3 in N solution. The results also revealed that the N and SNP treatments upregulated the relative expression level of GR, MDHAR1, APXT, DHAR2, and AAO gene in mini Chinese cabbage leaves under low light stress. These results demonstrated that the appropriate NH4+:NO3− (10:90) induced NO synthesis which regulates the AsA-GSH cycle in mini Chinese cabbage seedlings under low light stress.
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Lee, Seong-Hee, Soon-Ho Ha, and Gap-Chae Chung. "DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CUCUMBER PLANT BY RAPID BIOCHEMICAL TEST. XYLEM SAP ANALYSIS, AND COLORIMETRIC PETIOLE ANALYSIS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 615b—615. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.615b.
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In order to diagnose the nutritional disorders caused by various environmental stress, biochemical test, xylem sap analysis and colorimetric petiole analysis were used to assay symptoms well before the severe development. Among the various enzymatic analysis, alkaline phosphatase activity was highly specific to calcium deficiency while in vivo nitrate reductase activity was not stable parameter in response to nitrogen deficiency. Determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium by colorimetric petiole analysis was sensitive to induced deficiencies. The status of potassium in the plant, however, could be better determined with the xylem sap analysis. Salinity stress induced by low osmotic potential of the nutrient solution increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, showing similar results as calcium deficiency. Magnesium and phosphorous contents by the colorimetric petiole analysis were particularly low when the roots in anoxia.
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Bwanga, Freddie, Melle Haile, Moses L. Joloba, Emmanuel Ochom, and Sven Hoffner. "Direct Nitrate Reductase Assay versus Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility Test for Rapid Detection of MDR-TB in Uganda." PLoS ONE 6, no. 5 (2011): e19565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019565.
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Jiang, Zhongchun, and Richard J. Hull. "Effects of Sucrose and Oxygen on Nitrate Reductase Activity and Growth of Kentucky Bluegrass." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 480a—480. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.480a.
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Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in turfgrass roots should play an important role in the N metabolism of the whole plant because a major part of the shoots is removed by mowing. However, preliminary experiments demonstrated a lack of in vivo NRA in roots of Kentucky bluegrass grown in Hoagland's nutrient solutions, which were constantly aerated. We hypothesized that O2 inhibited NRA by oxidizing carbohydrate available for NO3– reduction in roots. To test this hypothesis, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), cultivar Merit, was grown in nutrient solutions containing 0.1 mM NO3–. Grass cultures were treated with +O2 (solution aerated), –O2 (not aerated), +Suc (sucrose added to solution, final concentration = 25 mM) or –Suc (not added) for 12 days. Plants were harvested at 5:00 pm, separated into shoots and roots, and analyzed for in vivo NRA. The results partly supported the above hypothesis because the –Suc–O2 roots showed significantly higher NRA than –Suc+O2 roots. However, +Suc roots did not exhibit greater NRA than –Suc roots, possibly because of a decreased pH in the solutions. Oxygen increased root growth and hence the growth of the whole plant, while sucrose decreased leaf N content and leaf NRA but did not improve growth.
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CAIONI, SHEILA, EDSON LAZARINI, TIAGO DE LISBOA PARENTE, RAUL SOBRINHO PIVETTA, and LUIZ GUSTAVO MORETTI DE SOUZA. "NITROGÊNIO E MOLIBDÊNIO PARA MILHO IRRIGADO EM REGIÃO DE CERRADO DE BAIXA ALTITUDE." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 15, no. 3 (2016): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v15n3p418-427.
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RESUMO – A maior parte do nitrogênio (N) é absorvida pela cultura do milho na forma de nitrato (NO3 -), que é reduzido na planta pela ação da enzima nitrato redutase, a qual tem o molibdênio (Mo) como um dos principais constituintes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar doses de N em conjunto com Mo na cultura do milho irrigado, cultivado em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Selvíria, MS. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro doses de N (0, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de Mo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 g ha-1), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados atributos morfológicos e produtivos da cultura. A maior produtividade de milho foi obtida com 180 kg ha-1 de N e com 25,6 g ha-1 de Mo.Palavras-chave: adubação nitrogenada, micronutriente, plantio direto, Zea mays L.NITROGEN AND MOLYBDENUM FOR IRRIGATED MAIZE IN THE BRAZILIAN SAVANNAH WITH LOW ALTITUDEABSTRACT – Most of nitrogen (N) is absorbed by maize as nitrate (NO3 -), that is reduced in the plant by the action of the nitrate reductase enzyme, which has molybdenum (Mo) as a major component. The objective of this study was to test N rates together with Mo for irrigated corn grown in no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted at the Selviria county, Mato Grosso do Sul State. The design was a randomized complete block with split plots, with four nitrogen rates (0, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1) and five doses of Mo (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g ha-1), with four replications. Morphological and productive attributes of corn crop were evaluated. The highest yield was obtained with 180 kg ha-1 N and 25.6 g ha-1 Mo.Keywords – nitrogen fertilization, micronutrient, no-tillage, Zea mays L.
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CAIONI, SHEILA, EDSON LAZARINI, TIAGO DE LISBOA PARENTE, RAUL SOBRINHO PIVETTA, and LUIZ GUSTAVO MORETTI DE SOUZA. "NITROGÊNIO E MOLIBDÊNIO PARA MILHO IRRIGADO EM REGIÃO DE CERRADO DE BAIXA ALTITUDE." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 15, no. 3 (2017): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/rbms.v15i3.651.
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RESUMO – A maior parte do nitrogênio (N) é absorvida pela cultura do milho na forma de nitrato (NO3 -), que é reduzido na planta pela ação da enzima nitrato redutase, a qual tem o molibdênio (Mo) como um dos principaisconstituintes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar doses de N em conjunto com Mo na cultura do milho irrigado, cultivado em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Selvíria, MS. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro doses de N (0, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de Mo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 g ha-1), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados atributos morfológicos e produtivos da cultura. A maior produtividade de milho foi obtida com 180 kg ha-1 de N e com 25,6 g ha-1 de Mo.Palavras-chave: adubação nitrogenada, micronutriente, plantio direto, Zea mays L.NITROGEN AND MOLYBDENUM FOR IRRIGATED MAIZE IN THE BRAZILIAN SAVANNAH WITH LOW ALTITUDEABSTRACT – Most of nitrogen (N) is absorbed by maize as nitrate (NO3-), that is reduced in the plant by the actionof the nitrate reductase enzyme, which has molybdenum (Mo) as a major component. The objective of this study wasto test N rates together with Mo for irrigated corn grown in no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted at theSelviria county, Mato Grosso do Sul State. The design was a randomized complete block with split plots, with fournitrogen rates (0, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1) and five doses of Mo (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g ha-1), with four replications.Morphological and productive attributes of corn crop were evaluated. The highest yield was obtained with 180 kg ha-1N and 25.6 g ha-1 Mo.Keywords – nitrogen fertilization, micronutrient, no-tillage, Zea mays L.
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Yadav, N. S., Sakshi Issar, and R. K. Gaur. "Biochemical characterization of bacteria isolated from Rhizosphere soils of sugarcane grown in Uttar Pradesh." Research Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 3 (2024): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1903rjbt070075.
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Rhizospheric soil samples of Sugarcane fields were collected from distinct regions of U.P. Further, these soil samples were used for the isolation and characterization of bacteria to identify their maximum PGPR traits and biochemical potential. A total of ten bacterial isolates were collected from the soil samples and sub-cultured in the nutrient agar plates and characterized through Biochemical test. One bacterial strain was found negative and the other 9 isolates were found positive for gram staining. All bacterial isolates were positive for citrate test. 3 isolates were found MR positive and 2 positives for VP test. 5 isolates were positive for gelatinase test and 9 isolates were positive for nitrate reductase test. 2 isolates were positive for starch hydrolysis test, while 7 isolates were found positive for phosphate solubilization test and 3 isolates were positive for siderophore production test. These results showed that the bacterial isolates from soil sample were Azotobacter Species, Azospirillum Species, Pseudomonas species, Bacillus Species, Rhizobium Species, Serratia Species and E. coli. These bacterial strains followed the maximum PGPR traits. After proper validation, these bacterial strains could be used for the bio-fertilizer formation for crop production enhancement by improving soil fertility.
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RAHAYU, MUJI, PRAPTO YUDONO, DIDIK INDRADEWA, and EKO HANUDIN. "The diversity and physiological activities of weeds in land cultivated with various corn cultivars and fertilized with various nitrogen doses." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 3 (2019): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200302.
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Abstract. Rahayu M, Yudono P, Indradewa D, Hanudin E. 2019. The diversity and physiological activities of weeds in land cultivated with various corn cultivars and fertilized with various nitrogen doses. Biodiversitas 20: 622-628. Both weeds and corn have nutrient needs. Nitrogen is one of the essential elements required by weeds and corn. Each corn cultivar and weed also has different ability to absorb nitrogen. This study aimed to determine the effect of corn cultivar and nitrogen dose on the diversity and physiological activities of weeds. The research was conducted in Banguntapan, Bantul, Yogyakarta from December 2016 to May 2017. The study used a completely randomized block design with 2 factors with three replications. The first factor was corn cultivar, consisting of four cultivars (Bisi 18, NK 33, DK 95 and Sukmaraga) and the second factor was the nitrogen dose, consisting of three levels (25 kg N ha-1, 150 kg N ha-1 and 275 kg N ha-1). The data were analyzed using 5% variance analysis and continued with Duncan test at 5% level. The results showed that the most commonly found weeds were broadleaves, but the most dominant weed was a grass, namely Dactyloctenium aegyptium, except Sukmaraga with nitrogen doses of 25 kg ha-1 and 150 kg ha-1 in 4 weeks after planting (WAP). In 8 WAP, weeds that grew in land planted with all combinations of cultivars and nitrogen doses were Cyperus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis tenella, Amaranthus spinosus, and Richardia scabra. There were no significant differences on the nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, and dry weight among cultivars. The treatment of 25 kg N ha-1 resulted in the lowest leaf area index and total chlorophyll content, but the highest nitrate reductase activity.
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Aman, Munaza, Anjum Ara Mir, Gulnaz Bashir, Sayim Wani, Syed Khursheed, and Irfan Nisar Ahangar. "Evaluation of Colorimetric Nitrate Reductase Assay in Liquid Medium for Detection of Resistance to First-line Antitubercular Drugs." International Journal of Mycobacteriology 13, no. 2 (2024): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_69_24.
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Background: On a global scale, India holds the distinction of having the greatest number of tuberculosis (TB) cases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex. The study aimed at evaluating the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, cost, rapidity, and feasibility of the performance of the colorimetric nitrate reductase-based antibiotic susceptibility (CONRAS) test against the indirect proportion method (IPM) on Lowenstein–Jensen media as the gold standard. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed on 51 MTB isolates. Fresh subcultures were used for drug susceptibility testing by IPM on the Lowenstein–Jensen medium and the CONRAS method in liquid medium. Quality control for drug susceptibility testing was done using a known sensitive strain of MTB (H37Rv) and strains resistant to both isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) – multidrug-resistant (MDR), mono-resistant to RIF, streptomycin (STM), and ethambutol (EMB). Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc software (Version 20.027). Results: CONRAS, carried out in microfuge tubes, was cost-efficient and easy to perform/interpret with most results being available in 10 days compared to 42 days in the case of IPM. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of RIF and INH were 100%, 97.37%, and 98.04 and 93.33%, 97.59%, and 96.08%, respectively, which translates into an almost perfect agreement between the two methods as indicated by κ value of 0.905 and 0.949, respectively, for the two drugs. The performance of CONRAS was less satisfactory for STM and EMB when compared to IPM. Conclusions: CONRAS may serve as a useful test for the detection of MDR-TB because of its accuracy, low cost, ease of performance/interpretation, and rapidity when compared to IPM on LJ medium. It does not involve the use of expensive reagents and equipment, as is the case with molecular methods like GeneXpert and line probe assay, making it a suitable option for the detection of MDR-TB in resource-poor settings.
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Koyama, Lina, Naoko Tokuchi, Muneto Hirobe, and Keisuke Koba. "The Potential of NO3--N Utilization by a Woody Shrub Species Lindera triloba: A Cultivation Test to Estimate the Saturation Point of Soil NO3–-N for Plants." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.378.
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Responses of seedlings of a shrub species, Lindera triloba, grown in perlite culture medium, to nitrate (NO3–-N) supply were investigated to estimate the saturating point of available NO3–-N for plant utilization. NO3–-N concentration and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaves and roots were used as indicators of NO3–-N uptake and assimilation by L. triloba. Root NRA increased with NO3–-N supply when concentrations were low and reached a plateau at high NO3–-N concentrations. On the other hand, root NO3–-N concentration increased linearly with NO3–-N supply; therefore, it is suggested that NO3–-N uptake did not limit NO3–-N assimilation by L. triloba. In contrast, leaf NRA and leaf NO3–-N concentration were low and were not influenced by NO3–-N supply. This may be caused by the lack of transport of NO3–-N from roots to leaves. The NO3–-N retained in perlite was compared with NO3–-N pool sizes in soils from a forest where L. triloba occurs naturally to estimate the level of NO3–-N availability to plants in the forest soil. The maximum NO3–-N pool size in the forest soil was comparable to concentrations at which root NRA reached a plateau in perlite cultures. These results indicate that soil NO3–-N availability is below the saturation point for NO3–-N uptake by L. triloba, and it is the limiting factor of NO3–-N utilization by L. trilobaunder field conditions in which this species naturally occurs.
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Popov, N. S., D. A. Gavrilenko, M. S. Baranov, and V. Yu Balabanyan. "Development of a method for quantitative determination of nitric oxide (NO) in rat tissues based on high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry." Pharmacy & Pharmacology 12, no. 1 (2024): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2024-12-1-49-62.
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A quantitative assessment of nitric oxide (NO) production in body tissues is an urgent problem in pharmacology and biochemistry. The study of physiological processes occurring with the participation of NO, as well as the metabolism and pharmacodynamics of pharmacological agents from the group of NO donors, requires the introduction of accurate and reproducible methods for the quantitative determination of this metabolite in biological media.The aim of the study was to develop the HPLC-MS/MS methods for the quantitative determination of NO in various tissues of rats.Materials and methods. The indirect NO quantification was based on estimation of the level of more stable metabolites: nitrites and nitrates extracted from rat tissues by homogenization with water. The reduction of nitrates to nitrites was carried out using nitrate reductase. The derivatization of nitrites was based on a reaction with Griess reagent. The resulting azo dye was determined by HPLC-MS/MS using an Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 4.6×100 mm, 2.7 μm analytical column. The total chromatographic analysis time was 12 minutes, and the analyte retention time was 6.1 minutes. The analytical range of the method was 0.1–100.0 nmol (in terms of nitrite) per 1 ml of plasma or tissue homogenate.Results. The developed a bioanalytical method was validated according to the following parameters: a selectivity, a matrix effect, a recovery degree, a sample transfer, an analytical range linearity, a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), an intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision, and a stability at all the stages of the analysis. To test the method, the NO content in the plasma, brain, heart, aorta and lungs of rats was determined.Conclusion. The developed bioanalytical HPLC-MS/MS methods fully meets the validation requirements. The metrological characteristics of the technique make it possible to highly accurately estimate the NO production in various tissues of rats, which is undoubtedly relevant and in demand in the study of pathological processes as well as the mechanism of action of pharmacological agents from the group of NO donors.
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K., Mamuda, S. Olonitola O., D. Jatau E., and Nicholas E. "Evaluation of Nitrate Reductase Assay for Detection of Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Patients at National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Zaria Nigeria." Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 1 (2017): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMPS/2017/33705.
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<strong>Aims: </strong>To evaluate nitrate reductase assay for detection of multi-drug resistant <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> among patients at National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Zaria Nigeria. <strong>Study Design:</strong> Hospital based cross sectional study <strong>Place and Duration of Study:</strong> National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Zaria Nigeria from December 2015 to June 2016. <strong>Methodology:</strong> A total of 437 re-treatment patients’ samples were screened for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB), 72 were smear positive. Out of 72 smears positive, 62 were culture positive, using Lowenstein Jensen medium, 57 were found to be <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> complex (MTBC) using immunochromatographic test. In this study the susceptibility of 57 MTBC isolates to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), streptomycin (STR) and Ethambutol (EMB) was determined by Lowenstein Jensen proportion method (LJPM) and Nitrate Reductase Assay (NRA) <strong>Results:</strong> The sensitivity and specificity of NRA compared to that of LJPM were observed to be 98% and 89%, 98% and 92%, 64% and 80%, 68% and 77% for RIF, INH, STR, and EMB respectively. Positive predictive values were 91%, 93%, 87% and 83% for RIF, INH, STR and EMB respectively. Negative predictive values were 80%, 92%, 67% and 90% for RIF, INH, STR and EMB respectively .Overall, the sensitivity, specificity ,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of NRA in detecting MDR-TB were 90%,82%,85%and 73% respectively. Good agreement was found in all the tests with κ values of 0.63, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.62 for RIF, INH, EMB and MDR-TB respectively only STR shows moderate agreements with k value of 0.59. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the emergence of MDR-TB, the NRA may be of great importance due to its higher sensitivity and specificity for the rapid detection of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance, the two most important drugs for tuberculosis treatment. On the basis of our findings, NRA has the potential to be a useful tool for accurate detection of MDR-TB in the study area.
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Alajeeli, Asist Prof Fakhri S., Ali S. Kadhum, and Mustafa M. Ali. "Staphylococcus epidermis and acne scar inflammations in young people." Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science 2, no. 2 (2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55145/ajbms.2023.1.2.002.
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Staphylococcus epidermidis is a resilient microbe distinguished by its immobile, Gram-positive spherical cells that aggregate in clusters resembling grape clusters. Biochemical examinations reveal a faintly positive outcome in the nitrate reductase test for this microbe. It generates urease while lacking oxidase production. S. epidermidis possesses a transferrin-binding protein that facilitates the acquisition of iron from transferrin. The formation of biofilms on plastic devices plays a pivotal role in the pathogenicity of S. epidermidis and its connection to acne. This adaptable bacterium is frequently encountered as a nosocomial and commensal pathogen, recognized for its opportunistic behavior and its global impact on infections, primarily contracted within healthcare facilities. It displays a remarkable ability to establish strong biofilms on various surfaces, contributing to infections linked to catheters and heart valve implants. The transmission of the bacterium is easily facilitated through the contamination of the skin of hospital visitors and healthcare personnel.
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Domotenko, L. V., T. P. Morozova, M. V. Khramov, and А. P. Shepelin. "Testing Susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to Second Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Using the XDR Test in Clinical Trials and International Professional Testing Cycles." Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases 99, no. 8 (2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21292/2075-1230-2021-99-8-13-20.
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The objective of the study: to evaluate the commercial XDR test for susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis to second line anti-tuberculosis drugs in clinical trials and as part of annual professional testing cycles coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO).Subjects and Methods. Cultures of M. tuberculosis (n = 90) freshly isolated on egg media from clinical samples collected in tuberculosis patients were tested using the Bactec MGIT 960 system and the XDR test under identical conditions. Well-studied strains of M. tuberculosis (n = 216) obtained from the WHO supranational laboratories were repeatedly cultured on Middlebrook 7H10 medium before the study. The drug susceptibility of the cultures was assessed using the XDR test by the nitrate reductase method.Results. A high concurrence (96.7-100%) of the results was shown when testing susceptibility of 90 M. tuberculosis isolates to kanamycin, amikacin, capreomycin and ofloxacin using the XDR test and the Bactec MGIT 960 system with comparable test periods. The use of the XDR test for drug susceptibility testing of 216 M. tuberculosis strains in eleven annual professional testing cycles coordinated by the WHO supranational laboratories provided the results consistent with the consensus one for kanamycin, capreomycin, ofloxacin and amikacin in 98.6, 99.4, 99.4, and 99.0% of cases, respectively. For moxifloxacin and levofloxacin additionally incorporated to the XDR test, completely identical results were obtained.
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Engel, Daniele Caroline Hörz, Daniela Feltrim, Mayara Rodrigues, João Leonardo Corte Baptistella, and Paulo Mazzafera. "Application of Protein Hydrolysate Improved the Productivity of Soybean under Greenhouse Cultivation." Agriculture 14, no. 8 (2024): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081205.
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Protein hydrolysates are plant biostimulants containing amino acids, oligopeptides, and peptides in their composition. When supplied to plants, protein hydrolysates (HPs) have been identified to improve nitrogen metabolism, enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, boost plant defense response to stresses, and positively impact the quantity and quality of products. Soybean is a crucial global commodity, with nitrogen being the primary nutrient for crop development as it directly affects productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an HP-based biostimulant on the N metabolism in nodulated soybean plants and their productivity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test two modes of application of the 0.20% HP-based biostimulant. Soybean plants, growing in pots, were treated with 0.20% HP either via seed treatment or foliar application (at growth stages V3 and V5). Activities of enzymes and compounds related to N metabolism, gene expression, and productivity components were analyzed. It was observed that the mode of application did not significantly influence the results. The application of HPs increased the concentration of nitrate, amino acids, and ureides in soybean leaves. It also positively altered the expression of genes such as nitrate reductase, urease, and asparagine. Additionally, it enhanced productivity, resulting in plants with a greater number and weight of pods and grains. Therefore, it is possible to consider HPs as a stimulator for increasing soybean productivity, even under non-stressing conditions.
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Nonogaki, Mariko, Taira Sekine, and Hiroyuki Nonogaki. "Chemically inducible gene expression in seeds before testa rupture." Seed Science Research 25, no. 3 (2015): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258515000240.
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AbstractImpermeability of the testa hinders efficient penetration of some small chemicals, such as transcriptional inhibitors, through the endosperm and the embryo during seed experiments. InArabidopsisseeds, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-d-glucuronic acid, a substrate for β-glucuronidase, did not permeate through the endosperm and embryo efficiently at the stages before testa rupture. TheArabidopsistesta also limited efficient entry of methoxyfenozide, a chemical ligand that was used for inducible gene expression experiments, into seeds. While the detection of a reporter gene at the early imbibitional stages could be replaced by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the interference of entry of the chemical ligand into seeds by the testa was still problematic to gene induction experiments. To develop an efficient inducible expression system for gene function analysis in seeds, an inducible expression system with nitrate, which is a testa-permeable ligand, was examined. The vector containing the 2.1-kb upstream sequence ofNITRITE REDUCTASE 1was able to cause expression of a test gene (long non-coding RNA) in imbibed seeds at the stage before testa rupture in a nitrate-dependent manner. This system can be used not only for characterization of genes associated with seed dormancy and germination in basic research, but also for the development of germination recovery or enhancement technologies for agricultural applications.
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Shah, Shoukat. "Comparative effects of 4-Cl-IAA and kinetin on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)." Acta Botanica Croatica 70, no. 1 (2011): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10184-010-0008-3.
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Comparative effects of 4-Cl-IAA and kinetin on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativaL.)The leaves of 40-day old plants of black cumin (Nigella sativaL.) were sprayed with 10-7, 10-6, 10-5M 4-Cl-IAA, and 10-6, 10-5and 10-4M kinetin. Both the hormones improved vegetative growth, photosynthetic efficiency and seed yield of the test plants as compared to deionized water (control). However, 10-6M4-Cl-IAA was most prominent in its effect, generating 42, 30, 40, 41 and 51% higher values for carbonic anhydrase, nitrate reductase, net photosynthetic rate, leaf protein content and dry mass respectively, as compared to the control in 70-day old plants. Similarly, capsule number and seed yield per plant were elevated by 41 and 43% over the untreated control at harvest (130 days after sowing) following the same treatment. Overall, the auxin showed a higher efficiency than kinetin in all treatment concentrations.
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Ingham, Lorraine, and Stevan M. Gubash. "Detection of bacterial nitrate reductase activity by the use of a powdered reagent and rapid swab methods as compared to the conventional test." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 279, no. 2 (1993): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80400-7.
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Zrig, Ahlem, Ahmed Saleh, Foued Hamouda, et al. "Impact of Sprouting under Potassium Nitrate Priming on Nitrogen Assimilation and Bioactivity of Three Medicago Species." Plants 11, no. 1 (2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010071.
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Edible sprouts are rich in flavonoids and other polyphenols, as well as proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Increasing sprout consumption necessitates improving their quality, palatability, and bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to test how KNO3 priming affects the sprouting process species on three Medicago species (Medicago indicus, Medicago interexta, and Medicago polymorpha) and their nutritional values. Targeted species of Medicago were primed with KNO3, and the levels of different primary and secondary metabolites were determined. KNO3 induced biomass accumulation in the sprouts of the three species, accompanied by an increased content of total mineral nutrients, pigments, vitamins, and essential amino acids. Besides, our results showed that KNO3 enhanced the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzymes, which are involved in the nitrogen metabolism and GOGAT cycle, which, in turn, increase the nitrogen and protein production. KNO3 treatment improved the bioactive compound activities of Medicago sprouts by increasing total phenolic and flavonoid contents and enhancing the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Furthermore, species-specific responses toward KNO3 priming were noticeable, where Medicago interexta showed the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, followed by Medicago polymorpha. Overall, this study sheds the light on the physiological and biochemical bases of growth, metabolism, and tissue quality improvement impact of KNO3 on Medicago sprouts.
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Walusimbi, Simon, Freddie Bwanga, Ayesha De Costa, Melles Haile, Sven Hoffner, and Moses Joloba. "Evaluation of the Xpert® MTB/Rif test, microscopic observation drug susceptibility test and nitrate reductase assay, for rapid and accurate diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis in HIV patients." International Journal of Mycobacteriology 2, no. 3 (2013): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2013.06.001.
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Ingham, L., and S. M. Gubash. "Detection of nitrate reductase activity of mycobacteria: an evaluation of the use of a powdered reagent in the test, and rapid swab methods as compared to the conventional test." Tubercle and Lung Disease 74, no. 1 (1993): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8479(93)90071-5.
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AZMAT, Saira, Kashif RIAZ, Ansa DILFEROZE, et al. "Morphogenetic characterization of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infecting white stripe disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 52, no. 2 (2024): 13547. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha52213547.
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Rice is a major cereal crop which ensure food security to more than half of the global population. Several biotic factors impact rice grain quality and its final production. White stripe disease, caused by pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is considered among the major limiting factor for reducing rice yields and quality. Present study was performed to understand the white stripe disease, which has been frequently misdiagnosed as bacterial leaf blight (BLB) due to similar symptoms. A survey was carried out based on accessibility and farmer participation to monitor incidence and sample collection. The survey was conducted in districts Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Sheikhupura, and Hafizabad, these districts were selected for their importance for rice cultivation in Pakistan. The total sample size was around 500 leaves distributed evenly throughout each study area. The results of study indicated presence of new pathogen of rice. These isolates were biochemically identified and confirmed by gram staining negative, 3% KOH positive, 5% salt tolerance positive, oxidase test negative, catalase test positive, starch hydrolysis test negative, nitrate reductase test positive, indole test negative, lactose test positive, maltose test positive, methyl red test negative, Voges-prokauer test negative and urea hydrolysis test negative. The pathogenicity test was confirmed that pathogen and the Sialkot isolate were the most aggressive isolate among the five isolates collected form the studied areas. The molecular characterization was accomplished by PCR and sequencing. The results of the phylogenetic study indicate that this pathogen belongs to a distinct group, as it is distantly related to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). This study provides important findings into a novel clade of pathogen causing white stripe disease in rice.
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Agustina, A. N., A. N. M. Ansori, R. Puspita, et al. "The potential of rice bran (Oryza sativa) nutritional components as a functional food for healthy consumption: A review." Food systems 7, no. 4 (2025): 627–33. https://doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2024-7-4-627-633.
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Indonesia produced 56.54 million tons of paddy (Oryza sativa) dried grain in 2018, with rising demand leading to increased production of by-products such as rice bran. Rice bran, a nutrient-rich by-product, contains high levels of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds with notable anti-cholesterol and anti-diabetic properties. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies highlight the antioxidant capabilities of rice bran, mainly due to tocopherol, γ-oryzanol, and β-carotene, which function as primary and secondary antioxidants. Effective extraction and fractionation techniques can isolate these antioxidants from rice bran. Cultivation practices significantly impact the nutritional composition of rice bran. The nitrate reductase enzyme (NRA) test can assess growth conditions, which may reflect metabolic activity in paddy plants. Enhanced dietary fiber components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) and niacin levels make rice bran a promising alternative nutrient source in Indonesia, where unhealthy lifestyles are prevalent. With Indonesia’s significant rice production and bran demand, processed rice bran products hold substantial potential as functional foods for routine consumption, promoting a healthier diet and aiding in prevention of degenerative diseases.
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Bosland, Paul W., and Paul H. Williams. "An evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum from crucifers based on pathogenicity, isozyme polymorphism, vegetative compatibility, and geographic origin." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (1987): 2067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-282.
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A global collection of 123 putative isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from crucifers was examined for pathogenicity, isozyme polymorphism, and vegetative compatibility. Of these isolates, 103 were found to be pathogenic on one or more of six differential crucifer cultivars. Three patterns of isozyme polymorphism (electrophoretic types) were found and by means of a nitrate reductase complementation test, three major vegetative compatibility groups were identified that could differentiate among the F. oxysporum pathotypes. Complete correspondence was found among pathotype, electrophoretic type, and vegetative compatibility. It seems appropriate to classify isolates from the Cruciferae into the subspecific taxa, F. oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans, F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani, and F. oxysporum f.sp. matthioli, based on their naturally infected host species, Brassica oleracea, Raphanus sativus, and Matthiola incana, and on estimates of genetic identity. Within formae speciales, races can be identified based on intraspecific host specialization. Geographic origin was not found to be associated with the vegetative compatibility, isozyme phenotype, or pathotype. Isozyme polymorphisms also differentiated among four F. oxysporum formae speciales from other host families and among various Fusarium species.
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-, Purwanto. "Consortium Diazotrophic Bacteria for Increasing Rice (Oryza sativa) Growth, Physiology and Yield." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 33, no. 05 (2025): 330515. https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.2320.
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The research was aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Bacillus tropicus (BT), Acinetobacter junii (AJ) and B. subtilis (BS) bacterial consortium in increasing the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). This research was conducted at Experimental Farm and Agronomy & Horticulture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto from June to October 2023. This study was designed using a non-factorial Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments and repeated three times and there were 27 experimental units. The treatments included A (positive control with NPK fertilization), B (negative control without NPK fertilization), C (BT), D (AJ), E (BS), F (BT + AJ), G (BT + BS), H (AJ + BS), I (BT + AJ + BS). The test plant used Inpari Unsoed 79 Agritan rice variety. Results showed that the diazotrophic bacteria consortium was able to increase plant growth seen from leaf area, plant dry weight, root dry weight and was able to induce nitrate reductase enzyme activity. The BT + AJ + BS consortium was the best treatment that was able to provide the best grain yield, reaching 22.89 g per clump.
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Hlushach, D., and V. Zhmurko. "Influence of the photoperiod duration on the biological properties of PGPR-bacteria of the soybean rhizosphere (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Biology", no. 37 (December 30, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2021-37-8.
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Physiological and biochemical properties of the PGPR-bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr), grown under different photoperiod duration were investigated. A short-day soybean cultivar Clark was selected for the study; it was exposed to a long natural day (16 hours – control) and a short day (9 hours – test). The short day was created by darkening the plants with light-tight chambers for three weeks from 5 p.m. to 9 a.m. the next day. The field experiment was carried out at the experimental site of the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants and Microorganisms of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, located in the Botanical garden of the University. Soil samples from the soybean rhizosphere were taken at the budding phase; the bacteria were isolated in a nitrogen-depleted medium. We studied cultural characteristics of bacteria (Gram stain, bacterial morphology, mobility, type of respiration, oxidase and catalase positivity) and their physiological and biochemical properties (the capability of proteolysis and nitrate reduction). A greater variety of bacteria in terms of cultural properties was isolated from the rhizosphere of soybean grown under long-day conditions. Probably, this is due to the higher intensity of root exudate excretion (chemoattagative factors) during the long day which is caused by different metabolic intensities at various photoperiod lengths. The highest number of isolates with proteolytic activity was observed in bacteria under long-day conditions. This property is considered to have a significant impact on the mineral nutrition of plants. Analysis of literature data showed that the higher amount of protein is accumulated in soybean leaves during the long day as a result of intensification of nitrogen nutrition provided by bacteria capable of proteolysis. Under conditions of a short day, a higher number of isolates capable of nitrate reduction was observed. A decrease in the number of isolates capable of nitrate reduction under a long-day condition can be explained by the possible repression of assimilative nitrate reductase by a large amount of ammonium formed during the ammonification of organic substances. Thus, the obtained results suggest that the photoperiod duration can determine physiological and biochemical properties of the rhizosphere microbiota of the plants sensitive to this factor.