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Islam, Md Rashadul, Sylvester A. Kalevela, and Guy Mendel. "How the Mix Factors Affect the Dynamic Modulus of Hot-Mix Asphalt." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 3 (2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030072.
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Hot-mix asphalt (HMA) is a composite material consisting of stone-aggregates, sand, asphalt binder and additives. The properties of this combined material are dependent on the volumetric parameters used in the mix design. This study investigates the effects of volumetric mix factors on the dynamic moduli (E*) of eleven categories of HMAs. For each category of asphalt mixture, the variations in dynamic modulus for different contractors, binder types, effective binder content (Vbe), air void (Va), voids-in-mineral aggregates (VMA), voids-filled-with asphalt (VFA) and asphalt content (AC) are assessed statistically. Results show that the S(100) mixture (nominal size of 19 mm, 100 gyrations) with the Performance Grade (PG) binder of PG 64-22 has the highest value of E* at low temperature or high reduced frequency. At high temperature or lower reduced frequency, S(100) PG 76-28 has the highest E* value. The SX(75) mixture (nominal size of 12.5 mm, 75 gyrations) with the binder of PG 64-28 has the lowest E* value at high temperature or lower reduced frequency. At low temperature or high reduced frequency, SX(75) PG 58-34 has the lowest E* value. The Stone Mix Asphalt (SMA) mix has a lower E* compared to S(100) and SX(100) mixes ((nominal size of 12.5 mm, 100 gyrations) with the Performance Grade (PG) binder of) at low temperature. The E* increases with an increase in Vbe, Va, and VFA, and decreases with an increase in VMA and AC. The E* of a mix can vary from 200 ksi (1380 MPa) to about 1000 ksi (6900 MPa) for a particular frequency (10 Hz) and temperature (21.1 °C), even if samples are from the same contractor.
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S. Neham, Sahar. "Nominal Aggregate Size an Index to The Resilient Modulus Value of Hot Mix Asphalt." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25851.
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Properties and performance of hot mix asphalt are highly affected by aggregate as it is consists of 85 to 95 percent by weight and 75 to 85 percent by volume mineral aggregate. Resilient modulus was a very important parameter used either as input data in the procedure of pavement design or to evaluate the relative quality of materials. This research study the effect of nominal aggregate size on the resilient modulus value with different variations such as tested temperature, percent of asphalt cement and filler content, load duration, and asphalt viscosity. Results under different variables showed that nominal aggregate size has a significant effect on the resilient modulus value as well as resilient modulus value decreases by (21.04% - 26.66%) when the nominal aggregate size increases from 19mm to 25mm while it decreases by (22.43 - 29.50%) when the nominal aggregate size increases from 25mm to 37.3mm.
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Prajapati, Jeetendra, and Sudip Karanjit. "Effect of Coarse Aggregate Sources on the Compressive Strength of Various Grade of Nominal Mixed Concrete." Journal of Science and Engineering 7 (December 22, 2019): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v7i0.26792.
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Various grades of nominal mix concrete from low to medium strength are being used in building construction works in Kathmandu Valley. The aim of the study was to investigate the source effect of various types of coarse aggregates on the compressive strength of different grade of nominal mix concrete. Here, 5 different types of coarse aggregates sources were selected (A-Panauti, B-Melamchi, C-Chaukidada, D-Khopasi and E-Kaaldhunga) based on field enquiry and questionnaire survey with suppliers and contractors. Majority of coarse aggregates were angular in shape with a few sub angular and flaky types. From physical test result, most of the coarse aggregates were found to be graded type with partial deviation from the gradation limitation of IS383:1970. Based on specific gravity and dry-rodded bulk density, coarse aggregates can be classified as medium weight aggregates. Mechanical test of aggregate shows all the aggregates are of medium strength with variation in mechanical properties among them. The next stage of study is related to determination of compressive strength. Total 90 concrete cubes of size 15 cm were made of 3 different grades of nominal mix M1 (1:2:4), M2 (1:2:3) and M3 (1:1.5:3) by weight. Water/cement ratio, cement, sand, water were kept constant for each mix ratio while only coarse aggregate sources were chosen as variable. Due to change in aggregate type only, variation in 28 days target compressive strength is found up to 47%. Sample C, D and E showed relatively higher 28 days compressive strength compared to Sample A and B. The results indicate that the coarse aggregate source has significant variation in the compressive strength of various grade of nominal mix concrete. The variation in compressive strength is relatively significant for lean mix concrete (1:2:4 & 1:2:3) compared to rich mix concrete (1:1.5:3). In terms of concrete cube failure mechanism, the cubes made of sample A & B failed by coarse aggregate crushing while the major failure mechanism in sample C, D & E was initiated by bond failure.
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Li, Xinjun, Nelson Gibson, Xicheng Qi, Trenton Clark, and Kevin McGhee. "Laboratory and Full-Scale Evaluation of 4.75-mm Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size Superpave Overlay." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2293, no. 1 (2012): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2293-04.
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A 4.75-mm nominal maximum aggregate size Superpave® mix developed by the Virginia Department of Transportation was placed as a thin treatment over existing, aged sections in an accelerated pavement test facility. Half the loaded wheelpath was paved with and half without the treatment to explore rutting susceptibility and quantify the ability to defer cracking. Loose mix was collected during construction to verify the mix design and for laboratory dynamic modulus, flow number, Hamburg wheel tracking, and axial fatigue testing. The mix was produced according to the volumetric specifications, but the in-place density was higher than the target. Although laboratory tests indicated poor resistance to rutting, full-scale performance illustrated that the total rutting in the treated sections was equal to or less than the total rutting in the sections without the overlay. Top-down cracking was significantly delayed as a result of the presence of the thin overlay, but once the pavement sections were aged and brittle, the treatment could not delay cracking.
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Wróbel, Michał, Agnieszka Woszuk, and Wojciech Franus. "Laboratory Methods for Assessing the Influence of Improper Asphalt Mix Compaction on Its Performance." Materials 13, no. 11 (2020): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112476.
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Compaction index is one of the most important technological parameters during asphalt pavement construction which may be negatively affected by wrong asphalt paving machine set, weather conditions, or the mix temperature. Presented laboratory study analyzes the asphalt mix properties in case of inappropriate compaction. The reference mix was designed for AC 11 S wearing layer (asphalt concrete for wearing layer with maximum grading of 11 mm). Asphalt mix samples used in the tests were prepared using Marshall device with the compaction energy of 2 × 20, 2 × 35, 2 × 50, and 2 × 75 blows as well as in a roller compactor where the slabs were compacted to various heights: 69.3 mm (+10% of nominal height), 66.2 mm (+5%), 63 mm (nominal), and 59.9 mm (−5%) which resulted in different compaction indexes. Afterwards the samples were cored from the slabs. Both Marshall samples and cores were tested for air void content, stiffness modulus in three temperatures, indirect tensile strength, and resistance to water and frost indicated by ITSR value. It was found that either insufficient or excessive level of compaction can cause negative effect on the road surface performance.
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Mahadik, Gitanjali, M. Sawant Dr., and A. P. Paranjape Prof. "Comparison of Nominal mix concrete with polymer based concrete, an experimental study." Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering 5, no. 3 (2019): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3293957.
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The aim of this research paper is to study about Physical, Mechanical, Magnetic and insulating properties of concrete with some compositions. The two samples were prepared in which concrete material is mixed with resin chemical compound and percentage of replacement of aggregate by silica floor and Kolam (rangier) without water and water curing, which is designated by Group I. Another composition is made without resin chemical compound and it is designated as Group II. In which four types of samples are prepared by replacement of aggregate by silica floor and rangoli (Kolam) and the sample is prepared with water and tasted at the age of 7 and 28 days of curing. The four samples is prepared as M1 M2 M3 and M4 in which M1 is mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, water i.e. M40 grade of concrete. M2 is replacement of percentage of aggregate by rangoli (Kolam). M3 is replacement of percentage of aggregate by silica floor, and M4 is replacement of aggregates by rangoli and silica floor. The electrical properties like resistivity, BDV, magnetic and compressive strength of samples with composition is studied. For above said testing the experimentation is carried out. As experimental observation it is conclude that the electrical properties as mentioned above is higher in Group I than properties of Group II. Hence Group I can be used in Electrical as well as Mechanical Engineering Field.
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Maruthachalam, D., S. C. Boobalan, and M. Kaarthik. "Experimental Investigation on Grades of Cement in the Nominal and Design Concrete Mixes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (2021): 012169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012169.
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Abstract In India, the experience in the use of concrete in housing is more than seven decades old. Concrete mix is a combination of cement, water and aggregates of sand and stone. The relative merits of using 33, 43 & 53 grades of cement in the nominal and design concrete mixes are studied, by testing to destruction hundreds of cubes, cylinders and prisms made using these three grades of cement, the concrete mix having been designed as per the relevant Indian Standard code of practice. The objective of this paper is to make awareness among researchers, engineers and the public about the latest scientific and technical developments in cement, and how to achieve economy in concrete. The foremost objective of concrete mix design is to hand-pick the optimum proportions of various ingredients of the concrete to satisfy the required properties in its fresh and hardened state. As per the investigation, if concrete mixes are designed for different grades adopting separately 33, 43, & 53 grades of cements, grade 53 gives the highest 28 days cube strength, whereas 33 grade cement gives the lowest value. The relative cost of using these three grades is also discussed in the paper.
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Rayabharapu, Vijay Kumar, Prasanthi Petluru, Kavya Sudha Pallapu, and Bharat Sai Mella. "Analysis and Design of Floating Concrete and its Applications." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1409, no. 1 (2024): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1409/1/012032.
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Abstract The main object of this paper is to experimentally explore the optimal design of light weight aggregate concrete, considering its compressive strength and density. This Project deals with the development of Floating type of concrete by using less weighted aggregates such as expanded clay, perlite, vermiculite, EPS beads etc. The usage of light weight aggregates has drastically reduced the overall mass of concrete when compared to nominal concrete. However, attaining the characteristic strength of nominal concrete was indeed a challenge. Numerous concrete test cubes of size 0.15×0.15×0.15 m3 were cast using cementitious materials and aggregates of different proportions and their characteristic compressive strength was tabulated. The appropriate mix design having adequate compressive strength and floating property was selected. This mix had a density of 866.63 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 12.45 MPa which is quite optimal in comparison to the rest of the mixes.
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Sharma, N., M. Singh Thakur, P. L. Goel, and P. Sihag. "A review: sustainable compressive strength properties of concrete mix with replacement by marble powder." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 98 (2020): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0813.
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Purpose: Over the years, various experiments have been performed to investigate the impact of marble powder within the concrete mixture. In the present study, a review has been done to check the persistence of marble dirt as the substitute for concrete constituents. Design/methodology/approach: Furthermore, the impact of marble powder as a replacement of cement and aggregates were reviewed. By reviewing previous studies, the result indicates that the use of waste marble powder in cement and aggregate was adequate to a certain range. Findings: By replacing cement with marble powder in a range between 5% to 10% by weight, it increases the compressive strength of concrete mix by 11.30% to 24.56%, compared to the nominal mix. According to the study, any further increase in the amount of marble powder in place of cement i.e, 12.5% to 20% replacement by weight, results in the reduction of compressive strength of concrete mix by 7.5% to 26.01%. Replacement of aggregates from 5% to 75% with marble powder increases the compressive strength of about 3.22% to 23.91% as compared to the nominal mix. Research limitations/implications: It was also concluded from the current study that, to obtain higher compressive strength, it is advantageous to replace fine aggregates with marble powder than the replacement of cement with the marble powder.
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Ning, Chen, and Ming Hui Wang. "A Measurement Approach for Critical Voids in Mineral Aggregate Based on AC-20." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.708.
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The voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) is considered to be the most important mix design parameter which affects the durability of the asphalt concrete mix. This has traditionally been addressed during mix design by meeting a minimum voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) requirement, based solely upon the nominal maximum aggregate size without regard to other significant aggregate-related properties. The goal of this study is to determine the validity of the minimum VMA requirement versus nominal maximum aggregate size required in Marshall volumetric mix design. Specimens were compacted using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC), conventionally tested for bulk and maximum theoretical specific gravities and physically tested using the thiaxial creep test system under a repeated load confined configuration to identify the transition state from sound to unsound. AC-20 was classified in the light of fine, dense and coarse gradation. The AC-20C, AC-20D and AC-20F asphalt mixtures were tested as the object of study. The results clearly demonstrate that the volumetric conditions of an VMA mixture at the stable unstable threshold are influenced by a composite measure of the aggregate size gradation .The currently defined VMA criterion, while significant, is seen to be insufficient by itself to correctly differentiate sound from unsound mixtures. Under current specifications, many otherwise sound mixtures are subject to rejection solely on the basis of failing to meet the VMA requirement. Based on the laboratory data and analysis, a new paradigm to volumetric mix design is proposed that explicitly accounts for aggregate gradation factors.
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Lou, Keke, Peng Xiao, Aihong Kang, Zhengguang Wu, and Pengcheng Lu. "Suitability of Fiber Lengths for Hot Mix Asphalt with Different Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size: A Pilot Experimental Investigation." Materials 13, no. 17 (2020): 3685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173685.
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Fiber length is a key parameter for the mixture design of basalt fiber-reinforced hot mix asphalt (HMA), which significantly affects the mix performance. To evaluate the suitability of fiber lengths for HMA with different nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS), basalt fiber with the lengths of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mm were selected for dense graded gradations with different NMASs (namely, SUP-13, SUP-20, and SUP-25), so as to prepare the fiber-reinforced HMA mixtures. Then, the mix performance was evaluated by an indirect tensile asphalt cracking test (IDEAL-CT), a four-point bending beam fatigue test, a wheel tracking test, a uniaxial penetration test, a low temperature bending beam test, and a freeze-thaw splitting test. Based on the performance results, the optimum fiber length for each mix gradation was proposed by the normalization method. The results showed that adding basalt fiber can enhance the comprehensive performance of all three types of HMA to a great extent. Furthermore, fiber length presented remarkable impact on the crack resistance, the fatigue resistance of the HMA, and the low temperature crack resistance, but it had limited influence on the high temperature deformation resistance, and water stability. The optimum fiber length for SUP-13, SUP-20, and SUP-25 was 6, 9, and 12 mm, respectively.
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Liu, Xuan, Xuhao Wang, Yuan Wang, et al. "Mix Design and Performance Study of High-Strength Self-Compacting Concrete with Manufactured Sand." Materials 18, no. 1 (2024): 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010055.
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In recent years, research on self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gradually shifted towards high-strength development, while high-strength self-compacting concrete has been widely used in applications such as precast bridge components and high-rise building projects. Using manufactured sand as an aggregate can effectively address the challenges posed by the depletion of natural sand resources. This study optimized the mix design for high-strength self-compacting concrete with manufactured sand (MSH-SCC) and explored the effects of the fine aggregate replacement rate, sand ratio, and maximum particle size of coarse aggregate on the performance of MSH-SCC. The results indicated that the optimized mix designs for various strength levels met the performance requirements. The fine aggregate replacement rate and the maximum nominal aggregate size significantly affected the workability of the concrete, while variations in the sand ratio had a smaller impact. The yield stress of the MSH-SCC showed a positive correlation with the fine aggregate replacement rate and the maximum nominal aggregate size, whereas the plastic viscosity reached its maximum value under specific conditions. Additionally, the mix design parameters had a limited effect on the mechanical strength of the MSH-SCC. This study provides a scientific basis for the design of high-strength self-compacting concrete with manufactured sand, contributing to the promotion of manufactured sand use and advancing low-carbon development in the construction industry.
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Lossani, M., P. Natale, and P. Tirelli. "A nominal income growth target for a conservative ECB? When the policy mix matters." Journal of Policy Modeling 25, no. 8 (2003): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(03)00054-1.
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Kutenev, V. F., A. V. Kozlov, V. A. Luksho та A. S. Terenchenko. "Experimental investigations of ЯМЗ-236НЕ diesel engine operating on В20 mix and В100 pure biodiesel fuel". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 3, № 2 (2009): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69577.
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The article presents comparison test results of ЯМЗ-236НЕ2-3 diesel engine operating on diesel fuel, on mix and pure biodiesel fuel in standard version and with upgrade fuel system and optimized injection lead angle. Corresponding adaptation for biodiesel fuel operation enables maximum torque and nominal power on the same level as for diesel fuel and fuel efficiency increase.
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Kumar, Amit, and Pushpendra Kumar Sharma. "The structural performance of concrete containing crushed rock dust and fly ash with the addition of coir fibre." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.021.
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The present research work has been carried out by using crushed rock dust and fly ash as cement replacement in combined proportion of 20% CRD and 0% fly ash mix together with the gradual increase of 2.5% fly ash and simultaneously gradual decrease of 2.5 % of CRD with the addition of 0.5% coir fibre by weight of cement. Last proportion taken was 10% CRD and 10% fly ash. Use of this material in concrete not only improves the strength of concrete but also leads to the proper disposal of these materials, reducing the impact of these materials on environment. In this research the compressive and flexural strength of concrete with replacement of ordinary Portland cement by crushed rock dust (CRD) and fly ash with the addition of 0.5% coirfiber are studied. Eleven concrete mixes are prepared and compared with the nominal mix (with 0% CRD, fly ash and fiber). Test results for compressive and flexural strength show higher gain in strength for mixes using CRD, fly ash and fiber as compare to nominal mix. It was observed that cement replace with 12.5% CRD and 7.5% fly ash with 0.5% coir fiber gave the highest strength value. Property workability also studied for different concrete mixes. The addition of coir fiber gives slight more variation in the workability as compare to concrete made by using CRD and fly ash. The fiber into fresh concrete can increase the ductility of the concrete and also acts as a crack arrester.
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B.S., Waziri, Mohammed A., and Bukar A.G. "EFFECT OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO ON THE STRENGH PROPERTIES OF QUARRY-SAND CONCRETE (QSC)." Continental J. Engineering Sciences 6, no. 2 (2011): 16–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.833923.
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This paper presents the empirical results of the effect of water-cement-ratio (W/C) on the strength properties of Quarry sand concrete (QSC). The investigation reveals the pattern of relationship between W/C and compressive strength. Two nominal mix proportions of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 (Cement-Quarry sand-Gravel) showed that compressive strength decrease with increased W/C. The maximum strength of 23.71N/mm<sup>2</sup> was achieved with mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C of 0.5 at 28days hydration. All mixes used in the study attained over 60% of their 28 day strength at 7 days.
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Nirmala, D. B., and S. Raviraj. "Experimental study of optimal self compacting concrete with spent foundry sand as partial replacement for M-sand using Taguchi approach." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 11, no. 1 (2016): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2016-0013.
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Abstract This paper presents the application of Taguchi approach to obtain optimal mix proportion for Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) containing spent foundry sand and M-sand. Spent foundry sand is used as a partial replacement for M-sand. The SCC mix has seven control factors namely, Coarse aggregate, M-sand with Spent Foundry sand, Cement, Fly ash, Water, Super plasticizer and Viscosity modifying agent. Modified Nan Su method is used to proportion the initial SCC mix. L18 (21×37) Orthogonal Arrays (OA) with the seven control factors having 3 levels is used in Taguchi approach which resulted in 18 SCC mix proportions. All mixtures are extensively tested both in fresh and hardened states to verify whether they meet the practical and technical requirements of SCC. The quality characteristics considering “Nominal the better” situation is applied to the test results to arrive at the optimal SCC mix proportion. Test results indicate that the optimal mix satisfies the requirements of fresh and hardened properties of SCC. The study reveals the feasibility of using spent foundry sand as a partial replacement of M-sand in SCC and also that Taguchi method is a reliable tool to arrive at optimal mix proportion of SCC.
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Sudhanshu, Kumar, and Bharat Nagar Dr. "Effects of Waste Glass Powder on Compressive Strength of Concrete." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 1, no. 4 (2017): 289–98. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd136.
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In this research an attempt is made to study the effect of waste glass power in Concrete using waste glass, which is non biodegradable and not suitable to landfill. This study is carried out to use such waste materials into construction industries so that our environment is free to one of the major pollutant produced by the manufacturing industries. The main aim of this study is to utilization of waste glass power as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. In this study the aim is to determine the percentage of glass replacement, resulting in optimal compressive strength.Concrete nominal mix of M20 with different percentages of Glass power has been evaluated as per IS 2386 part IV and IS 383. Waste glass powder was replace with fine aggregate in various percentages such as 5 ,10 ,15 ,20 ,25 ,30 ,35 ,40 ,45 , and 50 . Reference concrete mix is also made for comparative reasons. Sudhanshu Kumar | Dr. Bharat Nagar "Effects of Waste Glass Powder on Compressive Strength of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd136.pdf
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Kahn, Lily. "Nominal possessive constructions in the early modern Hasidic Hebrew tale." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 76, no. 2 (2013): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x13000050.
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AbstractThis paper constitutes the first linguistic analysis of nominal possessive constructions in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Hasidic Hebrew hagiographic tales. Such analysis is necessary because it sheds much-needed light on the grammatical structure of this prominent but largely unstudied early modern Eastern European form of Hebrew. Hasidic Hebrew possessive constructions exhibit a variety of noteworthy features, namely non-standard uses of the construct chain including definiteness of the construct noun, double definiteness, and split construct chains; construct chains with adjectives in the absolute position; the productiveness and widespread use of the construct chain; the tendency to favour the post-Biblical Hebrew possessive particle שלshelonly in certain syntactic contexts; and the employment of the Aramaic particle ד-de-specifically to express geographical and temporal relationships. These phenomena reflect a mix of various strata of Hebrew as well as Aramaic, Yiddish, and independent elements that combine to form a unique system distinct from other varieties of Hebrew.
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Kurniawati, Melati, and Anas Nasrulloh Sidiq. "INOVASI PERANCANGAN INSENTIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KINERJA PADA PERUSAHAAN CLEANING SERVICE ONLINE." Airlangga Journal of Innovation Management 1, no. 2 (2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ajim.v1i2.19271.
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ABSTRAKPerusahaan XYZ adalah perusahaan cleaning service online yang baru berkembang. Perusahaan ini belum memiliki sistem penilaian kinerja karyawan yang objektif. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan karyawan yang tidak puas oleh sistem perusahaan sehingga turnover karyawan tinggi setiap bulannya, setidaknya satu karyawan keluar. Dari permasalahan tersebut penelitian ini mencoba merancang sistem penilaian kinerja dan insentif yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut salah satunya dengan rancangan insentif untuk meningkatkan kinerja pada perusahaan. Sistem kinerja ini merupakan pendekatan dengan model campuran (mix model). Rancangan pemberian insentif ini dilihat dari dua indikator yaitu indikator perilaku dan kemampuan yang diturunkan dari misi perusahaan untuk menjadi dasar perancangan variable pengukuran. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dari nominal insentif yang didapat karyawan dan peningkatan kepuasan karyawan terhadap sistem penilaian kinerja.Kata kunci: Pengukuran kinerja, mix model, kompensasi, manajemen sumberdaya manusiaABSTRACTXYZ company is a new online cleaning service company. This company does not yet have an objective employee performance appraisal system. This resulted in employees being dissatisfied with the company's system so that employee turnover was high every month, at least one employee left. From these problems, this study tries to design a performance appraisal system and incentives that are used to solve these problems, one of which is by designing incentives to improve performance in the company. This performance system is a mix model approach. The design of this incentive is seen from two indicators, namely the behavioral and ability indicators derived from the company's mission to be the basis for designing measurement variables. The results of this study indicate a significant difference from the nominal incentives obtained by employees and an increase in employee satisfaction with the performance appraisal system. Keywords: Performance measurement, mix model, compensation, human resource management
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Amin, Jawadul, Rahul Acharjee, Mariya Hossain, Ahanaf Tahmid, and Sharmin Reza Chowdhury. "FACTORS AFFECTING MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE." Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 2 (2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v34.18311.
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Concrete is a low-maintenance composite material that is primarily composed of cementitious material, water and gravel. It is often used construction material not only in Bangladesh but also across the world. The design of the concrete mix is a critical determinant of the qualities of the concrete. The fundamental ideas and comparative research of certain prominent concrete mix design methods from a qualitative perspective are presented in this work. Two types of concrete mix designs are used which are ACI 211.1-91 (2002) Standard and British Standard (1997) in this paper. Several factors have been determined in this study to choose between the ACI and British Standard. These approaches rely heavily on graphs, tables and bar charts with arbitrary values. The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate, water to cement ratio (w/c), slump value and the % passing of fine aggregates are used here to change the amount of materials. Differentiating between these strategies allows for a better understanding of the impacts of variables. The ACI and British Standard have been used to compare how the w/c, fine aggregate to cement ratio (FA/C), total aggregate to cement ratio (TA/C) and fine aggregate to total aggregate ratio (FA/TA) are different for various strengths. The following study is expected to pave the path of concrete performance via extensive research on different suggested design factors.
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Nasrullah, Muhammad Junaid, Ghulam Saghir, Muhammad shahid Iqbal, and Phool Hussain. "Macroeconomic Stability and Optimal Policy Mix." iRASD Journal of Economics 5, no. 3 (2023): 725–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2023.0503.0157.
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Public welfare and macroeconomic stability should be the main objectives of fiscal and monetary policy cooperation. Monetary and fiscal policy should be coordinated better to maintain sustainable economic development. To implement fiscal measures and monetary controls, a balanced budget is necessary. This study uses data from 1976 to 2022. A macroeconomic stability check uses real GDP, current account balance, exports, real effective exchange rate, broad money (M2), foreign exchange reserves, consumer price index (CPI), nominal exchange rate, government expenditures, and government tax revenue. The VAR models we use are Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) and Variance Decompositions (VDs). CMR feels a negative impact, TRY, whereas M2G, GY, and others feel a positive impact. Achieving output and price stability requires higher call money rates, more tax revenues, and reduced government spending. Output gaps should be negative.M2G and CABY are negatively correlated, whereas CABY and CMR are positively correlated. If there is a negative output gap, monetary aggregates and taxes conflict with price and production stability; however, policy should aim to increase the current account balance. We recommend strict fiscal and monetary policy measures to stabilize output and limit inflation whenever there is a positive output gap. In addition to strengthening trade and foreign exchange reserves, reduced government spending will stabilize exchange rates; however, increasing tax revenue will counteract these benefits by strengthening the current account.
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Markandeya Raju, P., V. Lakshmi, and K. Santosh Kumar. "Seasonal effect on compressive strength of ambient cured, nominal mix proportioned alkali-activated slag concrete." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1025 (January 22, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1025/1/012026.
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Ranganathan, Dr A., M. kranthikumar, D. Sudheerbabu, et al. "Analysis of Bituminous Concrete Mixes Using H.D.P.E & Crumb Rubber as Admixtures." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 11, no. 3 (2023): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2023.11.3.14.
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Flexible pavements need more attention in selection of Resources and preparation of mixes now a day’s temperature is the main criteria which affect the mix quality, strength and durability. Rapid changes in temperature now a day’s big problem to face worst situations, Durability point is a big factor which affects the life period of the pavement surface and its components, Nominal mixes which consists of inert material doesn’t gives better Durability in severe traffic and climate conditions Today’s flexible pavements are Required to perform better as they are facing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been Challenged in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous roads is to be identified that they are poor in high drainage situations. Present scenario on using various additives for better drainage is not satisfying the expected results. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength, durability requirements as well as economical aspects. Plastics are using extensively in all over world and developing country like India. As these are non-biodegradable there is a major problem posed to the society with regard to the management of these solid wastes. Even, the reclaimed polyethylene originally made of HDPE has been observed to modify bitumen. In the present study, an attempt has been made to use HDPE and CRUMB RUBBER as admixtures in nominal bitumen mix to overcome the problem of resistance to weathering actions and repetitive wheel load
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Mega, Ulfa Citra, Sasana Putra, and Muhammad Karami. "Karakteristik Campuran Aspal Panas Menggunakan Bahan Campuran RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) Pada Berbagai Ukuran Agregat Nominal." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 8, no. 3 (2021): 525–38. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v8i3.1447.
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RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) is the residual pavement that has been damaged or out of date. RAP can be reused as a basic material for flexible pavement with the addition of new aggregate material and asphalt, to fulfill the quality and specifications of flexible pavement. This study aime to determine the quality of hot mix asphalt at various nominal aggregate sizes that made from RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement). The results of the study obtained the maximum stability value on the use of RAP 20% in AC-WC obtained 1588,829 kg, while for the use of RAP 22% on AC-BC obtained 1799,405 kg and for RAP on AC-Base 28% has a maximum stability value amounting to 2285,571kg. The three types of mixtures have mixed characteristics and marshall characteristics that fulfill the General Specifications of Bina Marga. The Optimum Asphalt Content value for the percentage of RAP use of 20% in AC-WC was 5.8%. Whereas for the use of 22% RAP on AC-BC, the Optimum Asphalt Content value was 5.45% and the use of RAP on AC-Base 28% was obtained by the Optimum Asphalt Containt value of 4.9%. The greater the nominal aggregate size of the hot asphalt type, the greater the percentage of RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) required . Keyword : RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement), Hot Mix Asphalt, Optimum Asphalt Containt
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James, Robert S., L. Allen Cooley, and Shane Buchanan. "Development of Mix Design Criteria for 4.75-mm Superpave® Mixes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (2003): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-16.
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The Superpave® mix design system includes design criteria for a range of mixes with nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMASs) between 9.5 and 37.5 mm. Many agencies in the United States have expressed an interest in using a 4.75-mm NMAS mix. Such a mix could provide benefits; that is, it should provide a very smooth riding surface, could be used for thin lift applications, could correct surface defects (leveling), could decrease construction time, could provide a use for manufactured screening stockpiles, and could provide a very economical surface mix for facilities with low traffic volumes. A study was done to establish the standard mix design criteria needed for 4.75-mm mixes. On the basis of the findings of the study, the recommended Superpave mix design criteria include a specified gradation control of 30% to 54% passing on the 1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve and 6% to 12% passing the 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve. During design, the following were recommended: a design air void content of 4%, minimum voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) of 16% for all traffic levels, maximum VMA of 18% for mix designs with more than 75 gyrations, voids filled with asphalt (VFA) of 75% to 78% for mix designs with 75 gyrations and above, and VFA of 75% to 80% for mix designs with 50 gyrations. The results of the study showed that 4.75-mm NMAS mixes can be successfully designed. These types of mixes should provide economical mixes for low-volume roadways.
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Małek, Arkadiusz, and Andrzej Marciniak. "Operational Analysis of Power Generation from a Photovoltaic–Wind Mix and Low-Emission Hydrogen Production." Energies 18, no. 10 (2025): 2431. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102431.
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Low-emission hydrogen generation systems require large amounts of energy from renewable energy sources. This article characterizes the production of low-emission hydrogen, emphasizing its scale and the necessity for its continuity. For hydrogen production defined in this way, it is possible to select the appropriate renewable energy sources. The research part of the article presents a case study of the continuous production of large amounts of hydrogen. Daily production capacities correspond to the demand for the production of industrial chemicals and artificial fertilizers or for fueling a fleet of hydrogen buses. The production was placed in the Lublin region in Poland, where there is a large demand for low-emission hydrogen and where there are favorable conditions for the production of energy from a photovoltaic–wind mix. Statistical and probabilistic analyses were performed related to the generation of power by a photovoltaic system with a peak power of 3.45 MWp and a wind turbine with an identical maximum power. The conducted research confirmed the complementarity and substitutability relationship between one source and another within the energy mix. Then, unsupervised clustering was applied using the k-Means algorithm to divide the state space generated in the power mix. The clustering results were used to perform an operational analysis of the low-emission hydrogen generation system from a renewable energy sources mix. In the analyzed month of April, 25% of the energy generated in the photovoltaic–wind mix came from the photovoltaic system. The low-emission hydrogen generation process was in states (clusters), ensuring that the operation of the electrolyzer with nominal power amounted to 57% of the total operating time in that month. In May, the share of photovoltaics in the generated power was 45%. The low-emission hydrogen generation process was in states, ensuring that the operation of the electrolyzer with nominal power amounted to 43% of the total time in that month. In the remaining states of the hydrogen generation process, the power must be drawn from the energy storage system. The cluster analysis also showed the functioning of the operating states of the power generation process from the mix, which ensures the charging of the energy storage. The conducted research and analyses can be employed in planning and implementing effective climate and energy transformations in large companies using low-emission hydrogen.
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Du, Jia Chong, and Kai Chueh Chang. "Evaluation of Asphalt Emulsion for Use in Warm Mix Asphalt." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3180.
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Temperature grows up and climate changes year by year as result of global warming. One of the main reasons is the carbon dioxide emission. How to overcome global warming effect by means of energy conservation and carbon reduction is one of the important subjects and one of government's important administrative policies. Nowadays, the price of the international crude oil raised causes the price of the asphalt and ignition oil going up. Warm mix asphalt (WMA), a new-type mix asphalt technology, which has the characteristics of environmental protection, energy conservation and good workability is from Europe. Compared with Hot mix asphalt (HMA), the properties of the WMA is same as the HMA. Thus, the technology of WMA with emulsion asphalt mixture under energy conservation, carbon reduction, and cost reducing by way of temperature control, is introduced by this study in order to change the traditional HMA. The study used dense-graded aggregate with three nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMAS) of 9.5mm, 12.5mm and 19mm is tested by indirect tensile strength, moisture sensitivity and permanent deformation test for evaluation and the results will be for reference of the HMA mix plant factories.
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Anders, Evan H., Adam S. Jermyn, Daniel Lecoanet, et al. "Convective Boundary Mixing Processes." Research Notes of the AAS 6, no. 2 (2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ac5892.
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Abstract Convective motions extend beyond the nominal boundaries of a convection zone. These motions mix fluid through multiple mechanisms collectively called “convective boundary mixing.” In this note, we discuss three distinct fluid dynamical processes: convective overshoot, entrainment, and penetrative convection. We describe the structure of a convective boundary that these processes create. To resolve discrepancies between models and observations, the stellar astrophysics community should distinguish between these processes and parameterize each of them separately in 1D evolutionary models.
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Iasya, Sarah, Nur Fitriyani, and Chairrun Nisha Nur Rochman. "Analisis Bauran Pemasaran di Kampung Budaya Sindangbarang, Bogor." Manajemen dan Pariwisata 1, no. 2 (2022): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32659/jmp.v1i2.211.
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This research discusses Marketing Mix (7p) at Kampung Budaya Sindangbarang. Determination of location based on potential to develop a tourist attraction that allegedly unpopular to many people because of weak marketing, also there is no research on marketing in this destination. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of marketing mix in Kampung Budaya Sindangbarang according the perception of tourists. This study is using quantitative descriptive approach. The quantitative approach is used to describe statistics analysis. The data collection method used in this research is primary data and secondary data. The number of samples was determined using Slovin theory, and 100 samples were obtained by sample determination using quota sampling. Questioner result is measured by using nominal scale, interval scale and likert scale. The tools used to process data and obtaining the result of calculation is Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The result of this research is indicate that the implementation of the marketing mix at Kampung Budaya Sindangbarang has been done well, but there are still certain things that must be improved so that tourists increase. The conclusion of this research is the characteristics of tourist and the success of the marketing mix in Kampung Budaya Sindangbarang are obtained with an average value of 3.50, also the most influential and the weakest marketing mix element is discovered.
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Idham, Mohd Khairul, Hainin Mohd Rosli, Haryati Yaacob, M. Naqiuddin M. Warid, and Mohd Ezree Abdullah. "Effect of Aging on Resilient Modulus of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.291.
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Asphalt hardens as a result of an aging process. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of field aging simulated by laboratory aging method of different hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture. Three types HMA mixtures were used for this study namely Asphaltic Concrete with 10 mm nominal maximum aggregate size (AC 10), Aspaltic Concrete 28 mm (AC 28) and Porous Asphalt 10 mm (PA 10). The resilient modulus test was carried out as an indicator of the performance at a 25 °C and 40 °C. Generally, all samples show similar trend which aged mixture produced slightly higher resilient modulus compared to unaged mixture while an increase in temperature from 25 °C to 40 °C might reduced the resilient modulus up to 88%. This study also found that the difference increment of resilient modulus after the aging process attributed by asphalt content, air void and gradation of respective mixtures.
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Guimarães, Guilherme Otávio Monteiro, Rodrigo Da Silva Santos Curvello, José Augusto Veiga da Costa Marques, and Marcelo Alvaro da Silva Macedo. "Gerenciamento tributário: evidências empíricas no mercado segurador brasileiro." Revista Contemporânea de Contabilidade 13, no. 30 (2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2016v13n30p134.
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O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a relação entre o gerenciamento tributário e algumas características empresariais do mercado segurador brasileiro. Para isso, realizaram-se análises: bivariada, para verificar se a effective tax rate (ETR) média das empresas do setor é distinta da nominal, e multivariada, a fim de encontrar relações entre as variações da ETR e as seguintes características empresariais específicas: tamanho da firma, desempenho operacional e mix de ativos registrados. O processo de amostragem resultou em 543 observações no período de 2008-2013. As análises revelam indícios de que as empresas do mercado estudado praticam gerenciamento tributário, pois apresentam uma ETR média cerca de nove pontos percentuais menor do que a alíquota nominal aproximada de 40% prevista na legislação, e que a ETR possui relação negativa com tamanho, positiva com desempenho operacional e negativa com alguns componentes do ativo – participações societárias e ativos intangíveis.
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Boissieu, Christian de. "Eléments d’une analyse de la rigidité à la baisse des taux d’intérêt." Économie appliquée 38, no. 1 (1985): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecoap.1985.4033.
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The present process of disinflation is accompanied by some downward rigidity in nominal interest rates and a significant increase in real interest rates. This article attempts to analyze this phenomenon. After a discussion of the usual arguments (the inertia of inflationary expectations, the monetary — fiscal policy mix, the trend in the productivity of capital), the author underlines the role of the some other structural factors : the increasing risk, and the impact of financial innovation. Some consequences of increased real interest rates are also analyzed.
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Mascarenhas, Zila Maria Garcia, Igor Amorim Beja, Kamilla Vasconcelos, and Liedi Bernucci. "Mix design of large-stone asphalt mixtures for heavy-traffic roads." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 45 (August 26, 2022): e59011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v45i1.59011.
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Heavy traffic and high temperatures are a common cause of rutting in paved areas, which reduces the time needed between pavement maintenance interventions. Large-stone asphalt mixtures (LSAMs) can reduce rutting when used as intermediate layers in pavement rehabilitation. LSAM is asphalt concrete with a nominal maximum aggregate size of at least 25 mm. In this study, we provide a brief literature review of the historical use of LSAMs, as well as the relevant characteristics of LSAM design. Three LSAMs were designed using different compaction methods: (i) Marshall compaction; (ii) rolling compaction; and (iii) Superpave gyratory compaction (SGC) by varying the compaction energy in 75, 100, and 125 gyrations. Depending on the mix design method used, the designed asphalt content ranged from 3.0 to 4.3%. The locking point from the SGC was evaluated at different gyratory compaction energies, which were related to the porosity of the dominant aggregate size range. These parameters are considered to be of great value when evaluating the LSAM design.
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Kunimitsu, Yoji, and Motoki Nishimori. "Policy measures to promote mid-summer drainage in paddy fields for a reduction in methane gas emissions: the application of a dynamic, spatial computable general equilibrium model." Paddy and Water Environment 18, no. 1 (2019): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-019-00775-6.
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Abstract Rice production is affected by climate change, while climate change is simultaneously accelerated by methane gas (CH4) emissions from paddy fields. The rice sector must take suitable mitigation measures, such as prolonging mid-summer drainage (MSD) before the rice flowering period. To propose a mitigation policy, this study aims to demonstrate the environmental and economic effects of MSD in Japanese paddy fields by using a dynamic, spatial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and crop model; the study also considers environmental subsidies with a carbon tax scheme to promote MSD measures. The results demonstrate that climate change under the 8.5 representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario will reduce rice prices and rice farmers’ nominal income due to bumper harvests until the 2050s. Promoting MSD in paddy fields can prevent a decrease in farmers’ nominal income and effectively reduce CH4 emissions if all farmers adopt this measure. However, some farmers can potentially increase their own yield by avoiding MSD under high rice prices, which would be maintained through other farmers’ participation. A strong motivation exists for some farmers to gain a “free ride,” and an environmental subsidy with a carbon tax can help motivate farmers to adopt MSD. Therefore, the policy mix of prolonging MSD and environmental subsidies can increase all farmers’ incomes by preventing “free rides” and decrease greenhouse gas emissions with a slight decrease in Japan’s GDP.
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Giorcelli, Filippo, Sergej Antonello Sirigu, Giuseppe Giorgi, et al. "Measuring the Robustness of Optimal Design Solutions for Wave Energy Converters via a Stochastic Approach." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3 (2024): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030482.
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Among the challenges generated by the global climate crisis, a significant concern is the constant increase in energy demand. This leads to the need to ensure that any novel energy systems are not only renewable but also reliable in their performance. A viable solution to increase the available renewable energy mix involves tapping into the potential available in ocean waves and harvesting it via so-called wave energy converters (WECs). In this context, a relevant engineering problem relates to finding WEC design solutions that are not only optimal in terms of energy extraction but also exhibit robust behavior in spite of the harsh marine environment. Indeed, the vast majority of design optimization studies available in the state-of-the-art consider only perfect knowledge of nominal (idealized) conditions, neglecting the impact of uncertainties. This study aims to investigate the information that different robustness metrics can provide to designers regarding optimal WEC design solutions under uncertainty. The applied methodology is based on stochastic uncertainty propagation via a Monte Carlo simulation, exploiting a meta-model to reduce the computational burden. The analysis is conducted over a dataset obtained with a genetic algorithm-based optimization process for nominal WEC design. The results reveal a significant deviation in terms of robustness between the nominal Pareto set and those generated by setting different thresholds for robustness metrics, as well as between devices belonging to the same nominal Pareto frontier. This study elucidates the intrinsic need for incorporating robust optimization processes in WEC design.
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Barros, Luiza, Victor M. Garcia, Jose Garibay, Imad Abdallah, and Soheil Nazarian. "Implications of Including Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Materials to Performance of Balanced Asphalt Concrete Mixes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (2019): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119875666.
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Understanding the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures may lead to improved mix design aiming to maximize the use of recycled materials while yielding optimal volumetric properties and balanced performance. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the RAP content and source on the mechanical performance of AC mixes as measured by overlay tester, Hamburg wheel tracking device, and indirect tension tests. Several Superpave mixes with 12.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size and recycled binder replacement ratios ranging from 0 to over 50 were designed and evaluated in this study. A performance interaction diagram was used to interpret collectively the cracking susceptibility, rutting potential, and tensile strength of the AC mixes. Asphalt concrete mixes with high RAP content can be balanced with proper individual mix design and their performance assessed through mechanical characterization. Furthermore, AC mixes with RAP from different sources yielded different cracking and rutting potentials. The performance tests and analysis methodology from this study could potentially be incorporated into the balanced mix design process to provide well-performing mixes containing optimal amounts for recycled materials.
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Shreyas, K., and J. Lavanya. "Comparison of Flexible (Dense Graded) and Porous (Open Graded) Asphalt Surface Course with Stone Dust as a Filler in Marshal Mix Design." Asian Review of Civil Engineering 5, no. 2 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/tarce-2016.5.2.2232.
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Bituminous concrete is the surface layer which will be laid to ply the vehicles above it & to transfer the vehicular wheel loads effectively without undergoing any major deformations. The grading of aggregates for bituminous concrete used for the analysis is as per MORTH & gap/open graded for porous asphalt as per NAPA specifications, the analysis done for dense graded asphalt is grade 2 where the nominal size of the aggregates is 13mm as per MORTH specifications. The present study has been taken to evaluate the Marshal property of both Bituminous concrete (Dense graded) & Porous (open/gap graded) asphalt, the tests revealed that there is a significant variation of Optimum binder content for dense graded mix when compared to porous (gap/graded) asphalt surface course. Preliminary tests have been carried out for bitumen & aggregates of specified sizes as per IS standards and results are tabulated. There is a considerable variation of OBC in both open & dense graded mixes where optimum bitumen content is more in dense graded mix when compared to open graded mixes whereas the flow values for open graded mix is more when compared to close graded mixes.
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Hugo, Alexander Rondón-Quintana, Darío Fernández-Gómez Wilmar, and Alfonso Zafra-Mejía Carlos. "Behavior of a warm mix asphalt using a chemical additive to foam the asphalt binder." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería –redin-, no. 78 (March 19, 2016): 129–38. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.n78a17.
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A relatively recent development in asphalt pavement technology, warm mix asphalt (WMA) offers a number of benefits. Although its most important advantage is environmental in nature, it also shows technical and economic benefits. This paper presents and discusses results for the laboratory evaluation of a WMA, which were compared to traditional hot mix asphalts (HMA). Two samples of WMA and two samples of HMA with nominal maximum aggregate sizes of 10 mm and 19.0 mm were evaluated. A liquid chemical solution was used to make WMA (Patent pending for this additive). The purpose of this additive was to induce foaming of the asphalt binder AC 60-70 (PG 58-22). Moisture susceptibility and strength under monotonic and dynamic loading were studied. In addition, a set of tests were performed: Marshall, resilient modulus, permanent deformation and indirect tensile strength. The research led to the conclusion that the WMA chemical additive decreases mix temperatures by 30° C, which in turn, translates into better workability and volumetric composition. Furthermore, the WMA showed higher levels of resistance to both moisture damage and high service temperatures under monotonic and dynamic loading.
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Hadi, Sahar Safaa. "Impact of Preparing HMA with Modified Asphalt Cement on Moisture and Temperature Susceptibility." Journal of Engineering 23, no. 11 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.11.01.
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Many researchers tried to prevent or reduce moisture damage and its sensitivity to temperature to improving the performance of hot mix asphalt because it is decreasing the functional and structural life of fixable pavement due to the moisture damage had exposed to it.
 The main objective of this study is to inspect the effect of (fly ash “3%, 6%, 12%”, hydrated lime”5%, 10%, 20%” and silica fumes”1%, 2%, 4%) referring to previous research by the net weight asphalt cement as a modified material on the moisture and temperature sensitivity of hot mix asphalt. This was done using asphalt from AL-Nasiria refinery with penetration grade 40-50, nominal maximum size (12.5) mm (surface course) of aggregate and one type of mineral fillers (limestone dust) with 7%.
 To achieve the requirements of this study, the indirect tensile strength test according to (AASHTO T 283) criteria and compressive strength test were adopted to evaluate the index of retained strength according to (ASTM D 1075) to identify the moisture damage as well as indirect tensile strength test to evaluate sensitivity to temperature of the hot mix asphalt using modification and net asphalt.
 These tests showed that there is a significant evolution in the resistance to moisture damage and decrease in the sensitivity to temperature of hot mix asphalt with modifying asphalt compared to the reference mixture. 
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Upadhyay, Bhavna. "Experimental Study on the Effects of Coal Ash and Emulsion Coated-Sisal Fibers in Hot Mix Asphalt." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem45451.
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Abstract:-India’s coal-fired thermal power plants produce substantial amounts of fly ash and bottom ash, leading to critical environmental and disposal challenges. This experimental study investigates the integration of these waste by-products into Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by utilizing fly ash as a mineral filler and bottom ash as a fine aggregate. Emulsion-coated natural sisal fibers were incorporated to improve the mix performance and provide a sustainable alternative to conventional materials. Dense graded bituminous mixes (DBM) were prepared as per MORTH (2013) specifications, using VG-30 bitumen and a nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) of 26.5 mm. Sisal fibers coated with SS-1 emulsion were added at varying contents (0%–1%) and lengths (5 mm–20 mm). The Marshall Mix Design method was employed to evaluate the optimal binder content, fiber dosage, and fiber length. The optimum mix, with 5.57% binder, 0.5% fiber content, and 10 mm fiber length, achieved a peak Marshall Stability of 15 kN. Performance evaluation through tensile strength ratio (TSR), indirect tensile strength (ITS), static creep, and moisture susceptibility tests indicated marked improvements in mechanical properties. The results affirm that the combined use of coal ash and treated sisal fiber not only enhances pavement performance but also presents a cost-effective and environmentally responsible method of ash utilization. Keywords: Fly ash, Bottom ash, Sisal fiber, Emulsion, Marshall Stability, TSR, ITS, Creep test
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Muhammad, Amina, O. S. Abejide, and J. M. Kaura. "INFLUENCE OF MIX PROPORTION ON WORKABILITY OF LATERIZED CONCRETE." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 6 (2023): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0706-1984.
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The increase in infrastructural development in the tropic has led to high demand for concrete production. Consequently, its constituents became very scarce and costly, especially the naturally occurring constituents. Laterite as an abundant naturally occurring material in the tropics is only put in use as filling material or in road construction. This study presents the determination of influence of nominal mix proportion (1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2) at a constant water cement ratio of 0.5 with laterite fully replacing sand (fine aggregate). 72 numbers of cubes of size 100 mm were prepared for the different concretes, while 12 numbers were cast for each mix proportion and cured in the curing tank at 3, 7, 14, 28 days. Though the laterite was found to be a normal weight aggregate, it was also identified as A – 7 – 6, medium plastic clayey and porous material, with a specific gravity of 2.59. For the fresh concrete, the slump value and degree of workability were obtained using the Vee-bee consistometer and slump tests in both laterite and conventional concrete in all the three mix proportions (1:2:4 : 0.5, 1 : 1.5 : 3 : 0.5, 1 : 1 : 2 : 0.5). The Vee bee second for the mix proportions (1:2:4 , 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2 ) are 13:18 , 09:44 and 6.0 for the conventional concrete while 14:47 , 12: 41 and 9:30 for Laterized concrete.
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Wu, Kuang Huai, Guo Liang Yang, and Ai Yu Zeng. "Design of Rubberized Asphalt Concrete by Means of Coarse Aggregate Void Filling Method." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.215.
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In order to find a convenient approach to design the mix of rubberized asphalt concrete (RAC) and make full use of the properties of RAC, a kind of RAC-13 (13 is the nominal maximum aggregate size of the mixture) was designed by means of coarse aggregate void filling method (CAVF). A series of conventional tests of asphalt mixture with five asphalt-rubber aggregate ratio(ARAR) were carried out to check the target mix design and evaluate the performance of RAC. Performance evaluation tests such as Marshall and submerged Marshall stability test, moisture damage test and wheel tracking test were included. Test results show that the high temperature stability, moisture susceptibility and road performance of RAC-13 designed with CAVF method are all favorable. The recommended optimum asphalt-rubber aggregate ratio(OARAR) is 7.1% under the condition of skeleton structure. CAVF is a good means for designing RAC to ensure its stone-on-stone contact structure.
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Zhang, Yining, Lijun Sun, and Huailei Cheng. "Effects of nominal maximum aggregate size and compaction effort on the mechanical properties of hot-mix asphalt (HMA)." Construction and Building Materials 324 (March 2022): 126715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126715.
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Qadr, Dlzar Bakr, and Aso Faiz Talabany. "Compaction Effort Evaluation of Crumb Rubber Modified Hot Mix Asphalt." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (2023): 7839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15107839.
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The primary goal of this study was to obtain the same performance from an asphalt mixture made using a Marshall impact hammer (MIH) as from asphalt made using a Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC). This was due to the expense of Superpave equipment compared with Marshall equipment. A wet process was used to blend the CR with PG 70-16 asphalt. A crushed stone aggregate was used with a 19 mm nominal maximum aggregate size, and the samples were prepared using an SGC and an MIH. The results show that nine percent CR was determined to be the optimum crumb-rubber content (OCRC). In addition, the SGC provided excellent performance in Marshall stability, density, tensile strength, and compressive strength at different numbers of blows and gyrations compared with the MIH. Moreover, the MIH required approximately 21, 21, 18, and 24 extra blows to obtain the same stability, density, tensile strength, and compressive strength, respectively, as the SGC at the design number of gyrations (Ndesign). Furthermore, modified mixtures at the OCRC increased the compressive strength in the range from 16 to 48 percent and had higher values on the index of retained strength than unmodified mixtures. As a result, they provided mixtures with less susceptibility to moisture damage. The significance of this study is that asphalt that performed the same as Superpave samples was obtained using only Marshall equipment.
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Ogunsanya, Oluwatobi A., Olusegun O. Aluko, and Olumide M. Ogundipe. "Performance of Glass and Steel Slag Mixtures as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in Asphalt Concrete." FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (2022): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v7i2.752.
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Solid waste management is a significant challenge particularly in developing countries for example Nigeria. The waste disposal technique is inadequate as negative effects from improper solid waste dumping can be easily visible in the environment. Recycling and reuse of wasteas aggregate in asphalt production may be an economic way to reduce these problems. This research evaluates the viability of crushed waste glass combined with steel slag (GSS) as fine aggregate in asphalt wearing courses. The Marshall mix method was used in production and evaluation of samples. GSS mixtures in the ratio 70:30 (steel slag: glass) were substituted for fine aggregate at varying percentages of 0 to 50 %. This mix ratio was adopted so that the glass content does not exceed 10%.Five samples of GSS content (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%and 50%) were prepared and their Marsha lstability,Voids in Mineral Aggregates, Voids filled with Bitumen and bulk density were evaluated and compared to nominal asphalt mix. While a 10% GSS replacement in modified asphalt resulted in a greater peak stability value of 16.21 kN compared to the standard mix peak stability value of 12.68kN. The 20% GSS replacement resulted in a lower flow value and a significantly higher Marshall quotient of 5.11KN/MM was recorded at 20% replacement, making it preferable. As a result, a 20% replacement is advised for heavily trafficked highways, whereas up to 30% replacement is permissible on lightly traveled roads.
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Usman, K. R., M. R. Hainin, M. K. I. M. Satar, et al. "Durability of POFA-modified dense-graded cold mix asphalt." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 971, no. 1 (2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/971/1/012006.
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Abstract Cold mix asphalt (CMA) is a versatile and energy efficient mixture often prepared at ambient temperature. Efforts to improve the performance of CMA mixtures recorded appreciable success. Nonetheless, the critical performance measures of moisture and abrasive resistance still baffles researchers. Additionally, CMA’s design, production, testing, and site application is bedevilled by slow rate of strength gain, high void content, and absence of a globally acceptable mix design. This study aimed at assessing CMA’s durability measures using the modified Lottman (moisture damage) and Cantabro tests by adding a 3% palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as filler replacement and 3% cement. Fast-curing mixtures fabricated with a cationic quick-set (CQS-1h) and a rapid-set (RS-1K) emulsion both of medium viscosities with a nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) of 4.75 mm were evaluated. In addition to improving the Marshall volumetric properties, POFA’s inclusion is aimed at improving adhesion thereby enhancing the durability of the fine dense-graded cold mix asphalt (FGCMA-4.75 mm). The modified Marshall as stated in the asphalt institute (AI) manual series (MS-19) for dense-graded CMA was used for design. Results indicated that POFA reduces the void, improves stability, and enhance durability. Moreover, the CQS-1h has better durability for both control (FGCMA-C) and POFA-modified mixtures (FGCMA-P). While RS-1K has higher tensile strength in both dry and moisture-conditioned states with a higher tensile strength ratio (TSR) for both FGCMA-C and FGCMA-P mixtures. POFA’s pozzolanic capability proves effective in improving the durability and moisture damage resistance of FGCMA-P.
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Yahya, Ismail Akolawole, Abdulhameed Umar Abubakar, Yusuf Hassan Mohammed, and Suleman Yusuf Usman. "Comparative Study on the Variability Margin of Concrete Strength between Weight and Volume Batching Methods." ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD) 8, no. 1 (2025): 240–46. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.25-j.
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Variability of strength in concrete has significant effect on the structural integrity, safety and performance of every concrete structure. It is a valid concern which defies any mix design method, but depends changes in material, production process and environmental condition. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the batching method on the margin of variability of concrete strength. Methods of batching by weight and volume were considered for three popular nominal mix proportions including 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2. The standard deviation of the 28th day compressive strength was determined and analysed for quantitative and qualitative assessment of concrete quality. The result indicates that lower water/cement ratio recorded higher compressive strength for the same mix proportions under both weight and volume batched method. The three mixes of ratios 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2 that were weight batched outperform the volume batch of the same mix ratios in compressive strength by 33.8%, 14.5% and 24.9% respectively. It was concluded that volume batched mixes may only be considered for on – site concrete construction when water/cement ratio can be strictly controlled or stiff mixes are applicable as well as characteristic strength of concrete is below 25N/mm2. Where these conditions cannot be met, batching by weight with controlled water/cement ratio should be considered for on – site concrete construction. This study recommended the development of mix design template suitable for volume batched mixes considering several factors promoting variability in concrete strength, through the collective efforts of researchers, site engineers and regulatory bodies.
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Krstevska, Aneta. "Real Convergence of Western Balkan Countries to European Union in view of Macroeconomic Policy Mix." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 7, no. 2 (2018): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2018-0018.
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Abstract Western Balkan (WB) countries have a clear orientation towards the European Union (EU), all of them currently being candidate or potential candidate countries. Moreover, the EU is an important trading partner of the WB economies, therefore, there is a recognizable need for convergence of this region towards the EU economy. The real convergence is a rather slow process and the WB region is still lagging behind the EU. This paper explores the catch up of the WB region during the global crisis that severely hit the EU economy, trying to identify potential changes in the convergence pace. In addition, this work makes a joint overview of the nominal and real convergence processes as well as the convergence of the general macroeconomic indicators of the WB countries to the EU, taking them as complementary and mutually self-supporting processes.
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SOUMAILA, MOULAYE Abdoulaye, BAMBA Amadou, and Abdoulaye MAIGA. "Effect of the convergence criteria pact on financial performance in the WAEMU zone." African Scientific Journal Vol 3, N°17 (2023): 737. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8043713.
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<strong>Résumé </strong> La convergence nominale connaît un suivi régulier et un intérêt croissant dans l’espace UEMOA. Cependant, peu d’études se sont intéressées à la convergence réelle des pays de l’UEMOA et en particulier la contribution du Pacte de convergence, de stabilité et de croissance et de solidarité (PCSCS) à la dynamique de convergence réelle. Cette communication a pour objectif d’analyser l’effet du pacte sur la dynamique de convergence réelle. Après examen du concept de sigma-convergence et de convergence en distribution, nous utilisons ici l’approche bêta-convergence avec des données de panel afin de tenir compte des différences de l’état de technologies des pays. Ainsi l’adoption du PCSC a amélioré le niveau de vie globale des pays membre de l’Union. L’étude a toutefois quelques limites, notamment la dimension temporelle réduite et la non prise en compte des aspects non monétaires de la pauvreté. Le Policy-mix est défini comme étant la coordination entre les politiques budgétaires nationales et la politique monétaire commune, nécessaire en union monétaire. <strong>Mots clés : Pacte de convergence ; Critères de convergence ; Convergence nominale ; UEMOA</strong> <strong>Abstract </strong> Nominal convergence is regularly monitored and there is growing interest in the WAEMU area. However, few studies have focused on the real convergence of WAEMU countries and in particular the contribution of the Convergence, Stability and Growth and Solidarity Pact (PCSCS) to the dynamics of real convergence. The aim of this Communication is to analyse the effect of the Pact on the dynamics of real convergence. After examining the concept of sigma-convergence and convergence in distribution, we use here the beta-convergence approach with panel data to take into account the differences in the state of technology of the countries. Thus, the adoption of the CCP has improved the overall standard of living of the member countries of the Union. However, the study has some limitations, including the reduced temporal dimension and the failure to take into account the non-monetary aspects of poverty. . The policy mix is defined as the coordination between national fiscal policies and the common monetary policy, which is necessary in monetary union. <strong>Keywords : Stability and Growth Pact; Convergence criteria; Nominal convergence; WAEMU</strong>